Microsoft Word - Sach Suu Tam PI

Su T m Th Thu t
traitimbinhyen_nova@yahoo.com
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Thi t K : Nguy n Anh T

http://vietdown.org Nguy n Anh T
Su T m Th Thu t CHN HNH NH V THAY MU CH WINXP.
TRN N N C A FOLDER TRONG
N u b n t ng dng Win98-Me, th ch c b n s r t c n t ng v i tnh nng cho php chn nh v thay i mu s c font ch trn n n c a folder , nhng ti c l trong WinXp bc Bill l i khng h tr tnh nng ny, nhng c m t cch th c hi n tnh nng ny, b n ph i t o m t file desktop.ini , b n c th tm th y n trong m i folder c a Win98- Me, hay c th t t o b ng notepad , m notepad v nh (copy) nguyn vn o n code sau :
[.ShellClassInfo] IconFile=%SystemRoot%\system32\SHELL32.dll IconIndex=3 ConfirmFileOp=0 [ExtShellFolderViews] {BE098140-A513-11D0-A3A4-00C04FD706EC}={BE098140-A513-11D0-A3A4-00C04FD706EC} [{BE098140-A513-11D0-A3A4-00C04FD706EC}] Attributes=1 IconArea_Image=E:\Hinh anh\koyoko fukada\ips_fukada_kyoko152.jpg IconArea_Text=0x000000FF Trong dng IconArea_Image= b n nh ng d n n hnh m b n mu n n xu t hi n trong folder, b n nn nh ng d n ng n nh ti th hn , v nh l nh lun c ui c a n. Dng IconArea_Text=0x000000FF qui nh mu font ch trong folder,trong v d mu ch c a ti l mu ,b n ch nn thay i dy s sau ch x v i cc mu : o 000000 l mu en l mu m c nh , FFFF00 : mu xanh dng . B n c th t tm thm. Sau lu l i file v i tn desktop.ini (nh .ini l ui file ch khng ph i l tn), by gi b n c th dn file ny km nh n n c a b n (v d c a ti l hnh ips_fukada_kyoko152.jpg) vo b t k folder no m
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b n mu n thay i, thot ra kh i folder y sau vo l i, v hy c m nh n s khc bi t . Theo ti b n nn t tnh n cho file desktop.ini v file nh k o c k ph ho i. No cc b n hy cho bc Bill Gay mang d u n c a mnh i no.
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CHN M THANH VO VN B N WORD

i khi, do yu c u cng vi c, b n ph i chu n b m t vn b n c km thm m thanh (nh c,l i ch thch...), khi b n s x l ra sao ? C 2 phng php gi i quy t v n ny, ty theo t ng tr ng h p c th m b n l a ch n phng php thch h p (p d ng cho Word XP). Phng php 1 : Dng cng c Sound trong Web Tools o p d ng phng php ny, m i khi m vn b n, m thanh s c pht ra ngay, c th c n th c hi n nh sau : o Click chu t ph i vo ch tr ng b t k trn thanh cng c , ch n d u check vo ch Web Tools. o Trn thanh Web Tools, b n th y bi u t ng hnh ci loa c d u mi tn ch vo vn b n, click chu t vo n, h p tho i sau y s hi n ra :
o o o
Click vo ch Browse r i ch n a ch file m thanh (ch dng c cc file d ng *.midi,*.wav,*.mid,*.rmi,*au,*.aif,*.aiff,*.snd) Click vo d u mi tn tr c ch times ch n s l n l p l i m thanh. Sau click chu t vo nt OK l xong.
Phng php 2 : Dng ch c nng Insert Comment o Phng php ny c th qu n l c lc no nn pht m thanh, lc no khng. o Mu n chn m thanh o n vn b n no, b n bao kh i o n (ho c t con tr cu i o n), sau b m chu t ph i vo ch tr ng b t k trn thanh cng c , m thanh Reviewing. B n r chu t vo bi u t ng New Comment, click vo d u mi tn ch xu ng bn c nh s th y menu th nh hnh d i y :
B n click chu t vo ch Voice Comment s th y m t h p tho i hi n ra nh sau :
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o
N u my b n c sound card v micro, b n c th ghi m l i c a mnh ch thch cho o n vn b n. Cn n u b n mu n chn nh c, hy m menu Edit>Mix with File nh hnh bn d i, r i ch nh i ch cho file nh c (lu : ch chn c cc file nh d ng *.wav)
Sau khi hon t t cc b c trn, b n m menu File, ch n Exit & Return to Document.B n s th y cu i o n vn b n xu t hi n bi u t ng ci loa nh v y N u mu n nghe m thanh : b n b m p chu t vo n, mu n hi u ch nh l i m thanh : nh p chu t ph i, ch n Sound Recorder Document Object>Edit, mu n xa b m thanh : nh p chu t vo n m t l n r i b m Delete.
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C T GHP CC T P TIN M THANH B NG TI N CH C S N TRONG WINDOWS XP
N u b n mu n c t nh ho c ghp n i cc t p tin Audio v Movie gip cho vi c lu tr v x l t t hn . B n khng c n ph i t i v thm b t k chng trnh no c V trong Windows XP c tch h p s n m t ti n ch kh hay c kh nng lm c cng vi c ny . l ti n ch Windows Movie Maker ( WMM ) ( All Programs > Accessories > Windows Movie Maker ho c Menu Start > Run > moviemk.exe ) . - C t t p tin m thanh , video + c t m t File Video v m thanh , b n c n qua cc b c sau : * B c 1 : Vo Menu File > Import nh p t p tin ngu n vo . WMM h tr kh nhi u nh d ng Audio v Movies nh asf , au , avi , dat , m1v , mp2 , mp3 , mpeg , snd ,wma , wav * B c 2 : Ko v th t p tin c n c t nh vo thanh StoryBoard / TimeLine pha d i c a s chng trnh
*B c 3 : Ko n v tr u o n phim , m thanh b n c n trch v ko n v tr cu i o n . Sau nh n nt nghe th o n trch . *B c cu i cng : Sau khi hi lng , b n vo Menu File > Save Movies . H p tho i Save Movie xu t hi n , Trong ph n setting b n c th ty ch n ch t l ng l Low , Medium hay High quality ( Nn nh ch t l ng cng cao th dung l ng t p tin cng kh ng l ) . Ph n Display Information , i n vo Title ( tiu ) Author ( Tc gi ) Date ( ngy t o ) Description ( m t ) n u c m th y c n thi t . Sau nh n Ok v ch n ni lu t p tin . Lu : Windows Movie Maker ch h tr lu d i nh d ng l WMV m thi .
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Ngoi ra Windows Movie Maker cn c kh nng t ng c t nh thnh nhi u o n theo th i l ng ( tnh b ng giy ) . WMM t ng chia bi nh c thnh nhi u o n c cng th i l ng l 20 giy , b n vo Menu View > Options . Trong h p tho i Options , b n nh d u ch n vo ki m Automatically create clips , nh p th i l ng c a m i o n vo Default imported photo duration ( seconds ) : ( y ti nh p vo 20 giy ) . Sau nh n OK . T nay , sau khi Import b t k t p tin audio hay Video no , WMM lun t chia nh t p tin thnh nhi u o n v i m i o n u di 20 giy .
Ghp n i cc t p tin m thanh , video o ghp nhi u t p tin , o n nh c vo thnh m t t p tin duy nh t . Tng t nh ph n c t nh , b n ph i Import cc t p tin , ko v th nh ng t p tin c n n i vo StoryBoard / TimeLine v sau l lu l i . Th l xong . Qu d ph i khng no ?
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Su T m Th Thu t C I THI N T C
TRONG WINDOWS XP
Hi n winXP ang l m t trong nh ng h i u hnh c a thch b i v p v cc tnh nng m i c a n . i v i cc my tnh c u hnh m nh th vi c ch y WinXP tr nn d dng . Cn i v i cc my c u hnh y u , l i th i th Win XP ch y kh ch m. Trong bi vi t ny , xin trnh by v i cc b n m t th thu t lm cho Win XP c a b n ch y nhanh hn v ti t ki m ti nguyn c u h th ng T xu .
1 . T t b t cc d ch v khng s
d ng :
C m t s d ch v b n c th t t b t , vi c ny s gip c i thi n t c v ti nguyn cho my . Tm c cc m t v cc D ch v , n u th y d ch v no khng th t s c n thi t . b n c th nh p kp vo d ch v r i ch n Disable v hi u ha chng b n c th tm th y kh nhi u d ch v trong Group policy ( Start > run , g gpedit.msc ) hay trong Administrative Tools ( n m trong Control Panel ) . M t vi d ch v khng c n thi t , b n c th t t m khng nh h ng n h th ng : Alerter ; Universal Plug and Play Device Host ; Human Interface Devices ; Net Logon ; Indexing Service ; Messenger ; QOS RSVP ; Web Client ; Remote Registry ; Routing & Remote Access ; Fast UserSwitching ; Application Management ; Remote Desktop Help Session Manager ; SSDP Discovery Service ; Clipbook : cc d ch v ny u n m trong Trong Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Component Services > Services ( local ) . Ch n v nh p kp vo cc d ch v trn , trong Startup type , ch n Disable khng cho t kh i ng v i my ho c Stopped trong Service Status n u th y khng c n dng n n a .
2 . D n d p th m c Prefecth v Temp.
Prefecth l nt t trng m i c a Win XP ., ni y lu gi cc Shortcut c a cc chng trnh b n th ng s
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d ng nh m gip vi c m chng trnh nhanh hn . Tuy nhin , cng v sau th m c ny cng b y i b i v ch a qu nhi u shortcut c a cc chng trnh . d n d p s ch th m c ny , b n vo th m c g c c a windows ch n th m c prefecht v xa t t c nh ng th c trong th m c . ( Nh trong my ti l C:/Windows/Prefecth ) . S n d p , b n vo thm th m c Temp cng n m trong th m c Windows d n d p lun cc File T m do qu trnh ci t cc ph n m m l i .
3 . Khng hi n th thng tin tr ng thi khi t t , m my

