TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI

18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG

VN DNG L THUYT HA HC PHN TCH TRONG GING DY NI DUNG CHUN AXIT-BAZ TRNG CHUYN, PHC V BI DNG HC SINH GII QUC GIA, QUC T I. CHUN N AXIT- N BAZ . PGS.TS.o Th Phng Dip-Khoa Ha hc, trng HSP H Ni Ths.on Th Kim Dung-Trng chuyn Lng Vn Ty, Ninh bnh

M U Ha hc phn tch ni chung v phn ng axt- baz ni ring c vai tr to ln, chim mt v tr quan trng trong qu trnh ging dy mn ho hc trng trung hc ph thng (THPT), c bit i vi cc trng chuyn v luyn thi hc sinh gii Quc gia, Quc t. Trong nhng nm gn y c mt s cng trnh nghin cu vic vn dng l thuyt ha hc phn tch [1], v phn ng oxi ha-kh [2], phn ng axitbaz [3], phn ng to thnh hp cht t tan [4] trong ging dy hc sinh trng chuyn v bi dng hc sinh gii Quc gia. Nhng cc cng trnh trn mi ch tp trung i su vo tnh ton cn bng ion trong dung dch, m cha cp n chun dung dch, l mt trong nhng ni dung c trong chng trnh thi hc sinh gii Quc gia [5], thi chn i tuyn Quc gia d thi Olympic Ha hc Quc t ca cc nc trn th gii [6], [7], [8], [9], [10] v c c trong thi Olympic ha hc Quc t hng nm [11], [12]. Ni dung ny cng c a vo trong chng trnh sch gio khoa (SGK) 12 nng cao [13] nhng vi thi lng qu t v ni dung kin thc cng ht sc n gin. rt ngn khong cch gia ni dung kin thc c hc cc trng chuyn v ni dung thi Olympic Quc gia, Quc t, cn thit phi trang b cho c gio vin (GV) v hc sinh (HS) nhng kin thc nng cao ngang tm chng trnh i hc, nhng vn m bo mc hp l, ph hp vi trnh hc sinh ph thng. y chnh l mt trong nhng ni dung chng ti xin c trnh by trong thng bo ny vi phm vi v chun n axitn baz.

NI DUNG T lu chun axit-baz c a vo trong mt s thi HSG Quc gia v Quc t vi ni dung ht sc phong ph v a dng: T php chun n axit, n baz n cc php chun a axit, a baz; T ni dung tnh pH ti cc thi im chun , tnh nng cc cht tham gia phn ng chun v tnh th tch ca thuc th cn dng n yu cu tnh sai s chun v chn ch th thch hp; T ni dung v ng cong chun n yu cu xc nh thnh phn hn hp phn tch trn c s dng ng cong chun v.vNh vy, ni dung thi Olympic Quc gia, Quc t c mt s chnh lch kh xa so vi chng trnh ha hc ca cc trng chuyn. Chnh v th cn thit phi trang b kin thc chun axit-baz cho HS mt cch hp l cc em nm c bn cht ca cc qu trnh ha hc xy ra trong dung dch, t gip cho cc em c phng php gii n gin ph hp vi trnh ca HS. Sau y l mt s v d minh ha v chun n axit, n baz.
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 - netthubuon Website: www.hoahoc.org - admin@hoahoc.org

