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x, y.
C
x
Hy + (x+
4
y
)O
2
x CO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O
C
n
H
2n+2-2k
+
O H k n nCO O
k n
to
2 2 2
) 1 (
2
1 3
+ +
+
Nu
2 2
CO O H
n n >
A l ankan v A CO O H
n n n
2 2
Nu
2 2
CO O H
n n
na
(n+1)a
O H m mCO H C
O
m m 2 2 2 2
) 1 (
2
+
mb
(m-1)b
Theo :
% 50 %
) ( ) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2
+ + +
+ + +
ankin ankan
O H CO
n n b a
b a mb na mb na
b m a n mb na n n
2. t chy han ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi
khng kh ( trong khng kh, Oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO
2
(ktc), v 9,9g
nc.Th tch khng kh nh nht cn dng t chy hon tan lng kh thin nhin trn
l bao nhiu?
gii
Khi t chy 1hidrocacbon bt k ta lun c:
l V
mol n n n
kk
O H CO pu O
t
70
20
100
). 4 , 22 . 625 , 0 (
625 , 0 55 , 0 .
2
1
35 , 0 5 , 0
2 2
+ +
3. t chy mt ankin A thu c 5,4g nc v cho sn phm chy qua dung dch
Ca(OH)
2
d, dung dch c khi lng gim so vi dung dch nc vi trong ban u l 19,8g.
Xc nh CTPT ca A.
gii:
Ta c:
mol n
O H
3 , 0
18
5 , 5
2
gi
amol n n amol n
CO CaCO CO
2 3 2
khi lng dung dch gim:
45 , 0
8 , 19 ) 4 , 5 44 ( 100
8 , 19 ) (
2 2 3
+
+
a
a a
m m m
O H CO CaCO
O H n nCO H C
O
n n 2 2 2 2
) 1 (
2
+
0,45 0,3
0,3n = 0,45(n-1) 4 3
3 H C n
Bi tp t rn luyn :
1. Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy hon ton
hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, thu c hn hp kh Z c t
khi i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l (cho H = 1, C = 12, O = 16)
2. Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha 1,4 lt
dung dch Br
2
0,5M. Sau khi phn ng han ton, s mol Br
2
gim i mt na v khi lng bnh
tng thm 6,7 gam. Xc nh Cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon l (cho H = 1, C = 12)
3. Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z k tip nhau trong dy ng ng, trong khi lng phn t Z
gp i khi lng phn t X. t chy 0,1 mol cht Y, sn phm kh hp th hon ton vo dung
dch Ca(OH)
2
(d), thu c s gam kt ta l (cho H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40)
4. ot chay hoan toan 1,12 lt mot anken X (ktc) thu c 5,60 lt
kh CO
2
(ktc). CTPT X la:
A. C
3
H
6
B.C
4
H
8
C. C
4
H
10
D. C
5
H
10
5. ot chay hoan toan mot the tch hon hp gom anken X va
hidrocacbon Y thu c 5,56 lt kh CO
2
( ktc) va 5,40 g nc. Y thuoc loai
hirocacbon co cong thc phan t dang.
A.C
n
H
2n
B.C
n
H
2n-2
C. C
n
H
2n+2
D. C
n
H
2n
6. ot chay hoan toan 1,3g ankin X thu c 2,24 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) .
Cong thc phan t cua X la :
A. C
2
H
2
B. C
3
H
4
C.C
4
H
6
D. C
5
H
8
7. ot chay hoan toan 5,4g ankaien X thu c 8,96 lt kh CO
2
( ktc)
. Cong thc phan t cua X la
A. C
4
H
4
B. C
4
H
8
C.C
4
H
6
D. C
4
H
10
8. ot chay hoan toan hon hp kh gom ankin X va hidrocacbon Y
mach h co cung so nguyen t C, thu c san pham chay co the
tch hi nc bang the tch kh CO
2
(cac the tch o cung ieu kien).
Y thuoc loai:
A.ankin B. anken C. xicloankan D. ankan
9. ot chay 1 so mol nh nhau cua 3 hidrocacbon A, B, C thu c
lng CO
2
nh nhau, con t le so mol CO
2
va H
2
O oi vi A, B, C lan
lt la 0,5: 1:1,5. CTPT cua A, B, C
A. CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
8
B. C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
C. C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
6
D. C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2
10. ot chay ht 2,24 lt ankan X (ktc), dan ton b san pham chay
vao dd nc voi trong d thay co 40g. CTPT X
A. C
2
H
6
B. C
4
H
10
C. C
3
H
6
D. C
3
H
8
11. ot chay hoan toan 0,15 mol hon hp 2 ankan thu c 9,45g
H
2
O. Cho san pham chay qua bnh ng Ca(OH)
2
d th khoi lng ket
tua thu c la bao nhieu ?
