-i-

MC LC
Trang MC LC........................................................................................................... i LI NI U ....................................................................................................1 LI CM N .....................................................................................................2 chng 1: TNG QUAN V CNG TY ............................................................3 TNHH THC PHM AMANDA .......................................................................3 1.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh v lch s pht trin ca cng ty ................................4 1.2 C cu t chc ...........................................................................................5 1.3 Qu trnh hot ng sn xut cc sn phm ................................................7 1.4 nh hng pht trin sn xut kinh doanh ................................................7 1.5 S mt bng tng th............................................................................8 chng 2: KHO ST NGUN NGUYN LIU .............................................9 2.1 Tm hiu chung v nguyn liu ................................................................10 2.2 Ngun cung cp nguyn liu ....................................................................11 2.3 Phng php thu mua vn chuyn nguyn liu.........................................12 2.4 Phng php tip nhn v bo qun nguyn liu ......................................13 2.5 Mt s h hng thng gp tm nguyn liu .......................................15 chng 3 : QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM TM N G LNH ...............................................................................................................17 3.1 Quy trnh ch bin tm hp - ng IQF ....................................................18 3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin tm tht ti ng IQF............................32 3.3 Tm hiu my mc, thit b ch bin ti cng ty .......................................44 3.4 Bin php nng cao cht lng sn phm ................................................54 3.5 Tm hiu ngun ph liu v bin php tn dng ph liu ..........................68 chng 4 : TM HIU H THNG THOT NC ti cng ty ......................84 4.1 Ngun pht sinh v c tnh ca nc thi trong nh my. .......................85 4.2 Tm hiu h thng thot nc ti cng ty TNHH thc phm Amanda ......89 5.1 Kt lun ...................................................................................................97 5.2 Kin ngh .................................................................................................97 Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................................99

-1-

LI NI U
Vit Nam l quc gia xut khu thy sn ng th ba th gii v kinh t thy sn l mt trong nhng ngnh mi nhn trong nn kinh t quc dn nc ta. Kim ngch xut khu chim t trng kh ln trong tng kim ngch xut khu quc gia. Ngy nay, sn phm thy sn l mt trong nhng ngun thc phm c bn quan trng ca con ngi v ngy cng c a chung khp ni. m bo cht lng thy sn tr thnh nhn t quan trng quyt nh s tn ti v pht trin ca mt doanh nghip cng nh mt quc gia. Cht lng thc phm ni chung v thy sn ni ring l yu t quan trng m bo sc khe con ngi. Cng ty TNHH Amanda cng nh cc doanh nghip ch bin thc phm khc mun pht trin vng mnh, to sc cnh tranh ln trn th trng th vic nng cao cht lng sn phm phi c quan tm hng u. Ph liu u v tm l nguyn liu quan trng sn xut ra cc sn phm c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip nh: Chitin/Chitosan, cc cht mu, mi v tm Ti cng ty TNHH Amanda qu trnh sn xut cc sn phm t tm sinh ra lng ln ph liu kh ln nhng cha c bin php tn dng ph liu tm c hiu qu. T nhng l do trn ti xin c nghin cu ti: Kho st qui trnh sn xut mt s sn phm tm lnh ti cng ty TNHH thc phm ng Amanda. xut bin php nng cao cht lng v tn dng ph liu. Trong cun ti ny bao gm 5 chng: Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ty TNHH thc phm Amanda Chng 2: Kho st ngun nguyn liu Chng 3: Qui trnh ch bin mt s sn phm tm ng lnh Chng 4: Tm hiu h thng thot nc thi Chng 5: Kt lun v kin ngh D n lc ht mnh nhng khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca thy, c v bn c. Nha Trang, thng 11 nm 2007 Sinh vin thc hin Trn Th Hoi Thanh

-2-

LI CM N
Trong thi gian qua, cng vi s n lc ca bn thn, h tr t pha gia nh v s ng vin, gip ca thy, c gio v bn b ti hon thnh ti tt nghip ca mnh. Qua y, cho ti gi n gia nh lng bit n su sc, gi n thy TS. Trang s Trung cng cc thy c gio khoa Ch Bin v nh trng li cm n chn thnh. Xin c cm n ban lnh o, anh, ch, em trong cng ty TNHH Amanda v tt c bn b ng vin gip ti trong thi gian lm n tt nghip va qua

Nha Trang, thng 11 nm 2007 Trn Th Hoi Thanh

-3-

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V CNG TY TNHH THC PHM AMANDA

-41.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh v lch s pht trin ca cng ty Cng ty TNHH th phm Amanda c n giao dch l AMANDA c t FOODS VIET NAM LIMITED. c thnh lp vo nm 2003 v chnh thc i vo hot ng 08/09/2003. a ch: 102/6 ng s 2- Khu cng nghip Amata- phng Long Bnh Bin Ho - ng Nai. S in thoi: 0613.992.519 Fax: 0613.992.520 Mail: info@amandagroup.com Cng ty TNHH th phm Amanda l mt chi nhnh ca tp on c Amanda Foods c tng cng ty ti Singapo. Cng ty Amanda Foods Vit Nam sn xut mt hng duy nht l tm ng lnh. Khi mi thnh lp cng ging nh cc doanh nghip khc, cng ty gp nhiu kh khn t vic t chc, q un l, sn xut, nhn cng, t trng tiu h th nhng nh nh hng pht trin ng n v s n lc ca cn b cng nhn vin trong cng ty nn tng bc a cng ty vt qua giai on kh khn ban u. Hin nay Amanda Foods Vit Nam l mt trong nhng cng ty ln mnh v xut khu sn phm tm ng lnh. Cng ty xy dng c i ng cn b, lng cng nhn lm vic ln n gn 2000 ngi chia lm 2 ca sn xut vi trn 150 cn b lm cng tc iu hnh, qun l. Th trng tiu th ca cng ty ngy cng c m rng, cc mt h ng sn xut ngy cng phong ph v a dng.

-51.2 C cu t chc 1.2.1 S c cu t chc

Tng gim c Ch tch hi ng qun tr

Gim c iu hnh

Phng kinh doanh

Gim c sn xut

Phng ti chnh k ton

Phng nhn s

Phng xut nhp khu

B phn thu mua nguyn liu

Gim c iu hnh sn xut

B phn qun l cht lng

B phn k thut (c in)

B phn qun l kho

Phn xng sn xut

B phn vi sinh

i HACCP

1.2.2 Trch nhim v quyn hn Hi ng qun tr: Quyt nh mi hot ng ca cng ty, ch trng, chnh sch, chin lc pht trin ca cng ty. Gim c iu hnh: Trc tip thi hnh cc chnh sch, ch trng, chin lc pht trin ca hi ng qun tr ng thi gim st mi hot ng thc hin. Gim c sn xut: Trc tip thi hnh mi hot ng lin quan n sn xut, nm vng tnh hnh sn xut, cht lng sn phm, hng ho, trang thit b phc v sn xut, qun l trc tip i ng QC, iu hnh sn xut, vi sinh, thng k, th kho, phc v, c in.

-6Phng kinh doanh: Chu trch nhim v cng tc kinh doanh hng thng, hng nm, hng qu, tm i tc kinh doanh. Phng ti chnh- k ton: Kim tra, gim st v qun l mi hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, qun l vn. Phng nhn s: Qun l v nhn s, t chc bo v, y t, i phin dch, i cy cnh. Chu trch nhim qun l v lao ng tin lng, cng tc thi ua khen thng, an ton bo h lao ng v cc cng tc khc. Phng xut nhp khu: Chu trch nhim theo di qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ho ca cng ty. Qun c iu hnh sn xut: Chu trch nhim b tr dy chuyn sn xut, iu phi lng cng nhn, lng nguyn liu, thi gian lm vic. Qun l trc tip cc t sn xut: ch bin, bo trang, tp v xng. Phng qun l cht lng: Qun l cht lng sn phm, xy dng quy trnh ch bin, gim st qu trnh ch bin, nghin cu pht trin cc sn phm mi, trc tip qun l phng vi sinh v i HACCP. B phn thu mua nguyn liu: Qun l v nguyn liu, trc tip qun l i thu mua, tip nhn t chc xe chuyn ch nguyn liu. B phn c in: Chu trch nhim vn hnh, sa cha h thng my mc, thit b, h thng cung cp nc, h thng x l nc thi t nh my. B phn qun l kho: Qun l lng hng ho trong kho, cng tc xut, nhp, bc d hng ho. B phn vi sinh: Kim tra vi sinh trong sut qu trnh sn xut. i HACCP: Xy dng mi v hon thin cc chng trnh qun l cht lng cho sn phm ti cng ty.

-71.3 Qu trnh hot ng sn xut cc sn phm 1.3.1 Sn phm chnh Cng ty TNHH thc phm Amanda ch sn xut cc mt hng tm ng lnh xut khu. Mt s sn phm chnh ang c sn xut ti cng ty bao gm: Tm tht ti ng IQF c tn thng mi l IQF RAW PD, PTO SHRIMP. Tm tht hp ng IQF c t n thng mi l IQF COOKED PD, PTO SHRIMP. Tm v b u ng Block c tn thng mi l BLOCK HLSO. Tm s lt PTO p dui c n thng mi l NOBASHI BLACK t TIGER. Tm tm bt. Tm tht ti xin que. Tm tht ti v tm tht hp ng l cc mt hng ch lc c sn xut theo yu cu ca khch hng. Th trng xut khu ca cng ty l M, EU. Khong 75% sn phm tm tht ti ng IQF, tm tht hp ng IQF ca cng ty xut sang th trng ny. Nht Bn l th trng xut khu tm Nobashi ng lnh, tm HLSO ng Block. Mt s th trng khc cng ln mnh khng k l Hng Kng, i m Loan, Trung Quc, c. Th trng xut khu ca cng ty khng ngng m rng ra cc nc trn th gii. Tng kim ngch xut khu khng ngng tng theo thi gian. 1.4 nh hng pht trin sn xut kinh doanh n nh ngun nguyn liu cung cp cho cng ty, m rng cc mt hng sn xut c th p ng c nhiu n t hng ca cc th trng tiu th, pht huy ht tim lc sn xut. M rng th trng tiu th, cng c lng tin ca khch hng, p ng nhiu nht cc yu cu t i tc kinh doanh. M rng thm c s h tng phc v sn xut p ng nhu cu pht trin ngy cng ln mnh ca cng ty. Khng ngng ci thin nng cao cht lng sn phm, mu m bao gi sn phm.

-8Khng ngng o to mi, nng cao tay ngh cng nhn cng nh i ng cn b qun l, k thut. 1.5 S mt bng tng th 1.5.1 u im V tr ca cng ty: Cng ty nm trong khu cng nghip khng b nhim v kh thi, ho cht khng b ng. Xung quanh c nhiu cy xanh nn khng kh trong lnh, thong mt. a hnh hi dc v pha sau cng ty c con sui nh nn qu trnh thot nc d dng khng b ngp nc vo ma ma. Cc khu vc sn xut b tr hp l, tch bit gia cc b phn trnh s ly nhim cho. Giao thng thun li cho vic vn chuyn nguyn liu v sn phm. - An ninh c m bo t ban qun l khu cng nghip. 1.5.2 Nhc im V cng ty thuc khu cng nghip nn khu t d tr khng c nn khi mun m rng thm khu vc sn xut rt kh khn. Ngun in, nc s dng t khu cng nghip nn khng to c th ch ng trong sn xut. Cng ty nm xa vng nguyn liu do chi ph vn chuyn nguyn liu cao.

-9-

CHNG 2: KHO ST NGUN NGUYN LIU

- 10 -

2.1 Tm hiu chung v nguyn liu c trng ca cng ty l sn xut cc mt hng tm ng lnh xut khu, vi tm s l nguyn liu ch yu. 2.1.1 c im chung ca tm

Hnh 2.1 Tm s C th tm chia lm 2 phn: phn u ngc v phn bng. Phn u ngc c 14 i chn ph, bao gm: 1 i mt kp c cung mt 2 i ru m nhn chc nng khu gic v gi thng bng 3 i hm: i hm nh ln, 2 i hm nh 3 i chn hm c chc nng gi mi, n mi v h tr cho hot ng bi li ca tm. 5 i chn b hay chn ngc gip tm b trn mt t. Phn bng c 7 t. Hu ht c quan ni tng nm phn u ngc, phn bng l phn c gi tr kinh t, l i tng ca mi cng ngh ch bin. Tm s c mu xanh thm c khoang trng thn, khoang vng chn ngc. Tm s c mi v nh, tht tm s mm h cc loi tm khc, mi v n thm ngon, mu sc c trng hp dn, gi tr dinh dng v gi tr kinh t cao. Tm s quanh nm nhng ma v chnh t thng 2-4 v thng 7-10. y l i tng c nui rng ri khp nhng tp trung nhiu ven bin min Trung v Nam B. Tm c chiu di khai thc 150- 250 mm vi khi lng 50 150 g.

- 11 2.1.2. Thnh phn ho hc Thnh phn ho hc ca tm phn nh cc gi tr cm quan, dinh dng v kinh t ca tm nguyn liu cng nh sn phm. Cc thnh phn thay i theo ging loi, khu vc sng, ch dinh dng, trng thnh Thnh phn ho hc ca tm bao gm: nc, protein, lipid, mui v c cc vitamin, cc cht , ngm ra, sc t Bng 1: Hm lng dinh dng Cht dinh dng Nc Lipit Protein Chlolesterol Natri Canxi Photpho n v tnh 100 gram tm ti 73 79 gr 0.6 2.0 gr 19 23 gr 90 mg 100 180 mg 26 50 mg 29 50 mg

Ngoi ra trong tm s cn c cc nguyn t : Fe, K v mt s nguyn t vi lng khc nh : Al, Cu, Ag, Zn, Hiu bit v thnh phn ho hc ca tm nguyn liu gip nh sn sut la chn chng loi nguyn liu ph hp yu cu ca sn phm, chn qui trnh ch bin hp l, tnh ton nh mc v hch ton gi thnh 2.1.3 Gi tr dinh dng Tht tm ti ngon, giu cht dinh dng d tiu ho, giu khong cht, Vitamin (c bit Vitamin nhm B). Hm lng protein trong tm ln, y l ngun cung cp cc acid amin cn thit cho c th. 2.2 Ngun cung cp nguyn liu Tm nguyn liu ch yu c cung cp t Khnh Ho v mt s tnh min Ty nh C Mau, Bc Liu, Sc Trng, Bn Tre nguyn liu c gin tip thu mua qua cc ch nu.

- 12 2.3 Phng php thu mua vn chuyn nguyn liu 2.3.1 Phng php thu mua nguyn liu a im Nguyn liu c thu mua ch yu cc tnhnh Khnh Ho (Cam Ranh), Bc Liu, Bn Tre, C Mau Phng php Thu mua tm nguyn liu gin tip qua cc ch nu lin h. nhng im thu mua ti cc tnh c cc i l cung cp gin tip nguyn liu cho cng ty. Trc khi tm nguyn liu c a v cng ty cc ch i l tho thun gi c, cht lng tm, s lng, thi gian cung ng cng nh mt s th tc bin bn cam kt, phng tin vn chuyn, dng c v phng php bo qun. Vi phng php thu mua gin tip s gim c s lng cng nhn thuc cng ty trong khu thu mua t gim c chi ph tr lng cho cng nhn, c th thu mua nhiu a im khc nhau n s lng v chng loi nguyn liu kh n phong ph ph hp vi sn sut a dng sn phm. Tuy nhin vi phng php ny cng ty s kh khn trong cng vic kim sot thi gian t khi nguyn liu c nh bt n khi v n cng ty, khng ch ng ngun nguyn liu d ri vo tnh trng khan him. Gi nguyn liu cao hn so vi thu mua nguyn liu trc tip. 2.3.2 Phng php vn chuyn nguyn liu Dng c phng tin vn chuyn Thng nha cha ng nguyn liu. Nguyn liu c ch v cng ty bng cc xe lnh chuyn dng Mt s yu cu ca qu trnh vn chuyn Hn ch n mc thp nht s va chm c hc nh hng trc tip n tm nguyn liu. Tm nguyn liu phi c bo qun bng nc trong cc thng nha cch nhit v c vn chuyn bng cc xe lnh chuyn dng c nhit bo qun nh hn 4 0C. m bo nhit thn tm khng vt qu nhit yu cu. m bo v s lng cng nh cht lng trong qu trnh vn chuyn.

