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Chng 7
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
Gii php
a ra: DFT
X ( k ) = x ( n )e j 2 kn / N ; k = 0,..., N 1
(DFT)
n=0
1
x(n) =
N
N 1
X (k )e
j 2 kn / N
n = 0 , ..., N 1
(IDFT)
k =0
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
1 , 0 n L 1
x ( n) =
0 , n : elsewhere
Xc nh v v ph tn hiu X().
V d 1: Cho tn hiu:
a.
b. Xc nh v v DFT N im (NL).
Li gii:
a. Dng bin i DTFT:
X ( ) =
n =
x ( n )e
jn
= 1.e
sin L / 2
| X ( ) |=
;
sin / 2
5/22/2010
L 1
n=0
jn
X ( ) = ( L 1) / 2
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
X ( k ) = x ( n )e
n=0
5/22/2010
j 2 kn / N
L 1
= e
n=0
j 2 kn / N
1 e j 2 kL / N sin kL / N j k ( L 1)/ N
=
=
e
j 2 k / N
1 e
sin k / N
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
e-j2/N,
X (k ) =
lc :
N 1
x ( n )W
n=0
1
x(n) =
N
N 1
kn
N
X ( k )W
k =0
; k = 0, ..., N 1
kn
N
n = 0,..., N 1
X N = WN xN
xN
1
=
W N* X
N
(DFT)
(IDFT)
5
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
w40
0
w4
W4 = 0
w4
0
w4
w40
w14
w42
w43
1
1
X 4 = W4 x4 =
1
w40
3
w4
w46
6
9
w4 w4
1
1
j 1
1 1
j 1
w40
w42
w44
1 1
1 w1
4
=
1 w42
3
w
1
4
1
w42
w40
w42
1 1 1
w43 1 j
=
2
1 1
w4
w14 1 j
1
1 j
1 1
1 j
1
1 0 6
j 1 2 + 2 j
=
1 2 2
j 3 2 2 j
X ( k ) = {6; 2 + 2 j ; 2; 2 2 j}
5/22/2010
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
a1 X 1 (k ) + a2 X 2 (k ), a1 , a2
a
x
(
n
)
a
x
(
n
)
1
1
2
2
DFT
x2 (n)
X 2 (k )
c. Dch vng:
j 2 kn 0 / N
D FT
x
((
n
n
))
X
(
k
)
e
D FT
0
N
X (k )
x ( n )
j 2 k0 n / N
D FT
X (( k k 0 )) N
x ( n ) e
5/22/2010
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
X (k )
DFT
z
(
n
)
=
x
(
n
)
y
(
n
)
Z ( k ) = X ( k )Y ( k )
DFT
y ( n )
Y (k )
x(n)
X(k)
DFT
N im
X
DFT
y(n)
N im
IDFT
z(n)=x(n)
y(n)
N im
Y(k)
x(n ) y (n ) =
N 1
x ( m ) y[( n m ) m o d N ]
m =0
5/22/2010
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
x(n)
X()
H thng
ri rc
Tn hiu ra
y(n)=h(n)*x(n)
Y()=X()H()
5/22/2010
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
x(n)
DFT
N im
X(k)
h(n)
Chn L-1
zeros
DFT
N im
IDFT
N im
y(n)=x(n)*y(n)
H(k)
Bng cch tng chiu di tng chui (thm zeros), tch chp vng s cho kt
qu tng t tch chp tuyn tnh, hay ni cch khc, DFT c th c dng
lc tuyn tnh (tnh p ng ng ra ca h thng tuyn tnh).
Trng hp, tn hiu ng vo di, dng phng php cng chng lp.
Vic tnh ton cho tng khi s thc hin nh trn.
5/22/2010
10
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
xx ( n ) = x ( n ) w( n ),
1 , 0 n L 1
w( n ) =
0 , otherwise
X () = ( 0 ) + ( + 0 )
XX () =
1
[W ( 0 ) + W ( + 0 )]
2
sin L / 2 j ( L 1) / 2
W ( ) =
e
sin / 2
5/22/2010
-2/L
2/L
11
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
|X()|
-0
Nhn xt:
Ph XX() khng nm ti mt v tr nh X() m b tri ra trong
min tn s do c tnh ca ca s w(n) hin tng r ph.
Nh vy, vic ca s ha (ct ct tn hiu) s lm sai lch kt qu
c lng ph.
