Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : IN PHN

IN PHN
Inh ngha in phn l dng nng lng in thc hin phn ng oxi ha - kh xy ra trn catot v anot + Ti catot (cc m) xy ra qu trnh kh (nhn e) + Ti Anot (cc dng) xy ra qu trnh oxi ho (cho e) Khc vi phn ng oxi ho kh thng thng, phn ng in phn do tc dng ca in nng v cc cht trong mi trng in phn khng trc tip cho nhau e m phi truyn qua dy dn. II CC trng hp in phn 1. in phn nng chy Phng php in phn nng chy ch p dng iu ch cc kim loi hot ng rt mnh nh: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ba, Al
a) in phn nng chy oxit: ch dng iu ch Al
NaAlF6 2Al2 O3 4Al+3O2 * Tc dng ca Na3AlF6 (criolit): + H nhit cho phn ng + Tng kh nng dn in cho Al + Ngn chn s tip xc ca oxi khng kh vi Al

Qu trnh in phn:

+ Catot (-): 2Al3+ +6e 2Al + Anot (+) Do in cc lm bng graphit (than ch) nn b kh sinh ra anot n mn. 6O 2- -6e 3O 2 2C+O 2 2CO Phng trnh phn dpnc 2Al2 O3 4Al+3O2
dpnc Al2 O3 +3C 2Al+3CO dpnc 2Al2 O3 +3C 4Al+3CO2 Kh anot sinh ra thng l hn hp kh CO, CO2 v O2. n gin ngi ta thng NaAlF6 ch xt phng trnh: 2Al2 O3 4Al+3O2

2CO+O 2 2CO2 ng in

phn

cho

cc

l:

b) in phn nng chy hiroxit kim: Na, K)

(Ch p dng iu ch cc kim loi

1 dpnc Tng qut: 2MOH 2M+ O 2 +H2 O (M=Na, K,...) 2 1 O 2 +H 2 O 2 c) in phn nng chy mui clorua (Ch p dng iu ch kim loi kim v kim th) Catot (-): 2M+ +2e 2M Anot (+): 2OH- -2e
dpnc Tng qut: 2MCl x 2M+xCl2

(x=1,2)

2. in phn dung dch - p dng iu ch cc kim loi trung bnh, yu. - Trong in phn dung dch nc gi mt vai tr quan trng. + L mi trng cc cation v anion di chuyn v 2 cc. + i khi nc tham gia vo qu trnh in phn. Bin son: Hong Nam Ninh THPT L Thng Kit namninh87@gmail.com 1

Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : IN PHN 1 anot: 2OH -2e O 2 +H 2 O 2 V bn cht nc nguyn cht khng b in phn do in qu ln ( I=0). Do vy mun in phn nc cn ho thm cc cht in ly mnh nh: mui tan, axit mnh, baz mnh... vit c cc phng trnh in ly mt cch y c chnh xc, chng ta cn lu mt s quy tc kinh nghim sau y: Quy tc 1: Qu trnh kh xy ra catot + Cc ion kim loi t Al tr v u dy thc t khng b kh thnh ion kim loi khi in phn dung dch + Cc ion sau Al th b kh thnh kim loi, vi th t u tin ngc t di ln. Trong c bit ch ion H+ lun b kh cui cng trong dy u tin trn.
+ catot: 2H +2e H 2

Quy tc 2: Qu trnh oxi ho anot u tin 1: l cc kim loi trung bnh v yu. u tin 2: S2- >I- >Br - >Cl- >OH- Nu khi in phn anot cha ng thi kim loi v anion (ion m) th anion khng b in phn. 2223- Cc anion cha oxi nh: NO3 ;SO4 ;CO3 ;SO3 ;PO4 ;ClO4 coi nh khng in phn. III - nh lut in phn m= A Q A It = . n F n 96500

Trong : + m: s gam dng sm phm sinh ra trn in cc + n: s electron trao i + Q = It: in lng I qua dung dch vi cng dnh in l I, thi gian t v c n v l culong; I (A); t(giy) + F: hng s Faraday; 1F = 96487 C 96500C +