- 13 m bo khng nh hng n mi trng trong qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn liu t ni thu mua n cng ty. m bo thi gian vn chuyn (tu tng a im thu mua ). Cch bo qun qu trnh vn chuyn Nguyn liu ch yu c thu mua t cc tnh kh xa cng ty nn thi gian vn chuyn s c nhng bin i v mt cht lng v vy bo qun trong qu trnh vn chuyn gp phn hn ch nhng bin i khng mong mun, s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy h hng. Nguyn liu c t trong cc thng nha cch nhit p xay vi t l nc v nguyn liu l 1:1 trn thng c np y. Xe lnh vn chuyn nguyn liu c nhit bo qun nh hn 4 oC. 2.4 Phng php tip nhn v bo qun nguyn liu 2.4.1 Phng php tip nhn nguyn liu Sau khi tho thun gi c v thc hin y cc th tc gia i l ti ni thu mua v cng ty, tm ng uyn liu s c vn chuyn v ni tip nhn nguyn liu ca cng ty. Ti y QC ca cng s kim tra giy t, th tc, cc yu cu cn thit trc khi quyt nh c nhn l h ng hay khng. Sau khi ng tip nhn l hng tm c trong cc thng nc lnh ln ra s b, dng r xc ht vy ni trn b mt nc. Sau xc tm nh nhng vo cc r nha ro nc. Yu cu qu trnh tip nhn Trong qu trnh tip nhn phi c mt i din ca cc cng ty i l k hp ng v i din cng ty. QC phi tin hnh kim tra: T khai xut x ca l hng, cam kt ca nh cung ng, iu kin bo qun nguyn liu, dng c bo qun, phng php bo qun, nhit bo qun, nhit nguyn liu, ti ca nguyn liu, tp cht, mi, v, kch c s b. Thao tc ca cng nhn nh nhng, nhanh gn trnh lm dp nt v tht thot nguyn liu. m bo nhit thn tm khng vt qu 4oC

- 14 Yu cu cht lng ca tm nguyn liu Tm c cht lng tt phi t c nhng yu cu sau: Tm khng c mi n d l n nh. Khng c hoc c khng qu 3 vt en trn thn tm v khng n su vo c tht, vng bng cho php c en nht. Tm khng b b v nu c ch chp nhn di 3% tng s. V tm cho php mm nhng khng b bong ra khi c tht. Mu sc t nhin sng bng. Tht tm sn chc. u dnh cht vo thn tm. Thn tm khng b dp nt . 2.4.2 Phng php bo qun nguyn liu Nguyn liu sau khi tip nhn c ra li bng nc Chlorine c nng 200 ppm, sau c ra li bng nc Chlorine c nng 150 ppm. Nu nguyn liu cha c a i x l ngay th tin hnh bo qun ch ch bin. C 2 phng php bo qun ang c thc hin ti nh my: Phng php bo qun kh. Phng php ng lnh. 2.4.2.1 Phng php bo qun kh Nguyn liu c bo qun bng nc vi t l gia nguyn liu v nc l 1:1 trong thng nha cch nhit. Trc ht cho mt lp vy di y thng nha cch nhit, sau cho mt lp nguyn liu vo ri tip tc cho mt lp . C th cho n khi gn y dng c cha ng, trn cng cho mt lp ph kn b mt nguyn liu. Lng pha trn nhiu hn so vi cc lp pha di. 2.4.2.2 Phng php ng tm Khi nguyn liu v qu nhiu cha kp x l bo qun nguyn liu trong thi gian di th tin hnh bo qun theo phng php ny. Tm nguyn liu sau khi lt u v phn c s b c xp khun em cp ng trong t ng tip xc. Khi nhit tm sn phm t -18oC th c

- 15 tch khun, m bng, bao gi PE ng trong cc thng ng tm v em i bo qun trong kho lnh. 2.5 Mt s h hng thng gp tm nguyn liu 2.5.1 Hin tng dp nt c hc Trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun nguyn liu di tc dng c hc tm thng b t u, v gch, nt t, dp nt ton thn. Khi cu trc t bo b ph v cht dinh dng s thot ra ngoi lm gim cht lng nguyn liu. Nguyn nhn Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do s va p c hc gia tm vi cc dng c cha ng lm bng vt liu cng, c khi lng ln. Do tm nguyn liu tip xc vi vy c kch thc ln, sc cnh d lm h hng cu trc. Nhng ch yu vn l do thao tc khng nh nhng, khng gn gng, thiu cn thn, khng ng theo yu cu k thut ca cng nhn trc tip tip xc vi tm nguyn liu. Cch khc phc Yu cu thao tc ca cng nhn phi nh nhng, cn thn, ng k thut. QC b phn tip nhn phi kim sot cht ch vic bc d tm t xe vo khu vc tip nhn v cc thao tc ca cng nhn trong qu trnh tip nhn. S dng c kch thc nh hp l cho vic m bo nhit ca tm nguyn liu. 2.5.2 Hin tng bin en Bin en l hin tng thng gp i vi tm nguyn liu sau khi nh bt khng c bo qun tt. u tin l nhng chm en xut hin cc khp ni, ru chn gai nhn u v ui sau loang u ton thn. Nguyn nhn Vi sinh vt :Vi sinh vt hin hu, ly nhim c trong tm sinh sn v pht trin to nn cc khun lc c mu ti. Do acid amin tyrozin v phenylalanine c trong tm b oxy ho di tc dng ca Enzyme Tyrozinase to thnh cht Melanin (mu en tm). Cch khc phc Hin tng bin en trn thn tm khng lm gim cht lng tm nhng lm gim gi tr cm quan t nh hng n gi tr kinh t ca sn phm.

- 16 hn ch hin tng bin en tm nguyn liu th trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun lun ph mt lp vy ln pha trn b mt tm v y np kn hn ch s tip xc ca tm nguyn liu vi khng kh ng thi gim nhit nguyn liu nhm c ch hot ng enzyme. Sau khi tip nhn cn phi ra sch loi b mt phn tp cht v vi sinh vt. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn, tip nhn, ch bin mi thao tc ca cng nhn phi nhanh gn, cn thn p thng xuyn ln b mt tm. C th kt hp bo qun lnh vi mt s ho cht cho php s dng. 2.5.3. Hin tng bin Nguyn nhn Khi tm n thi hoc di tc dng ca nhit , acid, vi sinh vt gy thi ra lm protein bin tnh do lin kt astaxanthin v protein b ct t. Astaxanthin tn ti di dng t do d b oxy ho to thnh astaxin c mu gch . Qu trnh bin i ko theo s gim cht lng ca tm ton thn tm c mu , u long khi thn v tm d dng tch khi tht tm, xut hin mi khai thi. Cch khc phc Do hn ch hin tng bin tm cn h thp nhit thn tm bng cch p lm chm qu trnh sinh ho v c ch hot ng gy thi ra ca vi sinh vt.

- 17 -

CHNG 3 : QUY TRNH CH BIN MT S SN PHM TM NG LNH

- 18 3.1 Quy trnh ch bin tm hp - ng IQF 3.1.1 S quy trnh

TM NGUYN LIU

RA 1

S CH

RA 2

PHN C, PHN LOI

BO QUN

RA 3

BAO GI THNG CARTON

X L PTO, PD

R KIM LOI

RA 4

CN - VO TI PE

NGM QUAY

TI NG

RA 5

M BNG

XP V

CP NG IQF

HP

LM MT S B

- 19 3.1.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh 3.1.2.1 Nguyn liu Nguyn liu ch yu l tm s c thu mua t cc ni khc nhau. Yu cu nguyn liu phi ti ngon, c mi tanh t nhin, khng n thi, mu sc sng t nhin, c tht sn chc. Yu cu tiu chun v cht lng v kch c nguyn liu s khc nhau tu theo tng chng loi sn phm. Hin nay ti cng ty tm nguyn liu dng ch bin mt hng tm tht ng IQF phi t tiu chun kch c v cht lng theo TCVN 3726-89 v TCVN 4381-92. Bn cnh tm nguyn liu cn c la chn theo yu cu ca khch hng. 3.1.2.2 Tip nhn Tm nguyn liu sau khi c thu mua, vn chuyn v khu vc tip nhn nguyn liu ca cng ty v l hng s c tip nhn nu m bo ng vi cam kt t trc gia cng ty v cc i l cung cp v khng c gian ln thng mi. QC s tin hnh kim tra cc giy t th tc, thng s nhit , sunfit v cc yu t khc. 3.1.2.3 Ra (ln 1) Mc ch: Loi b mt phn tp cht v vi sinh vt. Thao tc thc hin: Tm nguyn liu sau khi c tip nhn c vt ra t thng bo qun
3 cho vo thng nha ln c th tch 0,8 m v ra bng nc sch c nng

Chlorine 200 ppm. Nhit nc ra 4oC. Mi ln ra trong th ng nha khong 150 kg. Cng nhn dng mi cho khuy o nh nhng tch tp cht v vi sinh vt ra khi tm nguyn liu. Sau nguyn liu xc vo st nha ln a sang thng ra cha nc sch c nng chlorine 150 pp Tin hnh m. khuy o nh nhng loi b tp cht. Tip , dng r nha vt tm ra khi thng ra (mi r 1015 kg) t ln k cho ro nc ri cho ln bng ti qua my ra sc kh (nc c nng Chlorine 50 ppm ), chuyn qua b phn s ch.

- 20 3.1.2.4 S ch (lt u) Mc ch: Loi b phn c gi tr thp, n tng nhm tng gi ca sn p i hm, hn ch h hng v thun li cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo. Thao tc thc hin: Tm t bng chuyn my ra sc kh c hng vo cc st nha (mi st 10 kg) v c a n bn lt u. Sau , tm c xc vo r nha v p ln m bo nhit 4oC. Tay tri cm nga con tm vi lng bng tay pha di bng tm, tay phi cm u tm. Ngn tay phi ta trn nh mai u c ang hng v pha di, ngn tay tr phi chc vo khe v c bao bc phn tht u dnh lin vi tht thn tm. Gia cht tay c nh thn tm, n ngn tay phi vo pha trn to un cho php tht u nh ln v ngn tay tr phi hi mc su vo khe h v c ko bt ra, tch ri mp tht u v v c. Dng dao co bt gch dnh ch mp tht u. Tm lun lun c ph mt lp ln trn m bo nhit . Thau nc c nng Chlorine 10 ppm dng ra khi lt u tm phi thay lin tc. 3.1.2.5 Ra 2 (sau lt u) Mc ch: Loi b tp cht v vi sinh vt. Thao tc: Cc r tm sau khi c lt u c ra qua 3 thng nc sch c nhit 4 oC. Thng 1: nng Chlorine 100 ppm. Thng 2: nng Chlorine 50 ppm. Thng 3: nng Chlorine 30 ppm. Mi r khng qu 5 kg tm, cng nhn dng tay khuy nh loi b tp cht v vi sinh vt. Thi gian ra mi r trong thng khng qu 20 giy. Sau ro nc trn k inox ri em cn v a ra khu phn c, phn loi.

- 21 3.1.2.6 Phn c, phn loi Mc ch: Nhm tch ring nguyn liu thnh tng nhm c khi lng hoc kch thc c th trong mt khong xc nh, nhm cht lng nguyn liu khc nhau. Qu trnh ny quan trng nh hng ti cht lng v gi thnh sn phm. Thao tc: Tm sau khi ra c chuyn n bng chuyn ti vn chuyn n my phn c t ng. y tm s c my phn c mt cch s b. Sau khi c phn c s b bng my c chuyn n b phn phn c bng tay tin hnh phn c li. y mt ngi c th phn nhiu c hoc nhiu ngi cng phn c, theo nguyn tc ngi u phn c ln ri y cho ngi k tip theo phn tip cc c cn li. Trong qu trnh phn c tin hnh c qu trnh phn loi hng v mu ca tm. Khi phn c, tm c tnh theo s thn tm/1pound (1pound = 453.6 g) Size c ca tm c quy nh theo n t hng. Thng thng th cng ty nhn c n t hng theo cc kch c sau: Bng 3: Bng Size tm theo TCVN 4381-92 Bnh qun Size s con/ 1Pound 1315 1620 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-50 51-60 61-71 71-90 13 17 23 27 33 3738 4748 5758 6566 8182 13 16 21 26 31 36 41 51 61 71 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 70 90 u c Cui c

- 22 Tm khi phn c xong c t kim li em cn ri chuyn n cc cng on x l tip theo. Nu khng t th tr v v phn loi li. Phn c, phn loi cn c theo iu kin tiu chun ca TCVN 4381-92 v cc tiu chun ca khch hng yu cu. Sai st trong qu trnh phn c, phn loi cho php <3%. Lun m bo nhit thm tm trong qu trnh phn c, phn loi 4 oC Lng tm trn bn phn c khng qu mt gi. 3.1.2.7 Ra 3. Mc ch: Loi b cc tp cht v vi sinh vt nhim vo tm trong cc qu trnh tin hnh phn c. Thao tc: Tm c ra qua 3 b nc lnh nhit 4oC nng Chlorine ln lt l 120 ppm, 80 ppm, 40 ppm. Trong qu trnh ra cng nhn dng tay khuy o tm trong r loi cc tp cht. Mi ln ra khng qu 5kg/1r, tn sut thay nc 50kg/1ln Thi gian ra mi r trong thng nc ra 20 giy 3.1.2.8 X l PTO Mc ch: Ly ch tm cn st trong qu trnh s ch. Chnh sa thn tm theo yu cu k thut ca khch hng (ct ngm, co chn, x lng ) Lt b nhng phn khng cn thit cn li trn thn tm thun li cho cc qu trnh gia cng ch bin v sau. Thao tc: Tm HLSO, c phn c, ng trong cc r nha, mi r cha 23 kg c ph kn bng vy. Cng nhn dng mng tay gi v giao nh bng inox x l tm. Tay tri cm chc tm sao cho bng tm quay xung pha di, lng tm quay ln, tay phi dng mng tay gi hay giao lt v tm. Dng dao hay mng tay gi lt v tm ba t u tin theo chiu t di bng ln, sau hai t

- 23 tip theo. Sau khi lt v PTO th tu theo cc yu cu ca khch hng i vi cc loi mt hng khc nhau m cng nhn tin hnh cc bc x l tip theo. c im mt hng ca mt s khch hng ca cng ty: Mt hng tm s tht ca khch hng SEAMAZZ: Tm lt PTO, khng co chn, xa V, x bn t lng. Mt hng tm s tht MARWELL: Tm lt PTO, co chn, xa V, x bn t lng. Mt hng tm tht COSTCO: Tm lt PTO, co chn, khng xa V, x bn t lng. Mt hng tm tht xin que CASIC: Tm lt PD, co chn, xa V, x ba t lng. Mt hng tm tht OCEARSTAR: Tm lt PTO. K hng co chn, xa V, rt ch lng. Ghi ch: xa V: l ct bng pha u ca phn tht ngm tm. C 2 kiu xa V: xa ht phn tht ngm ch V v ct ngn phn tht ngm cn bng 1/3 chiu di ca t u tnh t phn chn tht ngm. V d: i vi mt hng tm ca khch hng SEAMAZZ, tm lt PTO sau tin hnh chnh sa tht ngm v x bn t. Tay tri ca cng nhn cm thn tm sao cho thn tm hi dui ra, tay phi cm dao ct bt phn tht ngm, ch ct mt t tht ngm xa i phn tht ch V di ra. Sau tin hnh x bn t, x t v tr t th 2 n t cui st vi t ui. X va su ly ng ng tiu ha (ch tm hay tim tm), khng c x qu su lm nt thn tm. i vi mt hng tm ca khch hng MARWELL, tm lt PTO xong th tin hnh co sch chn tm theo chiu t u thn tm n cui thn tm, thao tc nh nhng lm sch thn tm. Sau khi co sch chn tm th tin hnh xa V v x bn t. Ring i vi mt hng tm tht PD th thm cng on lt phn v ui (tail). Sau khi lt ht v ca nm t thn tm cng nhn dng ngn tay , (ngn tr v ngn ci) tay cm tm bp nh vo phn ui sau rt nh phn v ui ra khi thn tm.