Khi b n t t m my , b n s g p cc thng i p c a Windows nh Windows is shutting down , saving users setting B n c th v hi u ha chng n u th y khng c n thi t b ng cch Cch 1 : b n c th vo GroupPolicy ( start > run > gpedit.msc ) tm n Remove Boot / Shutdown / Logon / Logoff Status messages trong Computer Configuration > Administrative Templates > system . Nh p kp chu t v ch n Enable b t tnh nng ny . Cch 2 : N u b n khng tm th y dng Remove Boot / Shutdown / Logon / Logoff Status messages trong Group Policy cch trn, b n c th m Regedit ( Start > run > Regedit ) , tm n HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\policies\system . Tm kha DisableStatusMessages v gn gi tr ( value ) l 1 . N u cha c , b n c th t o m i b ng cch ch n new > Dword Value v g DisableStatusMessages . sau v n gn gi tr l 1 nh trn .
4 . Khng s d ng giao di n h a lc kh i ng
N u b n khng c n xem Logo ci Logo kh i ng nhm chn c a Windows XP . b n c th khng s d ng giao di n giao di n ha ( GUI ) trong lc kh i ng Win . Vo Start > run >msconfig . Ch n th Boot.ini . nh d u ch n vo /NOGUIBOOT r i ch n apply , kh i ng l i xem k t qu .
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Su T m Th Thu t CCH SETUP BIOS
Khi kh i ng my l n u tin, my tnh s c m t t p h p d li u c lu trong CMOS (m t chip b nh c bi t lun ho t ng nh 1 c c pin nh ), khng c thng tin n y my tnh s b t li t. Vi c xc l p cc thng tin n y g i l Setup Bios v bao gi ng i bn cng ph i lm th t c Setup Bios ngay sau khi rp my. Nhng b n cng ph i bi t cch Setup Bios phng tr ng h p my t m t cc thng tin lu trong Bios v cc l do nh: H t pin, nhi u i n, virus...Hi n nay, ng i ta dng Flash Ram lu thng tin Bios nn khng c n ph i c Pin nui trn mainboard. Ty Mainboard, cc m c trong Bios c th khc nhau theo t ng hng ch t o (Award, Ami, Pheonix...) nhng v cn b n chng v n gi ng nhau v trong ph n n y ch y u bn v cn b n, cn cc tnh nng ring b n ph i ch u kh tm hi u thm nh vo cc ki n th c cn b n n y. Mn hnh Bios Setup a s l mn hnh ch y ch TEXT. G n y ang pht tri n lo i BiosWin (Ami) c mn hnh Setup g m nhi u c a s gi ng tng t Windows v s d ng c Mouse trong khi Setup nhng cc m c v n khng thay i. Ch thao tc vo Bios Setup l: B m phm Del khi m i kh i ng my i v i my i Loan. i v i cc my M , th ng l b n ph i thng qua chng trnh qu n l my ring c a t ng hng n u mu n thay i cc thng s c a Bios. * Bios th ng: Di chuy n v t sng l a ch n m c b ng cc phm mi tn. Thay i gi tr c a m c ang Set b ng 2 phm Page Up v Page Dn. Sau nh n phm Esc thot kh i m c (gi tr m i s c lu tr ). Nh n F10 thot Setup Bios n u mu n lu cc thay i, khi h p tho i hi n ra, b m Y lu, N khng lu. Nh n Esc n u mu n thot m khng lu thay i, khi h p tho i hi n ra, b m Y khng lu, N tr l i mn hnh Setup Bios. * Bios Win: Mn hnh Setup xu t hi n d i d ng h a g m nhi u c a s , s d ng c mouse n u b n c mouse lo i: PS/2 mouse, Microsoft mouse, Serial mouse, Logitect C mouse. Dng mouse b m kp vo c a s m m t thnh ph n, b m vo m c c n thay i, m t c a s li t k gi tr xu t hi n, b m vo gi tr mu n ch n r i thot b ng cch b m vo nh gc trn bn tri. N u khng c mouse, dng cc phm mi tn di chuy n, n m c c n thay i b m Enter, xu t hi n h p li t k, ch n gi tr m i, b m Enter, cu i cng b m Esc. 1. Setup cc thnh ph n cn b n (Standard CMOS Setup): y l cc thnh ph n c b n m Bios trn t t c cc lo i my PC ph i bi t qu n l v i u khi n chng. * Ngy, gi (Date/Day/Time): B n khai bo ngy thng nm vo m c n y. Khai bo n y s c my tnh xem l thng tin g c v s b t u tnh t y tr i. Cc thng tin v ngy gi c s d ng khi cc b n t o hay thao tc v i cc t p tin, th m c. C chng trnh khi ch y cng c n thng tin n y, th d bo cho b n c p nh t khi qu h n, ch m d t ho t ng khi n ngy quy nh...Bnh th ng b n Set sai hay khng Set cng ch ng nh h ng g n ho t ng c a my. Cc thng tin n y c th s a ch a tr c ti p ngoi Dos b ng 2 l nh Date v Time, hay b ng Control Panel c a Windows m khng c n vo Bios Setup. Ch : ng h my tnh lun lun ch y ch m khong vi giy/ngy, th nh tho ng b n nn ch nh l i gi cho ng. Nhng n u qu ch m l c v n c n ph i thay mainboard. * a m m (Drive A/B):
Khai bo lo i a cho A v B, b n cn c vo vi c n i dy cho a xc nh. a n i v i u n i ngoi cng c a dy n i l A, kia l B. c kch th c l n l 1.2M 5.25 inch, nh l 1.44M 3.5 inch. N u khng c th ch n Not Installed. N u b n khai bo sai, a s khng ho t ng ch khng h h ng g, b n ch
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c n khai bo l i. Trong cc mainboard s d ng Bios i m i, khai bo sai lo i da 1.2Mb thnh 1.4Mb hay ng c l i, da v n ho t ng bnh th ng nhng ku r t l n lc m i b t u c a, v lu di c th h a. Cc Bios v cc card I/O i m i cho php b n tro i 2 a m m m khng c n tro i dy (swap floppy drive), t c l A thnh B v ng c l i khi s d ng. Khi tro i b ng cch Set jumper trn card I/O, b n nh khai bo l i trong Bios Setup (Khi tro b ng l nh Swap trong Bios th khng c n khai bo l i), nhng c ng d ng khng ch u ci t khi Swap a m m, nh t l cc ng d ng c b o v ch ng sao chp. * a c ng (Drive C/D) lo i IDE:
Ph n khai bo a c ng r c r i hn, b t bu c b n ph i khai bo chi ti t cc thng s , b n khai bo sai khng nh ng c ng khng ho t ng m i khi cn lm h c ng n u b n khai bo qu dung l ng th t s c a c ng v cho ti n hnh FDISK, FORMAT theo dung l ng sai n y. May m n l cc Bios sau n y u c ph n d tm thng s c ng IDE t ng (IDE HDD auto detection) nn cc b n kh i m c cng nh khi s d ng a c ng lo i IDE. Chng ti s ni v ph n auto detect n y sau. Ngoi ra, cc c ng sau n y u c ghi thng s trn nhn dn trn m t. B n cho ch y Auto detect, Bios s t ng i n cc thng s n y dm b n. Vi c khai bo c ng C v D i h i ph i ng v i vi c Set cc jumper trn 2 c ng. B n xc l p c ng khng ph i qua u n i dy m b ng cc jumper trn m ch i u khi n c ng. Cc c ng i m i ch c m t jumper 3 v tr: duy nh t, Master ( C), Slave ( D) v c ghi r cch Set trn nhn. Cc a c ng i c nhi u jumper hn nn n u khng c ti li u h ng d n l r c r i, ph i m m m r t lu. * a c ng (Drive E/F) lo i IDE:
Cc Bios v cc card I/O i m i cho php g n 4 da c ng, v hi n nay cc da CDROM cng s d ng u n i c ng ho t ng, g i l CDROM Interface IDE (giao di n a IDE) n gi n vi c l p t. Ch : Khai bo l NONE trong Bios Setup cho * Mn hnh (Video) - Primary Display: EGA/VGA: Dnh cho lo i mn hnh s d ng card mu EGA hay VGA, Super VGA. CGA 40/CGA 80: Dnh cho lo i mn hnh s d ng card mu CGA 40 c t hay CGA 80 c t. Mono: Dnh cho lo i mn hnh s d ng card tr ng en, k c card VGA khi dng mn hnh tr ng en. * Treo my n u pht hi n l i khi kh i ng (Error Halt): T t c l i (All error): Treo my khi pht hi n b t c l i no trong qu trnh ki m tra my, b n khng nn ch n m c n y v Bios s treo my khi g p l i u tin nn b n khng th bi t cc l i khc, n u c. B qua l i c a Keyboard (All, But Keyboard): T t c cc l i ngo i tr l i c a bn phm. B qua l i a (All, But Diskette): T t c cc l i ngo i tr l i c a a. B qua l i a v bn phm (All, But Disk/Key): T t c cc l i ngo i tr l i c a a v bn phm. a CD-ROM.
Khng treo my khi c l i (No error): Ti n hnh qu trnh ki m tra my cho n khi hon t t d pht hi n b t c l i g. B n nn ch n m c n y bi t my b tr c tr c b ph n no m c phng h ng gi i quy t. * Keyboard:
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Install: Cho ki m tra bn phm trong qu trnh kh i ng, thng bo trn mn hnh n u bn phm c l i. Not Install: Khng ki m tra bn phm khi kh i ng. Ch : ch n m c n y khng c ngha l v hi u ho bn phm v n u v y lm sao i u khi n my. N ch c tc d ng cho Bios kh i m t cng ki m tra bn phm nh m rt ng n th i gian kh i ng. 2. Setup cc thnh ph n nng cao (Advanced Setup): * Virut Warning: N u Enabled, Bios s bo ng v treo my khi c hnh ng vi t vo Boot sector hay Partition c a a c ng. N u b n c n ch y chng trnh c thao tc vo 2 ni nh: Fdisk, Format... b n c n ph i Disable m c n y. * Internal cache: Cho hi u l c (enable) hay v hi u ho (disable) Cache (L1) n i trong CPU 486 tr ln. * External cache: Cho hi u l c (enable) hay v hi u ho (disable) cache trn mainboard, cn g i l Cache m c 2 (L2). * Quick Power On Self Test: N u enable Bios s rt ng n v b qua vi m c khng quan tr ng trong qu trnh kh i ng, gi m th i gian kh i ng t i a. * About 1 MB Memory Test: N u Enable Bios s ki m tra t t c b nh . N u Disable Bios ch ki m tra 1 Mb b nh u tin. * Memory Test Tick Sound: Cho pht m thanh (enable) hay khng (disable) trong th i gian test b nh . * Extended Bios Ram Area: Khai bo m c n y n u mu n dng 1 Kb trn nh c a b nh quy c, t c Kb b t u t a ch 639K hay 0:300 c a vng Bios h th ng trong b nh quy c lu cc thng tin v a c ng. Xc l p c th l 1K hay 0:300. * Swap Floppy Drive: Tro i tn 2 a m m, khi ch n m c n y b n khng c n khai bo l i lo i Set jumper trn card I/O. * Boot Sequence: Ch n a cho Bios tm h i u hnh khi kh i ng. C th l C r i n A hay A r i n C hay ch c C. B n nn ch n C,A hay ch c C, phng tr ng h p v tnh kh i ng b ng a m m c Virus. a nh khi tro b ng cch
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m m hay trong 4
Hi n nay trn cc Mainboard Pentium. Bios cho php b n ch nh kh i ng t 1 trong 2 c ng IDE hay b ng c ng SCSI th m ch b ng CD Rom cng c. * Boot Up Floppy Seek:
N u Enable Bios s d tm ki u c a a m m l 80 track hay 40 track. N u Disable Bios s b qua. Ch n enable lm ch m th i gian kh i ng v Bios lun lun ph i c a m m tr c khi c a c ng, m c d b n ch n ch kh i ng b ng C. * Boot Up Numlock Status: N u ON l cho phm Numlock m (n Numlock sng) sau khi kh i ng, nhm phm bn tay ph i bn phm dng nh s . N u OFF l cho phm Numlock t t (n Numlock t i), nhm phm bn tay ph i dng di chuy n con tr . * Boot Up System Speed: Quy nh t c c a CPU trong th i gian kh i ng l High (cao) hay Low (th p). * Memory Parity Check: Ki m tra ch n l b nh . Ch n theo mainboard v c lo i cho php m c n y enable, c lo i b t b n ph i disable m i ch u ch y. u tin b n ch n enable, n u my treo b n ch n l i l disable. M c n y khng nh h ng n h th ng, ch c tc d ng ki m tra Ram. * IDE HDD Block Mode: N u a c ng c a b n h tr ki u v n chuy n d li u theo t ng kh i (cc a i m i c dung l ng cao). B n cho enable tng t c cho a. N u a i c b n cho disable m c n y. * Pri. Master/Slave LBA (Logic Block Addressing) Mode: N u2 m c n y. a c ng c n i vo u n i Primary c a card I/O c dung l ng l n hn 528Mb, b n cho enable
* Sec. IDE Ctrl Drives Install: M c n y khai bo my b n c Master, Mst/Slv v disable. * Sec Master/Slave LBA Mode: Xc l p LBA cho u n i th 2. Ch : Cc m c h tr cho a c ng c dung l ng l n v cc card I/O i m i gip b n s d ng a c dung l ng trn 528Mb. Trong tr ng h p b n cho enable cc m c n y r i m i ti n hnh Fdisk v Format a, n u sau b n l i disable cc m c n y hay em g n qua my khc cng ch n disable, b n s khng th s d ng c da c ng. Khi dng CDROM c u n i IDE, b n nn g n vo u n i Secondary kh i nh h ng n da c ng (g n vo u n i Pri) khi c n ch y 32BitDiskAccess trong Windows. * Typematic Rate Setting: a c ng n i vo u n i Secondary c a card I/O. Cc ch nh c th l
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N u enable l b n cho 2 m c d i y c hi u l c. 2 m c n y thay th l nh Mode c a DOS, quy nh t c v th i gian tr c a bn phm. * Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec): B n l a ch n s k t /giy tu theo t c nh phm nhanh hay ch m c a b n. N u b n Set th p hn t c nh th my s pht ti ng Bip khi n ch y theo khng k p. * Typematic Delay (Msec): Ch nh th i gian l p l i k t khi b n b m v gi lun phm, tnh b ng mili giy. * Security Option: M c n y dng gi i h n vi c s d ng h th ng v Bios Setup. Setup: Gi i h n vi c thay i Bios Setup, m i khi mu n vo Bios Setup b n ph i nh ng m t kh u quy nh tr c. System hay Always: Gi i h n vi c s d ng my. M i khi m my, Bios lun lun h i m t kh u, n u khng bi t m t kh u Bios s khng cho php s d ng my. Ch : Trong tr ng h p b n cha ch nh m t kh u, Disable (v hi u ho) m c n y, b n ch n Password Setting, b n ng nh g vo cc nh p m t kh u m ch c n b m ENTER. Trong tr ng h p b n c ch nh m t kh u nay l i mu n b i. B n ch n Password Setting, b n nh m t kh u c vo nh p m t kh u c (Old Password) cn trong nh p m t kh u m i (New Password) b n ng nh g c m ch c n b m ENTER. C mainboard thi t k thm 1 jumper xo ring m t kh u ngoi jumper xo ton b thng tin trong CMOS. T t hn h t l b n ng s d ng m c n y v b n thn chng ti ch ng ki n r t nhi u tr ng h p d khc d c i do m c n y gy ra. L i t m h i nhi u. Ch nh ng my tnh cng c ng m i ph i s d ng t i m c n y thi. * System Bios Shadow, Video Bios Shadow: N u enable l cho copy cc d li u v System v Video trong Bios (c t c ch m) vo Ram (t c nhanh) rt ng n th i gian khi c n truy nh p vo cc d li u n y. * Wait for <F1> if Any Error: Cho hi n thng bo ch * Numeric Processor: Thng bo c g n CPU ng x l (Present) trn my hay khng (absent). M c n y th ng c cho cc my dng CPU 286, 386, 486SX. T 486DX tr v sau c con ng x l bn trong CPU nn trn cc my m i c th khng c m c n y. * Turbo Switch Funtion: Cho nt Turbo c hi u l c (enable) hay khng (disable). M c n y th ng th y cc Bios i c , trn cc my i m i l a ch n n y th ng b ng cch Set jumper c a Mainboard. T Mainboard pentium tr i khng c m c n y. n phm F1 khi c l i.
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3. Setup cc thnh ph n c lin quan n v n hnh h th ng (Chipset Setup): * Auto Configuration: N u enable, Bios s t ng xc l p cc thnh ph n v DRAM, Cache...m i khi kh i ng ty theo CPU Type (ki u CPU) v System Clock (t c h th ng). N u Disable l cho b n t ch nh. * AT Clock Option: N u Async (khng ng b ) l l y dao ng chu n c a b dao ng th ch anh chia i lm t c ho t ng cho AT Bus (bus 8 - 16Bit). Th ng l 14.318MHz/2 t c 7.159MHz. C Bios cn cho ch n t c c a m c n y l 14.318MHz. N u Sync ( ng b ) l dng System Clock (do b n ch nh b ng cch Set jumper trn mainboard) lm t c chu n. * Synchronous AT Clock/AT Bus Clock Selector: Ch nh t c ho t ng cho AT Bus b ng cch l y t c chu n (system clock) chia nh cn l i kho ng 8MHz cho ph h p v i card 16Bit. Cc l a ch n nh sau: CLKI/3 khi system clock l 20 - 25MHz. CLKI/4 khi system clock l 33MHz. CLKI/5 khi system clock l 40MHz. CLKI/6 khi system clock l 50MHz. T c n y cng l n (s chia cng nh ), my ch y cng nhanh do tng t c v n chuy n d li u. Tuy nhin l n n u l cn ty thu c vo mainboard v card c m trn cc Slot (quan tr ng nh t l card I/O). Cc b n ph i th nghi m gi m s chia t ng n c v ch my c kh i ng hay c a bnh th ng khng, n u pht sinh tr c tr c th gi m xu ng 1 n c. Th ng th b n c th tng c 2 n c, th d : System clock l 40MHz, b n ch n CLKI/3. Card ISA 8 v 16 Bit c th ch y t t trong kho ng t 8MHz n 14MHz. N u nhanh qu, th ng card I/O g p tr c tr c tr c (khng c c a c ng). * AT Cycle Wait States/Extra AT Cycle WS: enable hay disable vi c chn thm 1 th i gian ch vo th i gian chu n c a AT Bus. N u system clock d i 33MHz ch n disable. N u trn 33MHz ch n enable. * Fast AT Cycle: Khi enable s rt ng n th i gian chu n c a AT Bus. * DRAM Read Wait States/DRAM Brust Cycle: D i 33MHz l: 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 hay 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 T 33 - 45MHz l: 4 - 3 - 3 - 3 hay 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 50MHz l: 5 - 4 - 4 - 4 hay 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 Ch n m c n y nh h ng l n n t c CPU.
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* DRAM/Memory Write Wait States:
Ch n 1WS khi h th ng nhanh hay DRAM ch m (t c 40MHz tr ln). Ch n 0WS khi h th ng v DRAM c th tng thch (33MHz tr xu ng). * Hidden Refresh Option: Khi enable, CPU s lm vi c nhanh hn do khng ph i ch m i khi DRAM c lm ti. * Slow Refresh Enable: M c n y nh m b o m an ton d li u trn DRAM, th i gian lm ti s ko di hn bnh th ng. B n ch c enable m c n y khi b nh c a my h tr vi c cho php lm ti ch m. * L1 Cache Mode: L a ch n gi a Write-Through v Write-Back cho Cache n i trong CPU 486 tr ln. Xc l p Write-Through my s ch y ch m hn Write-Back nhng vi c l c ch n cn tu thu c vo lo i CPU. * L2 Cache Mode: Xc l p cho cache trn mainboard. * IDE HDD Auto Detection/IDE SETUP: Khi ch n m c n y s xu t hi n m t c a s cho b n ch nh a c n d tm thng s (2 hay 4 a tu theo Bios). Sau b n b m OK hay YES Bios i n vo ph n Standard dm cho b n. Trong Bios i m i, Auto detect c th a ra vi lo i a. Tu theo cch s d ng da (normal, LBA,...) m b n ch n lo i thch h p. * Power Management Setup: i v i CPU 486: Ph n n y l cc ch nh cho chng trnh ti t ki m nng l ng s n ch a trong cc Bios i m i. Chng trnh n y dng c cho c 2 lo i CPU: Lo i th ng v lo i CPU ki u S. CPU ki u S hay CPU c 2 k t cu i SL l m t lo i CPU c ch t o c bi t, c thm b ph n qu n l nng l ng trong CPU. Do trong ph n n y c 2 lo i ch nh dnh cho 2 lo i CPU. i v i Pentium: Dng chung cho m i lo i Pentium hay cc chp c a cc h ng khc cng i v i Pentium. * Power Management/Power Saving Mode: Disable: Khng s d ng chng trnh n y. Enable/User Define: Cho chng trnh n y c hi u l c. Min Saving: Dng cc gi tr th i gian di nh t cho cc l a ch n (ti t ki m nng l ng t nh t).