*** ng dng ca phng php in phn: 1. iu ch mt s kim loi: 2. iu ch mt s phi kim: H2; O2; F2; Cl2 3. iu ch mt s hp cht: KmnO4; NaOH; H2O2, nc Giaven 4. Tinh ch mt s kim loi: Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Ag, Au 5. M in: in phn vi anot tan c dng trong k thut m in, nhm bo v kim loikhi b n mn v to v p cho vt m. Trong m in, anot l kim loi dng m nh: Cu, Ag, Au, Cr, Ni.. catot l vt cn c m. Lp m rt mng thng c dy t: 5.10-5 n 1.10-3 cm. IV Vn dng A Bi tp mu Bi 1: in phn dung dch KCl Gii: H 2 O H + +OH Phng trnh in li: KCl K + +Cl + + + + catot: (-): K ; H , trong K khng b in phn (theo quy tc 1) 2H + +2e H 2 Bin son: Hong Nam Ninh THPT L Thng Kit namninh87@gmail.com 2

A : gi l ng lng in ho, gi tt l ng lng, k hiu l . n

Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : IN PHN K+ K+ + anot (-): OH - ; Cl- th th t in phn l: Cl- > OH - (theo quy tc 2 u tin 2) 2Cl- -2e Cl 2 Do phng trnh in phn l: dpdd 2KCl + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 + Cl2 OH - OH -

1 Nu Cl- ht th n lt OH - tham gia qu trnh in phn: 2OH -2e O 2 +H 2 O 2 Nh vy, n y nc in phn v KOH ng vai trn xc tc: 1 dpdd H 2 O H2 + O2 KOH 2 Bi 2: in phn dung dch CuSO4 Gii: + catot: (-): Cu2+; H+: Cu2+ +2e Cu 1 2+ anot (-): SO 4 ; OH - : 2OH -2e O 2 +H 2 O 2
dpdd Do phng trnh in phn l: CuSO4 + H2O Cu + H2SO4 +

Bi 3: in phn dung dch CuSO4 vi ant l Cu Gii: + catot: (-): Cu2+; H+: Cu2+ +2e Cu + anot (-): Cu; OH - : Cu 2e Cu2+ Nh vy, catot Cu sinh ra bao nhiu th anot b tan ra by nhiu; trc v sau in phn lng CuSO4 khng i. Qu trnh ny dng m v tinh luyn kim loi nguyn cht. Bi 4: in phn dung dch hn hp CuSO4 a mol v KBr b mol. Gii: H 2O H + +OH- ; KBr K + +Br - ; CuSO4 Cu 2+ +SO42 +catot (-): H + ; K + ; Cu 2+ th t in phn l Cu 2+ >H + cn K+ khng b in phn + ht Cu 2+ th 2H +2e H 2 Cu 2+ +2e Cu + Anot (+): OH- ; Br - ; SO42- th t in phn l: Br - >OH- ; cn SO42- khng b in phn. 1 Br - -2e Br2 ht Br- th 2OH -2e O 2 +H 2 O 2 dpdd Phng trnh in phn: CuSO4 +2KBr Cu+Br2 +K 2SO4 dpdd 2KBr+2H 2O H 2 +Br2 +2KOH + Nu: b > 2a th KBr d : m.n.x + Nu: b < 2a th CuSO4 d: + Nu b = 2a
dpdd CuSO4 + H2O Cu + H2SO4 +

1 O2 2

1 dpdd H 2 O H2 + O2 KOH 2 Bi 5: in phn dung dch CuCl2, in cc tr bng dng in 5A trong 45 pht 20 giy.Tnh khi lng kim loi sinh ra trn catot v kh sinh ra anot ( ktc). Gii: Bin son: Hong Nam Ninh THPT L Thng Kit namninh87@gmail.com 3

1 O2 2

Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : IN PHN dpdd PT in phn: CuCl2 Cu+Cl2 p dng cng thc c: 6452720 4,512 mCu = =4,512 nCl = nCu= g =0,0705 mol VCl =0,070522, lit 4=1,5792 2 2 296500 64