- 24 3.1.2.9 Ra 4 Mc ch: Nhm loi b nhng tp cht, vi sinh vt nhim vo thn tm qu trnh x l PTO Thao tc:
0 Cng nhn ra tm qua 3 th ng nc lnh, nhit 4C, nng

Chlorine ln lt l 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 30 ppm mi ln khng qu 5 kg/1 r, tn sut thay nc khng qu 30kg/1 ln. 3.1.2.10 Ngm quay Mc ch: To iu kin cho cc ho cht (cht ph gia tng trng) ngm vo thn tm to lin kt bn vng hn ch qu tr nh mt nc ca qu trnh hp v cp ng. Tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm sau khi hp. Thao tc: Tm sau khi x l PTO ra c chuyn sang khu vc ngm quay. Tm c vo thng ngm quay cng vi hn hp thuc tng trng, mui, nc. Khi lng tm vo thng t 100150 (kg/1 thng). Thnh phn, t l ha cht dng trong ngm quay ty thuc vo yu cu ca khch hng. V d : Yu cu ca khch hng SEAMAZZ: MTR 79 Non Phosphate Mui Sodiumbicarbonate Bristol 2% 2% 0.5% 3%

Yu cu ca khch hng COSTCO: MTR 79 Non Phosphate Mui Sodiumbicarbonate Calnal 2% 2% 0.5% 3%

- 25 -

Thi gian ngm quay l 30 pht, nhit trong qu trnh ngm quay duy tr 4oC, vn tc ca cnh khuy trn n=1516 (vng/pht). Thi gian l ngm 23h. 3.1.2.11 Ra 5. Mc ch: Loi b tp cht,vi sinh vt nhim vo trong qu trnh ngm quay. Loi b cc cht nht dnh bm trn thn tm sinh ra trong q u trnh ngm quay. Thao tc: Tm vt ra khi thng ngm quay c em ra qua trong cc b ra (3 b) c nhit nc ra 4 oC, nng chlorine ln lt l 100 ppm, 50 ppm, (2030) ppm. Khi lng tm mi ln ra khng qu 5kg/1r, tn sut thay nc 30kg tm/ 1ln thay nc. 3.1.2.12 Xp v Mc ch: To thun li cho thn tm tip xc vi nhit trong qu trnh hp to nn cht lng ng u cho sn phm, tit kim din tch ca bng chuyn. Thao tc: Tm ra sau khi ngm quay c chuyn n khu vc hp. Ti y tm c cng nhn xp vo cc v bng inox, tm xp vo v thnh tng hng dc theo chiu cong ca thn tm, tu theo size c ca tm m s hng v v s con trong mt hng c th thay i. Bng 4: Qui cch xp v tm trc khi hp Size s thn tm/ 1 pound 812 1315 1620 2125 2630 3140 4150 5160 Qui cch xp v ( thn tm / 1hng ) 78 910 1112 1213 1415 1517 1719 2021 Hng 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7

- 26 -

Yu cu k thut: Tm xp ln v phi u nhau ng khong cch, khng c xp st nhau d gy tnh trng tm sng cc b. Trong qu trnh xp tm vo v th kt hp vi qu trnh kim tp cht, kim tm en ui. 3.1.2.13 Hp Mc ch: Lm chn sn phm tm v tiu dit ht cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cn sng st c mt trn sn phm. Lm tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm tm. Thao tc k thut: Cng nhn ng ti u vo ca bng chuyn hp, t tng v tm ln bng chuyn. QC ph trch cng an hp a ra cc thng s hp ca tng size tm cng nhn k thut my iu thng s ca bng truyn hp theo cc thng s k thut m QC yu cu. Khi iu chnh thng s k thut ca bng chuyn hp v cc thng s yu cu ca size tm, QC cho khi ng bng chuyn tin hnh hp tm. Bng 5 : Bng thng s k thut ca tm hp Size con/ pound 812 1315 1620 2125 2630 3140 4150 5160 Nhit ( oC ) 9699 9699 9699 9699 9699 9699 9699 9699 Thi gian ( pht ) 318325 318310 248255 224230 210215 151155 136140 124130 p sut hp ( Kg / cm2 ) 2,53,0 2,53,0 2,53,0 2,53,0 2,53,0 2,53,0 2,53,0 2,53,0

- 27 -

Nhit v p sut ca bung hp lun duy tr khong 96 oC 99 oC, 2,53,0 (kg /cm2 ), ch c thi gian hp l thay i theo cc size tm. Trong qu trnh hp QC ph trch b phn phi t ng xuyn theo di h nhit ca thn tm sau khi hp t c yu cu cha bng cch dng nhit k . Nu sau khi hp nhit trung tm ca thn tm t t 70oC 71oC l c. Nu sau khi hp m nhit thn tm cha t hoc l tm c hin tng chn qu th QC phi dng ngay qu trnh hp x l k thut. 3.1.2.14 Lm lnh (lm mt s b ) Mc ch: Trnh hin tng bc hi nc. Lm gim nhit ban u ca thn tm trc khi a vo my cp ng, gim hao ph lnh v gim thi gian cp ng. Thao tc k thut: Tm sau khi ra khi bung hp th tng v tm c ngay xung b nc lnh c nhit 2oC , thi gian tm hp i qua nc lnh l tu thuc vo tng c tm. Nhng phi m bo khi i qua b nc lnh nhit thn tm t 4oC . Tn sut thay nc 500 600 kg / ln. 3.1.2.15 Cp ng IQF Mc ch: H nhit tm sn phm nhm hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. a nhit ca sn phm v nhit bo qun ca kho lnh n nh cht lng ca sn phm trong thi gian di. Thao tc: Khi nhit bng chuyn cp ng t t -30oC -35oC QC ph trch b phn cho cng nhn tin hnh cp ng sn phm. Bn hoc su cng nhn s ng u hai b u dy truyn cp ng IQF xp u tm ln bng n chuyn. Tm s c chy qua bung cp ng c nhit -35oC, thi gian cp ng tm tu thuc vo size c tm a vo cp ng. u ra sn phm ca bung cp ng m nhit trung tm ca sn phm t -18oC l c.

- 28 Trong sut qu trnh cp ng QC ph trch b phn phi lun theo di bin i nhit ca tm sn phm c nhng iu chnh thch hp. Nhit bung cp ng phi t -35oC. Cc thn tm sau khi ra kh bung cp ng phi ri nha Tm sn i u. phm sau cp ng phi t -18oC. 3.1.2.16 M bng Mc ch: Tng tnh thm m cho sn phm, hn ch oxy ho v s thng hoa trong qu trnh bo qun sn phm. Thao tc k thut: Tm ra khi bung cp ng ca bng chu yn c m bng di vi phun sng c nhit 3oC v p sut nc 46 ( Kg / cm2 ), trong thi gian 30 giy. T l m bng 10 % l c. Thn tm phi nguyn vn v hon ton tch ri nhau. Lp m bng phi bng nhn v ph kn ton b thn tm. 3.1.2.17 Ti ng Mc ch: Nhm lm kh b mt ca sn phm sau khi m bng ng thi lm n nh nhit trung tm sn phm. Thao tc: Tm sau khi m bng c bng chuyn vn chuyn n bung ti ng c nhit -30oC. 3.1.2.18 Cn-bao gi PE Mc ch: Cn m bo khi lng tm sau khi r ng p ng c yu cu khch hng. Bao gi PE bo qun sn phm khng b n him bn, hn ch hin tng mt nc ca sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun.

- 29 Thao tc k thut: Sau khi ra khi bung ti ng tm c cn thnh tng r nh, trng lng ca mi r tu thuc vo n t hng v lng ph tri. r tm cn vo ti PE bng phu Inox. Tng ti tm c a qua hn kn ming bng my ghp m ngay sau khi cho sn phm vo ti PE 3.1.2.19 R kim loi - ng thng. Mc ch: R kim loi loi nhng sn phm nhim kim loi. ng thng hn ch s mt nc ca sn phm trong qu tr nh bo qun, thun tin cho vic bo qun vn chuyn. Bn cnh bao gi cng lm tng gi tr thm m cho sn phm. Thao tc k thut: Sau khi sn phm chy qua my r kim loi th c ng v cc thng carton. S lng cc ti sn phm trong mi thng carton tu thuc vo n t hng. Khi xp s ti sn phm vo thng th chuyn tip thng sn phm n my ng ai dy. Cc sn p hm ca cc khch hng khc nhau th c ng thng, np dy ai bng cc mu khc nhau. Trn thng bao gi c ghi y cc thng tin v sn phm nh : tn sn phm ( Ting Vit, Ting Anh ), xut x ca nguyn liu, cc loi ph gia dng, cch bo qun sn phm, cch s dng sn phm, ngy sn xut, hn s dng, size c, trng lng tnh ca tng gi v trng lng c thng sn phm v mt vi thng tin khc. 3.1.2.20 Bo qun sn phm. Mc ch : Duy tr nhit ca sn phm -18oC, nhm m bo cht lng ca sn phm trong kho. Thao tc: Cc thng sn phm c xp ln pallet thnh hnh khi, ai np xung quanh bng keo. Hng nhp vo kho bng xe nng, th kho ly danh sch theo

- 30 tng xe hng trc khi nhp hng vo kho, hng c ua ti v tr trn tng k theo tng dy c th kho hng dn chun b trc. Qui cch xp hng ln pallet : Loi 10 ti / 1thng th cht 36 carton /1 pallet. Loi 5 ti / 1thng th cht 72 carton /1 pallet. Loi 12 ti / 1thng th cht 20 carton /1 pallet. 3.1.3 Tiu chun nh gi cht lng sn phm Bng 6: Ch tiu cm quan i vi mt hng tm tht hp ng IQF STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ch tiu Mu sc Mi V Trng thi Tp cht C ca sn phm Trng lng tnh Ho cht v cht ph gia Yu cu c trng ca tm ti hp chn Thm Ngt, khng cv l Nguyn vn Khng cho php Theo yu cu ca khch hng Theo yu cu ca khch hng Theo ng quy nh ca v s dng ho cht, cht ph gia, phm mu ca cc c quan c thm quyn v ph lc hp ng vi khch hng. 9 10 11 12 13 Chm en trn thn ui en Gy ui Tm hp cha chn T l ng dng <3% <3% <3% Khng c <1.3 Nhng tng s li ca cc ch tiu khng qu 7%

- 31 Bng 7: Ch tiu vi sinh cho mt hng tm tht hp ng IQF STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ch tiu Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh Colifrom Staphylococcus E .Coli Salmonella Shigella Vibrio Cholela Yu cu 105 (tb/1g) 50 (tb/1g) NEG/1g NEG/1g NEG/25g NEG/25g NEG/25g

NEG (NEGATIVE): Khng pht hin

Bng 8: Ch tiu ho l cho mt hng tm hp ng IQF STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tn ch tiu Hm lng thu ngn (Hg) Hm lng ch Hm lng Cadmium Chloramphenicol Chlodane Hm lng phosphate Nit bay hi Mc 0.5 ppm 1.0 ppm 0.5 ppm Khng pht hin(*) 0.05 ppm 300 mg/kg 30 mg/kg

(*) Gii hn pht hin: 0.025 ppb. Phng php th cm quan vt l theo TCVN 5227-90. Phng php th VSV theo TCVN 5287-1994.

- 32 3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin tm tht ti ng IQF 3.2.1 Quy trnh ch bin TM NGUYN LIU

TIP NHN

RA 1

S CH

RA 2

PHN C, PHN LOI

RA 3

X L PTO, PD

RA 4

BO QUN

NGM QUAY

BAO GI THNG CARTON

RA 5

R KIM LOI

CP NG IQF

CN- VO TI PE

M BNG

TI NG

- 33 -

3.2.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh 3.2.2.1 Nguyn liu Nguyn liu ch yu l tm s c thu mua t cc ni khc nhau. Yu cu nguyn liu phi ti ngon, c mi tanh t nhin, khng n thi, mu sc sng t nhin, c tht sn chc. Yu cu tiu chun v cht lng v kch c nguyn liu s khc nhau tu theo tng chng loi sn phm. Hin nay ti cng ty tm nguyn liu dng ch bin mt hng tm tht ng IQF phi t tiu chun kch c v cht lng theo TCVN 3726-89 v TCVN 4381-92. Bn cnh tm nguyn liu cn c la chn theo yu cu ca khch hng. 3.2.2.2 Tip nhn Tm nguyn liu sau khi c thu mua, vn chuyn v khu vc tip nhn nguyn liu ca cng ty v l hng s c tip nhn nu m bo ng vi cam kt t trc gia cng ty v cc i l cung cp v khng c gian ln thng mi. QC s tin hnh kim tra cc giy t th tc, thng s nhit , sunfit v cc yu t khc. 3.2.2.3 Ra (ln 1) Mc ch: Loi b mt phn tp cht v vi sinh vt. Thao tc thc hin: Tm nguyn liu sau khi c tip nhn c vt ra t thng bo qun
3 cho vo thng nha ln c th tch 0,8 m v ra bng nc sch c nng

Chlorine 200 ppm. Nhit nc ra 4oC. Mi ln ra trong th ng nha khong 150 kg. Cng nhn dng mi cho khuy o nh nhng tch tp cht v vi sinh vt ra khi tm nguyn liu. Sau nguyn liu xc vo st nha ln a sang thng ra cha nc sch c nng chlorine 15 ppm. Tin hnh 0 khuy o nh nhng loi b tp cht. Tip , dng r nha vt tm ra khi thng ra (mi r 1015 kg) t ln k cho ro nc ri cho ln bng ti qua my ra sc kh (nc c nng Chlorine 50 ppm ), chuyn qua b phn s ch.

- 34 3.2.2.4 S ch (lt u) Mc ch: Loi b phn c gi tr thp, n tng nhm tng gi ca sn p i hm, hn ch h hng v thun li cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo. Thao tc thc hin: Tm t bng chuyn my ra sc kh c hng vo cc st nha (mi st 10 kg) v c a n bn lt u. Sau , tm c xc vo r nha v p ln m bo nhit 4oC. Tay tri cm nga con tm vi lng bng tay pha di bng tm, tay phi cm u tm. Ngn tay phi ta trn nh mai u c ang hng v pha di, ngn tay tr phi chc vo khe v c bao bc phn tht u dnh lin vi tht thn tm. Gia cht tay c nh thn tm, n ngn tay phi vo pha trn to un cho php tht u nh ln v ngn tay tr phi hi mc su vo khe h v c ko bt ra, tch ri mp tht u v v c. Dng dao co bt gch dnh ch mp tht u. Tm lun lun c ph mt lp ln trn m bo nhit . Thau nc c nng Chlorine 10 ppm dng ra khi lt u tm phi thay lin tc. 3.2.2.5 Ra 2 (sau lt u) Mc ch: Loi b tp cht v vi sinh vt. Thao tc: Cc r tm sau khi c lt u c ra qua 3 thng nc sch c nhit 4 oC. Thng 1: nng Chlorine 100 ppm. Thng 2: nng Chlorine 50 ppm. Thng 3: nng Chlorine 30 ppm. Mi r khng qu 5 kg tm, cng nhn dng tay khuy nh loi b tp cht v vi sinh vt. Thi gian ra mi r trong thng khng qu 20 giy. Sau ro nc trn k inox ri em cn v a ra khu phn c, phn loi.

- 35 3.2.2.6 Phn c, phn loi: Mc ch: Nhm tch ring nguyn liu thnh tng nhm c khi lng hoc kch thc c th trong mt khong x nh, nhm cht lng nguyn liu khc c nhau. Qu trnh ny quan trng nh hng ti cht lng v gi thnh sn phm. Thao tc: Tm sau khi ra c chuyn n bng chuyn ti vn chuyn n my phn c t ng. y tm s c my phn c mt cch s b. Tm lt u sau khi phn c s b bng my, c chuyn n b phn phn c bng tay tin hnh phn c li. y mt ngi c th phn nhiu c hoc nhiu ngi cng phn, theo nguyn tc ngi u phn c ln ri y cho ngi k tip theo phn tip cc c cn li. Trong qu trnh phn c tin hnh c qu trnh phn loi hng v mu ca tm. Khi phn c, tm c tnh theo s thn tm/1pound (1pound = 453.6 g) Size c ca tm c quy nh theo n t hng. Thng thng th cng ty nhn c n t hng theo cc kch c sau:

Bng 9: Bng Size tm theo TCVN 4381-92 Size 1315 1620 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-50 51-60 61-71 71-90 Bnh qun s con/ 1Pound 13 17 23 27 33 3738 4748 5758 6566 8182 u c 13 16 21 26 31 36 41 51 61 71 Cui c 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 70 90

Tm khi phn c xong c t kim li em cn ri chuyn n cc cng on x l tip theo. Nu khng t th tr v v phn loi li.

- 36 Phn c phn loi cn c theo iu kin tiu chun ca TCVN 4381-92 v cc tiu chun ca khch hng yu cu. Sai st trong qu trnh phn c, phn loi cho php <3%. Lun m bo nhit thm tm trong qu trnh phn c 4 oC . Lng tm trn bn phn c khng qu mt gi. Nhng c mt iu khc bit l do yu cu v s ng u v mu sc ca tm tht ti ng IQF cao hn so vi tm tht hp.V th trong qu trnh phn c, phn loi th phi km theo thao tc phn mu tm. Mu ca tm cng ty thng phn ra lm my chnh nh sau: Mu en: tc l tm c mu sm. Mu nu: tc l tm c mu hi sm. 3.2.2.7 Ra 3. Mc ch: Loi b cc tp cht v vi sinh vt nhim vo tm trong cc qu trnh tin hnh phn c. Thao tc: Tm c ra qua 3 b nc lnh nhit 4oC nng Chlorine ln lt l 120ppm, 80ppm, 40ppm. Trong qu trnh ra cng nhn dng tay khuy o tm trong r loi cc tp cht. Mi ln ra khng qu 5kg/1r, tn sut thay nc 50kg/1ln. Thi gian ra mi r trong thng nc ra 20 giy. 3.2.2.8 X l PTO Mc ch: Ly ch tm cn st trong qu trnh s ch. Chnh sa thn tm theo yu cu k thut ca khch hng (ct ngm, co chn, x lng ) Lt b nhng phn khng cn thit cn li trn thn tm thun li cho cc qu trnh gia cng ch bin v sau.

- 37 Thao tc: Tm HLSO, c phn c, ng trong cc r nha, mi r cha 23 kg c ph kn bng vy. Cng nhn dng mng tay gi v giao nh bng inox x l tm. Tay tri cm chc tm sao cho bng tm quay xung pha di, lng tm quay ln, tay phi dng mng tay gi hay giao lt v tm. Dng dao hay mng tay gi lt v tm ba t u tin theo chiu t di bng ln, sau hai t tip theo. Sau khi lt v PTO th tu theo cc yu cu ca khch hng i vi cc loi mt hng khc nhau m cng nhn tin hnh cc bc x l tip theo. c im mt hng ca mt s khch hng ca cng ty: Mt hng tm s tht ca khch hng SEAMAZZ: Tm lt PTO, khng co chn, xa V, x bn t lng. Mt hng tm s tht MARWELL: Tm lt PTO, co chn, xa V, x bn t lng. Mt hng tm tht COSTCO: Tm lt PTO, co chn, khng xa V, x bn t lng. Mt hng tm tht xin que CASIC: Tm lt PD, co chn, xa V, x ba t lng. Mt hng tm tht OCEARSTAR: Tm lt PTO. Kh co chn, xa ng V, rt ch lng. Ghi ch: xa V: l ct bng pha u ca phn tht ngm tm. C 2 kiu xa V: xa ht phn tht ngm ch V v ct ngn phn tht ngm cn bng 1/3 chiu di ca t u tnh t phn chn tht ngm. V d: i vi mt hng tm ca khch hng SEAMAZZ, tm lt PTO sau tin hnh chnh sa tht ngm v x bn t. Tay tri ca cng nhn cm thn tm sao cho thn tm hi dui ra, tay phi cm dao ct bt phn tht ngm, ch ct mt t tht ngm xa i phn tht ch V di ra. Sau tin hnh x bn t, x t v tr t th 2 n t cui st vi t ui. X va su ly ng ng tiu ha (ch tm hay tim tm), khng c x qu su lm nt thn tm.