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Max Saving: Dng cc gi tr th i gian ng n nh t cho cc l a ch n (ti t ki m nhi u nh t). * Pmi/Smi: N u ch n SMI l my ang g n CPU ki u S c a hng Intel. N u ch n Auto l my ang g n CPU th ng. * Doze Timer: M c n y ch dng cho CPU ki u S. Khi ng th i gian my r nh (khng nh n c tn hi u t cc ng t) theo quy nh, CPU t ng h t c xu ng cn 8MHz. B n ch n th i gian theo b n (c th t 10 giy n 4 gi ) hay disable n u khng mu n s d ng m c n y. * Sleep Timer/Standby timer: M c n y ch dng cho CPU ki u S. Ch nh th i gian my r nh tr c khi vo ch Sleep (ngng ho t ng). Th i gian c th t 10 giy n 4 gi . * Sleep Clock: M c n y ch dng cho CPU ki u S: Stop CPU h t c xu ng cn 0MHz (ngng h n). Slow CPU h t c xu ng cn 8MHz. * HDD Standby Timer/HDD Power Down: Ch nh th i gian ng ng motor c a * CRT Sleep: N u Enable l mn hnh s t t khi my vo ch Sleep. * Ch nh: Cc ch nh cho chng trnh qu n l ngu n bi t c n ki m tra b ph n no khi ch y. Ch : Do Bios c s n xu t s d ng cho nhi u lo i my khc nhau nn cc b n lun lun g p ph n n y trong cc Bios. Th c ra chng ch c gi tr cho cc my xch tay (laptop) v xi pin nn v n ti t ki m nng l ng c t ln hng u. Chng ti khuyn cc b n ang s d ng my bn (desktop) nn v hi u ho t t c cc m c trong ph n n y, trnh cc tnh hu ng b t ng nh: ang ci chng trnh, t nhin my ngng ho t ng, ang ch y Defrag t nhin my ch m c c k... 4. Ph n dnh ring cho Mainboard theo chu n giao ti p PCI c I/O v IDE On Board (peripheral Setup): * PCI On Board IDE: Cho hi u l c (enabled) hay v hi u (disabled) 2 u n i PCI IDE r i, ta c n ch n disabled. * PCI On Board Secondary IDE: Cho hi u l c (enabled) hay v hi u (disabled) u n i sung cho m c trn v ch c tc d ng v i u n i th 2. a c ng IDE th 2 trn mainboard. M c n y b a c ng IDE trn mainboard. Khi s d ng Card a c ng.
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* PCI On Board Speed Mode:
Ch nh ki u v n chuy n d li u (PIO speed mode). C th l Disabled, mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, mode 4, Auto. Trong mode 4 l nhanh nh t. * PCI Card Present on: Khai bo c s d ng Card PCI IDE r i hay khng v n u c th c c m vo Slot no. Cc m c ch n l: Disabled, Auto, Slot 1, Slot 2, Slot 3, Slot 4. * PCI IRQ, PCI Primary IDE IRQ, PCI Secondary IDE IRQ: Ch nh cch xc l p ng t cho Card PCI IDE r i. Ch : Trong m c n y c ph n xc l p th t gn ng t cho cc Card b sung. Th d : 1 = 9, 2 = 10, 3 = 11, 4 = 12 c ngha l Card u tin c m vo b t k Slot no s c gn ng t 9, n u c 2 Card th Card c m vo Slot c s th t nh s c gn ng t 9, Slot c s th t l n s c gn ng t 10.v..v... * IDE 32Bit Transfers Mode: Xc l p n y nh m tng c ng t c cho a c ng trn 528Mb, nhng cng c c khi enabled m c n y d fdisk v format v n bnh th ng. a khng kh i ng
* Host to PCI Post Write W/S, Host to PCI Burst Write, Host to DRAM Burst Write: Cc m c n y xc l p cho PCU Bus, khng nh h ng nhi u n t c CPU, c th nguyn xc l p m c nhin. * PCI Bus Park, Post Write Buffer: Khi enabled cc m c n y c th tng c ng thm t c h th ng. * FDC Control: Cho hi u l c hay khng u n i cp v xc l p a ch cho * Primary Seral Port: Cho hi u l c hay khng c ng COM 1 v xc l p a ch cho c ng n y. * Secondary Serial Port: Cho hi u l c hay khng c ng COM 2 v xc l p a ch cho c ng n y. Ch : N u b n s d ng Card b sung c xc l p i ch l COM 1 hay COM 2, b n ph i disabled c ng tng ng trong hai m c trn. * Parallel Port: Cho hi u l c hay khng c ng LPT 1 v xc l p a ch cho c ng n y. 5. H ng d n Setup Bios: a m m.
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Trong cc ti li u i km mainboard, u c h ng d n Setup Bios. Khi mua my hay mua mainboard, cc b n nh i cc ti li u n y v n r t c n cho vi c s d ng my. Trong cc ph n Setup trn, ph n Standard, Advanced c nh h ng n vi c c u hnh my. Ph n Chipset nh h ng n t c my. Ph n PCI nh h ng n cc gn ng t, a ch cho cc Slot PCI, c ng; cch v n chuy n d li u cho IDE On Board. N u g p cc thnh ph n hon ton m i, tr c tin b n hy Set cc thnh ph n bi t, ki m tra vi c thay i c a my, cu i cng m i Set t i cc thnh ph n cha bi t. Chng ti xin nh c l i, vi c Setup Bios sai khng bao gi lm h my v cc b n s d dng Setup l i nh vo chnh Bios. Trn mainboard lun lun c 1 Jumper dng xa cc thng tin lu trong CMOS b n c th t o l i cc thng tin n y trong tr ng h p khng th vo l i Bios Setup khi kh i ng my. Khi ti n hnh tm hi u Setup Bios, b n nn theo m t nguyn t c sau: Ch Set t ng m c m t r i kh i ng my l i, ch y cc chng trnh ki m tra xem t c CPU, a c thay i g khng?. Cch lm n y gp b n pht hi n c nh h ng c a t ng m c vo h th ng v b n c th bi t ch c tr c tr c pht sinh do m c no s a ch a. Khi x y ra tr c tr c m b n khng bi t i ph, b n ch c n vo l i Bios Setup ch n Load Bios Default hay b m F6 trong ph n Set m b n mu n ph c h i sau kh i ng my l i l xong.
5 . B b t cc hi u
ng h a trong Win XP
M c nh , Win XP s d ng kh nhi u hi u ng h a : Slide , Fade , Shadows . th . V th , lm gi m t c v ti nguyn c a CPU v ph i x l cc hi u ng . B n c th b b t m t s hi u ng n u CPU , v card h a c a b n khng ph i x n l m . t t b t , b n vo system properties ( click vo chu t vo bi u t ng My Computer v ch n Properties , ho c vo Control Panel > system ) , Th Advance , trong ph n performance ch n settings > th Visual Effects ch n Adjust for best performance gi m thi u cc hi u ng c a Window XP t c h th ng c nhng
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b l i by gi giao di n XP ch ng khc g Win 9x l bao . N u khng , b n c th ch n custom t i u ch nh v b b t t ng hi u ng .
6 . D n d p b nh
o khi t t my
B nh o ( pagefile ) l m t ph n c a a c ng c Windows s d ng nh b nh b sung cho l ng Ram t i c a mnh . B n c th i u ch nh , tng thm b nh o ny ( trn Echip cc s tr c vi l n gi i thi u ) . trong bi vi t xin trnh by v i cc b n cch d n d p b nh o ny khi t t my ; ng lo , vi c ny Windows s gip b n , nhng b n c n ph i b t n xanh cho tnh nng ny th window m i ch u lm gim b n Cch 1 : Vo Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Local Security Policy > Local Policies , trong danh sch , ch n Shutdown : Clear virtual memory pagefile . Nh n ph i chu t > Properties > Enable > OK . \ Cch 2 : dnh cho dn v c registry . tm n kha HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management\ClearPageFileAtShutdown , nh p kp g gi tr ( value ) l 1
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Phng chy hn ch a chy , tr c khi v c my , cc v c s nn chu n b s n tinh th n , sao lu c h i u hnh hay Registry tr c khi th c hi n nh ng thay i l n v i h th ng . i v i Win , b n s d ng cc ph n m m nh Ghost , Driver Image i v i registry , b n vo menu File > Export t o b n sao lu cho Registry Trn y l m t s th thu t gip b n c i thi n t c c a WinXP , b n nn s d ng thm microsoft Bootvis gi m th i gian kh i ng my cng nh nn h n ch cc ph n m m , ng d ng ch y ng m v t kh i ng trong my . Hy v ng v i cc mn by trn , b n c th hi lng v i t c c a Win XP .
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CC B C CHU N B TNG T C CHO WINDOWS
I/Chu n b v ph n m m: 1.H i u hnh(OS): * i v i nh ng my y u(P4 1,4 hay Celeron1,7 v i Ram 128 tr v tr c) th Windows 98 l h i u hnh thch h p nh t chi game, nhng cn v i nh ng my trung bnh(P4 Northwood 1,8-2,4GHZ v i Ram 256-512) ho c nh ng my m nh, nh t l cc my m i nh t hi n nay th Windows XP l s l a ch n s m t cho games v multimedia ni chung nh tnh nng qu n l b nh v t tr i, s n nh,... hn h n so v i Win 9x. * Theo nh gi c a ti th WinXP service pack 2 c t c t t nh t(tuy nhin v n cn g p nhi u l i do xung t v i m t s ph n m m), sau l WinXP Pro r i XP SP1. * N u c i u ki n th t t nh t l chng ta nn sao lu d li u quan tr ng l i(ti li u, file download, nh c s , phim) r i..format l i a c a mnh(n u a c a b n kh c hay xu t hi n bad sector th format c p th p lun, khng h i g c , ch nh m t l n ghi d li u thi), sau m i ci l i Windows. N u b n l m t tay su t p ph n m m, l i ang s d ng ton nh ng ph n m m tm c th cng ng ng i g c , ch u kh l y gi y ghi danh sch nh ng ph n m m l i sau ny ng i ci(nh ti th vi c ci l i ph n m m, driver m t kho ng 2 ti ng trong khi ci Win m t c 25 pht!) 2.Cc ph n m m tng t c: * C r t nhi u ph n m m tng t c t ho l c th tng t c my 200-300% nhng nhi u trong s chng l i ch ng ra g(c th nh s n xu t ch nh cho m t ci my ch y th t ch m ch p, t h i r i dung ph n m m c a mnh Optimize l i l y i m benchmark chng?). * Ch l khng nn ci qu nhi u ph n m m, ch ci nh ng ci g th t c n thi t, n u khng my b n s khng nh ng khng ch y nhanh ln m cn ch y ch m i, r i l i tng thch.... a.Ph n m m tng t c cho Internet -Theo ti hay nh t l ph n m m IE Accelerator 2.21 t ng c ni n trn bo LBVMT. -Trnh Download h ng nh t l Dap-th c ra ch c nng Zip Preview m tc gi bi HiDownload-ph n m m download s m t ni n c t lu Dap v n cn nhi u ch c nng tuy t v i khc, nhng quan tr ng nh t l t c download c a n c m i ng i cng nh n l r t nhanh. b.Ph n m m tng t c Windows: -Theo ti th nn dng 2 ph n m m: Hare 1.5.1 v PC BoOster 3.0, ph n m m Speeder XP tuy v l thuy t th hay nhng th c t khng hay l m, tng t c hi u qu v i t chng trnh nn ti khng dng. - Theo ti th tr khi cc b n s d ng my tnh xch tay cn khng th khng nn dng cc chng trnh cooler v v a t n ti nguyn h th ng v a khng em l i tc d ng r r t, cn chuy n gi m ph n trm CPU th khng r l c lm ch m h th ng khng b i v cc ph n m m tng t c nh Hare v SpeederXp u c g ng khai thc CPU t i a. c.Driver: Ch c bi t: Khng ph i bao gi m i cng l t t hn, l do l: *S h tr c a hng v i s n ph m c a mnh, theo ti th hng c s h tr t t nh t v i s n ph m l Intel: chipset810/815 c 6,7 nm r i m hng v n cung c p thng tin k thu t c th , driver c a s n ph m trn website trong khi Nvidia th dng Geforce 2MX400 m i c t m hn 3 nm th m nm ngoi ti ph i tm mi trn website c a Nvidia m i th y c vi dng thng s k thu t s si. *Driver m i hn th ng ph i m m, VD: Detonator c a Nvidia c l n d n m i khi c thm m t phin b n Gpu xu t hi n v n bao g m Driver t Geforce 256 n Geforce 4. H u qu l s t n ti nguyn c a my: t n a c ng, t n b nh . *M i s n ph m ch c m t Driver cho t c cao nh t v Driver th ng khng ph i l driver m i nh t, c bi t l v i TH c a Nvidia. C th gi i thch nh sau: khi b t u tung ra th tr ng m t s n ph m g , VD l Geforce 4 Ti 4600 th hng ph i ra s c vi t v t i u driver c a mnh sao cho t i m Benchmark cao nh t, s c m ho c ng i dng, cn khi c s n ph m m i th h l i d n s c vo n.
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*Driver cho a c ng Intel Applicaption Accelerator i km Main. Lu l ch nh ng my dng chipset Intel m i dng c. Chi ti t ti s trnh by trong ph n sau: Ti n hnh. d.Anti-virus, Fire wall: y l nh ng th khng th thi u v i m t my PC c k t n i Internet. *FireWall: v i ngi dng bnh th ng k t n i 56K th c th dng t ng l a c s n c a Win XP cho ti t ki m, cn n u l k t n i ADSL th nn dng m t ph n m m chuyn nghi p nh Zone Alarm. *Anti-Virus: m c d nhi u ng i trong s chng ta chn ng y Norton Anti-virus gi nua v th dng nhi u ph n m m c nh tranh khc v th y chng r t tuy t nhng ph i ni r ng NAV v n l ph n m m ch ng virus hng u chng ta ci vo my. Cn Bkav 2002 tuy khng snh c nhng cc b n v n nn c, k c khng cho n autorun, th ng tr cng c b i v n c u i m l g n nh nn t i c p nh t virus m i r t nhanh. II/Ti n hnh: 1. a c ng: *Tr c h t, n u b n dng a c ng ATA 66/100/133 th hy ki m tra v ch c ch n r ng cp a c ng minh ang dng l lo i 80 ch khng ph i l 40 s i r i ti p t c b c sau. *N u b n dng Win XP Pro hay Sp1 th ch c ch n l b n nn ci Intel Applicaption Accelerator thay cho s d ng driver c s n c a Microsoft v n s c i thi n t c r t n t ng : my ti tr c khi ci n, boot ph i m t 5-6 v ch ch y d i logo WinXP, ci xong ch c 3 v ch thi. *Khi ti dng Win XP Sp2 th ti khng th y c s khc bi t nhi u v t c , v WinXP SP2 l b n m i nn ti cng dng driver c a Microsoft trnh xung t. 2.CPU v RAM: a.CPU: - m b o Cpu c a b n ch y v i hi u nng cao nh t, hy vo CMOS setup b t ch Turbo. N c g i v i nhi u ci tn khc nhau ty thu c vo phin b n Bios v ty hng, VD nh main GA-8IR533 th g i l Top performance. -V vi c OverClock: - ng dng ph n m m c p cao trong Windows Overclock v n lm cho h th ng m t n nh hn nn m c OC b gi i h n th p. Hy OC tr c ti p t Bios ho c v i cc my c hy OC b ng Jumper trn Main. -Nn nh p xung CPU ln 1/5 th cng cha ch c t c h th ng tng ln 1/10, tng t nh v y n u Cpu c a b n l 1,8 ho c 2,0 m b n ch p xung ln 200-300 Mhz th kh m c m nh n c t c . -Cc lo i Main khc nhau cho kh nng OC khc nhau. VD: main Intel hon ton khng thch h p cho vi c ny, main Gigabyte 8IR533 OC khng c cao l m.... -Khi OC hy ch n Ram: Tr c y, mu n OC CPU ng i ta c hai cch: tng h s nhn c a chip v tng t c bus h th ng, nhng cc chip Intel sau ny kha h s nhn nn b n ch c th thay i bus h th ng< ng nh m v i FSB>. Nhng khi thay i bus h th ng th khng ch Cpu m cc thnh ph n khc u b nh h ng, nh bus PCI/AGP v c Ram n a. Nhng v i bus AGP/PCI th ph n OC trong CMOS c ch c nng fix nn khng b ch y sai t c <y cng l m t ch c nng m OC trong Windows khng c >. Cn Ram, n u Ram b n l lo i ch y c v i t c m i th khng sao <v d : Ram l lo i 333, tr c y ang ch y v i t c 266 m OC ln 309< 333 th khng v n g>, nhng n u p ram ch y qu t c t i a c a n th coi ch ng ram c a b n s h ng tr c Cpu y <h ng Ram khng c ngha l ph i c khi b c ho c hon ton khng ch y c nh CPU m c th ch l h ng m t nh no >. V v y c m i b c OC xong m khi ch y m t chng trnh no m xu t hi n l i ILLEGAIL OPERATION <l i thanh ghi c a chiXXXXX> th hy c n th n. b.Ram: -C nh ng chng trnh c qu ng co l tng t c cho Ram b ng cch d n Ram ho c Recover Ram. Theo ti th nh ng chng trnh nh th th b n khng nn ci vo my b i v t n ti nguyn m hi u qu em l i khng cao th m ch cn lm ch m my khi chi tr chi, ch y ng d ng l n. Ram l lo i b nh c c nhanh nn cho d c khng defragment nh a c ng cng ch ng nh h ng n t c . Cn n u b n th y c n dng nh ng chng trnh nh v y hy t t ch c nng auto-recover Ram n u khng mu n ang n p game th b thot ra ngoi, xu t hi n c a s d n Ram r i khi vo game th m t ti ng, gi t...Cu i cng, trong nh ng chng trnh lo i y ti ch thch Hare v i ch c nng wash ram l th c s hay v sau khi d n d p, n l i load l i cc service, driver h th ng. 3.Card h a:
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-M t kinh nghi m u tin l khi mua card h a b n ng mua hng c ho c t ph bi n, hay nh t l Nvidia Geforce x n u khng mu n ti c r thm thu ng tr c nh ng chng trnh hay nh t m ch h tr hon ton cho Nvidia Geforce. -V OC: *Khi OC card h a, nh r ng Ram khng ph i l th c th p xung nhi u nh Gpu. *Khng ph i card no cng cho kh nng v gi i h n OC nh nhau. VD:Tng t c xung nh p ln 15/100 th nhi u lo i card-nh geforce 2 MX 400, ci b n nh n c khng ph i l ch s fps tng m l treo my, m t n nh... * ng nh gi t c lm y c a m t card h a qua MHZ: Ci quan tr ng l trong m t xung nh p n c th x l c bao nhiu i m nh, VD: t th h card Geforce 256 n geforce 4 TI 4600 th c th x l c b n i m nh/Hz nhng v i nh ng card i tr c hay ngay c v i m t s lo i chip h a tch h p cng th i th khng t n con s ny hay g n y t Radeon 9700, Geforce FX 5800<th h geforce FX u tin> con s ny t n 8 i m nh/xung nh p. *C n ni thm, b n thn t c l p y cng cha ni ln t c c a chip m cn ph i ni n bng thng b nh . V c hai th y c l cn cha ni ln i u g: Vd: hy so snh 3 card: Geforce 2 MX 400, Geforce 2 Ultra v Geforce 3. Geforce 2 MX 400 v Geforce 3 c t c lm y u l 800 Mtexels/s cn Geforce 2 Ultra l 1 t <250Mhz>. Geforce 3 v Geforce 2 Ultra c bng thng l 7,23 GB/s cn Geforce 2 MX 400 l 2,7. Trong nhi u th nghi m Geforce 2 Ultra cho k t qu nhanh g p i geforce 2 MX 400 nhng l i thua xa geforce 3. *Tr nForce 1/2/3 <chipset c a Nvidia cho Main board AMD c tch h p b x l h a Geforce, VD nforce 1 tch h p geforce 2 MX, nForce 2 tch h p Geforce 4 MX> ra th cc chipset c tch h p h a khc, k c Intel GMA 900 m i nh t cng c i m cha snh b ng Gpu c Geforce 256 l h tr kh rng ca v quan tr ng c bi t l Hardware Transform and Lighting- v n c r t nhi u game 1-2 nm g n y yu c u. *Tinh ch nh h a khng ch l ch nh phn gi i, chi ti t m cn nhi u ph n khc c n trong driver nh Z-buffer, fast linear-mipmap, texture compression...ch nh chng khc i so v i m c nh c th gip nng cao ch t l ng hnh nh m t cch ng k ho c nng cao hi u nng nhi u. VD trong m t game 3D v n phn gi i , thi t l p h a trong game nh th n u b t t t c cc ch c nng nng cao ch t l ng hnh nh, k c ch ng rng ca 4x th t c khung hnh c khi ch l 25fps nhng n u b t cc ch c nng tng t c, t t cc ch c nng hnh nh th t c c th ln t i 100 fps. *Nn dng m t cng c Tweak <tinh ch nh, OC card> nh NV turbo, Geforce Tweaker Ultility, Nvmax, NV HardPage, ho c hay nh t l Riva Tunner <t t c u www.guru3d.com>. Ch ng s d ng nh ng ch c nng gi l p card v s khng c l i v t c . *V i 1 s tr chi th chi trn Win 98 c th nhanh hn nhng khi chi trn Win XP th s khung hnh s n nh hn. *M t s ci t em l i t c :Z-buffer, W-buffer, Floating point W-buffer 100/100, multi-texturing, linear mipmap filtering, HW accelerated cursor, 256 burst.... *M t s ci t em l i ch t l ng v i t c ch p nh n c: L c v h ng 2x, Texture sharpenning, STC3 quality bug fix.... 4.Kh i ng, s d ng cng c tng t c: -N u c 2 trnh Anti-virus th ch cho m t trnh ch y th ng ch. -Ci t t chng trnh tng t c, ch dng nh ng ci hi u qu nh t. -M msconfig t t b t 1 s d ch v khng c n thi t, b m t s chng trnh ch y th ng ch nh Quicktime, Realone Tkbell.... -Ci t xong h t cc chng trinh m i ch y bootvis rt ng n th i gian kh i ng. -Nn ch y PC Booster 3.0, vo Auto tune page, nh n Auto tune, lm theo h ng d n c a n... 5.B nh o: Tr c y ng i ta a ra cng th c b nh o b ng dung l ng Ram*2,5. Nhng by gi , dung l ng Ram nhi u r i ton t 256-1G nn c l khng c n thi t l m. Cc b n nn ty vo b nh c a mnh m t file o cho kh i t n a c ng, b nh cng l n th file t m cng khng c n to.
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CCH CI T FTP TRONG WIN 2K