B - Bi tp t gii
Bi 1: Trong qu trnh in phn nhng cation s di chuyn v: A. Cc dng, y xy ra s oxi ho B. Cc dng, y xy ra s kh C. Cc m, y xy ra s oxi ho D. Cc m, y xy ra s kh Bi 2: Qu trnh xy ra ti cc in cc khi in phn dung dch AgNO3 l : A. Cc dng : Kh ion NO3B. Cc m : Oxi ho ion NO3+ C. Cc m : Kh ion Ag D. Cc dng : Kh H2O Bi 3: Mt dung dch X cha ng thi NaNO 3, Cu(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, Zn(NO3)2, AgNO3. Th t cc kim loi thot ra catot khi in phn dung dch trn l: A.Ag, Fe,Cu, Zn, Na B. Ag, Fe, Cu, Zn C. Ag, Cu, Fe D.Ag,Cu, Fe, Zn, Na Bi 4 Phn ng in phn nng chy no di y b vit sai sn phm? dpnc dpnc A. Al2O3 2Al+3/2O2 B. 2NaOH 2Na+O2+ H2
dpnc dpnc C. 2NaCl 2Na+Cl2 D. CaBr2 Ca + Br2 Bi 5 Dy gm cc kim loi c iu ch trong cng nghip bng phng php in phn hp cht nng chy ca chng l. (H KHI A 2007) A. Na, Ca, Zn B. Na, Cu, Al C. Na, Ca, Al D. Fe, Ca, Al Bi 6: Khi in phn hn hp dung dch NaCl v CuSO4 , nu dung dch sau khi in phn ho tan c NaHCO3 th s xy trng hp no sau y: A. NaCl d B. NaCl d hoc CuSO4 d C. CuSO4 d D. NaCl v CuSO4 b in phn ht Bi 7: in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl ( vi in cc tr , c mng ngn xp ) . dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin ca a v b l ( bit ion SO 42- khng b in phn trong dung dch ) (H KHI b 2007) A. b > 2a B. b =2a C. b < 2a D. 2b =a Bi 8: Khi in phn c vch ngn dung dch gm NaCl, HCl . Sau mt thi gian in phn xc nh xy ra trng hp no sau y, trng hp no ng : A. Dung dch thu c c lm qu tm ha B. Dung dch thu c khng i mu qu tm C. Dung dch thu c lm xanh qu tm D. A, B, C u ng Bi 9. ng dng no di y khng phi l ng dng ca s in phn ? A. iu ch mt s kim loi, phi kim v hp B. Thng qua cc phn ng sn sinh ra cht dng in C. Tinh ch mt s kim loi nh Cu, Pb, Zn, D. M Zn, sn, Ni, Ag, Au... bo v v trang Fe, Ag, Au... tr kim loi Bi 10. in phn n ht 0,1 mol Cu (NO3)2 trong dung dch vi in tc tr, th sau in phn khi lng dung dch gim bao nhiu gam A. 1,6g B. 6,4g C. 8,0 gam D. 18,8g Bi 11. Tnh th tch kh (ktc) thu c khi in phn ht 0,1 mol NaCl trong dung dch vi in cc tr, mng ngn xp. A. 0,024 lit B. 1,120 lit C. 2,240 lit D. 4,489 lit Bi 12: in phn dung dch CuCl2 vi in cc tr , sau mt thi gian thu c 0,32 gam Cu catot v mt lng kh X anot. Hp th hon ton lng kh X trn vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH nhit thng). Sau phn ng nng NaOH cn li l 0,05M ( gi thit th

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Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : IN PHN

