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BIN I FOURIER RI RC (DFT)

V GII THUT BIN I FOURIER NHANH (FFT)


Ni dung:
7.1 Bin i Fourier ri rc DFT
7.1.1 nh ngha
7.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca DFT
7.1.3 Lc tuyn tnh da trn DFT
7.1.4 Phn tch ph tn hiu dng DFT
7.2 Gii thut bin i Fourier nhanh FFT
7.2.1 FFT c s 2 phn chia theo thi gian
7.2.2 FFT c s 2 phn chia theo tn s
Bi tp
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7.1 Bin i Fourier ri rc DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform):


7.1.1 nh ngha:
DTFT c s dng rng ri khi nghin cu tn hiu dng gii tch.
Tuy nhin, n c 2 hn ch:
di tn hiu l v cng >< thc t l hu hn.

Gii php
a ra: DFT

Bin l lin tc >< yu cu x l (trn my tnh,..) l ri rc.


Gi s x(n) l tn hiu ri rc c chiu di hu hn L. Cng thc bin i DFT N
im (NL) ca x(n) l:
N 1

X ( k ) = x ( n )e j 2 kn / N ; k = 0,..., N 1

(DFT)

n=0

1
x(n) =
N

N 1

X (k )e

j 2 kn / N

n = 0 , ..., N 1

(IDFT)

k =0

DFT ng vai tr quan trng trong x l s tn hiu (v d: phn tch ph, lc tn


hiu,..) do tn ti cc cch tnh DFT hiu qu (chng hn nh gii thut FFT).
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1 , 0 n L 1
x ( n) =
0 , n : elsewhere
Xc nh v v ph tn hiu X().

V d 1: Cho tn hiu:

a.
b. Xc nh v v DFT N im (NL).
Li gii:
a. Dng bin i DTFT:

X ( ) =

n =

x ( n )e

jn

= 1.e

sin L / 2
| X ( ) |=
;
sin / 2

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L 1

n=0

jn

1 e jnL sin L / 2 j ( L 1)/ 2


=
=
e
jn
1 e
sin / 2

X ( ) = ( L 1) / 2

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b. Dng cng thc DFT N im:


N 1

X ( k ) = x ( n )e
n=0

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j 2 kn / N

L 1

= e
n=0

j 2 kn / N

1 e j 2 kL / N sin kL / N j k ( L 1)/ N
=
=
e
j 2 k / N
1 e
sin k / N

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Biu din dng ma trn:


t : WN =

e-j2/N,

X (k ) =

lc :

N 1

x ( n )W
n=0

1
x(n) =
N

N 1

kn
N

X ( k )W
k =0

; k = 0, ..., N 1

kn
N

n = 0,..., N 1

Cng thc DFT v IDFT c vit li nh sau:

X N = WN xN
xN

1
=
W N* X
N

Cho X(k) tm x(n) dng DFT ????


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(DFT)

(IDFT)
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V d 2: Cho tn hiu: x(n) = {0,1,2,3}. Tm DFT 4 im ?


Li gii:
k+N
k
W
=
W
N
N
Dng trc tip nh ngha:
Dng dng ma trn:
W Nk + N / 2 = W Nk

w40
0
w4

W4 = 0
w4
0
w4

w40
w14
w42
w43

1
1
X 4 = W4 x4 =
1

w40
3
w4
w46
6
9
w4 w4
1
1
j 1
1 1
j 1

w40
w42
w44

1 1
1 w1
4
=
1 w42

3
w
1
4

1
w42
w40
w42

1 1 1
w43 1 j
=
2

1 1
w4

w14 1 j

1
1 j
1 1

1 j
1

1 0 6
j 1 2 + 2 j

=
1 2 2

j 3 2 2 j
X ( k ) = {6; 2 + 2 j ; 2; 2 2 j}
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7.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca DFT:


a. Tun hon:
X(k) tun hon vi chu k N, ngha l: X(k+N) = X(k), k
b. Tuyn tnh:
DFT
X 1 (k )
x1 (n)
DFT

a1 X 1 (k ) + a2 X 2 (k ), a1 , a2
a
x
(
n
)
a
x
(
n
)