C nhi u cch chuy n File hay chia s file ( ta c th chuy n file v chia s file b ng software, hay chat Yahoo, g i email nhng c gi i h n v dung l ng file, vo tnh b o m t khng cao) nhng hm nay ti s h ng d n cc b n cch chia s file b ng cng c m trong Windows 2k c s n. Ch c nng c a FTP: Ta c th truy c p t xa chia s d li u qua internet b ng a ch IP hay Domain. (Kch th c file khng gi i h n , ty thuc vo ng truy n internet c a mnh nhanh hay ch m, v tnh b o m t c a windows) Cc b c ci t:
u tin ta c n ph i thi t lp IIS (Internet Information Services) hay (Internet Services Manager)
o Nh n Start\Settings\Control Panel\add Remove Programs --> hi
n hp tho i Hnh 1 => ch n menu add Remove windowns Components => Hnh2 chon IIS => Next (trong qu trnh ci t n s i ta cho a win 2000 vo) sau khi ci t xong ta lm b c k ti p
Thi t l p c u hnh FTP

o Start\Settings\Control Panel\Administrative Tools\ Internet Services Manager . Ch n Default FTP Site
-> Action\Properties
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Th
FTP Site: o IP Address: All Unassigned (n u ta c card m ng th ch n IP c a cac m ng) o y ti ch n ip cho minh l 192.168.0.1 o Cn t t c ta m c nh.
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Th Security Accounts o Allow Anonymous Connections n u ta ch n th mac cho m i ng i vo u c. o FTP sate Operators : ta c th Add thm tn v m t m cho ng i no minh cho php vo (ta ph i t o user v pass)
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Th Home Directory : o FTP Site Diretory: ta ch vo th m c m mnh lu tr file c n chia s (ti E:\Home FTP) o Xong b n OK
y chia s
Nh th l ta khai bo xong FTP. By gi ta th l i FTP coi c ch y t t khng b ng cch m Internet Explorer Browser
ph n a ch ta g ftp://192.168.0.1/ n u ta th y n m ra ng m c Home FTP th minh thnh cng
PH N K TI P TA CI T SOFTWARE NG K IP. V sao ta ph i ci t software : " V m i khi ta vo m ng th VNN hay FTP cung c p cho ta 1 a ch IP m i (IP ng) cho nn ta khng th no bi t c ip c a mnh l bao nhiu khi connect vo m ng cho l n sau nn ta phi dng software v 1 trang web (Free) dng trung chuy n cho ng i truy c p vo my FTP c a mnh "
B c u tn ta ph i ng k 1 Username trn trang web http://www.no-ip.com/ sau ta vo ph n ng k 1 Domain d i d ng Tnb n@no-ip.com , hay info...... sau khi ng k xong ta load softwrae No-ipduc.Exe (http://www.no-ip.com/downloads.php?page=win) Sau khi b n Setup vo my l n m u tin b n ph i nh vo tn ban ng k v pass (tn
d ng email c a b n)
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Sau khi ng nh p thnh cng ban c menu sau (b n ch n vo vng trn ) khi th y hinh m t c i l b n ng k thnh cng.
by gi minh mu n chia s file v i 1 ng i khc m t ni no (m c nh l ta ang c trong internet) ta ch c n cung c p Domain name ftp://tenban.no-ip.com/ v user & pass.
Chc b n thnh cng.
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CC TNH NNG KH HAY C A GMAIL