tch ca dung dch NaOH khng thay i). Nng ban u ca dung dch NaOH l. (H KHI A 2007) A. 0,15 M B. 0,2M C. 0,1 M D. 0,05M Bi 13: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 vi in cc tr bng dng in mt chiu I = 9,65 A. Khi th tch kh thot ra c hai n cc u l 1,12 lt (ktc) th dng in phn. Khi lng kim loi sinh ra katt v thi gian in phn l: A. 3,2gam v1000 s B. 2,2 gam v 800 s C. 6,4 gam v 3600 s D. 5,4 gam v 1800 s Bi 14. in phn 200ml dd CuSO4 0,5 M v FeSO4 0,5M trong 15 pht vi in cc tr v dng in I= 5A s thu c catot: A. ch c ng B. Va ng, va st C. ch c st D. va ng va st vi lng mi kim loi l ti a Bi 15: in phn dung dch CuSO4 bng in cc tr vi dng in c cng I = 0,5A trong thi gian 1930 giy th khi lng ng v th tch kh O2 sinh ra l A: 0, 64g v 0,112 lit B: 0, 32g v 0, 056 C: 0, 96g v 0, 168 D: 1, 28g v 0, 224 lt lt lt Bi 16: in phn 200ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,1M v CuSO 4 0,5M bng in cc tr. Khi katt c 3,2g Cu th th tch kh thot ra ant l A : 0, 56 lt B : 0, 84 lt C : 0, 672 lt D : 0,448 lit Bi 17: in phn dd cha 0,2 mol FeSO4 v 0,06mol HCl vi dng in 1,34 A trong 2 gi (in cc tr, c mng ngn). B qua s ho tan ca clo trong nc v coi hiu sut in phn l 100%. Khi lng kim loi thot ra katot v th tch kh thot ra anot (ktc) ln lt l: A. 1,12 g Fe v 0, 896 lit hn hp kh Cl2 , O2. B. 1,12 g Fe v 1, 12 lit hn hp kh Cl2 v O2. C. 11,2 g Fe v 1, 12 lit hn hp kh Cl2 v D. 1,12 g Fe v 8, 96 lit hn hp kh Cl2 v O O2. Bi 18: Dung dch cha ng thi 0,01 mol NaCl; 0,02 mol CuCl 2; 0,01 mol FeCl3; 0,06 mol CaCl2. Kim loi u tin thot ra catot khi in phn dung dch trn l : A. Fe B. Zn C. Cu D. Ca Bi 19: Natri, canxi, magie, nhm c sn xut trong cng nghip bng phng php no: A. Phng php thu luyn. B. Phng php nhit luyn. C. Phng php in phn. D. Phng php in phn hp cht nng chy. Bi 20: Th tch kh hiro sinh ra khi in phn dung dch cha cng mt lng NaCl c mng ngn (1) v khng c mng ngn (2) l: A. bng nhau. B. (2) gp i (1). C. (1) gp i (2). D. khng xc nh. Bi 21: Trong qu trnh in phn dung dch KCl, qu trnh no sau y xy ra cc dng (anot) A. ion Cl b oxi ho. B. ion Cl b kh. + + C. ion K b kh. D. ion K b oxi ho. Bi 22: in phn vi in cc tr dung dch mui clorua ca kim loi ho tr (II) vi cng dng in 3A. Sau 1930 giy, thy khi lng catot tng1,92 gam. Kim loi trong mui clorua trn l kim loi no di y (cho Fe = 56, Ni = 59, Cu = 64, Zn = 65) A. Ni B. Zn C. Cu D. Fe Bi 23: in phn dng in cc tr dung dch mui sunfat kim loi ho tr II vi cng dng in 3A. Sau 1930 giy thy khi lng catot tng 1,92 gam, Cho bit tn kim loi trong mui sunfat (cho Fe = 56, Ni = 59, Cu = 64, Zn = 65) A. Fe B. Ca C. Cu D. Mg Bi 24: iu no l khng ng trong cc iu sau: A. in phn dung dch NaCl thy pH dung dch tng dn B. in phn dung dch CuSO4 thy pH dung dch gim dn C. in phn dung dch NaCl + CuSO4 thy pH dung dich khng i D. in phn dung dch NaCl + HCl thy pH dung dch tng dn

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Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : IN PHN