- 38 i vi mt hng tm ca khch hng MARWELL, tm lt PTO xong th tin hnh co sch chn tm theo chiu t u thn tm n cui thn tm, thao tc nh nhng lm sch thn tm. Sau khi co sch chn tm th tin hnh xa V v x bn t. Ring i vi mt hng tm tht PD th thm cng on lt phn v ui (tail). Sau khi lt ht v ca nm t thn tm cng nhn dng ngn tay , (ngn tr v ngn ci) tay cm tm bp nh vo phn ui sau rt nh phn v ui ra khi thn tm. 3.2.2.9 Ra 4 Mc ch: Nhm loi b nhng tp cht, vi sinh vt nhim vo thn tm qu trnh x l PTO Thao tc:
0 Cng nhn ra tm qua 3 th ng nc lnh, nhit 4C, nng

Chlorine ln lt l 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 30 ppm mi ln khng qu 5 kg/1 r, tn sut thay nc khng qu 30kg/1 ln. 3.2.2.10 Ngm quay Mc ch: To iu kin cho cc ho cht (cht ph gia tng trng) ngm vo thn tm to lin kt bn vng hn ch qu trnh mt nc ca qu trnh hp v cp ng. Tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm sau khi hp. Thao tc: Tm sau khi x l PTO ra c chuyn sang khu vc ngm quay. Tm c vo thng ngm quay cng vi hn hp thuc tng trng, mui, nc. Khi lng tm vo thng t 100150 (kg/1thng). Thi gian ngm quay l 30 pht, nhit trong qu trnh ngm quay duy tr 4oC, vn tc ca cnh khuy trn l n=1516(vng/pht). Thi gian ngm 23 h.

- 39 Yu cu k thut: Cng nhn phi v sinh sch s thit b trc khi ngm quay. Pha ng loi ho cht, t l cc loi ho cht dng ngm quay. Vn tc cnh khuy phi m bo ng theo cc thng s k thu quy t nh. Nhit v thi gian khuy phi m bo ng quy nh. Tm sau khi ngm quay c cng nhn dng r nha mc ra cho cc thng nha cch nhit ngm cho ho cht ngm u vo thn tm, thi gian ngm l t (23) gi. 3.2.2.11 Ra 5 Tm vt ra khi thng ngm quay c em ra trong cc b ra (3 b) c nhit nc ra 4 oC, nng chlorine ln lt l 100 ppm, 50 ppm, (2030) ppm. Khi lng tm mi ln ra khng qu 5kg/1r, tn sut thay nc 30kg tm/ 1ln thay nc. C khch yu cu ra bn thnh sn phm trc khi cp ng c khch khng yu cu ra trc khi cp ng. Ty theo yu cu ca khch hng thc hin qu trnh ra. 3.2.2.12 Cp ng IQF Mc ch: Lm gim nhit tm ca sn phm xung -18 oC lm nh ch hot ng ca cc enzyme ni ti, cc vi sinh vt nhm ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm. Thao tc k thut: Khi nhit bng chuyn cp ng t t (-30 -35)oC ,QC ph trch b phn cng nhn tin hnh cp ng sn phm .Bn hoc su cng nhn s ng u hai bn u vo bng chuyn cp ng IQF ri u tm ln bng chuyn .Tm s c chy qua bung cp ng c nhit <-35oC,thi gian cp ng tm tu thuc vo size c tm a vo cp ng. u ra sn phm ca bung cp ng m nhit trung tm ca sn phm t -18oC l c. Trong qu trnh cp ng QC ph trch b phn p lun theo di st hi bin i nhit ca tm sn phm c nhng iu chnh thch hp.

- 40 3.2.2.13 M bng Mc ch: To cm quan b sn phm v hn ch s oxy ho v thng hoa trong qu trnh bo qun. Thao tc k thut: Tm ra khi bung ti ng ca bng chu yn c m bng di vi nc sch c nhit < 30C v p sut nc (46) kg\cm2, trong thi gian 30 giy. T l m bng 10 % l c. 3.2.2.14 Ti ng Mc ch: Nhm lm kh b mt ca sn phm sau khi m bng ng thi lm n nh nhit trung tm sn phm. Thao tc: Tm sau khi m bng c bng chuyn n bung ti ng c nhit < -30 oC, thi gian ti ng c iu chnh theo size tm. Nhit bung ti ng phi t <-300C. 3.2.2.15 Cn-bao gi PE Mc ch: Cn m bo khi lng tm sau khi r ng p ng c yu cu khch hng. Bao gi PE bo qun sn phm khng b n him bn, hn ch hin tng mt nc ca sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun. Thao tc k thut: Sau khi ra khi bung ti ng tm c cn thnh tng r nh, trng lng ca mi r tu thuc vo n t hng v lng ph tri. r tm cn vo ti PE bng phu Inox. Tng ti tm c a qua hn kn ming bng my ghp m ngay sau khi cho sn phm vo ti PE. 3.2.2.16 R kim loi - ng thng Mc ch: R kim loi loi nhng sn phm nhim kim loi.

- 41 ng thng hn ch s mt nc ca sn phm trong qu tr nh bo qun, thun tin cho vic bo qun vn chuyn. Bn cnh bao gi cng lm tng gi tr thm m cho sn phm. Thao tc k thut: Sau khi sn phm chy qua my r kim loi th c ng v cc thng carton. S lng cc ti sn phm trong mi thng carton tu thuc vo n t hng. Khi xp s ti sn phm vo thng th chuyn tip thng sn phm n my ng ai dy. Cc sn p hm ca cc khch hng khc nhau th c ng thng, np dy ai bng cc mu khc nhau. Trn thng bao gi c ghi y cc thng tin v sn phm nh: tn sn phm (Ting Vit, Ting Anh ), x x ca nguyn liu, cc loi ph gia ut dng, cch bo qun sn phm, cch s dng sn phm, ngy sn xut, hn s dng, size c, trng lng tnh ca tng gi v trng lng c thng sn phm v mt vi thng tin khc. 3.2.2.17 Bo qun c thc hin nh i vi mt hng tm hp, khc ch bao b bao gi sn phm v dy ai nt thng sn phm c mu khc vi mt hng tm hp. 3.2.3 Tiu chun nh gi cht lng sn phm

- 42 Bng 10: Ch tiu cm quan i vi mt hng tm tht ti ng IQF STT Ch tiu Yu cu Hng1 Hng2

Trng thi

Thn tm nguyn vn cho php t l t ui khng qu 5% s thn tm. Mu t nhin ca tm ti. Khng cho Cho php bin mu nh. Cho php khng qu 3 m en trn thn nhng cha n su vo tht Mi km c trng, tht km n hi. Sau khi luc v hi nht t u hi b, nc luc c.

Mu sc

php c m en hoc mu l khc trn thn tm Mi c trng ca tht tm ti. Tht

Mi v v c cu tht

n hi. Sau khi luc mi thm, v ngt, tht sn chc, nc luc trong

4 5 6

Tp cht C ca sn phm Trng lng tnh Ho cht v cht ph gia

Khng cho php Theo yu cu ca khch hng Theo yu cu ca khch hng Theo ng quy nh v s dng ho cht, cht ph gia, sn phm mu ca c quan c thm quyn v ph lc hp ng vi khch.

- 43 Bng 11: Ch tiu ho l cho mt hng tm tht ti ng IQF STT 1 2 3 4 Tn ch tiu Hm lng thu ngn (Hg) Hm lng ch Hm lng Cadmium Chloramphenicol Mc 0.5 ppm 1.0 ppm 0.5 ppm Khng pht hin(*) 5 6 7 Chlodane Hm lng phosphate Nit bay hi 0.05 ppm 300 mg/kg 30 mg/kg

(*) gii hn pht hin :0.025 ppb

Bng 12: Bng ch tiu vi sinh cho mt hng tm tht ti ng IQF theo tiu chun 5289-92 STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ch tiu Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh Colifrom, s lc khun Staphylococcus E .Coli Salmonella Shigella Vibrio Cholela Yu cu 106(tb/1g) 200 (tb/1g) NEG/1g NEG/1g NEG/25g NEG/25g NEG/25g

NEG (NEGATIVE; khng cho php) Phng php th Th cm quan theo TCVN5277-90. Th vi sinh vt theo TCVN 5287-4.

- 44 3.3 Tm hiu my mc, thit b ch bin ti cng ty 3.3.1 My ra sc kh Cng dng: Lm sch tp cht v vi sinh vt trn b mt nguyn liu. Cu to:

Hnh 3.1 Cu to my ra sc kh 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. My bm My sc kh M t Bng ti Vi phun nc Van x nc Li chn

- 45 -

My ra sc kh gm 2 phn: thng ra v b phn vn chuyn. Thng ra lm bng inox, tit din hnh ch nht. Di thng nc c cc ng sc kh gip cho qu trnh lm sch tp cht v vi sinh vt. B phn vn chuyn l bng ti tm bng ti lm bng li thp c g chn. t cc vi phun xi nc sch vo nguyn liu pha trn on bng ti nghing. Hot ng Tm nguyn liu sau khi s ch c a vo thng cha ca bng chuyn ra. Nc trong thng c nhit 4oC, nng Chlorine 50ppm. Nh cc ng sc kh m nguyn liu c o trn mnh lm cho cc cht bn v vi sinh vt tch ra khi b mt nguyn liu. Nh my bm tun hon nguyn liu c chuyn n bng ti vn chuyn. Bng ti vn chuyn nguyn liu n b phn xi nc sch t pha trn thng xi. Ti y, nguyn liu c lm sch mt phn tp cht, bt bn v Chlorine. Nc bn chy xung pha di thng xi. Van x c tc dng x nc khi mun thay nc hoc kt thc qu trnh ra. 3.3.2 My phn c t ng Cng dng: Phn nguyn liu thnh nhng nhm khc nhau theo kch c Cu to:

- 46 -

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Hnh 3.2 Cu to my phn c t ng Thng cha nguyn liu 6. ng phun nc lnh ng bm nc 7. Mng hng Bng ti 8. Bng ti Dn rung 9. Van x L xo

- 47 My phn c t ng gm 2 b phn chnh: B phn vn chuyn nguyn liu ln cao v b phn phn c. B phn vn chuyn nguyn liu ln cao bao gm: mt thng cha nguyn liu lm bng inox, tit din hnh ch nht, mt bng ti vn chuyn nguyn liu. vn chuyn nguyn liu ln cao th tm bng ti phi c cc g chn, lm bng li thp. Tip u bng ti ng i ta t mng rung phn phi u nguyn liu xung b phn phn c. B phn phn c: B phn ny bao gm cc cp trc phn c chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau. Cc cp trc phn c t nghing mt gc 30o so vi sn nh. H thng phun tia nc lnh gip m bo nhit nguyn liu theo yu cu v lm trn b mt nguyn liu ri xung d dng. Nguyn l hot ng Nguyn liu sau khi ra sch c a vo thng cha nguyn liu . Nc trong thng c nhit nh hn 4oC. Ti y nguyn liu c a n bng ti nghing. Tm bng ti c cc g chn vn chuyn nguyn liu ln cao. Sau nguyn liu c ri xung dn rung. Ti dn rung , nguyn liu c phn phi u n cc cp trc ln. Theo dc nguyn liu i t trn xung di, qu trnh i t trn xung nguyn liu c kch thc nh lt xung di mng hng qua khe h gia cc cp trc trc v tip theo l nguyn liu c kch thc ln. Pha di mnh hng c cc bng ti vn chuyn nguyn liu. 3.3.3 Ci vy Cng dng: Ci vy l my to ra c dng cc mnh nh s dng lm lnh nguyn liu trong sut qu trnh ch bin. Cu to:

- 48 -

Hnh 3.3 Cu to bn ngoi ci v

Hnh 3.4 Cu to bn trong ci vy

Hin nay cng ty ang s dng my vy ca hng GENEGLACE (Php). Ci c hnh tr trn c ch to t inox, c 2 lp. gia 2 lp l mi cht lnh lng bo ha. Nguyn l hot ng Nc lnh (t tiu chun v sinh) c nhit 30C c cp vo b cha t pha di. Nc ny c bm cp ln khay cha nc pha trn. Nc t khay chy qua h thng ng v phun ln b mt bn trong ca tr v c lm lnh mt phn, phn ng thnh b mt bn trong ca tr, phn d chy xung b v tip tc c bm ln. Khi ng trong t dy th c h thng dao ct lm ri xung pha di kho cha . 3.3.4 T ng tip xc Cng dng: T cp ng tip xc c s dng cp ng cc mt hng dng block. Do nhu cu sn xut nn cng ty s dng 2 t ng cng kiu ca hng DSI.

- 49 Cu to:

Hnh 3.5 Cu to t ng tip xc

T gm c 13 tm lc cp ng bn trong, khong cch gia cc tm lc c th iu chnh c bng ben thy lc. Sn phm cp ng c t trong cc khay cp ng sau t trc tip ln cc tm lc. Ben thy lc nng h cc tm lc t trn t cp ng. Pittng v cn dn ben thy lc lm bng thp khng r m bo yu cu v sinh. Khi cp ng ben thy lc p cc tm lc cho c khay tip xc hai c mt vi tm lc. Qu trnh trao i nhit l nh dn nhit. trong cc tm lc cha dch lng NH3 nhit -400C. T c cp dch nh b m dch t bnh cha tun hon -400C t phng my. Mi cht chuyn ng vo cc tm lc di dng cng bc do bm to ra, nn tc chuyn ng ln, thi gian lm ng gim cn 1 gi 30 pht n 2 gi 30 pht ty theo sn phm. V t c lm bng nha cng. Kt cu ca t khc hn nhng loi t ng tip xc khc, n ch bng tm nha do mng c ko t trn xung khi t hot ng. Thng s k thut ca t nh sau: Kiu cp ng: Tip xc trc tip hai mt Sn phm cp ng: Tht, thy sn cc loi Nhit trung bnh sn phm sau cp ng : -180C

- 50 Nhit tm sn phm sau cp ng: -120C Mi cht lnh: NH3 Phng php x : Gas nng Nng sut t: 1000 kg/m. 3.3.5 T cp ng gi Cng dng: T cp ng gi c s dng cp ng cc sn phm ng ri vi khi lng nh. Cu to:

Hnh 3.6 Cu to t ng gi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Lng qut Dn lnh Mi cht lnh i vo Mi cht lnh Ca 6. Qut gi 7. Lng qut 8. Ca t 9. Xe cp ng

Gm c mt dn lnh c cp dch nh bm cp dch. Pha trn dn lnh c 2 qut c th iu chnh hai tc : Low/High. T cha c 4 xe cp ng, cc khay cp ng c xp trn xe cp ng v y vo t.

- 51 Tm tm bt c t trn khay v xp vo xe cp ng a vo t. Sn phm tm c lm ng bng gi lnh tun hon vi tc ln, nhit rt thp khong -330C, do thi gian lm lnh ngn. S dng t ng gi l mt gii php rt kinh t dng cp ng cc sn phm ng lnh ri, v chi ph u t thp, vn hnh thun li, c th chy vi s lng nh v rt nh. Thng s k thut ca t ng gi: Nng sut t: 400 kg/m Kch thc bn ngoi: 4500L x 2350 W x 3000H (mm) Chiu dy cch nhit v t bng polyuretan dy 150 mm Qut dn lnh: 2 x low 0,5 kW/ high 4 kW Thi gian lm ng trung bnh l: 2 gi Nhit khng kh trong bung: -330C. 3.3.6 Bung cp ng IQF Cng dng: Bung cp ng IQF chuyn s dng cp ng cc sn phm dng ri. Tc bng ti di chuyn c th iu chnh c ty thuc vo loi sn phm v yu cu cng ngh. Hin cng ty ang s dng hai bung cp ng si u tc ca hng FRIGOSCANDIA do Thy in sn xut. Bung cp bng chuyn dng ng thng ca FRIGOSCANDIA ng dng cng ngh va chm, cng ngh hin i nht trong cc kiu my cp ng bng chuyn thng hin nay c trn th trng.

- 52 -

Cu to:

Hnh 3.7 Nguyn l cu to bung cp ng IQF

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Bng ti Dn lnh Qut gi Thn t Con ln Bung b tr mt bng chuyn sn phm c kh nng iu chnh tc ,

ty theo yu cu cp ng ca nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau. Cc dn lnh xp thnh hai dy hai bn bng chuyn. Bung cp ng c kt cu bao ch cch nhit bng tm panel PU dy e 100mm ph sn nha thc phm mu trng hai mt. Bung c ca ra vo kiu kho lnh vi h thng in tr si ca, bn trong cng c h thng in chiu sng. Khung bng ti v cc cc thit b cng lm bng inox. Dn lnh lm bng thp khng r vi cc cnh tn nhit bng nhm v c cp dch t bm cp dch tun hon NH3. Bng ti inox dng li rng 1250mm. Qut gi kiu li tm c ni trc tip vi mt , cnh qut lm bng nhm v lng dn kh vo trong. Bng ti c lm bng thp khng r. Nguyn l lm vic: Trong sut thi gian cp ng, khi sn phm di chuyn xuyn qua bung cp ng trn nhng bng chuyn, hng ngn tia kh lnh vi tc cao hng

- 53 trc tip v lin tc ln mt trn v mt di ca sn phm. Cc tia kh lnh ny lm lnh t hiu qu tng ng phng php nhng nit lng. Khi cc tia kh lnh thi qua b mt sn phm, trn b mt sn phm nhanh chng to nn mt lp bng mng bao bc quanh sn phm lm gim mt nc v gi sn phm khng b bin dng v c hc.H thng cp ng IQF siu tc c c im l nhit khng kh lm vic rt thp t -43 n -450C, tc lu thng khng kh mnh v tip xc hai mt trn di ca sn phm nn thi gian cp ng rt ngn. H thng s dng mi cht NH3 c bm dch tun hon. Thng s k thut: Thng s k thut ca bung cp ng siu tc kiu ADVANTEC 600 ca hng FRIGOSCANDIA: Kch thc ph b: 6410L x 3700W x 3000H (mm) Chiu cao u np liu: 950mm Chiu cao u ra liu: 950mm Chiu rng bng ti: 1250 mm, kh hu dng 1220mm Sn phm cp ng: Tm, c cc loi Cng sut in ti a: 27 kW.