Gmail l m t h p th kh tuy t c dung l ng l n 1GB . Do ch m i th nghi m nn cha hon thi n l m . Tuy nhin v i cc tnh nng c o sau s khi n ti c m th y r t ng khi ph i b th gian ch i v xin x ng i khc t m v m i ( Invite ) s d ng c c m t h p th Gmail . Nhanh hn chu t l tnh nng Keyboard Shortcut , b n s ti t ki m c kh nhi u th i gian thay v ph i di chuy n v click chu t th khi b n b t tnh nng ny , b n ch c n nh n phm ho c m t t h p phm . ( c ph i l nhanh hn chu t khng . ) b t ch c nng ny , b n ng nh p vo h p th v nh p chu t vo lin k t settings v ch n ki m Keyboard shortcuts On v nh n vo nt Save Changes lu l i c u hnh .
Danh sch phm t t :
l m t vi phm t t quan tr ng v th ng xuyn s d ng . B n c th tham kh o thm danh sch phm t t t i http://gmail.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=6594&query=Keyboard&topic=&type=f Khng vo nhng v n bi t c th L m t trong nh ng ti n ch v a c GMAIL c p nh t . GMAIL Notifier s gip b n ki m tra th v thng bo cho b n bi t khi c th m i . Chng trnh ny v n ang th nghi m , ch tng thch v i Win 2000 / XP . Download t i http://toolbar.google.com/gmail-helper/ .
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Sau khi ci t GMAIL Notifier ch y th ng tr trn khay h th ng , Nh p ph i chu t vo bi u t ng c a Gmail Notifier ( c hnh b c th ) ch n Check Mail Now ki m tra th , View Inbox m h p th v Tell Me Again nh c l i l n n a n u b n khng c nhanh m t v h p tho I thng bo c th c a GMAIL Notifier xu t hi n v t t i qu nhanh . Lu : trong l n u tin s d ng , Gmail Notifier b t b n ng nh p b ng ti kho n h p th Gmail , Ph n User khng c ui @gmail.com . N u ng nh p thnh cng r i th trong nh ng l n sau chng trnh s khng cn b t b n ng nhp n a .
Tm ki m th c c nhanh V i 1GB , b n khng cn lo s h p th b y n a nn khng c n ph i xo th th ng xuyn nh tr c n a . Tuy nhin n u ngy cng nhi u th th th t kh qu n l v s p x p nhng may thay Gmail c tch h p ch c nng tm ki m , v n l m t th m nh c a Google . Nh p t kho c n tm v nh p chu t vo nt Search Mail . k t qu s c tr v ngay l p t c ( s d ng ng truy n ADSL ) .
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Sau y l danh sch m t s cc t kho thng d ng vi c tm ki m t k t qu chnh xc hn Xem thm danh sch t kho t i : http://gmail.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=7190&query=Advanced&topic=&type=f
CC L I TH NG G P I V I MODEM
1. Modem v line i n tho i: Modem b chi m d ng b i chng trnh khc : bo l i " Error 602: The modem is being used by another Dial-Up Networking connection close the other connection,anh try again " -Nguyn nhn: Modem b chi m d ng b i chng trnh nh Winfax, chng trnh Media Pilot ( i v i my Compaq). . . -Cch kh c ph c : Thot kh i cc chng trnh ang chi m d ng Modem .
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My Detect c Modem nhng khi quay s bo ?No dial tone? c th do cc tr ng h p sau: -Nguyn nhn : ng dy i n tho i khng ti p xc t t ,l i Modem h . -Cch kh c ph c: Ki m tra l i ng dy i n tho i v Modem. My khng Detect (khng nh n d ng c Modem). -Nguyn nhn: + Cable n i t Modem n my tnh ti p xc khng t t. + Cable n i c ng COM ti p xc khng t t ho c c ng COM my tnh h. + Kh c ph c: Ki m tra cable Modem v Cable n i c ng COM (g n ch t vo). Khng k t n i vo m ng c . Bo l i: ?There is no anwer. An error occourred while establishing the Dial Up network connection ?VNN? ho c ?Unable to establishing Dial Up Network connection. Please go to ?Dial Up networking and make sure your connections are configed property.? -Nguyn nhn: ng dy i n tho i khng t t ho c do chng trnh ci t Modem l i. -Cch kh c ph c: + Ki m tra ng dy i n tho i. + Xa v ci l i Modem. 2. L i do chng trnh: Khng t o bi u t ng k t n i c: bo l i ?error rundll32??.
-Nguyn nhn: Do trong qu trnh ci Folder Dial-up Networking trn windows sai phin b n. -Cch kh c ph c: Ci l i Folder Dial-up Networking ng phin b n Windows m b n ang ch y.
Quay s k t n i vo c nhng khi n tr ng thi ?verify username and pasword ? bo ? uncompatible protocol??.
-Nguyn nhn: Do thi u giao th c TCP/IP . -Cch kh c ph c: Ci thm TCP/IP vo.