TI LIU LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NM 2011

V d 1: Chun 100,00 ml dung dch NaOH n mt mu ch th phenolphtalein th tiu th ht 48,00 ml dung dch HCl 5,00.10-3 M. Tnh chnh xc nng dung dch NaOH [14]. Phn tch: i vi hc sinh ph thng (HSPT), khi nim v chun axit-baz cn kh mi m, v vy GV cn ging gii hc sinh (HS) thy c phn ng chun axit-baz thc cht l phn ng trung ha. V bi ton trn c th t vn nh sau: Nh vi git phenolphtalein vo 100,00 ml dung dch NaOH cha bit nng . Thm tip dung dch HCl 5,00.10-3M cho ti khi mt mu ca phenolphtalein th phi dng ht 48,00 ml dung dch HCl. Tnh chnh xc nng dung dch NaOH. Trc ht GV cn phn tch HS thy c nu lng axit cho vo trung ha va vi 100,00 ml NaOH th h t n im tng ng (T) v pHT = 7,00. Nhng y php chun (hay qu trnh trung ha) li kt thc ti thi im ch th phenolphtalein i mu. Cn c vo khong chuyn mu ca ch th v da vo th t chun , GV hng dn HS xc nh c ti im cui chun , pHc = 8,00 > pHT = 7,00 (dng trc im T), tc l sau phn ng cn d NaOH. tnh chnh xc CNaOH, HS c th s dng phng trnh bo ton in tch, hoc nu c kin thc v ha hc phn tch ni chung hay kin thc v chun axit - baz ni ring [15], [16], th cc em c th tnh sai s ca php chun . Cn c vo gi tr sai s tnh c (dng hoc m) hiu chnh, tnh chnh xc th tch tng ng (VT) l th tch dung dch HCl cn dng trung ha ht 100,00 ml NaOH. T HS s tnh c chnh xc nng NaOH. Tuy nhin i vi HSPT cha c khi nim v phng trnh sai s chun axit baz, v vy GV cn vn dng kin thc v chun axit - baz mt cch hp l hng dn cc em gii bi ton ny m khng cn phi s dng n phng trnh sai s (qu nng i vi cc em), v cng khng nn dng phng trnh bo ton in tch (nng v ngha vt l hn l t duy ha hc): t CNaOH = Co. V pHc = 8,00 > 7,00, do cn d NaOH theo phn ng: H+ C C + OH100.Co 148

H2O

5.10 3.48 148

0

100.Co 5.103.48 148

pH = 8,00 [OH-] = 10-6 [H+] = 10-8 c th b qua s phn li ca nc [OH-] COH- (d), ngha

100.Co 5.103.48 l: 10 = Co = 2,4015.10-3 M . 148

-6

Nh vy vi cch gii ny cc em hiu c bn cht ca cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch, nm c hin tng ha hc, gip pht trin t duy ha hc. Cng cn lu rng: thng thng khi cn nh gi mc phn li ca nc, cc em thng so snh [H+] hoc [OH-] vi gi tr 10-7. Trong bi ton ny ta khng th ni 10-6 10-7 v nh vy kh c th

HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 - netthubuon Website: www.hoahoc.org - admin@hoahoc.org

TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI

18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG

thuyt phc cc em chp nhn [OH-] COH- (d). Nhng nu so snh [OH-] = 10-6 [H+] = 10-8, c ngha l s phn li ca H2O c th b qua, do s chp nhn [OH-] COH- (d) l hp l. Nh vy t gi tr pH chuyn mu ca ch th khi thc hin phn ng trung ha cho php nh gi c nng ca cht tham gia phn ng. Trn c s ny gio vin c th nng mc phc tp ca bi ton nu s dng hai ch th s cho php xc nh nng ca c cht phn tch v cht chun. V d 2: Chun 50,00 ml dung dch HCl bng dung dch NaOH n i mu phenolphtalein (pT=9,00) th phi dng 25,00 ml NaOH. Nu chun n xut hin mu vng ca metyl da cam (pT=4,40) th phi dng 24,50 ml NaOH. Tnh nng HCl v NaOH [14]. Phn tch: Tng t v d 1 gio vin nn hng dn cho cc em phn tch bn cht cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch: khi trung ha n pH = 9,00 > 7,00 mi trng baz d NaOH; ngc li khi chun n pH = 4,40 < 7,00 mi trng axit d HCl, t cc em d dng tnh c nng cc cht m khng phi s dng phng trnh bo ton in tch - ch thin v cng c ton hc, nng v ngha vt l m khng ch n t duy ha hc. T 2 v d trn ta thy cc bi ton u gii hn trong phm vi l php chun u kt thc cc gi tr pH m ti c th b qua qu trnh phn li ca H2O (pH = 8,00; 9,00; 4,40). Nhng trn thc t c th trung ha n gi tr pH bt k, do gio vin cn khai thc thm trng hp nng cao ny. V d 3: Chun 100,00 ml dung dch NaOH bng dung dch HCl 0,010 M. Nu lng HCl tiu th l 40,00 ml th pH ca dung dch thu c bng 10,00. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,010 M cn phi cho vo 100,00 ml dung dch NaOH trn trong qu trnh chun pH ca hn hp thu c bng 7,50. Phn tch: tnh c th tch dung dch HCl cn cho vo dung dch NaOH, trc ht cc em phi tnh c nng NaOH (CNaOH) t d kin th nht ca bi. Ging nh v d 1, c rt nhiu cch tnh CNaOH, nhng GV nn hng dn cc em xt cc qu trnh xy ra trong h trnh khng phi s dng phng trnh sai s hoc phng trnh bo ton in tch: T gi tr pHh = 10,00 sau khi thm 40,00 ml HCl, cc em s thy c sau khi trung ha, OH- cn d v [OH-] COH- (d). T cc em d dng tnh c CNaOH = 4,14.10-3 (M) Sau khi tnh c CNaOH, cc em phi cn c vo gi tr pH ti thi im dng chun xc nh thnh phn ca h: pH = 7,5 > 7,0 mi trng baz, d NaOH v [H+] = 10-7,5 [OH-] = 10-6,5 S phn li ca H2O khng th b qua, do [OH-] = CNaOH d + [H+] (tnh theo cn bng phn li ca nc hoc tnh theo iu kin proton - KP). T s tnh c th tch dung dch HCl: VHCl = 41,40 ml. V d 4: Chun 25,00 ml dung dch HCOOH ht 12,50 ml dung dch NaOH 0,100 M. Tnh pH ca dung dch trc khi chun v sau khi thm NaOH vi th tch: 1/ 10,00 ml; 2/ 12,45 ml; 3/ 12,50 ml; 4/ 13,00 ml. Phn tch:
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 - netthubuon Website: www.hoahoc.org - admin@hoahoc.org