5/22/2010
12
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
phn gii tn s:
Xt tn hiu gm 2 thnh phn tn s: x(n) = cos 1n + cos 2n, - n .
Lc , xx(n) = x(n)w(n) = cos 1n + cos 2n, 0 n L-1.
Ph ca tn hiu (biu thc gii tch) dng DTFT:
X () = ( 1 ) + ( + 1 ) + ( 2 ) + ( + 2 )
XX () =
1
[W ( 1 ) + W ( + 1 ) + W ( 2 ) + W ( + 2 )]
2
|X()|
-2 -1
Nu:
Nu:
5/22/2010
1 2
2
:
L
2
:
| 1 2 |
L
| 1 2 |<
W( - 1) v W( - 2) s chng ln ln nhau
khng phn bit c 2 vch ph
W( - 1) v W( - 2) c hin th tch bit
nhau phn bit c 2 vch ph
13
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
2
.
L
nh hng ca c tnh ca s:
cao bp ph: nh hng n mc r ph. Mun gim r ph, chn
loi ca s c bp ph thp.
rng bp chnh: nh hng n phn gii. Mun tng phn gii,
chn loi ca s c rng bp chnh hp.
5/22/2010
14
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
N
T0 = N TS =
fS
fS
1
=
TS
T0
x(t)
v s mu thu c l N. Lc :
N = T0 f S
0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts
Quan h tn s:
x(t) = Acos t = Acos 2ft
Xt tn hiu tng t:
= TS
hay:
Tn s s (rad/mu)
5/22/2010
Tn s tng
t (rad/s)
fS
15
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
fS
10 Khz
N
=
= 40
f 0.25 Khz
5/22/2010
2
N
fS
T0 = N TS =
N
40
=
= 4 (ms )
f S 10000
fs
f
16
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
f S 10 Khz
f =
=
= 0.05 Khz
N
200
Tm gi tr ca f3:
17
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
7.2 Gii thut bin i Fourier nhanh FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
FFT l thut ton cho php tnh DFT mt cch hiu qu (gim phc tp/ thi
gian tnh ton).
7.2.1 FFT c s 2 phn chia theo thi gian:
Gi s tn hiu x(n) c chiu di N = 2v.
Chia x(n) thnh hai chui con:
Ly DFT N im:
X (k ) =
N 1
x ( n )W
n=0
kn
N
N / 2 1
g ( l )W
l=0
g ( l )W
x ( n )W
n =0;
n=2l
N / 2 1
2 kl
N
kl
N /2
+W
N / 2 1
l=0
5/22/2010
N 1
l=0
N 1
n=0
n = 2 l +1
x ( n )W Nk n
h ( l )W N( 2 l + 1 ) k
N / 2 1
k
N
kn
N
l=0
h ( l )W Nlk/ 2 = G ( k ) + W Nk H ( k )
18
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
WNk + N = WNk
WNk + N / 2 = WNk
5/22/2010
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
Tip tc thc hin cho g(l) v h(l) nh x(n) cho n khi ch cn tnh DFT 2
im cn log2N ln chia.
5/22/2010
20
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
5/22/2010
21
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
W 80 = e
j 2 0 /8
W 81 = e
j 2 1/8
W 82 = e
j 2 2 /8
W 83 = e
j 2 3 /8
= 1
2
j
2
= j
2
2
2
j
2
2
2
Nhn xt:
Vic tnh ton DFT N im dng gii thut FFT c s 2 cn c:
5/22/2010
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
5/22/2010
23
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
Nhn xt:
S lng php nhn phc v php cng phc ging nh FFT phn chia
theo thi gian.
S khc nhau c bn gia hai gii thut l th t sp xp d liu ng
vo, ng ra.
Tnh IDFT dng gii thut FFT:
*
*
1 N 1 *
1
kn
*
x(n) =
X ( k )W N = N D F T ( X ( k ))
N k = 0
hay:
5/22/2010
x(n) =
*
1
F F T ( X * ( k ))
N
24
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
5/22/2010
25
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
5/22/2010
26
Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 7
Bi tp:
7.1 (bi 11.1.4 trang 501)
7.2 (bi 11.1.7 trang 502)
7.3 (bi 11.1.20 trang 503)
7.4 (bi 11.1.22 trang 504)
5/22/2010
27