- 54 -

3.4 Bin php nng cao cht lng sn phm 3.4.1 Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm tm ng lnh (tm tht ti, hp ng IQF) hnh thnh nn mt sn phm phi tri qua nhi cng on. Trong u sut qu trnh c rt nhiu yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nhim v quan trng ca nh sn xut l phi nm vng nhng yu t c nhng bin php thit thc nhm to ra nhng sn phm c cht lng tt. Mt s yu t chnh sau y nh hng n cht lng sn phm: Nguyn liu Qu trnh sn xut iu kin v sinh Yu t mi trng Qu trnh bo qun thnh phm 3.4.1.1 nh hng ca nguyn liu n cht lng sn phm Nguyn liu l yu t ban u to nn mt sn phm c nh hng trc tip n cht lng sn phm. Cht lng nguyn liu ban u c tnh quyt nh n cht lng sn phm cui cng. C mt iu chc chc rng cht ng l nguyn liu ban u khng tt s khng to nn sn phm c cht lng tt. Hu ht nguyn liu dng ch bin cc sn phm thu sn thng l loi ti, cng gi c tnh t nhin ca nguyn liu cng tt. Nu nguyn liu ban u ti ngon s to nn sn phm c cht lng tt hn v ngc li. D lng khng sinh, thuc bo v thc vt trong nguyn liu qu ln s lm gim gi tr cht dinh dng, mt i mi v c trng ca sn phm bn cnh nh hng trc tip n sc khe ngi tiu dng. Gian ln thng mi (bm nc, cm inh) khng nhng nh hng n cc cng on ca quy trnh ch bin m cn lm gim cht lng sn phm. C tht tm c cu trc khng rn c hc, thnh phn nc kh cao, hm lng cc cht dinh dng ln y l mi trng thun li cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy h hng nguyn liu tm sau nh bt. Sau khi cht, c ch t bo v mt i vi sinh vt hin hu v ly nhim hot ng mnh

- 55 gy h hng nguyn liu. Khi nguyn liu n thi do hot ng ca enzyme v vi sinh vt cc cht dinh dng mt i, xut hin mu, mi l t lm gim gi tr cm quan cng nh gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm. Vy hnh thnh sn phm c cht lng tt cn phi m bo cht lng nguyn liu ban u. 3.4.1.2 nh hng ca qu trnh sn xut n cht lng nguyn liu nh hng ca quy trnh ch bin Qu trnh sn xut to ra sn phm tri qua nhiu cng on, cht lng sn phm ph thuc vo ton b hot ng sn xut v nhng thng s tng cng on. Nu cht lng nguyn liu ban u tt m qu trnh sn xut khng m bo yu cu th cng khng to ra sn phm c c lng tt nh mong ht mun. m bo qu trnh sn xut ng yu cu k thut gp phn m bo cht lng sn phm. Quy trnh ch bin cc sn phm phi lun c ci tin ph hp cht lng sn phm ngy cng c nng cao. Tip nhn nguyn liu Qu trnh tip nhn nguyn liu nh hng trc tip n cht ng l nguyn liu ban u v gin tip nh hng n cht lng sn phm cui cng. Qu trnh kim tra cht lng nguyn liu, giy t, thng s cn thit khng cn thn, y , khng ng yu cu rt c th tip nhn nhng l hng c cht lng khng m bo, c gian ln thng mi (bm nc vo c tht tm, cm inh..) iu ny nh hng khng nh n cht lng nguyn liu ban u. Thao tc cng nhn khng ng k thut lm nguyn liu dp nt, h hng cu trc, st li nhiu tap cht v vi sinh vt cng lm s gim cht lng nguyn liu ban u. iu kin v sinh khu tip nhn khng m bo l iu kin tt cho vi sinh vt hot ng lm bin i cht lng nguyn liu. Cht lng nguyn liu ban u gim st nh hng n cht lng sn phm cui cng. X l nguyn liu iu kin v sinh cng nhn, khu vc x l, dng c khng m bo yu cu an ton v sinh lao ng to iu kin cho vi sinh vt ly nhim vo nguyn liu v sinh trng, pht trin gy h hng nguyn liu t lm gim cht lng sn phm.

- 56 Thi gian x l qu lu, nhit thn tm cao lm oxy ha cc cht gy bin mu, gim cht lng nguyn liu. Thao tc cng nhn khng ng k thut, khng m bo yu cu an ton v sinh dn n nhng sai phm, sn phm lm ra khng t yu cu lm gim cht lng cng nh gi tr ca sn phm. Ra nguyn liu Cng on ra c thc hin nhiu ln nhng yu cu s khc nhau i vi mi ln. Ra l cng on nhm loi b tp cht v vi sinh vt hin hu hoc ly nhim trn tm nguyn liu tng gi tr sn phm v hn ch nhng bin i cht lng nguyn liu do hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Nhng nu qu trnh ra khng m bo cc thng s v nhit , thi gian, nng Chlorine nc ra v thao tc ra th y l iu kin vi sinh vt tip tc ly nhim v pht trin gy bin i cht lng nguyn liu. Tp cht cn st li nh hng n cng on x l tip theo v lm gim cht lng ca sn phm. Phn c, phn loi Nhit nguyn liu, thi gian thc hin phn c phn loi khng t yu cu, thao tc cng nhn khng ng k thut s lm gim cht lng nguyn liu. Sai phm trong qu tr nh ny do thao tc v tay ngh cng nhn khng nhng nh hng n kinh t m cn gy kh khn cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo. X l ha cht Qu trnh x l ha cht vi mc ch lm hao ht trng lng trong qu trnh ch bin, lm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm nh ng nu thi gian ngm, nhit , t l v nng cc ha cht khng ng theo yu cu s nh hng n cht lng nguyn liu. S dng ha cht qu nhiu lm mt mi, v c trng ca sn phm v s lm gim cht lng. Xp v Cng on xp v c thc hin trc khi hp nhm tit kim din tch v hp, thun li cho qu trnh hp, tng ng u cho sn phm. Nhng nu thao tc ca cng nhn khng nhanh gn vi sinh vt d ly nhim v pht trin gy h hng nguyn liu. Cng nhn xp tm b chng cho, cong vnh th khi

- 57 vo thit b hp thn tm tip xc nh khng ng u do cht lng sn it phm khng ng u, ng thi lm gim gi tr thm m ca sn phm.

Xp bng chuyn Thc hin xp tm nguyn liu hoc tm sau khi hp l n bng chuyn ca t cp ng. Nhng nu thao tc xp khng gn gng thn tm xp chng cho, cong vnh th qu trnh cp ng s khng c ng u lm cho cht lng sn phm khng ng u. Mt khc sau cp ng thn tm dnh cht vo nhau khi g chng ra khi nhau d lm gy ui, gy thn lm gim cht lng sn phm. Hp ( i vi mt hng tm tht hp ng IQF) Nhit , thi gian hp l nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Thi gian hp di, nhit hp cao lm tm qu chn, nc v cc cht dinh dng mt i sn phm tm s kh xc, gim mi v thm ngon c trng. Nhng nu nhit , thi gian hp khng m bo theo yu cu tm s b sng hoc chn khng ng u, vi sinh vt cn sng st, enzyme tip tc hot ng gy bin i cht lng sn phm. Cp ng iu kin v sinh t ng, bng chuyn,v sinh v thao tc cng nhn khng ng yu cu k thut lm vi sinh vt ly nhim, sinh trng, pht trin gy h hng nguyn liu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nu nhit , thi gian cp n khng hp l l m nhit tm sn g phm khng t yu cu thi gian bo qun ngn hn, sn phm d h hng. M bng M bng vi mc ch ngn oxy tip xc trc tip gy oxy ha sn phm ng thi lm tng tnh thm m cho sn phm, hn ch s thng hoa nc trong qu trnh bo qun. Nu m bng khng t yu cu th s khng t c nhng mc ch trn. Bao gi Bao gi sn phm khng t yu cu khng nhng khng ngn cn c vi sinh vt xm nhp lm bin i cht lng m cn tng s thng hoa nc

- 58 lm gim khi lng y cng l iu kin oxy tip xc vi sn phm gy ra hin tng oxy ha cc cht. tnh thm m. My mc, thit b, dng c ch bin, nh xng My mc, thit b, dng c ch bin l nhng yu t quan trng trong qu trnh sn xut to ra sn phm. Trong qu trnh sn xut my mc thit b hot ng khng tt, thng xuyn hng hc s khng m bo cc thng s theo yu cu lm gim cht lng sn phm. Nu phn my mc thit b, dng c ch bin trc tip tip xc vi sn phm c cu to bng nhng vt liu d ly mu, mi l vo sn phm s lm gim cht lng sn phm. Vic thit k, b tr nh xng khng hp l d ly nhim vi sinh vt v gy ra hin tng nhim cho nh hng n cht lng sn phm cui cng. Qu trnh phc v sn xut Tnh hnh cung cp in nc in nc l hai yu t phc v sn xut khng th thiu. in cung cp cho mi hot ng ca qu trnh sn xut, dng hot ng my mc thit b. Nc cn cho hot ng sng ca cng nhn, ra nguyn liu, v sinh my mc thit b, dng c ch bin. Sn phm lm ra khng th c cht lng cao v n nh nu in nc khng c cung cp y , n nh. Tnh hnh cung cp nc Trong qu trnh ch bin cc sn phm thy sn ng lnh ni chung v mt hng tm ng lnh ni ring, hu ht cc cng on sn xut u cn s dng nc hn ch h hng nguyn liu, bn thnh phm, thnh phm di hot ng ca vi sinh vt, enzyme v cc iu kin bt li ca mi trng. Nu nc khng c cung cp y v m bo cht lng v sinh cho qu trnh sn xut th s lm gim cht lng nguyn liu, bn thnh phm t nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Kim tra cht lng sn phm Xy dng h thng qun l cht lng tt v cht ch l rt quan trng i vi cc nh my ch bin thy sn. Cng tc qun l cht lng c thc hin cht ch pht hin kp thi nhng sai phm s hn ch c nhng tn tht v m bo cht lng sn phm cui cng.

- 59 Yu t con ngi Khi tt c cc yu t khc u t yu cu nhng khng c i ng cn b k thut, cng nhn c trnh v tay ngh vng vng th khng th sn xut ra cc sn phm c cht lng cao. Hot ng ca con ngi cng vi s h tr ca my mc thit b, dng c ch bin to nn sn phm cui cng. Trong qu trnh sn xut khng th trnh khi nhng sai st do trnh , tay ngh, thc ca mi ngi l khc nhau iu ny nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nu cn b k thut, cng nhn c trnh , tay ngh vng vng, thc lm vic cao th gp phn hn ch nhng sai st . T chc v qun l sn xut Trong bt k lnh vc no th lnh o, qun l, t chc cng ng vai tr quan trng. iu gp phn to nn thnh qu cui cng ca cng vic. Cng tc t chc, qun l c khoa hc, c ch thng nht t trn xung di gp ht phn nng cao hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh. Nu cng tc t chc, qun l sn xut khng tt s khng kim sot c hot ng sn xut v cht lng sn phm. B tr lao ng khng hp l, yu cu cng vic vt qu kh nng ca ngi lao ng d gy ra nhng sa phm lm gim hiu qu lao ng v nh i hng n cht lng sn phm. B tr thi gian lm vic khng khoa hc, khng ph hp vi sc khe, tui, gii tnh d gy ra trng thi cng thng thn kinh, mi hot ng khng chnh xc d gy sai phm nh hng n cht lng sn phm. 3.4.1.3 nh hng ca iu kin v sinh V sinh my mc, thit b, dng c ch bin My mc, thit b, dng c s dng trong ch bin tip xc trc tip vi t nguyn liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm. Nu qu trnh lm v sinh khng m bo th s ly nhim tp cht v vi sinh vt, mu, mi, v l t b mt tip xc n nguyn liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm l rt cao. Tt c cc yu t trn s lm gim cht lng sn phm cui cng.

- 60 V sinh nh xng iu kin v sinh trong v ngoi nh xng khng m bo yu cu nh xng lun trong trng thi m t, bn thu y l iu kin tt cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, nm mc, c trngchng ly nhim vo nguyn liu n cng nh bn thnh phm v sn phm qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin ca chng s lm gim cht lng sn phm. V sinh mi trng xung quanh x nghip Mi trng xung quanh sch s, thong mt l yu t thu ht khch hng nhng cng gp phn gim s ly nhim vi sinh vt vo sn phm. Mi trng xung quanh m t, bn thu, rm rp l iu kin cho cn trng pht trin ph hoi nguyn liu cng nh sn phm. Mi hi thi t mi trng bn xung quanh nhim vo sn phm cng s lm gim cht lng ca chng. V sinh cng nhn Cng nhn l ngi trc tip tham gia ch bin sn phm. Kh nng ly nhim vi sinh vt, tp cht vo sn phm l rt cao. iu ny s lm gim cht lng sn phm. V sinh ngun nc v nc Nc v nc c s dng nhiu trong sut qu trnh ch bin. Nu ngun nc v nc khng m bo v sinh th yu cu th kh nng ly eo nhim vi sinh vt, tp cht, mu, mi l gy nh hng n cht lng sn phm l rt ln. 3.4.1.4 nh hng ca yu t mi trng n cht lng sn phm Cc tc ng bi nhit , m, vi sinh vt t mi trng c nh hng ln n cht lng sn phm. nh hng ca nhit Nhit l yu t quan trng nh hng trc tip n cht lng nguyn liu, bn thnh phm cng nh sn phm cui cng. Cht lng ca nguyn liu t khi nh bt n khi ch bi u chu s tc ng ca nhi t . Nhit n nguyn liu cao hn so vi yu cu l iu kin tt vi sinh vt ph trin, t enzyme hot ng gy n thi nguyn liu lm gim cht lng sn phm cui cng. mi cng on ch bin nu nhit khng t yu cu k thut th gy

- 61 kh khn cho cng on ch bin tip theo v nh hng n cc cht lng sn phm sau ny. nh hng ca m m khng kh cao thch hp c hot ng ca vi sinh vt g h ho y hng sn phm. m thp s h ch c hot ng ca vi sinh vt n n hng lm tng qu trnh bay hi nc lm gim cht lng sn phm. Cn duy tr m va phi trong qu trnh bo qun sn phm. nh hng ca vi sinh vt Vi sinh vt l yu t hng u gy ra h hng nguyn liu u vo n sn phm cui cng. Vi sinh vt c th ly nhim tt c c cng on ch bin. c Qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh vt s dng cc cht dinh dng trong tm lm gim gi tr cm quan v dinh dng ca sn phm. Sn phm ca qu trnh phn gii cc cht c mu, mi, v khc l s lm gim cht lng sn phm. 3.4.1..5 nh hng ca qu tr nh bo qun th nh phmn cht l ng sn phm Nhit bo qun Khi nhit bo qun m bo lun - 18 oC nu nhit bo qun tng ln vi sinh vt a lnh hot ng tr li gy h hng sn phm. Nhit qu thp (< - 35 oC) ty l nc ng bng tng ln gy bin tnh protein ha tan lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm. S chnh lch nhit lm cho sn phm c hin tng kt tinh li v thng hoa ca nc iu ny nh hng n tnh cht vt l, bin tnh protein, ngoi ra s tng gim nhit mc nhiu s tng kh nng thch nghi v hot ng tr li ca vi sinh vt, enzyme gy h hng sn phm. m m khng kh cao thch hp cho hot ng ca vi sinh vt gy h hng sn phm. m thp s hn ch c hot ng ca vi sinh vt nhng lm tng qu trnh bay hi nc v thng hoa nc lm gim cht lng sn phm. Cn duy tr m va phi trong qu trnh bo qun sn phm. S lu thng khng kh S lu thng khng kh trong kho bo qun lm cho m v nhit ng u, cun i mt s mi l, cun mi cht lnh t dn lnh ra ngoi. Qu