K t n i vo m ng c nhng khng nh n c mail.
-Nguyn nhn: + M t kh u mail sai. + Sai thng s Incoming Mail server (POP3) -Kh c ph c: + G l i m t kh u th. +T t ch g ch Vi t. + Khai bo l i thng s Incoming Mail server (POP3): mail.hcm.vnn.vn
K t n i vo m ng c nhng khng g i c mail.
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-Nguyn nhn: Sai thng s Outgoing Mail Server(SMTP)
-Kh c ph c: Khai bo l i thng s Outgoing Mail Server(SMTP): smtp.hcm.vnn.vn

Khng k t n i vo m ng . Bo l i: ?Error 691 : The computer you?re dialing into cannot establish a Dial up networking connection Check you password and then try again?
-Nguyn nhn: Sai m t kh u truy nh p -Kh c ph c: Gi i quy t gi ng nh sai m t kh u th, N u nh b n b n khng th no k t n i c m ng th b n yu c u ISP c p l i m t kh u m i.
K t n i vo kho ng 10 n 15 pht th ng t kh i m ng
-Nguyn nhn: ng dy i n tho i c a b n b nhi u ho c Modem c a b n t c k t n i qu th p. -Kh c ph c: +Th k t n i b ng ng dy i n tho i khc. +Tng t c Modem c th k t n i l n nh t (trong ph n ch nh s a cc thng s c a bi u t ng k t n i ) + Ch : N u b n tng t c qu cao c th Modem khng quay s k t n i vo m ng c lc b n c th gi m t c th p xu ng b t.
L i 664: The system has run out of memory
-Nguyn nhn: My tnh c a b n khng b nh quay s k t n i. -Kh c ph c: t t m t s chng trnh ang m v quay s l i.
L i 666:The modem is not functioning
-Nguyn nhn: Modem ho c m t s thi t b khc khng p ng, c th do m t s nguyn nhn sau: +N u ngu n cung c p Modem(External). +Cp n i gi a Modem v c ng Com my tnh. +L i do ph n c ng c a Modem. -Kh c ph c: +Ki m tra cp n i gi a Modem v c ng Com my tnh. +T t ngu n Modem kho ng 15-20 giy r i b t l i.
L i 668: The connection was terminated
-Nguyn nhn: tng t l i 652. -Kh c ph c: tng t nh l i 652.

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L i 676: The phone line is busy.
-Nguyn nhn: Dy i n tho i b b n. -Kh c ph c: C n ki m tra ng dy i n tho i, v th k t n i l i (Redial). Ban c th ci t cho my t ng g i l i b ng cch vo ph n Options c a ph n Properties c a Connections.
L i 678: There was no answer
-Nguyn nhn: Khng c tr l i t line i n tho i.Modem c a b n khng l y c tn hi u Tone c a ng dy i n tho i. -Kh c ph c: Ki m tra xem line i n tho i c c m vo modem cha, ki m tra l i s i n tha i c n g i (1260) v g i l i. C n ch c ch n l line i n tho i c c m vo ng l c m trn modem (l Line).
L i 679: The system could not detect the carrier
-Nguyn nhn: Modem c a b n hay modem trong tr ng h p modem tr l i khng tr l i.
xa khng tr l i. a s modem tr v l i ny
-Kh c ph c:B n ki m tra l i s i n tho i v g i l i.

L i 680: There was no dial tone
-Nguyn nhn: Khng c tone c a line i n tho i.L i ny th ng x y ra cho cc modem s d ng line i n tho i c a t ng i n i b ; khi g i ra ngoi, b n c n c s 9 tr c l y tone c a line i n tho i ngoi. -Kh c ph c: b n c n ki m tra xem n i line i n tho i v modem ng cha. N u b n trong h th ng t ng i n i b , c n c thm d u ph y (,) sau s 9 c th i gian tr cho vi c l y tone line i n tho i ngoi.
L i 691: Access was denied because the use name and/or password was invalid on the domain
-Nguyn nhn: Account c a b n c th cha c khai bo b i h th ng, ho c do password c a b n b h t h n s d ng, ho c do b n g b sai Password. -Kh c ph c:C n h t s c ch khi g Password. Ch ch ti ng vi t c a h th ng Windows c a B n c th lm cho Password c a b n b sai.
L i 692: There was a hardware failure in the modem
-Nguyn nhn: modem c a b n ho c modem
xa khng tr l i do cc l i sau:
+Modem c a b n ang t t, b tr c tr c, ho c cha c n i vo my tnh +C ng serial (COM) c a b n b l i.
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+M t chng trnh khc hi n ang chi m gi Modem (v d nh chng trnh HyperTerminal hay WinFax) -Kh c ph c: + Reset l i modem, ki m tra l i cc dy n i c ng COM +N u c chng trnh khc ang chi m gi modem c a b n, hy t t (Close) cc chng trnh ny.
L i 695: The state machine are not started
-Nguyn nhn: M t l i bn trong c a Windows x y ra. -Kh c ph c: b n hy t t v kh i ng l i my tnh ch c ch n l cc driver v cc c u hnh u c kh i ng v c hi u ng.
L i 696: The state machine are already started.
Tng t l i 695
L i 697: The response looping did not complete
Tng t l i 695
L i 699: The modem responese caused a buffer overflow
Tng t l i 695
L i 701: The modem moved to a connection speed not supported by the COM driver.
-Nguyn nhn: modem c a bn ang c g ng k t n i ng c.
t c m c ng COM khng th p
-Kh c ph c: B n hy thay i t c kh i ng modem v t c th p hn.

L i 710: Serial overrun errors were detectd while communicating with the modem
-Nguyn nhn: l i x y ra khi c ng Serial c g ng k t n i v i modem -Kh c ph c: gi m t c kh i ng xu ng th p hn.

L i 715: Too many errors occurred because of poor phone line quality
-Nguyn nhn: Qu nhi u l i x y ra do ch t l ng line i n tho i qu km. -Kh c ph c:ki m tra l i ch t l ng line i n tho i v th u g i l i. N u v n x y ra l i, gi m t c c a Modem xu ng th p hn.
L i 728: The system cannot find an IP adapter
-Nguyn nhn: l i x y ra v i c u hnh TCP/IP c a my -Kh c ph c: ki m tra l i TCP/IP, kh i ng l i my ch c ch n l cc c u hnh c kh i ng v c hi u ng. N u l i v n x y ra, xo TCP/IP v ci t l i.
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L i 756: The connection is already being dialed.
-Nguyn nhn: line i n tho i ang b n, ang k t n i -Kh c ph c: ch v quay l i sau .

3. M t s l i thng bo trn mn hnh khi k t n i v khi s d ng: L i 630 : The Modem was disconnected due to hardware failure. -Nguyn nhn: c th do m t s nguyn nhn sau: +Cp n i gi a modem v c ng COM ti p xc khng t t ho c cc thi t b lin l c thng tin khc. +C ng COM h ng. +Modem. -Kh c ph c: +Ki m tra l i cp n i gi a modem v c ng COM c a my tnh. +Ki m tra c ng COM v Modem L i 633: The Modem is already in use or not configured for dialing out. -Nguyn nhn: Modem b chi m d ng b i chng trnh khc v d : Win Fax Pilot ho c cha thi t l p c u hnh quay s . -Kh c ph c: T t cc chng trnh ang chi m d ng Modem. L i 636:The device attached to the port is not the one expected. -Nguyn nhn: S khng nh t qun gi a c u hnh ph n c ng v c i t cc thng s k t n i trn my b n. V d : khi b n cp Modem l p vo c ng COM2, trong khi khi ci t cc thng s Modem b n l i ch n c ng COM1, COM3 ho c COM4. -Kh c ph c: ci t l i ng c u hnh l p t L i 651:The modem has reported an error. -Nguyn nhn: Modem(External) c a b n cha c p ngu n. -Kh c ph c: t t / b t ngu n Modem v k t n i l i. L i 652 :There was an unrecognized response from the modem. -Nguyn nhn: c th do 1 trong 2 nguyn nhn sau: +N u Modem c a b n ang dng lo i External c th cha c p ngu n. +T c kh i t o c a modem qu l n (Maximum modem port speed). -Kh c ph c: +T t / b t ngu n Modem. +Gi m b t t c modem (Control panel/Modem/Properties) v d : 115200 57600. 4. L i do chng trnh Mail: L i : Chng trnh Outlook Express bo l i t p tin Msimnui.dll ?This program has performed an illegal operation and will be shut down. If the problem persists, contact the program vendor? v khi b n nh p chu t vo ch Details th b n nh n c thng tin sau: ?MSIMN caused an invalid page fault in module MSIMNUI.DLL at <address>.? -Nguyn nhn: l do b n ci t ph n m m Outlook Express v i m t phin b n c hn phin b n hi n c tr c trn my c a b n. -Cch kh c ph c: *Cch th nh t. +C b n nh t kh c ph c s c ny l b n xa b chng trnh Outlook Express trong my c a b n v ci t m t chng trnh Outlook Express m i v i Version cao hn *Cch th hai. B n tm v xa b cc t p tin sau *.idx, *.mbx, *.nch. h c hi n c i u b n lm nh sau :
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+B n kch chu t vo ch Start ->Find ->Files or Folders. Trong Named b n g *.idx v trong Look in b n ch n a C. Sau b n click chu t vo ch Find . My tm ra cho b n m t s t p tin c ui l .idx b n xa t t c i. B n ti p t c l p l i cc b c trn i v i cc t p tin c ui d ng *.mbx v *.nch. Lu : Trong t t c cc cch h ng d n d i y u c th lm m t i nh ng b c th c c a h p th trong my tnh c a b n. V v y b n n u b n mu n gi l i nh ng b c th th b n ph i copy inbox l i. L i : Chng trnh Outlook Express b treo my khi b n g i v nh n mail. Khi b n dng Outlook Express n u b n so n th xong v b m vo nt send g i th i th t nhin my c a b n b treo v b n ph i kh i ng (Restart) l i my sau m i g i i c. -Nguyn nhn: Ch n sai bi u t ng quay s k t n i vo m ng. -Kh c ph c tnh tr ng ny b n lm nh sau: +Trn chng trnh Outlook Express b n nh p vo menu: Tools -> Options -> Send. Trong h p tho i b n s th y dng ch nh p b ch n trong : Send messages immediately -> OK. +Ti p theo b n vo c a Click chu t vo tr l i vo ch Tools->accounts ->Mails. Ch n Account VNN ( th ng l dng Mail.hcm.vnn.vn) -> Properties->Connections. Trong h p tho i, b n ki m tra chng trnh mail gi ng nh hnh d i y khng? +L i k t n i vo Internet nhng khi nh p nt Send and Receive th y xu t hi n h p tho i
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ho c sau khi n nt Cancel th y xu t hi n h p tho i sau y:
-Nguyn nhn : + Sai tn truy c p vo h p tho i maill. +Sai m t kh u mail. -Kh c ph c: ki m tra tn v m t kh u vo h p th. Ch : Tn v m t kh u truy c p vo h p th u ph i phn bi t ch in hoa v ch in th ng.
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BI N MY B N THNH INTEL PENTIUM IV