TI LIU LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NM 2011

y l dng bi tp tnh pH ca dung dch sau khi trung ha axit yu (hoc baz yu) bng baz mnh (hoc bng axit mnh). Dng ton ny c s dng rt nhiu trong cc thi hc sinh gii v kt hp c nhiu tnh hung t n gin n phc tp. a v dng bi quen thuc HS phi vit c phn ng chun v xc nh c thnh phn gii hn mi thi im dng chun , t d dng tnh c pH ca h. V d 5: C th chn metyl da cam, metyl hoc phenolphtalein lm ch th thch hp cho php chun HCl bng NaOH 0,10 M c khng, bit rng trung ha ht 20,00 ml dung dch HCl trn cn 20,00 ml dung dch NaOH 0,10 M. Phn tch: Trc ht GV cn nu nguyn tc chung ca vic chn ch th sao cho pH chuyn mu r nht ca ch th (hay cn gi l ch s chun pT ca cht ch th) cng gn vi pHT cng tt. Nh vy HS cn xc nh c pHT cng nh ch s chun ca 3 cht ch th cho trong php chun HCl bng NaOH. Nhng nu ch cn c vo nguyn tc trn, tc l nu so snh gi tr pTmetyl da cam = 4,40; pTmetyl = 6,20 v pTphenolphtalein = 9,00 vi pHT = 7,00 th cng lm HS ch dm chn metyl c pT = 6,20 7,00 lm ch th thch hp cho php chun trn. Chnh v vy GV cn linh hot hng dn cc em da vo th tch thuc th (NaOH) tiu th khi s dng cc ch th khc nhau chn ch th thch hp: Nu ti thi im chuyn mu ca ch th m th tch thuc th tiu th xp x th tch tng ng (VT = VNaOH = 20,00 ml) th c th chn c ch th cho php chun ang xt. Nh vy cn c vo gi tr pH chuyn mu ca cc ch th ti im dng chun , vi CHCl =
0,10.20 0,10 M cc em d dng tnh c VNaOH dng: 20

Vi ch th metyl da cam, pTmetyl da cam = 4,40 sau khi trung ha CH+(d) = [H+] = 10-4,40.

0,1.20 0,1VOH 20 VOH -

10 4,40 VOH- 19,984 (ml) VT dng c ch th metyl da cam.

Tng t c th chn phenolphtalein cho php chun ny, bi v th tch thuc th tiu th l

VOH- 20, 004 (ml) VT.

Nu dng metyl , c pT = 6,20 7,00 ngoi lng d axit ti im cui chun , phi k n lng H+ do nc phn li ra: [H+] = 10-6,20 = CH+(d)+ [OH-] Hay:

0,1.20 0,1VOH20 VOH-

10 7,80 106,20 VOH- 19,9998 (ml) VT.