- 62 trnh lu thng khng kh khng tt cc mi l s nhim vo sn phm, nhit v m khng ng u lm cht lng sn phm khng nh mong mun. Cch sp xp thnh phm trong kho Khi xp thnh phm trong kho bo qun phi tun th nhng nguyn tc nht nh. Nu xp hng qu nhiu v khng ng yu cu k thut s cn tr s lu thng khng kh v s phn b nhit , m l m cht lng sn phm khng ng u. nh hng ca nhng bin i trong qu trnh bo qun - S kt tinh li v thng hoa ca nc Khi nhit tng ln d ch l rt t nhng cng lm cho tinh th nc tan ra. Khi nhit gim xung cc tinh th nc tan ra trn s kt tinh li chng bm vo cc tinh th cha tan lm cho s lng tinh th gim, kch thc tinh th tng lm h hng cu trc t bo, lm bin tnh protein do vy cht lng sn phm s gim xung. S thng hoa ca cc tinh th nc l do chnh lch p sut hi nc gia lp khng kh st b mt v khng kh mi trng xung quanh.S thng hoa nc lm cu trc rng xp trong sn phm y l iu kin oxy xm nhp gy oxy ha sn phm, lm bin tnh protein, gy hao ht trong lng. - Bin i v mt ha hc Mt s enzyme trong qu trnh bo qun vn c th hot ng x tc c phn gii cc cht. Protein b phn gii to thnh cc polypeptid, acid amin. Lipid phn gii to thnh glycerin v acid bo. ng phn gii to thnh cc ng n ri tip tc phn gii to thnh acid, aldehyt v CO2. S oxy ha cc cht bo gy m i kht y l nguyn nhn lm sn i phm mt gi tr dinh dng. S oxy ha cc sc t trong qu trnh bo qun lm cho sn phm c mu khc l. 3.4.2 Bin php nng cao cht lng sn phm Khng ngng nng cao cht lng sn phm l xu hng tt yu trong vic m rng sn xut, nng cao v th ca cng ty. Mt doanh nghip mun pht trin sc cnh tranh trn th trng cn quan tm n vn cht lng sn phm v khng ngng ci tin k thut nhm mc ch nng cao cht lng sn

- 63 phm. Trong thi gian thc tp ti cng ty TNHH Thc phm Amanda ti nhn thy cht lng sn phm ca cng ty tng i n nh v c kh nng cnh tranh kh ln, tuy nhin ch dng li nh th l cha v nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng v trc ht yu cu ca khch hng ngy cng cao. Sau khi tm hiu mt s yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm ti cng ty kt hp vi mc ch doanh nghip ngy cng pht trin ln mnh ti xin mnh dn xut mt s bin php gp phn nng cao cht lng sn phm tm ng lnh (tm tht, hp ng IQF) nh sau: 3.4.2.1 Nng cao cht lng nguyn liu ban u Vi phng php thu mua nguyn liu gin tip hin nay cng ty ang p dng th vic kim sot cht lng nguyn liu v ch ng v ngun l rt kh khn. Nu c th cng ty u t trc tip vo cng tc nui trng va ch ng ngun nguyn liu va m bo cht lng. cng tc kim sot c cht ch hn cng ty nn c ngi trc tip n cc tn ni nh bt hng dn k thut nh bt v bo qun nguyn liu ngay sau nh bt. Kim tra cht ch vic bo qun nguyn liu t khi nh bt n khi v n cng ty. Thng xuyn kim tra cht lng mi trng khu vc nui (nh bt) c bin php x l kp thi khi c du hiu nguyn liu nhim kim loi nng, thuc bo v thc vt qu gii hn cho php. 3.4.2.2 m bo qu trnh sn xut Thc hin ng quy trnh sn xut v m bo cc yu cu k thut Thc hin ng quy trnh sn xut v m bo cc yu cu k thut l yu t gp phn nng cao cht lng sn phm. Tip nhn nguyn liu Qu trnh tip nhn i hi cn b b phn tip nhn c tay ngh cao, c kh nng pht hin cc bin i ca nguyn liu v nhng gian ln thng mi. Kim tra k cng cc yu cu cn thit trc khi tip nhn hng. Khu tip nhn nguyn liu cn c che chn sng tt hn. Khu tip nhn phi c v sinh sch s tr c v sau khi tip nhn nguyn liu, khng c nn v tng bao m t, dnh cc cht bn gy hi thi, trn trt.

- 64 Ngay sau khi tip nhn cn tin hnh ra v p ngay lm lun m bo nhit ca nguyn liu. Mi thao tc ca cng nhn u phi nhanh gn v ng k thut. Thi gian tip nhn cng ngn cng tt. X l nguyn liu Trong qu trnh x l th khi nguyn liu ln bn cn phi p ln trn b mt nguyn liu m bo nhit ca nguyn liu 4oC. Khu vc x l phi c v sinh sch s trc v sau khi x l. Thng xuyn ch ra nn nh bng thuc st trng, bn x l v dng c ch bin nh r r, dao, thau nha u phi c v sinh sch s trc v sau khi x l. Cn kim tra vi nc hng ngy v c khn lau chi y cho cng nhn. Thao tc cng nhn nhanh gn, nh nhng, ng k thut, 30 pht tin hnh ra tay 1 ln. Ra nguyn liu Nc ra m bo sch v nhit lun 4oC. Mi dng c ra nh r r, thng nc phi lun c v sinh sch s trc khi v sau ra. Thao tc cng nhn nhanh gn, ng k thut. Phn c, phn loi Trong qu trnh phn c lun lun p ln trn b mt nguyn liu bo m nhit yu cu ca nguyn liu. Khu vc phn c, phn loi m bo sch s, cc dng c ch bin c v sinh trc v sau khi phn c. Thi gian phn c, phn loi cng nhanh cng tt. Thao tc cng nhn nhanh gn, phn c v phn loi ng theo yu cu ca khch hng, khng c ln c ln loi. X l ha cht Trong qu trnh x l ha cht nhit nguyn liu phi c m bo khng vt qu gii hn nhit cho php, nng v t l ha cht theo yu cu ca khch hng.

- 65 Xp v v xp bng chuyn Qu trnh xp v v xp bng chuyn m bo thi gian cng ngn cng tt. V hp v bng chuyn ngoi cp ng phi c v sinh, ch ra sch s trc v sau khi xp, sau mi ln chy mt loi hng khc nhau phi c xt nc v sinh. Cng nhn thao tc nhanh g khi xp tm khng n, c thn tm chng cho ln nhau hoc cong vnh. Hp Trong qu trnh hp phi thng xuyn kim tra nhit , thi gian hp, cht lng tm khi ra khi l hp. Sau khi tm ra khi l hp phi cho vo bn nc lnh ngay. Cp ng, m bng V sinh t ng trc v sau khi cp ng, thng xuyn kim tra nhit , thi gian cp ng. Trong khi cp ng hn ch m ca t lm gin on qu trnh cp ng. Nc m bng phi sch v c nhit 2oC. Bao gi sn phm Khu vc bao gi lun c v sinh sch s. Ti PE, thng carton t tiu chun bao gi, sch s, kh ro, khng ly mu, mi cho sn phm. Thao tc nhanh gn, trnh lm dp gy sn phm. Qu trnh phc v sn xut sn xut ra cc sn phm c cht lng cao th qu trnh phc v sn xut phi y v t yu cu. Cung cp in, nc, nc y v t tiu chun v sinh gp phn m bo qu trnh sn xut din ra ng k thut. Ph liu phi c thu gom gn gng trong cc thng c np y kn v a vo kho ph liu 5 pht mt ln. Khng r r nc trong qu trnh vn chuyn.

- 66 Trang b thm mt s my mc, thit b, dng c ch bin Hin nay hu ht my mc, thit b ca cng ty vn trong tnh trng hot ng tng i tt nhng nu c trang b thm my mc, thit b hin i th cht lng sn phm lm ra s cao hn, p ng y hn yu cu ngy cng kht khe ca khch hng v thun tin cho vic m rng quy m sn xut trong tng lai. 3.4.2.3 Vn v sinh V sinh my mc, thit b, dng c ch bin Trc khi tin hnh sn xut tt c my mc, thit b, dng c ch bin phi c v sinh sch s trnh ly nhim tp cht v vi sinh vt vo nguyn liu v sn phm. My mc, thit b, dng c ch bin phi c cu to sao cho d lm v sinh kh trng v c lm t vt liu t yu cu, khng ly nhim mu, mi vo nguyn liu v sn phm. Cc dng c ch bin phi c nh du v phn loi r rng, khng c dng chung gia cc b phn trnh hin tng nhim cho. V sinh nh xng v mi trng xung quanh Thng xuyn lau chi tng, nn nh, cc vi nc, ca, cc gc un ln trong xng ch bin. Trong qu trnh sn xut phi thng xuyn v sinh nn nh y cc cht thi ra ngoi. Thng xuyn v sinh mi trng xung quanh, pht quang cc bi rm, ct c, khai thng cng rnh thot nc. V sinh cng nhn Mi cng nhn v khch trc khi bc vo phn xng ch bin cn phi tun th cc quy nh v sinh: mang bo h lao ng g gng t u n n chn, mang ng, m chp u tc cn thn, ra tay bng nc sch v nc Chlorine, r bi, mang gng tay v xt cn. Cng nhn khng c mang bo h lao ng ra khi khu vc quy nh v khi i v sinh. Cng nhn khng c mang trang sc v cc vt kim loi vo trong xng sn xut. Mng tay v mng chn ct gn gng, sch s.

- 67 Phi t khai bo v tnh hnh sc khe v bnh tt ca mnh vi t y t kp thi cha tr. X l nc thi X l nc thi ang l vn cn c quan tm hng u ca cng ty v hin nay cng ty cha c h thng x l nc thi ring m ton b nc thi ca cng ty vo h thng x l nc thi chung ca khu cng nghip v cng ty phi tr tin cho khu cng nghip x l lng nc ny. Do nhu cu sn xut ngy cng tng nn lng nc thi ra ngy cng nhiu nn vic xy dng h thng x l nc thi ring cho cng ty l rt cn thit va hn ch nhim mi trng xung quanh va tit kim tin chi tr cho khu cng nghip. 3.4.2.4 Kho bo qun sn phm Qu trnh bo qun sn phm sau sn xut c nh hng rt ln n cht lng sn phm cui cng. Qu trnh bo qun sn phm ng k thut gp phn khng nh m bo cht lng sn phm. Xp hng, bc d hng vo v ra khi kho phi m bo ng yu cu k thut xp. Hn ch m ca kho bo qun trnh xm nhit t bn ngoi vo. Thng xuyn kim tra nhit , m, lu thng khng kh trong kho c bin php khc phc kp thi khi c s c. 3.4.2.5 Bin php thuc v t chc, qun l Thng xuyn t chc cc hi thi cng nhn tay ngh gii hay tng t cng nhn c c hi th hin kh nng tay ngh ca mnh. T chc thi ua lao ng gia cc t, cc chuyn vi nhau nhm nng cao cht lng sn phm v hiu qu lao ng. C bin php khen thng i vi ngi lao ng tt v k lut thch ng i vi ngi vi phm. Gio dc thc lao ng cho cng nhn. T chc hc tp nng cao trnh tay ngh cho cng nhn. B tr lao ng v thi gian lm vic ph hp vi trnh tay ngh, la tui, gii tnh, sc khe ngi lao ng.

- 68 Cng c, tng cng h thng QC. B tr nhiu hn na cn b k thut cc b phn c bit l b phn tip nhn nguyn liu. Thng xuyn t chc hc tp nng cao trnh k thut cho i ng QC. o to thm k nng iu hnh, t chc sn xut v x l s c cho QC. 3.5 Tm hiu ngun ph liu v bin php tn dng ph liu 3.5.1 Ngun ph liu v phng php thu hi ph liu 3.5.1.1 Ngun ph liu Ngun pht sinh Trong qu trnh ch bin tm c b u v phn ln l cc mt hng tm bc v nn lng ph liu thi ra l khng t. Ph liu tm ch yu l u v v tm, ngoi ra cn c thn tm gy, tm bin mu hay ri vi trong qu trnh ch bin. Ti cng ty ph liu tm ch yu l u v v tm, lng ph liu ny chim 55% 60% khi lng nguyn liu. Phn u tm chim khong 40% trng lng tm nguyn liu, phn v chim 15% 20%. T l ny ph thuc vo ging loi, giai on sinh trng, ma v, phng php ch bin Qu trnh ch bin cc mt hng sn sinh ra lng ln ph liu. Sau y l mt s mt hng cho lng ph liu ng k ti cng ty: Tm tht hp ng IQF Tm v b u ng Block Tm s lt PTO p dui Cc mt hng khc Tng lng ph liu: 17 tn/ ngy. c im ca ph liu Tt c ni tng, hu ht c quan tiu ha ca tm u nm pha trn u. y c cha lng ln vi sinh vt v enzyme ni ti. Ph liu tm cn cha cc thnh phn: protein, nc, lipid, cht ngm raDo vy ph liu tm d h hng mt phn do cha cc enzyme phn gii cc cht c bit l protein, mt phn do qu trnh phn hy ca vi sinh vt. Qu trnh h hng ca ph liu tm sinh ra mi n thi kh chu y l nguyn nhn gy nhi m mi trng nghim trng. Lng protein u tm mt i v b n thi c th ln ti 10%.

- 69 Bng 13: Thnh phn ha hc ca ph liu u v v tm(%) Protein u tm V tm 53,5 22,8 Lipid 8,9 0,4 Chitin 11,1 27,2 Tro 22,6 11,7 Canxi 7,2 11,1 Photpho 1,68 3,16

( Theo ti liu Tn dng ph liu tm, do Roelof Schoemaker bin son, bn dch ca on Tun Dng, nh xut bn Nng Nghip, 2005). Protein: t l % protein trong u tm cao hn rt nhiu so vi v tm. Trong ph liu u, v tm protein tn ti di 2 dng chnh l dng t do v dng lin kt. Lipid: hm lng lipid trong ph liu tm rt thp. Phn u tm c t l lipid cao hn v. Chitin: tn ti di dng lin kt vi protein v cc hp cht khc. Canxi: ch yu tn ti dng mui v c CaCO3. Tro: trong thnh phn ph liu tm cha lng kh ln cc mui v c c bit l CaCO3. Cu to v thnh phn sinh ha ca v tm Cu to v tm Lp ngoi cng ca v tm c cu trc Chitin protein bao ph, lp v ny thng b ha cng khp b mt tm do s lng ng ca mui Canxi v cc hp cht hu c di s tng tc gia Protein v cht khng ha tan. V tm cu to bi 4 lp chnh: Lp biu b (Epicuticle) Lp mu Lp Canxi ha Lp khng b Canxi ha Lp mu, lp canxi ha, lp khng b canxi ha u c cha Chitin. Ring lp biu b khng cha Chitin. Lp biu b (Epicuticle): c cha Lipid, enzyme Polyphenoloxydasa v c mu vng nht. Trong cu to khng c thnh phn Chitin.

- 70 Lp mu: tnh cht ca lp mu quyt nh bi s hin din ca nhng th hnh ht mang mu ging Melanin. Lp canxi ha: chim phn ln v, thng c mu xanh tri u khp. Lp khng b canxi ha: y l lp trong cng ca v, bao gm phc Chitin Protein bn v khng cha Canxi. Thnh phn sinh ha ca v tm Protein: trong v tm thng l loi protein khng tan kh trch ly v kh tiu ha. Lin kt vi chitin to thnh phc bn Chitin Protein bn. Chitin: cu trc ca chitin l tp hp cc phn t, lin kt vi nhau bi cc cu ni glucoside v hnh thnh mt mng li cc si c t chc. Tn ti dng lin kt vi protein, CaCO3 v cc hp cht hu c khc Canxi: ch yu tn ti dng mui v c CaCO3 Sc t: ni n cc hp cht m ca tm trc ht phi k n u astaxanthin. Astaxanthin l cht thuc nhm sc t Carotenoi . Trong v tm d astaxanthin lin kt cht ch vi lp v canxi carbonat chitin nn rt kh khn cho vic chit xut. Thng tn ti dng t do, dng mono hay di-ester vi cc acid bo khng no mch di, hoc di dng phc protein astaxanthin. Ngoi ra cn c cc cht nh lipid, ncvi hm lng thp. Thnh phn sinh ha ca u tm Vic nghin cu cc thnh phn sinh ha trong u tm c ngha quan trng trong vic nghin cu cc phng php tn dng ph liu tm nng nng cao hiu qu kinh t ng thi gp p hn gii quyt vn nhim mi trng do ph liu tm. Ph liu u tm c cha mt s thnh phn nh: nc, protein, lipid, cc cht khong, enzyme, cht mu, cht ngm ra Nc: trong u tm nc c t l kh ln. Tn ti 2 dng: t do v lin kt Protein: chim t l ng k trong ph li u tm. Thng l cc u protein kh tiu ha, tn ti 2 dng: Dng t do: tn ti c quan ni tng v phn c gn vi phn thn tm. Dng lin kt: protein lin kt vi Chitin hoc Canxicarbonat(CaCO3) to thnh cc phc bn.