A.37,5g B. 52,5g C. 15g D.42,5g
12. ot chay hoan toan 0,15 mol hon hp 2 ankan thu c 9,45g
H
2
O. Cho san pham chay qua bnh ng Ca(OH)
2
d th khoi lng ket
tua thu c la bao nhieu ?
A.37,5g B. 52,5g C. 15g
D.42
II. Bi tp v phn ng th halogen ca Hidrocacbon
II.1. C s l thuyt:
{
2 2
2
as
n n
C H
X
+
2 1
2
........
n n
n n
C H X
C H X
+
' '
2
2 2 n n
HX
X
C H
+
'
'
500
0
C
( )
2
14, 2
0, 2
22, 4
Cl bd
n mol
Hn hp kh sau p:
HCl NaOH NaCl H
2
O
Cl
2 2NaOH NaCl NaClO H
2
O
+ +
+ + +
2 6
0, 2 0,1 0,1
C H
n a b a b +
(1)
d
Trong 2 mui th ch c NaClO c tnh oxi ha mnh, v oxi ha Fe
2+
thnh Fe
3+
t (1) v (2) suy ra
Phn trm s mol sn phm th l: C
2
H
5
Cl = C
2
H
4
Cl
2
= 50%
II.2 Mt s bi tp:
Bi 1: HC mch h X ch cha lk v c hai nguyn t C bc ba trong mt phn t. t chy hon
ton mt th tch X sinh ra 6 th tch CO
2
(cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Khi cho X tc dng vi
Clo (t l 1:1), s dn xut monoclo ti a sinh ra l:
A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 5
(tuyn sinh H khi B-08)
Hng dn gii:
HC mch h X ch cha lk
X l ankan
2 2 2
2
CO H C
O
n n
+
V 6V
14 6
: 6 H C X n
c hai nguyn t C bc ba trong mt phn t
CTCT ca X l: CH
3
CH(CH
3
)CH(CH
3
)CH
3
da vo CTCT X
n n C
Bi 2: Khi brom ha mt ankan ch thu c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht c t khi hi i vi
hidro l 75,5. Tn ankan l:
A. 3,3-imetylhexan
B. 2,2-imetylpropan
C. Isopentan
D. 2,2,,3-trimetylpentan
(tuyn sinh H khi B-07)
Hng dn gii:
HBr Br H C Br H C
n n n n
+ +
+ + 1 2 2 2 2
Ta c:
151 2 . 5 , 75
1 2
+
Br H C
n n
M
12 5
5
151 81 14
H C n
n
+
2
12 5
Br
H C
mt dn xut monobrom duy nht
n n B.
FeSO
4
NaOH
Fe(OH)
2
Na
2
SO
4
2Fe(OH)
2
NaClO
2Fe(OH)
3
NaCl
+ +
+ + +
H
2
O
2 2 4
( )
1
0, 05 0, 2 2
2
Cl NaClO Fe OH FeSO
n n n n a b
(2)
{
0,05
0,05
a mol
b mol
Bi 3: Mt ankan phn ng vi clo theo t l 1:2 thu c sn phm cha 83,53% clo v khi lng.
CTPT ca ankan l:
A. mtan
B. tan
C. propan
D. butan
Hng dn gii:
1:2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
n n n n
C H Cl C H Cl HCl
+
+ +
Ta c:
% 53 , 83 % 100 .
71 14
5 , 35 . 2
%
+
n
Cl
1 n
ankan X l mtan
n n A
Bi 4: Cho 19,5g benzen tc dng vi 48g brom lng, c bt Fe lm xc tc, thu dc 27,475g
brombenzen. Hiu sut ca phn ng trn l?
A. 40%
B. 50%
C. 60%
D. 70%
Hng dn gii:
mol n
mol n
Br
H C
3 , 0
25 , 0
2
6 6
mol n
Br H C
175 , 0
157
475 , 27
6 6
Da vo t l s mol ta tnh hiu sut theo benzen
r H Br H C Br H C
t Fe
B + +
6 6
,
2 6 6
0
0,25 0,3 0,175 (mol)
Theo PTP ta c:
% 70 % 100 .