N u my b n thu c l ai my con nh ngho nhng b n v n c th t ho khoe v i b n b mnh my b n thu c c Pentum IV th v i th thu t nh sau y s bi n gi c m thnh s th t i v i Win9x B c 1: B n m trnh s an th o Notepad o B n nh dng l nh sau y: REGEDIT4 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Hardware\Description\System\CentralProcessor\0] "VendorIdentifier"="Intel Pentium IV CPU: 3.4 GHz" "Identifier"="Only Power Of Intel" B c 2: B n lu an l nh d i d ng .reg (v d : IntelP4.reg ) ti p theo b n t o m t Shortcut c a file b n v a lu vo di chuy n n vo th m c Startup trong Windows. B c 3 : Trong th m c Startup b n ch n t p tin m b n v a Move vo v ch n Tab shortcup ch n target v bin s an v i n i dung : o REGEDIT.EXE /s c:\Mydocuments\ IntelP4.reg ( y l nh ny c ngha l m i l n b n kh i ng my file c ui .reg ny s t kch h at m t cch m th m v khng ai c th bi t c, ng d n trong c:\Mydocuments\ IntelP4.reg l ng d n ni v tn b n lu t p tin ) i v i WinXp B n cng m trnh s an th o v bin s an n i dung sau: o Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\CentralProcessor\0] "VendorIdentifier"="Intel Pentium IV CPU: 3.4 MHz" "Identifier"="Only Power Of Intel" Cc b c sau th b n cng lm tng t nh trn Sau khi lm xong t t c cc b c tng ng v i Windows c a my b n th b n ch vi c kh i ng my l i v vo Systems Properties xem thnh qu lao ng c a mnh, chc cc b n thnh cng v c c m t c u hnh my nh .
BI N CH
START TRN WINDOWS XP THNH TN G I TY THCH
Bi vi t ny ti s gi i thi u m t th thu t nh m b n c th t tn g i ty cho nt Start trn Windows XP. i m hay c a th thu t ny l nt Start m i t o ra khng b gi i h n ch trong 5 k t nh m t s cch lm khc Lu tr c khi th c hi n: Th thu t ny ch ng d ng cho H i u hnh Windows XP phin b n Professional v Home. T p tin m th thu t ny s d ng l explorer.exe t i th m c C:\Windows (C: l phn vng a ci t h i u hnh Windows XP). B n nn sao lu l i t p tin ny v i m t tn m i (v d : ExBackup.exe) vo cng th m c ny dng khi c n thi t. Windows XP c a b n ph i s d ng giao di n chu n m c nh l Windows XP (themes) th th thu t thay i ny m i c hi u l c. thi t l p giao di n chu n ny b n vo Desktop\ Properties\ ch n tab Themes v duy t n theme Windows XP. B n cng c th ch n giao di n chu n hi n th k t qu sau khi th c hi n hon t t th thu t ny. TH C HI N B c 1: T i v ph n m m Resource Hacker - Th c hi n th thu t ny b n s c n n m t cng c bin t p c bi t l Resource Hacker hi u
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ch nh t p tin explorer.exe trong WindowsXP. y l m t ph n m m mi n ph dng xem, hi u ch nh, thay i tn, thm xa... cc t p tin ngu n (*.res) v cc t p tin th c thi (*.exe, *.dll, *.cpl, *.ocx...) trn cc ng d ng Windows 32 bits (t Win95 n WinXP). Resource Hacker phin b n hi n t i l v3.4.0 (dung l ng 540 KB), b n c th t i v cc a ch http://delphi.icm.edu.pl/ftp/tools/ResHack.zip hay http://www.users.on.net/~johnson/resourcehacker/reshack.zip Cng c n t i t p tin h ng d n s d ng (dung l ng 115 KB) t i: http://www.users.on.net/~johnson/resourcehacker/reshack_hlp.zip - Sau khi t i ph n m m xong, b n gi i nn t p tin ResHack.zip vo m t th m c no trn a c ng v ch n t p tin ResHacker.exe th c hi n th thu t ny. Ph n m m ny t ch y, khng c n ph i ci t
B c 2: Ch nh s a t p tin Explorer.exe o B n vo File\Open v m t p tin explorer.exe t i th m c C:\Windows\. o Ch n th m c String Table. Nh p chu t vo d u + pha tr c String Table hay nh p kp vo String Table m r ng th m c ny.
o o
Duy t n m c 37 v ch n m c 1033, b n s th y mn hnh m i hi n ra nh hnh 3 (ph n A) n y, b n s thay i ch Start (t i dng 578 c nh d u nh trong hnh 3 ph n A) b ng m t ch no ty b n. y ti s d ng tn v d l Quan tri mang thay cho ch start b ng cch qut ch n ch hay nh p kp chu t ln ch start. Lu : 1/ B n khng c xa i d u nhy kp m ch thay th ph n ch bn trong d u nhy kp thi (xem hnh 3 ph n B); 2/ B n c th t m t tn m i bao g m c kho ng tr ng v k t c bi t nh: ! @ # $.
So snh hnh 3 ph n A (bn trn) v ph n B (bn d i) b n s th y sau khi nh p vo ch The Gioi @ hay b t k ch no khc th nt Compile Script (b m i trong ph n A) c t m ln b n ch p nh n thay i ( m ln trong ph n B). N u b n
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ng v i ch v a thay th , b n ph i nh p vo nt Compile Script ny th thay i m i c hi u l c. B n s lu l i t p tin ny v i m t tn m i t i th m c C:\Windows b ng cch ch n t trnh n File\ Save As (xem hnh 4).
Lu : 1/ B n ph i nh p vo tn m i v i c ph n m r ng l .exe ( y ti dng tn t p tin l quantrimang.exe); 2/ Quy cch t tn t p tin: Khng c dng cc k t c bi t hay kho ng tr ng; 3/ B n khng nn lu l i trng v i tn explorer.exe b ng cch dng phm t t Ctrl + S hay t trnh n File\ Save; 4/ B n c th vo th m c C:\Windows ki m tra l i t p tin m i ny c cng thu c tnh v dung l ng v i t p tin explorer.exe ban u hay khng. B c 3: Ch nh s a Registry o Sau khi hon t t thay i tn g i cho ch start, b n ph i ng k v i Registry Windows XP nh n bi t c thay i ny c a b n khi kh i ng my tnh. o B n vo trnh n Start\ Run, nh p vo Regedit (khng c d u ngo c kp) v nh n Enter hay nt OK trn h p tho i ny, mn hnh Registry Editor s hi n ra. Ti p theo, b n duy t n th m c Winlogon theo ng d n sau: [HKEY_LOCAL_ MACHINE\SOFT WARE\Microsoft\ Windows NT \ CurrentVersion\ Winlogon] o B n ch n n kha Shell trong khung mn hnh bn ph i. o Ti p theo, b n nh p kp vo kha Shell (kha c t sng trong mn hnh bn ph i) m h p tho i Edit String. Trong d li u Value data, b n nh p vo tn t p tin m i m b n thay i l quantrimang.exe nh b c 2 trn y, v nh p OK. o Sau khi hon t t b c c p nh t trn y, t p tin explorer.exe c i thnh quantrimang.exe, xem hnh 5 ph n B.
K t thc b c 3 ny, b n ng mn hnh Registry v kh i ng l i my tnh th th thu t thay i ny m i c hi u l c. Lu sau khi th c hi n th thu t ny: o 1/ N u kh i ng my tnh r i m ch start v n cn xu t hi n trn menu Windows, b n hy ki m tra l i xem giao di n Windows m b n ang dng c ph i l giao di n chu n m c nh khng (Windows XP theme). N u khng ng th b n th c hi n thay i giao di n nh lu trong ph n u c a th thu t ny. 2/ Tr ng h p b n kh i ng l i my tnh m mn hnh khng xu t hi n g c , b n s th c hi n kh c ph c s c khng mong mu n ny nh sau:
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Nh n t h p phm nng Ctrl+Alt+Del vo Windows Task Manager. B n vo File\New Task (Run...) (ch c nng tng t nh b n vo Start\Run) v nh p vo regedit m t p tin Registry, sau nh n Enter hay phm OK trn h p tho i ny. Th c hi n gi ng nh b c 3, nhng l n ny b n cho gi tr trong d li u Value data tr v gi tr ban u c a n l explorer.exe (hay l ExBackup.exe nh v d trong ph n lu u tin c a th thu t ny). Hon t t ch nh s a Registry xong, b n tr l i Windows Task Manager vo tab Shut Down\ Restart kh i ng l i, my tnh c a b n s tr v tr ng thi ban u. 3/ Trong Process (vo Task Manager v ch n tab Process) trn my tnh b n xu t hi n t p tin quantrimang.exe ang c ho t ng. B n cng ng ng c nhin v b n cng ng k t thc khi th y Process ny xu t hi n nh! N u b n k t thc (End Process) ny th Windows c a b n s m t i trnh Explorer v s khng ho t ng bnh th ng. Gi i thch cho s xu t hi n ny l v b n thay i explorer.exe b ng t p tin quantrimang.exe khi th c hi n ch nh s a Registry b c 3 trn y. Chc b n thnh cng!
B KP KHAI THC L C VI T MTD 2002

L c Vi t t i n l m t b t i n kh thng d ng , c s d ng trong h u h t cc my tnh vn phng trong n c . M i ng i u dng L c Vi t MTD trong cng vi c tra c u c a mnh . Tuy nhin , khng ph i ai cng bi t khai thc c cc tnh nng c a b t i n a nng ny . Bi vi t ny xin gi i thi u vi chiu t n d ng cc tnh nng s n c c a L c Vi t MTD . Chiu th nh t : c vn b n b ng c ti ng Anh l n Vi t Chiu ny r t thch h p cho cc v c s c n luy n nghe - ni b ng ti ng Anh hay cc ng ty mu n h c ti ng vi t c a chng ta . Vo Menu Tools > Listening . H p tho i Listening hi n ra ( hnh 1 ) , B n g n i dung c n c vo khung text sau ch n ngn ng thch h p b ng cch b m vo m t trong cc nt ch n Vietnamese v English trong ph n languages . Ngoi ra , b n c th ch nh l i m l ng ( Volume ) , t c ( rate ) , c ng ( Pitch ) b ng cch ko cc thanh tng ng tr c khi ch n Play b t u nghe . o Lu : pht m ng Ti ng Vi t , khi g , b n nn dng b g ti ng vi t Built In c a l c Vi t MTD b ng cch nh vo nt Vietnamese , ch n ki u g Vni hay telex . v n u s d ng cc b g khc nh vietkey hay Unikey , b n c th s b t c i V b t ng tr c cch nh v n r t ng c a nhn v t trong t i n . thay i gi ng c khc , chng ta vo menu tools > options , chuy n n th voice ( hnh 2 ) ,Sau , ch n l i gi ng c trong danh sch th xu ng trong ph n voice r i nh n Ok thay i c hi u l c
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Chiu Th
hai : T o b t
i n m i cho chnh b n .
V i L c Vi t MTD 2002 , b n c th qu n l , xa , ch nh s a hay t o thm cho mnh m t b t i n chuyn mn khng thua km cc b t i n s n c ( ch c i u , hi b c c m t t thi ) . B n c th lm c nh ng i u y trong h p tho i qu n l t i n ( Tools > Dictionary managerment ) . Trong bi ny , xin trnh by b n cch t o thm m t b t i n m i .
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o o
Tr c tin , b n b t h p tho i qu n l t i n trong Menu Tools > Dictionary managerment . Sau nh n vo nt Create t o m t t i n m i . Trong h p tho i Create a Dictionary , b n i n y cc thng s nh Tn t p tin ( File name , khng c n g ph n ui m r ng ) , Tiu Ti ng Vi t ( Vietnamse Title ) , Ti ng Anh ( English Title ) , Tc gi ( Author ) , nh xu t b n ( Publisher) . Trong ph n Type Of dictionary , b n ch n lo i t i n tng ng ho c ch n Other r i nh n Ok ( hnh 3 ) . L c Vi t MTD 2002 s gip b n t o m t t p tin c d ng tentaptinbandachon.dit n m trong th m c Data trong th m c ci t c a MTD . y chnh l m ngu n c a b t i n m i c a b n . B n c th copy t p tin ny v em ph bi n ho c t ng cho b n b .
V a t o xong , t i n c a b n d nhin l ch ng c g c . V th b n c n b dung thm t vo cho n b ng cch ch n n tab t i n c a b n trong c a s chnh v nh n vo nt thm t m i vo trong t i n c a b n . H p tho i Add an Entry xu t hi n ( hnh 4 ) , b n i n t c n thm vo New Entry r i nh n Ok n b c ti p theo
n c a s MTD Editor ( hnh 5 ) , cc m c c n a vo n i dung t i n c li t k theo th t trn thanh li t k n m bn tri c a mn hnh Editor. Trong c cc m c : Phonetic Transcription : Phin m qu c t c a t Other Spelling : Cch vi t khc c a t Parts Of Speech : T lo i : danh t , ng t , tnh t Meanings : Ngha Examples : V d Idioms : Thnh ng Examples for Idioms : V d thnh ng
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B n ch n m c trong ph n so thot kh i . Ti trong ph n tr
Normal text : vn b n b sung thm v thng th ng m c nh p ngha trong MTD b gi i h n s l ng t Multimedia : Chn thm t li u , hnh nh , m thanh Rich Text Format : RTF tng t nh Normal text nhng c thm nhi u tnh nng nh in nghing , in m , i mu ch , i phng Move up , move down : Di chuy n , s p x p l i th t trnh by c a cc m c . Remove Entry : xa m c ny . Close : thot kh i MTD Editor . no mnh c n thm vo cho n th o v b n ch vi c g n p t c v i cc t cn l i v b gip c a L c Vi t MTD ( Nh t b ng cch nh p vo cc nt tng ng . M c s xu t hi n i dung c n a vo . Sau nh n nt Save lu l i v close n s c m t b t i n hon ch nh . B n c th tham kh o k hn n Phm F1 ho c vo menu Help > Help )
Chiu th
3 : Thm t
i n c trong my vo MTD
Trong chiu tr c , b n t o thm m t t i n m i cn chiu ny , b n c th Import cc t p tin .dit vo trong L c Vi t MTD s d ng ( trong tr ng h p : b n c t ng m t b t i n c t o b ng chiu s 2 trn ) . Tr c tin , b n ph i chp t p tin .dit vo th m c ci t c a MTD , sau vo h p tho i Dictionary managerment , b n nh n nt Add MTD t ng d tm gip b n cc b t i n i l c ( khng c trong danh sch t i n trong ph n List of Existing dictionaries ) . MTD s d tm cc t p tin .dit c trong th m c ci t v li t k danh sch cc t i n m n tm c ( trong s c t i n b n mu n thm vo ) . By gi , vi c c a b n l ch n tn t i n trong dictionaries found v nh n nt Ok ( hnh 6 ) . Th l xong .
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Chiu cu i : Chp cc m c t c s n vo t i n khc V i chiu ny , ta c th chp cc t trong b t i n ny vo b t i n khc ti t ki m th i gian v cng s c b ng cch ch n t c n chp v vo Menu Tools > Export to H p tho i Export to Another Dictionary xu t hi n , b n nh d u ki m vo t c n xu t v ch n t i n ch trong List of existing dictionaries r i nh n nt Export MTD th c hi n gip b n ( hnh 7 ) .
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BEHAVIORS - M T CH C NNG R T HAY TRONG FRONTPAGE 2003
y l m t ch c nng r t hay nhng t ng i bi t n trong Frontpage. R t ti n l i , b ch cho nh ng ng i thch thi t k website nhng khng rnh v l p trnh HTML , java script . Behaviors s gip b n t o ra cc website s ng ng m khng c n bi t g v java script !! Kh i ng Behaviors : Format > Behaviors s hi n ln h p tho i nh hnh d i. Cch s d ng : - Nt Insert : chn cc s ki n - Nt Delete : xo s ki n Trong b ng Behaviors c 2 ph n : + Ph n Events : tn s ki n , b n c th thay i cc s ki n chnh nh sau ( khi click vo tn s ki n s hi n ra menu ch n ) : - onafterupdate : sau khi c p nh t - onclick : khi b n click chu t vo i t ng - ondbclick : khi nh p 2 l n vo i t ng - onkeydown : khi c m t phm c nh n. - onkeypress : khi c m t phm b nh n v gi khng nh ln ( phm ) - onkeyup : khi nh phm - onmousedown : khi nh n chu t vo i t ng - onmousemover : khi di chuy n chu t trn i t ng - onmouseout : khi tr chu t r i i t ng - onmouseover : khi di chuy n chu t ln i t ng - onmouseup : khi click chu t nhng th ra li n - onresize : khi thay i kch th c - onload : khi m trang web - onfilterchange : khi c s thay i
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+ Ph n Actions : tn hnh ng ( khng th thay i nn khi sai th Delete r i Insert l i ) - Call Script : g i m t file Java Script. Khi b n nh n vo y c m t h p tho i yu c u b n nh n tn file Java Script m b n vi t ( nn lu file .js c n dung th m c g c ) - Change Property : thay i nh d ng c a hnh nh, table , text. Khi nh p vo s hi n ra m t h p tho i v i cc nh d ng tng ng, b n ch vi c thay i. C m t nt ch n pha d i l Restore on mouseout event : t c l s ph c h i nh d ng ban u khi tr chu t r i i t ng. - Change Property restore : ph c h i l i nh d ng ban u c a i t ng.( khng ph i Insert l nh ny khi b n ch n Restore on mouseout event) - Check Browser : ch n m t trnh duy t m trang web. - Check Pulg-in : ch n pulg-in - Go to URL : m m t lin k t - Jump Menu : t o m t nemu s xu ng - Open Browser Window : m m t trang web v i c a s m i ( c th thay i kch th c... c a c a s ) - Play sound : chi nh c - Popup message : t o m t thng bo - Set text : t o text trong thanh Status bar ho c layer ho c frame ho c text field - Swap image : thay i hnh nh - Swap image : ph c h i hnh nh ban u
Lu : b n c th p d ng nhi u s b ch
ki n hnh ng cho m t i t ng. Chc cc b n c m t website s ng ng
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NH NG H NG D N TNG C NG AN TON, B O M T CHO H TH NG M NG PH N I