- 71 Cht ngm ra: trong ph liu u tm tn ti mt s cht ngm ra nh: Trimethylalamin (TMA), Trimethyamioxyt (TMAO), Betain, Taurin, Ure, cc Acid amin t do. Cc cht ny khng c gi tr v mt dinh dng nhng chng c ngha quyt nh n mu, mi c trng ca sn phm. Chitin: chim t l kh ln trong ph liu u tm. Tn ti dng lin kt vi protein hoc canxicarbonat (CaCO3). Lipid: c rt t trong ph liu u tm Khong v vitamin: cc khong ch yu tn ti dng cc mui v c phn ln l CaCO3. Trong loi ph liu ny cha ch yu vitamin nhm B. Enzyme: ch yu l Protease, ngoi ra cn c m s enzyme nh : t Tyrozinase, polyphenoloxydase Sc t: Astaxanthin l cht thuc nhm sc t Carotenoid. 3.5.1.2 Phng php thu hi ph liu Ph liu t cc khu ch bin cn c thu hi v bo qun ph hp trc khi c th xy ra qu trnh n thi. Nu n thi, ph liu tm khng th s dng li c hoc khng cn gi tr kinh t. Cn phi thu gom ring nhng loi ph liu khc nhau (nh u v v) do thnh phn, tim nng s dng v gi tr s dng khc nhau. Phng php th cng Hin nay ti cng ty tm nguyn liu c x l (lt u, bc v) bng phng php th cng. Lt u c thc hin trc khi bc v nn vic phn loi thu hi tng loi ph liu rt d dng. Phn ln vic thu hi ph liu bng phng php th cng. Trong qu trnh bc, v tm c gom li trong chic chu v khi y chu th cng nhn trc tip mang ra v ci h tp trung ln. Phn v sau c vn chuyn ra ngoi khu vc ph liu bng vt ti. Ti khu vc ny ph liu c hng trong cc thng c np y kn khng ri vi ph liu v nc thi xung nn nh. Phng php c gii Ch yu s dng vt ti vn chuyn ph liu t khu vc x l ra ngoi. S dng xe lnh chuyn dng vn chuyn v ni ch bin ph liu.

- 72 3.5.2 Bin php tn dng ph liu Mt trong nhng c im ca ng nh ch bin thy sn l s dng rt nhiu nguyn liu ng vt ti sng c bit l tm. Ph liu chnh ca qu trnh ch bin l lng ln u v v tm thng c bn lm thc n gia sc hoc thi b. y chnh l nguyn liu quan trng sn xut Chitin/Chitosan, l nhng cht c s dng rng i trong cng nghi dc phm, m r p phmNgoi ra ph liu u, v tm cn c tn dng sn xut thc n gia sc v mt s sn phm khc. Tn dng ngun nguyn liu ny, ngnh ch bin thy sn c thm ngun thu ln ng thi gp phn gii quyt vn nhim mi trng do ph liu. Hin nay ti cng ty TNHH thc phm Amanda cha c bin php tn dng ph liu no. Ton b ph liu thi ra trong qu trnh sn xut em bn li cho cc doanh nghip ch bin khc vi gi 5000/kg do vy m hiu qu kinh t cha cao, ngun thu ca cng ty b tht thot i trong vic bn ph liu. Cng ty TNHH Amanda hin ang l mt doanh nghip ln mnh v ch bin xut khu cc sn phm tm ng lnh v xu hng m rng quy m sn xut, th trng l tt yu trong tng lai. Khi lng ph liu trong mt ngy khng ch dng li con s 17 tn/ngy. tng thm ngun thu cho cng ty v hiu qu kinh t ca vic sn xut kinh doanh cng ty nn kt hp u t xy dng thm cc nh my sn xut thc n gia sc hoc cc sn phm s dng nguyn liu l ph liu tm. Thc s thun tin khi ng ph liu m l nh thi ra li chnh l ngun nguyn liu sn c ca mnh, iu ny to c th ch ng trong sn xut ng thi gii quyt tt vn v cht thi rn t qu trnh sn xut. Vic xy dng trc mt s kh khn v mi mt nhng li ch ca n l lu di. Hin nay cng c nhiu doanh nghip pht trin theo h ng khp kn t khu cung cp nguyn liu n qu trnh ch bin v x l ph liu. 3.5.2.1 Tn dng ph liu u, v tm lm thc n gia sc v thy sn nui Bt tm Hin nay ng dng ph bin nht ca ph liu tm l lm thc n cho gia sc v thy sn nui. Rt nhiu loi th n cho gia sc v thy sn nui bn c

- 73 chy trn th trng c cha bt tm, trong mt s trng hp bt tm chim n 30% thnh phn thc n. Bt tm c sn xut t hn hp ph liu tm kh gm cc thnh phn sau: u, v v i khi l tm nguyn con. Sau khi sy kh, ph liu tm c nghin bng my nghin th. Ph liu tm cha mt s cht kch thch n hay cc cht dn d ha hc, ch yu l acid amin v nucleotide. Cht ny ci thin ng k cht lng thc n c. Bt tm l ngun cung cp carotenoid c tc dng to sc t cc loi vt nui. sn xut thc n gia sc c cht lng cao, ph liu tm s dng l loi tt v khng b phn hy, nu khng cht lng s thp. Tm xi l Tm xi l l thc n ng vt dng lng. S ha lng ca m tm l kt qu ca qu trnh thy phn protein nh hot ng ca enzyme, ngoi ra cn c h tr bng cch b sung acid hu c. C th s dng acid fomic vi hm lng 3%(w/w)lm tc nhn acid ha h PH xung 4,0 hoc thp hn. Hoc s dng hn hp acid hu c v v c lm tc nhn acid ha. Sau khi t thi gian , tin hnh trung ha bng cht kim. Trong vi gi u tin ca qu trnh thy phn, lng acid amin tng ln. Ph liu u tm giu protein nhng kh tiu ha thch hp xi l. u im ni bt lm tng hm lng acid amin, n nh h lng m astaxanthin nhng gi thnh cao hn v thc hin phc tp. 3.5.2.2 Sn xut Chitin Chitosan Chitin l mt polysaccharide. y l polyme c nhiu trong t nhin ch sau xenlulo. Bn thn chitin khng c nhiu ng dng tuy nhin chit xut ca n l chitosan c rt nhiu ng dng trong cc nghnh cng nghip.

- 74 Mt s ng dng ca Chitin v chitosan Trong x l nc thi Gip loi b thuc nhum, thuc dit cn trng, cc sn phm xng du. To chelat (hp cht d vng cha ion kim loi) vi cc kim loi nng gip loi b cc cht c hi. Trong nng nghip Chintosan gip bc nang cc ht ging trnh kh b nm trong t tn i cng. Cht chng giun trong t. Cht tng trng trong thc n gia cm. ng dng trong lnh vc y t Thnh phn quan trng lm lnh vt thng. S dng trong bng bng v ch t tiu ; cu to v vin thuc ; lm cht gel nha khoa c tc dng ti sinh m. L cht lm nn thu knh cng v mm cho php oxy c th thm qua. Lnh vc m phm Chitin/chitosan l cht nh ho, cht gi m, cht lm mm Trong cng ngh thc phm Vi tinh th chitin lm cht to gel hay cht lm c to lin kt , n nh v tng cng cu trc thc phm. Lm cht lc kh acid trong c ph, loi b tanin trong tr, lm trong ung ng dng ca chitin/chitosan ngy cng rng ri hn na trong cc ngnh cng nghip. Trong ph liu tm cha hm lng chitin ln. Ph liu tm ngun l nguyn liu quan trng sn xut chitin/chitosan.

- 75 -

Cc quy trnh cng ngh c bn sn xut Chitosan theo phng php ho hc v sinh hc ( Theo ti liu Sn xut cc ch phm k thut v y dc t ph liu Thu sn, PGS.TS Trn Th Luyn (ch bi n). Nh xut bn Nng Nghip, 2006)

V gh

V tm S

HCl

Kh khong

Kh khong

HCl

NaOH m c

Deacetyl(ng thi kh protein)

Kh protein

Protease

Chitosan

Deacetyl

Deacetylase

Chitosan Theo phng php ha hc Theo phng php sinh c h

- 76 Qu trnh kh khong Ngm v tm trong mi tr ng acid nhm mc ch kh b Canxi Cacbonat, canxi phosphat. Acid thng dng l HCl vi nng thng s dng l 5%. Phng trnh phn ng: CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2 O + CO2

Trong qu trnh ngm phi thng xuyn thc hin khuy o. Nu thy nguyn liu cha mm m khng thy bt ni ln th chng t lng acid cha , do cn phi b sung thm acid. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ngm acid kh khong, nguyn liu c ra sch v a sang cng on kh protein v deacetyl ha. m bo cht lng cho chitosan sau ny th qu trnh ngm HCl thng thc hin nhit thng. C th ngm phn on (23 on) tng qu trnh kh khong . Cc thng s thch hp cho qu trnh kh khong ca v tm s theo PGS.TS Trn Th Luyn c xc nh trn bng 14. Bng 14: Cc thng s thch hp cho cng on kh khong ca v tm. Cc thng s ti u Nng HCl (%) Nhit x l (oC) Thi gian x l (h) T l w/v V tm ti 10 Nhit phng 5 1/5 V tm kh 10 Nhit phng 5 1/5

Qu trnh kh protein v deacetyl Phng php ho hc Cu to ca chitosan l tp hp cc lin kt vi nhau trong v tm, hu ht chitin trng thi lin kt vi protein, CaCO3 v cc hp cht hu c khc. Chitin di tc dng ca kim hoc enzyme chitinase s b mt nhm COCH3 to thnh chitosan tng ng. Trong cng on kh protein v lipid thng s dng NaOH lo ng nhit cao.

- 77 Trong cng on deacetyl dng tc nhn ho hc hoc sinh hc loi b nhm COCH3 trong phn t chitin to thnh chitosan. Theo phng php ho hc vic s dng NaOH t hiu qu cao hn. Hu ht u s dng kim t 23 giai on vi nng , thi gian v nhit khc nhau kh protein, lipid v deacetyl. Trn l thuyt c th ch thc hin 1 giai on. Phn ng thy phn xy ra ngay trong mi trng kim long, nhit thp nhng thi gian di. Trong kim long, phn ng deacetyl xy ra kh kh hn. V vy phi thc hin n deacetyl trong mi trng kim c. y c th s dng kim c, nhit cao thc hin deacetyl ng thi kh protein v lipid. Di tc dng ca kim c protein b thy phn to thnh acid amin v peptid tch ra khi v tm, ng thi deacetyl xy ra mnh m. Qu trnh kh protein xay ra giai on u, deacetyl xy ra giai on sau ca qu trnh x l kim c. Phng php sinh hc C th s dng enzyme protease hoc deacetylase thay th NaOH trong quy trnh ho hc. Enzyme protease thng s dng l papain, bromelain v cc enzyme ng, thc vt, vi sinh vt. Enzyme deacetylase thu nhn t qu trnh nui cy vi sinh vt. Trong mi trng c ch phm enzyme protease th protein b phn hy thnh cc thnh phn n gin nh acid amin v peptid. Enzyme deacetylase t vi sinh vt s kh nhm COCH3 ra khoi chitin v thu c chitosan.

- 78 Quy trnh sn xut chitosan ca GVC Minh Phng i hc Nha Trang:

V tm kh HCl 6N Ngm HCl to phng Thi gian 48h Ra trung tnh T l w/v=1/2,5 NaOH 8% Ngm NaOH to= 100oC Thi gian 2h T l w/v=1/2,5 Ra trung tnh

Ty mu

Chitin NaOH 40% Nu trong NaOH to= 80oC Thi gian 24h Ra T l w/v=1/1

Chitosan

- 79 -

Nguyn liu l v tm kh c kh khong bng HCl 6N vi t l w/v = 1/ 2,5 nhit phng, sau thi gian 48h vt ra v ra trung tnh . Tip theo ngm trong NaOH 8% nhit 100oC thi gian 2h vi t l w/v = 1/ 2,5 kh protein sau vt ra em ra trung tnh. Tin hnh ty mu bng KMnO4 1% trong mi trng H2SO4 10% trong 60 pht sau vt ra em di ra sch v tip tc ty mu bng Na2SO3 1,5% trong thi gian 15 pht, vt ra em ra sch thu c Chitin. Deacetyl ha bng NaOH 40% vi t l w/v = 1/1 nhit 80oC sau thi gian 24h em ra sch thu c Chitosan. Sn xut Chitosan bng phng php ny sn phm c cht lng kh tt, Chitin c mu sc p. Song thi gian di, s dng nhiu ha cht oxy ha c th nh hng n nht ca sn phm. Quy trnh sn xut chitosan Trung tm cao phn t thuc vin khoa hc Vit Nam:
V tm V tm HCl 4% to phng Thi gian 24h

Ngm HCl

Ra trung tnh NaOH 3% to= 90-95oC Thi gian 3h

Nu trong NaOH

Ra trung tnh HCl 4% to phng Thi gian 24h

Ngm HCl

Ra trung tnh NaOH 3% to= 90-95oC Thi gian 3h

Nu trong NaOH

Ra trung tnh NaOH 40% to= 9095oC

Nu NaOH c

Chitosan

- 80 Nguyn liu l v tm sch c kh khong ln I bng HCl 4% nhit phng, sau thi gian 24h vt ra v em ra trung tnh lm gim lng NaOH tiu hao cng on sau. Nu trong NaOH 3% nhit 90o95oC trong thi gian 3h, tip tc ra trung tnh v kh khong ln II bng HCl 4% nhit phng trong thi gian 24h ri em ra trung tnh. Tip tc nu trong NaOH 3% nhit 90o95oC sau thi gian 3h ra trung tnh, cu cng nu vi NaOH 40% ta thu i c Chitosan. Chitin chitosan c ng dng rng ri trong x l nc thi, trong cng nghip thc phm, nng nghip, m phm, y dc 3.5.2.3 Sn xut ch phm hng v tm Trong ch bin thc phm hng v tm c vai tr quan trng b sung vo cc sn phm Surimi m phng tm ho cc sn phm c hng v tm c khc nh: bnh phng tm, m si Hin nay ch phm c chit rt t ph liu v tm c tnh kinh t x hi cao. Qu trnh chit rt hng v tm l cng on quan trng v nh hng n hiu qu ca quy trnh. Hiu qu chit rt b nh hng ca cc yu t nh: t l dung mi, loi dung mi, thi gian chit, mc nghin nh ph liu C th s dng mt s dung mi sau chit rt: du n, nc, glycerin, ru

- 81 -

Tham kho quy trnh sn xut ch phm hng v tm t ph liu sau (PGS.TS Trn Th Luyn (ch bin), Sn xut cc ch phm k thut v y dc t ph liu Thu sn, Nh xut bn Nng Nghip, 2006)
Ph liu tm, cua, gh

Ra

Nghin gi

Dung mi

Chit rt

Li tm

Phn tch lp

Hn hp du + sc t

Tn dng SX Chitin

Li tm ln II

Tch bt

Dch chit

Sy chn khng

to = -60o -50o thi gian 15h

ng kh Sn phm dng bt

Sn phm

Tn dng sn xut

Bao gi, bo qun

- 82 -

3.5.2.4 Chit xut cht mu Astaxanthin Astaxanthin l ch thuc nhm sc t Carotenoi Trong v tm t d. astaxanthin lin kt cht ch vi lp v canxi carbonat chitin nn rt kh khn cho vic chit xut. Thng tn ti dng t do, dng mono hay di-ester vi cc acid bo khng no mch di, hoc di dng phc protein astaxanthin. Hin nay ng dng ca astaxinthin ang ngy cng rng ri trong cng nghip cng nh i sng. Astaxanthin l mt ph gia trong thc n chn nui gia sc, l mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng ca nhiu loi dc phm dnh cho ng vt c v. Astaxanthin cng l thnh phn ca mt s ch phm vitamin c tung ra trn th trng gn y nhm b sung cho ch dinh dng hng ngy ca con ngi. Tham kho quy trnh cng ngh sn xut astaxanthin ca c Hong Th Hu An i hc Nha Trang nh sau:
V tm Ln I: cn 96o(cha 200mg BHT/lt) v/w = 4/1, to phng, thi gian 4 ngy. Ln II: PE(cha 200mg BHT/lt), v/w =2/1, to phng, thi gian 4 ngy

Chit xut astaxanthin

Lc p

B chit

Thu hi Chitin

Dch chit(chit astaxanthin sang PE)

Bay hi chn khng, ui sch dung mi

Chng ct thu hi MeOH v PE

Astaxanthin th

Tinh ch

- 83 Theo c Hong Th Hu An nn chit rt astaxanthin ngay t nguyn liu v tm ban u, khng qua giai on x l acid c th dn n s phn hy astaxanthin, lm gim hiu sut thu hi astaxanthin, ngha l nn thu h i astaxanthin ngay trc khi tch chitin. Quy trnh n gin chit astaxanthin t v tm nh sau: Ngm v tm trong cn 96o (t l 4/1, v/w), trong thi gian 4 ngy, sau tip tc chit bng ether du m (t l 2/1, v/w) trong thi gian 4 ngy. Cht lng sn phm astaxanthin c khng nh bng phng php sc k bn mng (TLC), sc k lng cao p (HPLC), ph hp th UV-VIS, ph khi (MS) v ph cng hng t ht nhn (NMR).