1
1
2
2
DFT
x2 (n)
X 2 (k )

c. Dch vng:
j 2 kn 0 / N
D FT

x
((
n
n
))
X
(
k
)
e

D FT
0
N

X (k )
x ( n )
j 2 k0 n / N
D FT

X (( k k 0 )) N
x ( n ) e

Khi nim dch vng:

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x(n) = x((n-n0))N = x[(n - n0)modN]

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7.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca DFT:


d. Tch chp vng:
DFT
x ( n )

X (k )
DFT

z
(
n
)
=
x
(
n
)

y
(
n
)

Z ( k ) = X ( k )Y ( k )

DFT
y ( n )
Y (k )

x(n)

X(k)

DFT
N im

X
DFT
y(n)

N im

IDFT

z(n)=x(n)

y(n)

N im

Y(k)

Tch 2 DFT tch chp vng trong min thi gian.


Khi nim tch chp vng:

x(n ) y (n ) =

N 1

x ( m ) y[( n m ) m o d N ]

m =0

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7.1.3 Lc tuyn tnh da vo DFT:


Ng ra h thng LTI: tch chp thng thng gia tn hiu vo v p ng xung
Tch 2 DFT <=> tch chp vng trong min thi gian.
dng DFT tnh p ng ng ra ca h thng LTI ?????
Xt b lc FIR c p ng xung h(n), chiu di M.
Tn hiu ng vo x(n), chiu di L.
Khi , tn hiu ng ra y(n) c chiu di L+M-1.
Tn hiu vo

x(n)
X()

H thng
ri rc

Tn hiu ra

y(n)=h(n)*x(n)
Y()=X()H()

S mu cn biu din ph Y() l: NL+ M 1 cn ly DFT N im.

Ly DFT N im cho 2 chui x(n) v h(n).

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7.1.3 Lc tuyn tnh da vo DFT (tt):


S thc hin:

x(n)

Chn zeros vo 2 chui x(n) v h(n) c chiu di N.


Chn M-1
zeros

DFT
N im

X(k)

h(n)

Chn L-1
zeros

DFT
N im

IDFT
N im

y(n)=x(n)*y(n)

H(k)

Bng cch tng chiu di tng chui (thm zeros), tch chp vng s cho kt
qu tng t tch chp tuyn tnh, hay ni cch khc, DFT c th c dng
lc tuyn tnh (tnh p ng ng ra ca h thng tuyn tnh).
Trng hp, tn hiu ng vo di, dng phng php cng chng lp.
Vic tnh ton cho tng khi s thc hin nh trn.
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7.1.4 Phn tch ph tn hiu dng DFT:


Xt chui tn hiu cn phn tch x(n), - n .
Quan st tn hiu trong L mu, ngha l 0 n L-1.Tn hiu quan st lc :

xx ( n ) = x ( n ) w( n ),

1 , 0 n L 1
w( n ) =
0 , otherwise

Hin tng r ph:


Gi s x(n) = cos 0n, - n . Lc , xx(n) = cos 0n, 0 n L-1.

Ph ca tn hiu (biu thc gii tch) dng DTFT:


W()

X () = ( 0 ) + ( + 0 )
XX () =

1
[W ( 0 ) + W ( + 0 )]
2

trong , W() l bin i DTFT ca hm ca s w(n).

sin L / 2 j ( L 1) / 2
W ( ) =
e
sin / 2

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-2/L

2/L
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7.1.4 Phn tch ph tn hiu dng DFT (tt):


XX()

|X()|

-0

Ph ca tn hiu dng DFT: dn thm N-L zeros vo x(n) ri ly DFT N


im ph XX(k).