25 , 0
175 , 0
% H
p n D
Bi 5: Cht A c CTPT C
7
H
8
. Cho A tc dng vi Ag
2
O/NH
3
thu c kt ta B. M
B
> M
A
l
214vC. S ng phn tha mn iu kin trn l:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Hng dn gii:
Gi x l s H b thay th bi Ag.
O xH Ag H C O xAg H C
x x
NH
2 8 7 2 8 7
2 2
3
+ +
+
Ta c: M
B
- M
A
= 214
(92-x+108x)-92=214
x=2
CTCT c th c l:
CHC-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CCH
CHC-C(CH
3
)
2
-CCH
CHC-CH
2
-CH(CH
3
)-CCH
p n B
Bi tp tham kho
Bi 1: Nitro ha benzen thu dc 2 cht X, Y km nhau mt nhm NO
2
. t chy hon ton 19,4g
hh X, Y thu c CO
2
, H
2
O v 2.24l kh N
2
(kc). Tm CTCT ca X, Y?
Bi 2: A l mt HC mch h. t chy A thu c t s mol CO
2
gp i s mol nc. Mt khc ly
0,05mol A phn ng va ht vi agNO
3
/NH
3
thu c 7,5g kt ta. tm CTCT ca A
Bi 3: Cho m(g) HC A thuc dy ng ng ca mtan tc dng vi Clo c chiu sng, ch thu c
mt dn xut clo duy nht B vi khi lng 8,52g. trung ha ht kh HCl sinh ra, cn 80ml
KOH 1M. Tm CTPT ca A, B. Vit CTCT ca cc ng phn A v gi tn chng.
III phn ng cng
III.1 C s l thuyt:
2 2 2 2 2 2 + +
+
n n k n n
H C kH H C
k k n n k n n
Br H C kBr H C
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + +
+
Thng thng cc bi ton v phn ng cng thng dn hn hp ca anken ng ng phn ng vi Br
2
, H
2
sau phn ng khi lng bnh tng ln agam, hoc % ca brom trong hp cht l x% xc nh cng thc ca
hidrocacbon .
Vi nhng dng ny ta cn xc nh
_
n ca hidrocacbon ri t suy ra CTPT ca HC
III.2 Bi tp p dng
Bi. 1,792 lt hn hp (X) gm 2 anken lin tip (o 0
0
C, 2.5atm) cho qua nc brom d th khi
lng bnh nc brom tng 7gam.
a. xc nh CTPT ca 2 anken
b. t chy hon ton hn hp X ri cho sn phm chy vo 500ml dung dch NaOH 1,8M th thu c bao
nhiu gam mui khan.
Gii:
mol
RT
PV
n
hhX
2 , 0
273 . 082 , 0
792 , 1 . 5 , 2
a. t CTPT trung bnh ca 2 anken l
n n
H C
2
Ta c phn ng: 2
2
2
2
Br H C Br H C
n n n n
+
m
hhX
= tng khi lng bnh nc brom =7g
5 , 2 35
2 , 0
7
14 ) (
2
n
n
m
n M
hhX
hhX
H C
n n
2 anken l lin tip nhau suy ra CTPT ca 2 anken l:
6 3 4 2
H vC H C
b. phng trnh phn ng chy: O H n CO n O
n
H C
t
n n
2 2
0
2
2
)
2
3
( + +
0,2mol 0,2 n mol
n(CO
2
)=0,2 n = 0,2.2,5=0,5 mol
n(NaOH) = 0,5.1,8 = 0,9 mol
nhn thy t l: 1<
2
5 , 0
9 , 0
2
<
CO
NaOH
n
n
nn phn ng to thnh mui trung ha v mui axit
O H CO Na NaOH CO
2 3 2 2
2 + +
x 2x x
O H CO Na NaOH CO
2 3 2 2
2 + +
y y y
ta c: n(CO
2
) = x + y =0,5
n(NaOH) = 2x + y = 0,9 Gii phng trnh suy ra x = 0,4mol ; y = 0,1mol
vy kh lng mui thu c l m
mui
=
g y x m m
NaHCO CO Na
8 , 50 84 106
3 3 2
+ +
Lu : nu xy ra phn ng ca anken vi dung dch Br
2
. khi lng bnh cha dch Br
2
tng l khi lng
ca anken.