- 84 -

CHNG 4 : TM HIU H THNG THOT NC TI CNG TY

- 85 4.1 Ngun pht sinh v c tnh ca nc thi trong nh my. Do c im ngnh v cng ngh ca mnh, ngnh ch bin thu sn ng lnh s dng kh nhiu nc trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin. V vy ngun nc thi to ra l kh ln. Chnh v vy ti lng nhim do cc x nghip ngnh ch bin thu sn gy ra l rt ln nu khng c x l s gp phn gia tng mc nhim mi trng. nhim nc thi ch bin thy sn nhiu khi cha pht hin ngay do lc u cc knh rch cn kh nng pha long v t lm sch nhng vi lng thi c tch t ngy cng nhiu th dn dn n lm xu i cht lng ngun nc mt sng rch, ao h v khu dn c. Ngoi ra trong nc thi ch bin t u sn cha nhiu cc cht hu c, qu trnh phn gi i h chng s to mi hi thi. Cng ty TNHH thc phm Ama nda l mt trong nhng cng ty ln mnh v xut khu mt hng tm ng lnh. Lng nc thi ra trong ngy l rt ln nhng cng ty cha c h thng x l nc thi ring m ton b lng nc thi ra trong ngy c gom v h thng x l n c thi chung ca khu cng nghip. Mc d c nhiu bin php hn ch nhng kh nng nhim mi trng t ngun nc thi ny l kh ln. Trn ng chy ca nc thi t cng ty v n h t ng x l nc thi, qu trnh phn hu, h phn gii cc cht hu c din ra mnh m gy mi hi thi lm nhim mi trng khng kh, ngun nc ngm v t xung quanh. Mt khc khi nh iu cng ty khng c h thng x l ring cho mnh, nc thi tp trung v h thng x l chung ca khu cng nghip vi lng nc qu nhiu v khc nhau v tnh cht th vic x l chng kh khn, cht lng nc thi ra khng t tiu chun mi trng quy nh. Theo s liu ca cng ty lng nc thi l 1000m3 / ngy . Lng nc ny khng nh, nu c nhiu cng ty nh vy th kh nng qu ti h thng x l ca khu cng ngh l rt cao. Vy trc ht cng ty pht ip trin bn vng ng thi gim lng nc thi v h thng chung ca khu cng nghip v gp phn bo v sc khe nhn dn, ngi lao ng vic xy dng h thng x l nc thi ring cho cng ty l rt cn thit. Trc mt s gp nhiu kh khn v mi mt nhng li ch ca vic xy dng h thng x l nc thi ring l lu di.

- 86 Nc thi ca cng ty cng nh ca cc x nghip ch bin thu sn khc gm c: Nc thi sn xut, nc thi v sinh cng nghip, nc thi sinh hot. 4.1.1 Nc thi sn xut. Ngun pht sinh L loi nc thi ra nguyn liu tm. Trong qu trnh sn xut lng nc s dng ra nguyn liu kh ln v qu trnh ra khng th thiu thm ch cn phi ra rt nhiu ln v vy m lng nc thi ra rt ln. Theo thng k nh gi th lu lng nc ny s dng thi ra t 40 50m3 / tn thnh phm. C th gim c lu lng nc ny bng cch p dng cc bin php sn xut sch hn. c tnh nc thi y l loi nc c cha rt nhiu cc cht hu c nh protein, lipid ng thi cha nhiu cc tp cht v c. Ngoi ra loi nc ny cn cha mt s ha cht khc. Loi nc ny thng c tnh aicd do qu trnh phn hu cc cht hu c v thi amoniac. 4.1.2 Nc thi v sinh cng nghip Ngun pht sinh y l loi nc dng v sinh tay chn cng nhn trc khi vo ca sn xut, nc dng ra my mc, thit b, dng c ch bin, sn nh, tng bao phn xng mi ngyTrc v sau khi kt thc sn xut, tt c dng c ch bin, my mc, thit b u phi c v sinh sch s bng nc sch. Trong qu trnh ch bin cng phi thng xuyn s dng nc ra tay chn cng nhn, dng c ch bin, my mc, thit b, sn nhDo vy m lng nc thi ra t cc hot ng ny cng khng nh. c tnh nc thi Loi nc thi ny cng cha mt lng tp cht hu c v v c ng k trong gm: ct sn, vn tm, i khi l du nht my mc Hm lng protein cao nhng vn thp hn trong nc thi sn xut.

- 87 4.1.3 Nc thi sinh hot Ngun pht sinh Nc thi sinh hot pht sinh t hot ng sinh hot ca cn b cng , nhn vin trong x nghip. Nc thi v sinh, nc thi trong qu trnh ch bin thc n cho cng nhn. y cng l lng thi ng k v trong cng ty lng cng nhn ng, do nhu cu nc cho cc hot ng sinh hot kh ln. c tnh nc thi Hm lng cc cht hu c nh protein, du m ng thc vt , loi nc thi ny cha ch yu l cc hp cht v c Ton b nc thi ca cng ty gom li v a vo h thng x l nc thi tp trung ca Khu cng nghip m khng c cc bin php tin x l. 4.1.4 Cht lng mi trng nc. Bng 15: Phng php phn tch mu nc S th t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ch tiu phn tch pH COD BOD5 Cht rn l lng (SS) NH3-N Tng Nit Tng Phospho Du m ng thc vt K thut phn tch My o pH Mettle Toledo APHA (*) 5220 C APHA (*) 5210 B APHA (*) 2540 D APHA (*) 4500-NH3C APHA (*) 4500-N APHA (*) 4500-P TCVN 5070 1995

Ghi ch: (*): Standard Method 19th Edition, 1995.

- 88 Bng 16: Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng nc thi Tiu chun STT Ch tiu n v Kt qu KCN Amata(*) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 pH COD BOD5 SS Tng Nit NH3-N Tng phospho ClDu m ng thc vt -mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 6,4 2625 2270 408 203,2 63 9,7 15 69 530 500 200 30 0,1 4,0 5

Ghi ch: (*) : Quy nh v cht thi lng c a vo trm x l nc thi tp trung ca Khu cng nghip Amata. Nhn xt: Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc thi ti cng tp trung nc thi sn xut v sinh hot trc khi thi vo h thng thot nc ca khu cng nghip cho thy: - Nhng ch tiu t cht lng quy nh: pH, Cl-. - Nhng ch tiu khng t tiu chun cht lng quy nh: COD cao gp 5 ln, BOD cao gp 4,5 ln, SS cao gp 2 ln, tng Nit cao gp 6,8 ln, NH3 N cao gp 630 ln, tng phospho cao gp 2,4 ln, du m ng thc vt cao gp 3 ln so vi tiu chun quy nh.

- 89 -

4.2 Tm hiu h thng thot nc ti cng ty TNHH thc phm Amanda H thng thot nc ca mt cng ty thu dn nc thot ra khi nh my. Mc d cha c h thng x l nc thi nhng hin nay cng ty c h thng thot nc tng i hon chnh. H thng thot nc bao gm: h thng thot nc ma v h thng thot nc thi. 4.2.1 Tm hiu h thng thot nc ma H thng thot nc ma ti cng ty c xy dng tch ring khi h thng thot nc thi iu ny gim c lu lng nc thi x l. S h thng thot nc thi ( c bn v km theo) Ghi ch : (DP): b phn bm nc t trn mi nh xung. Bng 17: Mt s b phn trn h thng thot nc ma
cao su (so K hiu vi ng chun) ng vo Mng thot nc H ga tng SMH1 H ga tng SMH2 H ga tng SMH3 H ga H ga H ga MH1 MH2 MH3 35.575 34.575 34.450 34.650 34.650 34.650 34.900 32.20 250 33.140 300 32.940 400 32.770 500 32.690 500 32.590 500 32.460 800 27 20 10 13 16 12 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.50% ng ng ng vo (mm) knh su knh ng ng ng ng ra ng ra (mm) 33.400 250 di ng ng ra (m) 12

dc ng ng ra

1.70%

32.950 300 32.800 400 32.700 500 32.600 500 32.730 500(MH3A) 500(MH2) 32.475

H ga

MH3A

34.200 34.450

200

33.000 500 32.390 800

27 46

1.00% 0.50%

H ga tng SMH4

32.400 800

- 90 H ga tng SMH5 H ga tng SMH6 H ga MH4 34.450 34.450 34.700 32.160 800 31.900 1000 31.725 1000 32.145 1000 31.855 1000 31.705 1000 49 26 22 0.50% 0.70% 0.70%

Tng 2 h DSMH1 33.600 ga tng

31.550 1000(MH4) 800( t mng 32.000 thot) 1200(SMH10)

31.515 2x1200 16

0.50%

31.550 p nc H ga MH5 thot DW1 33.900 32.800 250x2 ng 32.710 400 31.400 1200x 2 ng 13 16 0.50% 0.50%

32.775 400 32.705 600

Tng 2 h DSMH2 35.200 ga tng H ga MH6 34.450

32.625 600x2 ng 32.625

32.615 900

23

0.50%

H ga

MH6A

33.900

33.000 300x2 ng 32.875

32.740 600

23

0.55%

Mng thot nc Mng nghin thot nc H ga

GT2

35.000 33.900

250x2 ng

33.200 300

13

2.50%

HDGT1 33.750

33.000 250

32.950 300

1.5

5.00%

MH7

33.200 34.550

34.200 250 32.750 300(MH7) 900(MH6)

33.100 300 32.495 1000

23 29

1.50% 0.50%

H ga tng SMH7

- 91 32.500 H ga tng SMH8 33.775 32.350 1000(SMH7) 250(DP) 32.300 H ga MH8 34.000 32.250 1000(SMH7) 32.300 250(DP) 32.240 1000 20 0.50% 32.330 1000 16 0.50%

H ga

MH9

34.000

32.150 1000(SMH8) 32.100 250(DP)

32.140 1000

18

0.50%

H ga tng SMH9 H ga MH10

33.775 34.000

32.050 1000(SMH7) 31.900 1000(SMH9) 32.140 600(MH10A)

32.020 1000 31.860 1200

17 35

0.70% 0.50%

H ga H ga

MH10A 34.200 MH10B 34.300

32.440 600(MH10B)

32.400 600

13 13

2.00% 2.00%

33.000 300x2 ng(DP 32.700 600 250(DP 33.000

H ga tng SMH10 31.685

31.685 1200(MH10)

31.685 1200

17

0.50%

Mt s b phn trn h thng thot nc ma H ga: thot kh trong qu trnh lu thng nc ma, lng cn, c cc song chn rc khng lm tc cc ng thot nc. Mng no: c dc thch hp ton b nc ma trn b mt chy xung. Mng nghin thot nc: c th nghin nh mt s vt bng kim loi c kch thc ln khi i vo h thng cc ng thot nc khng b tc. p thot nc: nc t h thng ng thot ra p thot nc trc khi i vo con sui pha sau cng ty hn ch xi mn t. Nhn xt:

- 92 Pha sau cng ty c con sui nh nn lng nc ma c thot ra v xung con sui ny nn cng ty khng b ngp lt vo ma ma. H thng thot nc ma bao quanh khu vc cng ty nn thot ht lng nc, khng b ngp lt vo ma ma. H thng rnh thot nc c dc, kch thc hp l. Trn ng ng thot nc b tr cc h ga ph hp, d lm v sinh. ng ng vo v ra h ga c ng knh ph hp va thot nc d dng va c tnh kinh t. dc ng ng ra h ga ph hp. 4.2.2 Tm hiu h thng thot nc thi S h thng thot nc thi (c s km theo) Tm hiu h thng thot nc thi H thng thot nc thi bao gm 2 phn: h thng thot thot nc sinh hot v h thng thot nc thi sn xut. Hai loi nc thi chnh i theo hai h thng thot nc ring ri cui cng nhp chung vo cng tp trung trc khi i v h thng x l nc thi ca khu cng nghip. H thng thot nc thi sinh hot c xy dng theo hng Bc ca cng ty v h thng thot nc sn xut xy dng theo hng Nam. H thng thot nc thi sinh hot Ton b nc thi t nh v sinh, bn ra tay, chn, bn tm, nh n cng ty, phng git , xng c in c vo cc ng ng dn, h thng ng ng dn ti ng ng chnh t bao pha ngoi. Nc t ng ng chnh i ti cng tp trung nhp chung vi nc thi sn xut v i v h thng x l nc thi ca khu cng nghip. B tr cc h ga (manhole) trn ng ng thot nc chnh. i vi sn nh c cha nc b tr cc l thot nc trn sn. T cc l thot nc thot vo ng ng dn. Nc thi t nh n ca cng ty cha nhiu du, m ng thc vt nn trc khi v ng ng chnh phi i qua thit b by du (grease trap). Nc thi t xng c in c cha du my nn cng phi b tr thit b by du trn ng ng trc khi nc i vo ng ng chnh.

- 93 H thng thot nc thi sn xut Cc ng ng t dc theo khu vc ch bin. Nc thi t qu trnh sn xut chy xung cc rnh thot nc v l thot nc trn sn. T vo cc ng ng v c a v cng tp trung bng ng ng bao ngoi khu vc ch bin. Cu to mt s b phn H ga t trn ng ng nhm thot kh, lng cn, ngn rc i vo ng ng trnh lm tc nghn ng ng. Cu to:

Hnh 4.1 Cu to h ga

Cu to bng btng cng, tit din hnh ch nht. Nguyn l hot ng: Nc thi i vo h ga trn ng ng vo v i ra trn ng ng ra. Ti khong cha ca h ga cn lng xung pha y. ng ng ra c dc nn nc thi i ra d dng. t cc song chn rc trc ng ng ra ngn rc i vo ng ng. By du loi du m ng, thc vt trong nc thi ch bin.

- 94 -

Hnh 4.2 Cu to thit b by du, m

Hnh 4.3 Cu to thit b by du m

Nc thi i vo thit b by du trn ng ng vo. Du, m ng thc vt v cc loi du my nh hn nc ni ln trn. Nc thi khng cha du

- 95 trn qua khoang th 2 ca thit b. Ti y t ng ng ra thp xung pha di. Nc sch s theo ng ng ra ngoi m khng c du m. Nhn xt: H thng thot nc thi ring bit vi h thng thot nc ma. Ton b nc thi c vo h thng x l nc thi ca khu cng nghip. H thng thot nc thi kh hon chnh c thit k, b tr ph hp gip thot nc thi hiu qu. Cc rnh thot nc trong phn xng c tm chn bng nha cng ngn chn rc thi i xung rnh hn ch tc h thng. C dc gip thot nc tt, thit k d lm v sinh. Nc thi chy t khu vc sch sang khu vc t sch hn hn ch ly nhim vi sinh vt, tp cht. Rnh thot nc thi v sinh khng thng v cc rnh thot nc sn i xut hn ch ly nhim mi. H thng thot nc b tr cc h ga c kch thc hp l.

- 96 -

CHNG 5: KT LUN V KIN NGH

- 97 -

5.1 Kt lun Vi mc tiu Cht lng sn phm l hng u p ng nhiu nht cc yu cu t khch hng, n nay sau hn 4 nm i vo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh cng ty to cho sn phm sc cnh tranh mnh m trn th trng th gii kht khe. V th ca cng ty ang ngy cng c cng c. Th trng lin tc c m rng khp trn th gii. Hot ng sn xut ti cng ty n nh. Sn phm sn xut ra p ng tng i y yu cu ca khch hng. Nng cao cht lng v pht trin sn phm mi gp phn cn c nim tin ca khch g hng i vi cng ty, m rng hp t vi cc i tc khc, gip cng ty pht c trin ln mnh. Trong thi gian thc tp ti cng ty ti c tm hiu v t chc, cng tc qun l, hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, nh hng pht trin ca cng ty trong tng lai. Tm hiu kh y cc quy trnh ch bin cc sn phm tm ng lnh xut khu, tm hiu cc vn lin quan n ph liu tm v h thng thot nc thi. Ti nhn thy h thng t chc, qun l ng b thng nht v hot ng c hiu qu. i ng QC c trnh k thut cao, tinh thn trc h nhim lm vic tt v t hiu qu cao trong cng vic. Tim nng pht trin ca cng ty ln mnh. H thng thot nc hon chnh, hiu qu tng i cao. Hin ti cng ty cha c bin php tn dng ph liu c hiu qu cao nhng thc hin tt cc bin php thu gom v x l ph liu. 5.2 Kin ngh Hng ngy lng nc thi ln c thi ra, iu ny nh hng n mi trng, sc khe dn c v ngi lao ng. bo v sc khe cho chnh mnh v ngi lao ng, ban lnh o cng ty nn xc tin vic xy dng h thng x l nc thi ring cho cng ty. Ph liu tm trong qu trnh sn xut c hng gii quyt nhng cha em li hiu qu. Ti sao khng xy dng thm nh my hoc hp tc vi cc x nghip s dng nguyn liu u vo l ph liu tm. iu ny lm tng thm khon thu cho cng ty ng thi gp phn gii quyt vn v cht thi.

- 98 Cng ty nn quan tm hn n n i sng ca cng nhn. C th s a gp nhiu kh khn v s lng cng nhn trong cng ty rt ng nhng bng mi cch khc phc c th m bo thu nhp n nh gp phn n nh cuc sng ca cng nhn. Ch c nh th ngi lao ng mi yn tm dnh ht tm huyt, n lc trong cng vic. S lng cng nhn trong cng ty tuy ng nhng lng cng nhn lnh ngh gn b vi cng ty trn 3 nm khng nhiu. Vic tr lng hp l, tng thm tin thng khi cng vic t hiu qu cao cho nhng cng nhn lnh ngh gn b lu nm chc chn s thp hn chi ph o to cng nhn mi. Sau mt thi gian lm vic cng thng th ngh ngi gia ca lm vic rt quan trng, hiu qu cng vic cao hn trong thi gian lm vic tip theo. Tuy nhin, hin nay ti cng ty ch ngh ng ca cng nhn cn cht hp gy rt i nhiu bt tin cho cng nhn ngh ngi. Thit ngh vic xy dng thm ch ng ngh cho cng nhn tht cn thit.

- 99 -

Ti liu tham kho

1 D n ci thin cht lng (SEAQIP), Tn dng ph liu tm, Nh xut bn Nng Nghip, 2005. 2 PGS.TS Trn Th Luyn, Sn xut cc ch phm k thut v y dc t ph liu Thu sn, Nh xut bn Nng Nghip, 2006) 3 Ths.V Duy , bi ging mn Cng ngh lnh thc phm, i hc Nha
Trang.

4 Mt s n tt nghip kha trc.