Vy s dng ch th metyl l hon ton hp l v cho sai s nh nht trong s 3 ch th trn. V d 6: C th dng phenolphtalein lm ch th cho php chun 25,00 ml dung dch C6H5COOH 0,10 M bng dung dch NaOH 0,20 M c khng, nu sai s cho php khng vt qu 0,1%? Phn tch: So vi v d 5, bi ton ny phc tp hn do y l php chun n axit yu bng baz mnh, nn pHT 7,00. c th chn ch th theo nguyn tc chung, cn tnh pHT. i vi HS trng chuyn, vic
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 - netthubuon Website: www.hoahoc.org - admin@hoahoc.org

TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI

18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG

xc nh pHT l hon ton c th thc hin c. Xut pht t phn ng chun : C6H5COOH + OH- C6H5COO- + H2O, cc em d dng tnh c th tch NaOH tiu th ti T: VT = xc nh c pHT theo cn bng thu proton ca C6H5COO- c nng C =

25.0,1 12,5 ml . T 0, 2

0,1.25 0,2 M : pHT 25 12,5 3

= 8,5 9,00. Do c th chn c phenolphtalein lm ch th cho php chun trn. Tuy nhin khng phi lc no cng chn c ch th c pT pHT, hn na khc vi v d 5, y vic chn ch th thch hp c khng ch bi sai s cho php, do ngoi nguyn tc trn, GV cn gii thch HS nm c khi nim bc nhy chun (BNC) v vi s xut hin BNC trn ng cong chun cho php m rng phm vi chn ch th: c th chn bt k ch th no c ch s chun pT nm trong BNC ng vi sai s cho php. Ngha l chn c ch th thch hp, c th tnh BNC ng vi sai s cho trc hoc tnh sai s i vi tng ch th theo phng trnh sai s: q = -

(h

K w C C0 h ) . h CC0 Ka h
Tuy nhin c hai cch ny u khng ph hp vi HSPT do cc em khng bit phng trnh sai s.

Chnh v vy GV cn hng dn cc em tnh c gi tr pH u bc nhy (pH) v pH cui bc nhy (pHc) ng vi gi tr th tch thuc th cho vo thiu (V: th tch u bc nhy) v tha (Vc: th tch cui bc nhy) 0,1% so vi th tch tng ng, t chn nhng ch th c pH < pT < pHc. u bc nhy: V = VT.99,9% = 12,5.99,9% = 12,4875 ml Cui bc nhy: Vc = VT.100,1% = 12,5.100,1% = 12,50125 ml T hai gi tr th tch ny cc em s tnh c gi tr pH v pHc tng ng: Ti V =12,4875 ml d C6H5COOH: C6H5COOH C C + OH C6H5COO- + H2O

25.0,1 34,4875
6,67.10-5

12,4875 37,4875
_ 0,0666

tnh pH theo h C6H5COOH 6,67.10-5 M v C6H5COO- 0,0666 M: pH = 4,2 + lg

0,0666 7,20. Nhng vi pH = 7,20 7,00 cn phi nh gi chnh xc theo KP 6,67.10 5

v phi k n cn bng phn li ca H2O. Nhng nu ch cn so snh pH vi pTphenolphtalein = 9,00 th c th chp nhn c gi tr gn ng ny. Tng t vi Vc = 12,5015 > VT d OHCOH- =

12,50125.0,2 25.0,1 6,666.10 6 pHc = 9,80 37,50125

Vy BNC = 7,20 9,80 c th chn c phenolphtalein lm ch th cho php chun trn v 7,20 < 9,00 < 9,80.
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 - netthubuon Website: www.hoahoc.org - admin@hoahoc.org

TI LIU LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NM 2011

V d 7: Chun 50,00 ml dung dch NH3 ht 30,00 ml dung dch HCl 0,25 M 1/ Tnh nng dung dch NH3. 2/ Tnh pH ti thi im chun c 50% cht phn tch (pH1/2 ) v pHT. 3/ Cn c vo pHT, c th chn c phenolphtalein, metyl da cam, metyl lm ch th thch hp cho php chun trn khng? 4/ C th chn nhng ch th c gi tr pT bng bao nhiu cho php chun ny vi sai s cho php l 0,1%. 5/ Nu chn ch th metyl da cam th sai s chun l bao nhiu? Phn tch: y l bi ton tng hp gm tt c cc dng: Tnh nng cc cht phn ng; Tnh pH ti cc thi im chun ; Chn ch th thch hp cho php chun ; Tnh sai s chun v tnh BNC. Da vo phn ng chun , HS d dng tnh c CHCl = 0,15 M. Trn c s , khi chun c 50% lng NH3, HS s tnh c pH1/2 l pH ca h m. T thnh phn ti T l NH vi C = 4
0,15.50 , HS d dng tnh c pHT = 5,134 t c th 50 30

chn metyl c pT = 5,00 5,314 lm ch th cho php chun ny. tr li c cu 4, cc em phi tnh c BNC, tc l tnh khong pH ng vi th tch thuc th cho vo thiu v tha so vi VT l 0,1% tng t nh v d 6. nh gi sai s ca ch th metyl da cam, GV cn hng dn cho HS phi tnh VHCl cn dng chun 50,00 ml NH3 trn n i mu metyl da cam ti pH = 4,00, t tnh c sai s theo s sai lch gia VHCl tiu th v VT m khng cn phi tnh theo phng trnh sai s: q =