Nhn xt:
Ph XX() khng nm ti mt v tr nh X() m b tri ra trong
min tn s do c tnh ca ca s w(n) hin tng r ph.
Nh vy, vic ca s ha (ct ct tn hiu) s lm sai lch kt qu
c lng ph.
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phn gii tn s:
Xt tn hiu gm 2 thnh phn tn s: x(n) = cos 1n + cos 2n, - n .
Lc , xx(n) = x(n)w(n) = cos 1n + cos 2n, 0 n L-1.
Ph ca tn hiu (biu thc gii tch) dng DTFT:

X () = ( 1 ) + ( + 1 ) + ( 2 ) + ( + 2 )
XX () =

1
[W ( 1 ) + W ( + 1 ) + W ( 2 ) + W ( + 2 )]
2

|X()|

-2 -1
Nu:
Nu:
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1 2

2
:
L
2
:
| 1 2 |
L
| 1 2 |<

W( - 1) v W( - 2) s chng ln ln nhau
khng phn bit c 2 vch ph
W( - 1) v W( - 2) c hin th tch bit
nhau phn bit c 2 vch ph
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Gi tr : = 2 c gi l phn gii ph. Nh vy, hm ca s c chiu


L
di L ch phn bit c cc thnh phn tn s cch nhau
mt on t nht l: =

2
.
L

Ph tn hiu dng DFT: (1 = 0.2; 2 = 0.22)

nh hng ca c tnh ca s:
cao bp ph: nh hng n mc r ph. Mun gim r ph, chn
loi ca s c bp ph thp.
rng bp chnh: nh hng n phn gii. Mun tng phn gii,
chn loi ca s c rng bp chnh hp.
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Quan h gia tn s tng t v tn s s:


Cc biu thc lin quan n qu trnh ly mu:
Tn hiu tng t x(t) c ly mu tc fs trong khong thi gian T0.

N
T0 = N TS =
fS

fS

1
=
TS

T0

x(t)

v s mu thu c l N. Lc :

N = T0 f S
0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts

Quan h tn s:
x(t) = Acos t = Acos 2ft

Xt tn hiu tng t:

Ly mu tn hiu ny: x(nTs)= Acos nTs = Acos n/Ts

Dng tn hiu ri rc:

ng nht hai biu thc, ta c:

x(n) = Acosn = Acos2Fn

= TS

hay:

Tn s s (rad/mu)
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Tn s tng
t (rad/s)

fS
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7.1.4 Phn tch ph tn hiu dng DFT (tt):


V d 3: Cho tn hiu sau: x(t) = sin2t + sin3t + sin5t + sin5.5t
(t:ms)
Tn hiu ny c ly mu tc fs = 10Khz. vic phn tch ph dng DFT
cho 4 nh tch bit th thi gian ly mu l bao lu T0?
Li gii:
Cc thnh phn tn s: f1 =1 Khz; f2 =1.5 Khz; f3 =2.5 Khz; f4 =2.75 Khz.
Khong cch tn s nh nht cn c phn bit:
f = 2.75 2.5 = 0.25 Khz
S mu ti thiu cn phi ly:

fS
10 Khz
N
=
= 40
f 0.25 Khz

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2
N

fS

Thi gian ly mu:

T0 = N TS =

N
40
=
= 4 (ms )
f S 10000

fs
f

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7.1.4 Phn tch ph tn hiu dng DFT (tt):


V d 4: Cho tn hiu sau: x(t) = sin2t + sin4t + sin2f3t ; 1Khzf33Khz (t:ms)
Tn hiu ny c ly mu tc fs = 10Khz trong khong thi gian 20 ms. Tn
hiu sau c phn tch ph dng DFT. Xc nh tm gi tr ca f3 kt
qu cho 3 nh tch bit?
Li gii:
Cc thnh phn tn s: f1 =1 Khz; f2 =2 Khz; f3 Khz
S mu d liu thu c:

N = f S T0 = 10 103 20 103 = 200


Khong cch tn s nh nht c th phn bit c:

f S 10 Khz
f =
=
= 0.05 Khz
N
200
Tm gi tr ca f3:

f3 [ f1 +f ; f2 f ] = [1+ 0.05;2 0.05] = [1.05Khz;1.95Khz]