Bi 2: cho 12,6 gam hn hp 2 anken ng ng k tip nhau tc dng va vi dung dch Br
2
thu
c 44,6 g hn hp sn phm. xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 anken.
Gii :
t CTPT trung bnh ca anken l
n n
H C
2
Pt phn ng: 2
2
2
2
Br H C Br H C
n n n n
+
x x
Theo LBTKL ta c m
anken
+ m
brom
= m
sn phm
mol n g m m m
r
Br anken sp Br
2 , 0
160
32
32 6 , 12 6 , 44
2
mol n n
Br anken
2 , 0
2
5 , 4 63 14 63
2 , 0
6 , 12
n n M anken
Vy CTPT ca hai anken l: C
4
H
8
v C
5
H
10
Bi: Dn hn hp X gm etilen v axetilen qua dung dch brom d khi lng bnh brom tng
1,34g. Cn khi cho tc dng ht vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
thu c 7,2g kt ta. Thnh phn phn
trm th tch ca etilen v axetilen ln lt l :
A. 50% ; 50% B. 35,5% ; 64,5% C. 40% ; 60% D. 25% ; 75%
Gii:
Phng trnh phn ng:
2 4 2 2 4 2
Br H C Br H C +
x x
4 2 2 2 2 2
2 Br H C Br H C + +
y y
3 4 3 3
2 2 2 NO NH CAg AgC NH AgNO CH HC + + +
y y
Gi x, y (mol) ln lt l s mol ca etylen v axetylen
khi lng bnh brom tng 1,34g l khi lng ca hn hp X
28x + 26y = 1,34
mol y 03 , 0
24 2 . 108
2 , 7
x
0,02mol
cng iu kin v hit v p sut th t l v s mol bng t l v th tch
%V(C
2
H
4
) =
% 40 100 .
05 , 0
02 , 0
%V(C
2
H
2
) =
% 60 100 .
05 , 0
03 , 0
+ + +
(vi x
1
<
x
< x
K
)
(x
1,
x
2
, x
3
, l s nguyn t C ca A, B, C,)
- S nguyn t H trung bnh :
1 2
...
...
A B K K
A B K
n y n y n y
y
n n n
+ + +
+ + +
(vi y
1
<
y
< y
K
)
(y
1,
y
2
, y
3
, l s nguyn t H ca A, B, C,)
Cc gi tr trung bnh khc nh s nguyn t O trung bnh, s lien kt
+ +
+
'
+ +
+ +
0, 5
0, 25
x mol
y z mol
'
2 2 2 6 3 6
% 50%, % % 25%
C H C H C H
V V V
p n C
Bi 3: (bi 8 trang 182-SGK 11NC)
HH A gm hai cht k tip nhau trong dy ng ng ca etilen. Cho 3.36l (kc) hh kh trn phn
ng ho ton vi Br
2
/CCl
4
th thy khi lng bnh cha nc brom tng them 7,7g.
a) Hy xc nh CTPT ca 2 anken .
b) Xc nh thnh phn % v th tch ca 2 hh A.
c) Vit CTCT ca cc ankenng phn c cng CTPT vi 2 anken cho.
Hng dn gii:
a) t A C
n
H
2n
(a mol) ; C
m
H
2m
(b mol)
CTPT trung bnh ca hh A
2 n n
C H
(c mol)
2 1 n n m n < < +
3, 36
0,15
22, 4
c a b mol +
PTP:
2 2 2 2 n n n n
C H Br C H Br +
Theo :
14 .0,15 7, 7 n
3, 67
2 3, 76 1
n
n m n
< < +
Chn n = 3 v m = 4
Vy CTPT ca 2 anken l C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
.
b) ta c h:
0,15 0, 05
42 56 7, 7 0,1
a b a mol
a b b mol
+
' '
+
3 6
4 8
0, 05
% .100% 33, 33%
0,15
% 66.67%
C H
C H
c) C
3
H
6
: CH
3
CH=CH
2
C
4
H
8
: CH
2
=CHCH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH=CHCH
3
CH
3
C(CH
3
)=CH
2
Bi 4 (bi 4.19 trang 31 SBT HH 11)
HH kh A cha 2 HC k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Ly 1,12l kh A em t chy hon ton.