V VT VT
0,15.50 M v H+ d vi 50 V

T thnh phn ca h ti pH = 4,00 gm NH to thnh vi C NH + = 4

4

H+

0, 25V 0,15.50 M, cc em s tnh c VHCl = 30,03 ml. 50 V

Vy q =

V VT 30, 03 30 .100 0,10% VT 30

Tuy cch gii ny di hn nhng ph hp vi trnh ca HS, gip cc em pht trin c t duy ha hc. KT LUN Trn c s phn tch ni dung chun axit baz ca chng trnh chuyn ho chng ta thy c v tr, vai tr ca Ha hc phn tch trong vic hnh thnh kin thc c bn v chun axit-baz cho hc sinh trng chuyn, cng nh thy c mi quan h mt thit, hu c gia chng trnh chuyn ha, chng trnh thi hc sinh gii Quc gia, Quc t vi Ha hc phn tch. T vn dng linh hot, hp l l thuyt Ha hc phn tch ni chung v l thuyt chun axit-baz ni ring trong ging dy ha hc trng chuyn, phc v bi dng hc sinh gii Quc gia, Quc t.
HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 - netthubuon Website: www.hoahoc.org - admin@hoahoc.org

TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI

18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Dng Th Lng. Vn dng l thuyt ha hc phn tch gii cc bi ton cn bng ion trong dung dch-Bi dng hc sinh gii chuyn ha. Lun vn thc s khoa hc ha hc. Thi nguyn, 2007. [2] L Th Ngc H. Tm hiu vic vn dng l thuyt phn ng oxi ha kh trong ging dy ha hc ph thng qua h thng bi tp, thi i hc, thi hc sinh gii quc gia. Lun vn thc s khoa hc ha hc. H Ni, 2003. [3] Nguyn Th Hin. Phn loi, nh gi tc dng, xy dng cc tiu ch, cu trc cc bi tp v phn ng axit-baz phc v cho vic bi dng hc sinh gii quc gia. Lun vn thc s khoa hc ha hc. H Ni, 2003. [4] Vng B Huy. Phn loi, xy dng tiu ch cu trc cc bi tp v hp cht t tan phc v cho vic bi dng hc sinh gii quc gia. Lun vn thc s khoa hc ha hc. H Ni, 2006. [5] thi HSG Quc gia bng A, bng B t nm 1994 n nm 2009. [6] thi chn i tuyn thi Olympic quc t vng 2 t nm 2005 n nm 2009. [7] Bi tp chun b Olympic Quc t t nm 2002 n nm 2006. [8] Trn Thnh Hu, Nguyn Trng Th, Phm nh Hin. Olympic Ha hc Vit Nam v Quc t, tp II. NXB Gio dc, 2000. [9] Nguyn Trng Th. Olympic Ha hc Vit Nam v Quc t, tp III. NXB Gio dc, 2000. [10] o Qu Triu, T B Trng (Hong Minh Chu, o nh Thc hiu nh). Olympic Ha hc Vit Nam v Quc t, tp IV. NXB Gio dc, 2000. [11] Hong Minh Chu, Ng Th Thn, H Th Dip, o nh Thc (hiu nh ting c), Trn Thnh Hu, Nguyn Trng Th, Phm nh Hin. Olympic Ha hc Vit Nam v Quc t, tp V. NXB Gio dc, 2003. [12] thi Olympic Quc t t nm 2002 n nm 2009. [13] L Xun Trng, Nguyn Hu nh, T Vng Nghi, nh Rng, Cao Th Thng. Ha hc 12 nng cao. NXB Gio dc, 2008. [14] Nguyn Tinh Dung. Bi tp ha hc phn tch. NXB Gio dc,1982. [15] Nguyn Tinh Dung. Ha hc phn tch phn III. Cc phng php nh lng ha hc (ti bn ln th 4). NXB Gio dc, 2007. [16] o Th Phng Dip, Vn Hu. Gio trnh Ha hc phn tch. C s phn tch nh lng ha hc. NXB i hc S phm, 2007.

HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 - netthubuon Website: www.hoahoc.org - admin@hoahoc.org