(coi th tch dung dch khi in phn l khng i, khi c mt NaCl th dng thm mng ngn) Bi 25 in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO 4 v b mol NaCl (vi in cc tr c mng ngn xp). dung dch sau khi n phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin ca a v b l (bit ion SO42- khng b in phn trong dung dch) A. b > 2a B. b = 2a C. b < 2a D. 2b = a Bi 26: Tin hnh in phn hon ton dung dch X cha AgNO 3 v Cu(NO3)2 thu c 56 gam hn hp kim loi catot v 4,48 lt kh anot (ktc). S mol AgNO 3 v Cu(NO3)2 trong X ln lt l (cho Ag = 108, Cu = 64) A. 0,2 v 0,3 B. 0,3 v 0,4 C. 0,4 v 0,2 D. 0,4 v 0,2 Bi 27: in phn 100ml dung dch A cha ng thi HCl 0,1M v NaCl 0,2 M vi in cc tr c mng ngn xp ti khi anot thot ra 0,224 lt kh (ktc) th ngng in phn. Dung dch sau khi in phn c pH (coi th tch dung dch thay i khng ng k) l A. 6 B. 7 C. 12 D. 13 Bi 28: in phn n ht 0,1 mol Cu(NO3)2 trong dung dch vi in cc tr, th sau in phn khi lng dung dch gim bao nhiu gam ? ( cho Cu = 64; O = 16) A. 1,6 gam B. 6,4 gam C. 8,0 gam D. 18,8 gam Bi 29: iu ch Cu t dung dch Cu(NO3)2 bng phng php no th thu c Cu tinh khit 99,999% ? A. Phng php thy luyn. B. Phng php nhit luyn C. Phng php in phn D. C A, B, C Bi 30: Khi in phn 25,98 gam iotua ca mt kim loi X nng chy, th thu c 12,69 gam iot. Cho bit cng thc mui iotua A. KI B. CaI2 C. NaI D. CsI Bi 31: Trong cng nghip natri hiroxit c sn xut bng phng php A. in phn dung dch NaCl, khng c mng ngn in cc B. in phn dung dch NaNO3, khng c mng ngn in cc C. in phn dung dch NaCl, c mng ngn in cc D. in phn NaCl nng chy Bi 32:in phn dung dch CuCl2 vi in cc tr, sau mt thi gian thu c 0,32 gam Cu catot v mt lng kh X anot. Hp th hon ton lng kh X trn vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH ( nhit thng). Sau phn ng, nng NaOH cn li l 0,05M (gi thit th tch dung dch khng thay i). Nng ban u ca dung dch NaOH l (cho Cu = 64) A. 0,15M B. 0,2M C. 0,1M D. 0,05M Bi 33: Ho tan 40 gam mui CdSO4 b m vo nc. in phn ht caimi trong dung dch cn dng dng in 2,144A v thi gian 4 gi. Phn trm nc cha trong mui l A. 18,4% B. 16,8% C. 18,6% D. 16% Bi 34: in phn 300ml dung dch CuSO4 0,2M vi cng dng in l 3,86A. Khi lng kim loi thu c catot sau khi in phn 20 pht l (cho Cu = 64; S = 32; O = 16) A. 1,28 gam B.1,536 gam C. 1,92 gam D. 3,84 gam Bi 35: in phn dung dch MSO4 khi anot thu c 0,672 lt kh (ktc) th thy khi lng catot tng 3,84 gam. Kim loi M l (cho Cu = 64; Fe = 56; Ni = 59; Zn = 65) A. Cu B. Fe C. Ni D. Zn Bi 36: in phn nng chy mui clorua ca kim loi M, anot thu c 1,568 lt kh (ktc), khi lng kim loi thu c catot l 2,8 gam. Kim loi M l A. Mg B. Na C. K D. Ca Bi 37: C 200ml dung dch hn hp Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3. in phn ht ion kim loi trong dung dch cn dng dng in 0,402A, thi gian 4 gi, trn catot thot ra 3,44 gam kim loi. Nng mol/lit ca Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 l A. 0,1 v 0,2 B. 0,01 v 0,1 C. 0,1 v 0,01 D. 0,1 v 0,1 Bi 38: Tin hnh in phn (c mng ngn xp) 500 ml dung dch cha hn hp HCl 0,02M v NaCl 0,2M. Sau khi anot bay ra 0,448 lt kh ( ktc) th ngng in phn. Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch HNO3 0,1M trung ho dung dch thu c sau in phn A. 200 ml B. 300 ml C. 250 ml D. 400 ml Bi 39: Ho tan 1,28 gam CuSO4 vo nc ri em in phn ti hon ton, sau mt thi gian thu c 800 ml dung dch c pH = 2. Hiu sut phn ng in phn l

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Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : IN PHN

A. 62,5% B. 50% C. 75% D. 80% Bi 40: Ho tan 5 gam mui ngm nc CuSO4.nH2O ri em in phn ti hon ton, thu c dung dch A. Trung ho dung dch A cn dung dch cha 1,6 gam NaOH. Gi tr ca n l A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 8 Bi 41: in phn dung dch mt mui nitrat kim loi vi hiu sut dng in l 100%, cng dng in khng i l 7,72A trong thi gian 9 pht 22,5 giy. Sau khi kt thc khi lng catot tng ln 4,86 gam do kim loi bm vo. Kim loi l A. Cu B. Ag C. Hg D. Pb Bi 42: Tin hnh in phn (c mng ngn xp) dung dch X cha hn hp gm 0,02 mol HCl v 0,05 mol NaCl vi Cng dng in l 1,93A trong thi gian 3000 giy, thu c dung dch Y. Nu cho qu tm vo X v Y th thy (cho H = 1; Cl = 35,5) A. X lm qu tm, Y lm xanh qu tm. B. X lm qu tm, Y lm qu tm. C. X l qu tm, Y khng i mu qu tm. D. X khng i mu qu tm, Y lm xanh qu tm.

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