Sn phm chy c dn qua bnh (1) ng H
2
SO
4
c, sau qua bnh (2) ng NaOH d. Sau th
nghim khi lng bnh (1) tng 2,16g v bnh (2) tng 7,48g.
Xc nh CTPT v % v th tch ca tng cht trong hh A.
Hng dn gii:
t CTPT ca 2 HC k tip nhau trong dy ng ng l: C
x
H
y
v C
x+1
H
y+2
t CTPT chung ca 2 HC l: y x
H C
vi
) 2 ( ) 1 ( + > < + < < y y y v x x x
O H
y
CO x O
y
x H C
y x 2 2 2
2 4
+
,
`
.
|
+ +
nH
2
O + H
2
SO
4
H
2
SO
4
.nH
2
O
CO
2
+ 2NaOH
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
n
hh
=0,12mol
mol n
mol n
co
O H
17 , 0
12 , 0
2
2
x=3 (v x nguyn)
Mt khc:
8 , 4 8 , 2
2 8 , 4
8 , 4
4 , 2
05 , 0
12 , 0
2
< <
+ < <
y
y y
y
y
y=4 (v y nguyn,chn)
Vy CTPT ca 2 cht l C
3
H
4
(a mol) v C
4
H
6
( b mol).
Ta c h:
'
+
+
1 7 . 0 4 3
0 5 , 0
b a
b a
'
) ( 0 2 , 0
) ( 0 3 , 0
m o l b
m o l a
% th tch cng l % v s mol:
% 40 %
% 60 % 100 .
05 , 0
03 , 0
%
6 4
4 3
H C
H C
V
V
Lu : c th gii theo pp i s
t C
x
H
y
(a mol) ; C
x+1
H
y+2
(b mol)
a+b= 0,05 mol (1)
O H
y
xCO O
y
x H C
y x 2 2 2
2 4
+
,
`
.
|
+ +
a mol ax mol
mol
ay
2
O H
y
CO x O
y
x H C
y x 2 2 2 2 1
2
2
) 1 ( 5 , 1
4
+
+ +
,
`
.
|
+ + +
+ +
b mol (x+1) mol
mol
y b
2
) 2 ( +
) 3 ( 12 , 0
2
) 2 (
) 2 ( 17 , 0 ) 1 (
2
2
mol
y b ay
n
mol x b ax n
O H
CO
+ +
+ +
T (2) ta c: (a + b)x + b = 0,17
b = 0,17-0,05x
ta c 0 < b < 0,05
Thay x vo (1) c
6 , 3 n
Vy CTPT 2 anken l: C
3
H
6
(amol) v C
4
H
8
(bmol)
Ta c h:
'
+
+
+
6 , 3
4 3
0 3 , 0
b a
b a
b a
'
) ( 1 8 , 0
) ( 1 2 , 0
m o l b
m o l a
hh A: C
3
H
6
: 12% ; C
4
H
8
: 18% ; H
2
: 70%
hh B: C
3
H
8
:
% 17 % 100 .
7 , 0
12 , 0
C
4
H
10
:
% 26 % 100 .
7 , 0
18 , 0
H
2
: 57%
Bi 6(bi 7.27 trang 57 SBT HH 11)
HH M cha 2 HC k tip nhau trong mt dy ng ng. Khi t chy hon ton 13,2g hh M thu
c 20,72l CO
2
(kc). Xc nh CTPT v % khi lng tng cht trong hh M.