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7.2 Gii thut bin i Fourier nhanh FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
FFT l thut ton cho php tnh DFT mt cch hiu qu (gim phc tp/ thi
gian tnh ton).
7.2.1 FFT c s 2 phn chia theo thi gian:
Gi s tn hiu x(n) c chiu di N = 2v.
Chia x(n) thnh hai chui con:

g(n) = x(2n): gm cc mu v tr chn


h(n) = x(2n+1): gm cc mu v tr l

Ly DFT N im:

X (k ) =

N 1

x ( n )W

n=0

kn
N

N / 2 1

g ( l )W

l=0

g ( l )W

x ( n )W

n =0;
n=2l
N / 2 1

2 kl
N

kl
N /2

+W

N / 2 1
l=0

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N 1

l=0

N 1

n=0
n = 2 l +1

x ( n )W Nk n

h ( l )W N( 2 l + 1 ) k

N / 2 1
k
N

kn
N

l=0

h ( l )W Nlk/ 2 = G ( k ) + W Nk H ( k )
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7.2.1 FFT c s 2 phn chia theo thi gian (tt):


Trong :

G(k): bin i DFT N/2 im ca chui g(l)


H(k): bin i DFT N/2 im ca chui h(l)

Nh vy, X(k) c th c tnh t cc DFT N/2 im G(k) v H(k). C th l:


X(0) = G(0) + W80H(0);
X(1) = G(1) + W81H(1);
..

WNk + N = WNk
WNk + N / 2 = WNk

X(4) = G(0) + W84H(0)= G(0) - W80H(0);


X(5) = G(1) + W85H(1)= G(1) - W81H(1);
..

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G(k) v H(k): N/2 im


Tnh X(k) i hi N im
Dng tnh cht tun hon:
G(k+N/2) = G(k)
H(k+N/2) = H(k)
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7.2.1 FFT c s 2 phn chia theo thi gian (tt):


S thc hin (N = 8)

Tip tc thc hin cho g(l) v h(l) nh x(n) cho n khi ch cn tnh DFT 2
im cn log2N ln chia.
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S FFT 8 im phn chia theo thi gian:

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Khi thc hin c bn:

W 80 = e

j 2 0 /8

W 81 = e

j 2 1/8

W 82 = e

j 2 2 /8

W 83 = e

j 2 3 /8

= 1
2
j
2
= j

2
2

2
j
2

2
2

Nhn xt:
Vic tnh ton DFT N im dng gii thut FFT c s 2 cn c:

log2N: tng tnh ton

Mi tng yu cu: N/2: php nhn phc v N: php cng phc.

Vic tnh ton DFT N im dng gii thut FFT cn c:

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(N/2)log2N: php nhn phc ( >< N2: php nhn phc)

Nlog2N: php cng phc ( >< N(N-1): php cng phc)


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7.2.2 FFT c s 2 phn chia theo tn s: (chng minh tng t)


S gii thut FFT 8 im phn chia theo tn s

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7.2.2 FFT c s 2 phn chia theo tn s:


Khi thc hin c bn:

Nhn xt:
S lng php nhn phc v php cng phc ging nh FFT phn chia
theo thi gian.
S khc nhau c bn gia hai gii thut l th t sp xp d liu ng
vo, ng ra.
Tnh IDFT dng gii thut FFT:
*

*
1 N 1 *
1
kn
*

x(n) =
X ( k )W N = N D F T ( X ( k ))
N k = 0

hay:
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x(n) =

*
1
F F T ( X * ( k ))
N

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V d 5: Cho tn hiu: x(n)={4, 2, 0, -2, -4, 2, 0, -2}


a. Tm ph X(k) dng gii thut FFT 8 im phn chia theo thi gian
Li gii:
X(k) = {0, 8, -j8, 8, 0, 8, j8, 8}

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V d 5: Cho tn hiu: x(n)={4, 2, 0, -2, -4, 2, 0, -2}


b. Tm ph X(k) dng gii thut FFT 8 im phn chia theo tn s
Li gii:
X(k) = {0, 8, -j8, 8, 0, 8, j8, 8}

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Bi tp:
7.1 (bi 11.1.4 trang 501)
7.2 (bi 11.1.7 trang 502)
7.3 (bi 11.1.20 trang 503)
7.4 (bi 11.1.22 trang 504)

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