Hng dn gii:
mol n
CO
925 , 0
4 , 22
72 , 20
2
g m
C
1 , 11 12 . 925 , 0
mol n
g m
O H
H
05 , 1
18
1 , 2
1 , 2 1 , 11 2 , 13
2
V
2 2
CO O H
n n >
nn 2 cht trong hh M u l ankan
4 , 7
05 , 1
925 , 0
1
) 1 (
2
2 3
2 2 2 2 2
+
+ +
+
+
+
n
n
n
O H n CO n O
n
H C
n n
Vy CTPT 2 ankan l: C
7
H
16
(xmol) v C
8
H
18
(ymol)
Gii h:
'
+
+
9 2 5 , 0 8 7
2 , 1 3 1 1 4 1 0 0
2
y x n
y x m
C O
M
'
m o l y
m o l x
0 5 , 0
0 7 5 , 0
% v khi lng ca C
7
H
16
: 56,8% ; C
8
H
18
: 43,2%
V.Bi tp v phn ng th nguyn t hidro linh ng bng ion kim loi (Ag)
V.1 c s l thuyt
Vi cc hidrocacbon c ni ba u mch th nguyn t H gn vi C ni ba tr nn linh ng
d tham gia phn ng th:
R-C CH + AgNO
3
+ NH
3
R-C CAg + NH
4
NO
3
Dng tng qut:
C
x
H
y
+
AgNO
3
+
NH
3
C
x
H
y
Ag
NH
4
NO
3
Vi ankin:
Nu
=1
=2
HC CH (C
2
H
2
)
Kt ta d ho tan trong axit mnh
R-C CAg + HCl
R-C CH + AgCl
V.2. Bi tp p dng:
Bi tp 1: Cho 17,92 lt hn hp kh X gm 3 hidrocacbon l ankan, anken v ankin ly theo t l th
tch tng ng l 1:1:2 li qua bnh cha dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
ly d thu c 96g kt ta v hn
hp kh Y. t chy ho ton hn hp kh Y thu c 13,44 lt CO
2
. Th tch cc kh o ktc. Tm
CTPT ca 3 hidrocacbon?
Gii:
n
X
=
4 , 22
92 , 17
=0,8 mol
V t l th tch bng t l s mol nn s mol tng ng l: C
n
H
2n+2
: 0,2 mol ; C
m
H
2m
: 0,2 mol;
C
p
H
2p-2
: 0,4 mol.
C
p
H
2p-2
+
AgNO
3
+
NH
3
C
p
H 2 2 p Ag
+
NH
4
NO
3
0,4 mol
0,4 mol
Ta c n= n
ankin
= 0,4 mol =
107 2 14
96
+ p
5,6p + 42,8
= 96,8
+ Nu
=1
p = 9,6 (loi)
+ Nu
= 2
p = 2 (nhn)
CTPT ca ankin l C
2
H
2
Kh Y gm : C
n
H
2n+2
: 0,2 mol v C
m
H
2m
: 0,2 mol
Ta c phn ng chy:
C
n
H
2n+2
+
,
`
.
| +
2
1 3n
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n+1)CO
2
0,2 mol
0,2n mol
C
m
H
2m
+
,
`
.
|
2
3m
O
2
mCO
2
+ mH
2
O
0,2 mol
0,2m mol
0,2 (n+m) =
4 , 22
44 , 13
= 0,6 mol
n+m = 3
n=1 v m=2
CTPT ankan l CH
4
CTPT anken l C
2
H
4
Bi tp 2: t chy ankin A to ra 11g CO
2
. Mt khc, khi cho 3,4g A tc dng vi lng d dung
dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
thy to thnh a gam kt ta. CTPT ca A v a l:
A. C
2
H
2
; 8,5g B. C
3
H
4
; 8,5g C. C
4
H
6
; 8,75g D. C
5
H
8
; 8,7
Gii:
Do A tc dng c vi AgNO
3
trong NH
3
nn A l ank-1-in:
C
n
H
2n-2
+
,
`
.
|
2
1 3n
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n-1)H
2
O
2 14
4 , 3
n
mol 0,25 mol
n
2
CO =
44
11
= 0,25 mol
Ta c:
2 14
4 , 3
n
=
n
25 , 0
n = 5
CTPT A l C
5
H
8
C
5
H
8
+ AgNO
3
+ NH
3
C
5
H
7
Ag + NH
4
NO
3
0,05 mol
0,05 mol
n
8
5H C =
8 , 6
4 , 3
=0,05 mol
a = 0,05.175= 8,75g
p n D
Bi tp 3: Dn 3,36 lt hn hp A gm propin v etilen i vo mt lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong
NH
3
thy cn 0,84 lt kh thot ra v c m gam kt ta. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
a) Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo th tch ca cc kh trong A.
b) Tnh m.
Gii:
a) Khi dn A vo dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
ch c propin phn ng
V
C2H4
= 0,84 lt
V
propin
= 3,36-0,84= 2,52 lt
%V
etilen
=
36 , 3
84 , 0
.100%= 25%
%V
propin
= 100%-25%=75%
b) n
propin
=
4 , 22
52 , 2
= 0,1125 mol
CH C-CH
3
+ AgNO
3
+ NH
3
AgC C-CH
3
+ NH
4
NO
3
0,1125 mol
0,1125 mol
m= 0,1125. 147=16,5375 g
Bi tp 4: Dn 6,72 lt hn hp kh X gm propan, etilen v axetilen qua dung dch brom d, thy
cn 1,68 lt kh khng b hp th. Nu dn 6,72 lt kh X trn qua dung dch bc nitrat trong amoniac
thy c 24,24 gam kt ta. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
a) Vit cc phng trnh ho hc gii thch phng trnh TN trn.
b) Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo th tch v theo khi lng ca mi kh trong hn hp.
Gii:
a) Dn X qua dd Br
2
d ch c etilen v axetilen phn ng
CH
2
=CH
2
+ Br
2
BrCH
2
-CH
2
Br
CH CH + Br
2
BrCH=CHBr
BrCH=CHBr + Br
2
Br
2
CH-CHBr
2
Dn X qua dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
ch c axetilen phn ng
CH CH + 2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
3
V
propan
= 1,68 lt
V
etilen+axetilen
= 6,72 - 1,68 = 5,04 lt
CH CH + 2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
3
V
axetilen
= 0,101. 22,4= 2,2624 lt
V
etilen
= 5,04 2,2624= 2,7776 lt
%V
propan
=
72 , 6
68 , 1
.100%= 25%
%V
axetilen
=
72 , 6
2624 , 2
.100%= 33,67%
%V
etilen
= 41,33%
Bi tp 5: t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hirocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt CO
2
( ktc). X tc dng vi
dd AgNO
3
trong NH
3
sinh ra kt ta Y. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
a) CH
3
-CH=CH
2
b) CH CH
c) CH
3
-C CH
d) CH
2
=CH-CH CH
Gii:
X tc dng c vi dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
X l ank-1-in
C
n
H
2n-2
+
,
`
.
|
2
1 3n
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n-1)H
2
O
0,1
0,1.n mol
n
X
=0,1 mol
n
2
CO = 0,3 mol
Ta c: 0,1n = 0,3
n=3
CTPT X l C
3
H
4
CTCT X l: CH
3
-C CH
p n d
Bi tp 6: Mt bnh kn ng hn hp hidro vi axetilen v mt t bt Niken. Nung nng bnh mt
thi gian sau a v nhit ban u. Nu cho mt na kh trong bnh sau khi nung nng i qua
dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
th c 1,2g kt ta mu vng nht. Nu cho na cn li qua bnh ng nc brom d
thy khi lng bnh tng 0,41g.
a) Vit PTHH v gii thch cc hin tng TN.
b) Tnh khi lng axetilen cha phn ng, khi lng etilen to ra sau phn ng.
Gii:
a) Khi nung nng hn hp hidro v axetilen c xc tc Niken
C
2
H
2
+ H
2
0
,t Ni
C
2
H
4
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
0
,t Ni
C
2
H
6
Khi dn kh thu c sau phn ng qua dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
to kt ta mu vng nht chng t hn
hp kh thu c c C
2
H
2
cn d.
CH CH + 2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
3
BrCH
2
-CH
2
Br
CH CH + 2Br
2
Br
2
CH-CHBr
2
b) Khi lng axetilen chua phn ng:
CH CH + 2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
3
=
240
2 , 1
= 0,005 mol
m
axetilen cha p
= 0,005.26= 0,13 g
m
etilen to ra
= 0,41- 0,13= 0,28 g
Bi tp 7: Khi t chy mt ankin A thu c mt khi lng nc ng bng khi lng ankin
em t. Tm cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to ca A. Gi tn ca A, bit A to c kt
ta vi AgNO
3
/NH
3
. Vit PTHH ca phn ng.
Gii:
Gi m l khi lng ankin v cng l khi lng ca nc to thnh.
C
n
H
2n-2
+
,
`
.
|
2
1 3n
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n-1)H
2
O
2 14 n
m
mol
(n-1)
2 14 n
m
mol
n
ankin
=
2 14 n
m
mol
n O H
2
=
18
m
mol
Ta c:
(n-1)
2 14 n
m
=
18
m
4n = 16
n = 4
CTPT A l C
4
H
6
V A c p vi AgNO
3
/NH
3
nn CTCT ca A l:
CH C-CH
2
-CH
3
: But-1-in