Bi H ng Quang
Su t m t i website Viethacker
Email: BHQLTT@s.vnn.vn or BHQLTT@vnws.com Gi i thi u
Bi vi t ny s trnh by cc v n c xem l n n t ng c a an ton, b o m t trong m t t ch c, doanh nghi p. Cc v n c trnh by bao g m c b o m t m c h th ng v ng d ng s l c s cho cc t ch c khi mu n xy d ng c ch b o m t. Ti li u cng gip b n rt ng n c th i gian ti p c n v n m b o an ton cho h th ng m ng n i b c a mnh. B n khng c n m t nhi u th i gian tm hi u m i th . Khi xem xt m i v n , ni t t nh t kh i u chnh l cc cn b n y, chng ti s trnh by 6 b c c b n h th ng b o m t t t hn.
B c 1: Thnh l p b ph n chuyn trch v v n b o m t

B t k k ho ch b o m t no cng c n s h tr trn nhi u phng di n khc nhau, n u n mu n thnh cng. M t trong nh ng phng th c t t nh t c th c s h tr l nn thi t l p m t b ph n chuyn trch v v n b o m t. B ph n ny s ch u trch nhi m tr c cng ty v cc cng vi c b o m t.
M c ch tr c tin c a b ph n ny l gy d ng uy tn v i khch hng. Ho t ng c a b ph n ny s khi n cho khch hng c m th y yn tm hn khi lm vi c ho c s d ng cc d ch v c a cng ty. B ph n ny c trch nhi m th ng xuyn cung c p cc lu , c nh bo lin quan n an ton b o m t thng tin nh m trnh cc r i ro ng ti c cho khch hng v cng ty. B ph n ny cn c trch nhi m tm hi u, a ra gi i php, c ch b o m t cho ton cng ty. S l hi u qu v xc th c hn khi cng vi c ny c th c hi n b i chnh i ng trong cng ty thay v i thu m t cng ty b o m t khc th c hi n.
Cu i cng, m t b ph n chuyn trch v v n b o m t c th thay i cch lm, cch th c hi n cng vi c kinh doanh c a cng ty tng tnh b o m t trong khi cng c i ti n c s c s n xu t, ch t l ng, hi u qu v t o ra s c c nh tranh c a cng ty. V d , chng ta hy ni n VPN (Virtual Private Network), y l m t cng ngh cho php cc nhn vin m b o an ton khi c email, lm vi c v i cc ti li u t i nh, hay chia s cng vi c gi a hai nhn vin hay hai phng ban.
B c 2: Thu th p thng tin

Tr c khi a ra cc thng bo m t th c hi n b o m t, b n ph i l ng c m i tnh hu ng s x y ra, khng ch bao g m ton b cc thi t b v h th ng i km trong vi c th c hi n b o m t m cn ph i k n c cc ti n trnh x l, cc c nh b o b o m t, s th m nh hay cc thng tin c n c b o v . i u ny r t quan tr ng khi cung c p m t ci nhn bao qut v h th ng b o m t c a cng ty. S chu n b ny cng nn tham chi u t i cc chnh sch b o m t cng nh cc h ng d n th c hi n c a cng ty trong v n an ton b o m t. Ph i l ng tr c c nh ng g x y ra trong t ng b c ti n hnh c a cc d n.
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ki m tra m c y u km c a h th ng, hy b t u v i nh ng v n c th d n t i r i ro cao nh t trong h th ng m ng c a b n, nh Internet. Hy s d ng c ch b o m t bn ngoi t s n ph m c a m t hng c danh ti ng, c th cung c p thng tin c n thi t c l ng m c b o m t hi n t i c a cng ty b n khi b t n cng t Internet. S th m nh ny khng ch bao g m vi c ki m tra cc l h ng, m cn g m c cc phn tch t ng i s d ng, h th ng c k t n i b ng VPN, m ng v cc phn tch v thng tin cng c ng s n c. M t trong nh ng cn nh c mang tnh quan tr ng l th m nh t bn ngoi vo. y chnh l i m m u ch t trong vi c nh gi h th ng m ng. i n hnh, m t cng ty s d ng c ch b o m t bn ngoi, cung c p cc d ch v email, Web theo c ch , th h nh n ra r ng, khng ph i ton b cc t n cng u n t Internet. Vi c cung c p l p b o m t theo account, m ng b o v b n thn h t chnh nh ng ng i s d ng VPN v cc ng nghi p, v t o ra cc m ng ring r t cc c ng truy c p u cu i l ton b cc u th c a c ch ny. C ch b o m t bn trong cng gip vi c qu n l b o m t cng ty c t t hn. B ng cch ki m tra ton b cng vi c kinh doanh, cc c ch chnh sch, cc qu trnh x l, xc th c d li u tng ph n v i nh ng g c m t , hay s tng thch v i nh ng chu n t n t i c th m nh. C ch b o m t bn trong cung c p thng tin m t cch chi ti t tng t nh vi c kh o st k l ng ph m vi m c su hn, th m ch bao g m c vi c ph m m t kh u v cc cng c phn tch h th ng ki m tra tnh tng thch v chnh sch trong tng lai.
B c 3: Th m nh tnh r i ro c a h th ng
Khi th m nh tnh r i ro c a h th ng, hy s d ng cng th c sau: Tnh r i ro = Gi tr thng tin * M c c a l h ng * Kh nng m t thng tin Tnh r i ro b ng v i gi tr thng tin trong cu h i (bao g m gi tr ng ti n, gi tr th i gian my b l i do l i b o m t, gi tr m t mt khch hng tng i), th i gian c a quy m l h ng (t ng c ng/t ng ph n c a t n th t d li u, th i gian h th ng ng ng ho t ng, s nguy hi m khi d li u h ng), th i gian v kh nng xu t hi n m t thng tin. l y c cc k t qu t b c u (cc gi tr , bo co v c ch b o m t ngoi, v chnh sch b o m t), v t p trung vo 3 trong s cc m t th ng c c p. Sau , b t u v i m t s cu h i khung sau:

C ch b o m t t n t i c a cng ty c c ra r rng v cung c p bi n php b o m t cha? K t qu t c ch b o m t bn ngoi c h p l so v i chnh sch b o m t c a cng ty? C m c no c n s a l i trong c ch b o m t m khng c ch r trong chnh sch? H th ng b o m t s m t tc d ng trong tnh r i ro cao nh t no? Gi tr , thng tin g mang tnh r i ro cao nh t?
Cc cu tr l i cung c p ci nhn ton di n cho vi c phn tch v ton b chnh sch b o m t c a cng ty. C l , thng tin quan tr ng c l y trong qu trnh k t h p cc gi tr th m nh v tnh r i ro tng ng. Theo gi tr thng tin, b n c th tm th y cc gi i php m t c ton b cc yu c u, b n c th t o ra m t danh sch quan tm v l h ng b o m t.
B c 4: Xy d ng gi i php
Trn th c t khng t n t i gi i php an ton, b o m t thng tin dang Plug and Play cho cc t ch c c bi t khi ph i m b o cc lu t thng m i t n t i v ph i tng thch v i cc ng d ng, d li u s n c. Khng c
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m t ti li u no c th l ng h t c m i l h ng trong h th ng v cng khng c nh s n xu t no c th cung c p cc cng c c n thi t. Cch t t nh t v n l s d ng k t h p cc gi i php, s n ph m nh m t o ra c ch b o m t a nng. Firewall
Xem xt v l a ch n m t s n ph m firewall h p l v a v ho t ng ph h p v i chnh sch c a cng ty l m t trong nh ng vi c u tin trong qu trnh b o m t h th ng. Firewall c th l gi i php ph n c ng ho c ph n m m ho c k t h p c hai. Nhi m v c a firewall l ngn ch n cc t n cng tr c ti p vo cc thng tin quan tr ng c a h th ng, ki m sot cc thng tin ra vo h th ng. Vi c l a ch n firewall thch h p cho m t h th ng khng ph i l d dng. Cc firewall u ph thu c trn m t mi tr ng, c u hnh m ng, ng d ng c th . Khi xem xt l a ch n m t firewall, c n t p trung tm hi u t p cc ch c nng c a firewall, tnh nng l c a ch , gi tin, ... H th ng ki m tra xm nh p m ng (IDS)
M t firewall c g i l t t ch khi n c th l c v t o kh nng ki m sot cc gi tin khi i qua n. V y cng chnh l ni m h th ng IDS nh p cu c. N u b n xem firewall nh m t con p ngn n c, th th b n c th v IDS nh m t h th ng i u khi n lu ng n c trn cc h th ng x n c khc nhau. M t IDS, khng lin quan t i cc cng vi c i u khi n h ng i c a cc gi tin, m n ch c nhi m v phn tch cc gi tin m firewall cho php i qua, tm ki m cc ch k t n cng bi t (cc ch k t n cng chnh l cc o n m c bi t mang tnh nguy hi m cho h th ng) m khng th ki m tra hay ngn ch n b i firewall. IDS tng ng v i vi c b o v ng sau c a firewall, cung c p vi c ch ng th c thng tin c n thi t m b o ch c ch n cho firewall ho t ng hi u qu . H th ng ki m tra xm ph m d a theo vng (H-IDS) S l a ch n, th c hi n v s d ng m t h th ng ki m tra s xm ph m trn my ch d a trn nhi u h i u hnh v mi tr ng ng d ng ch nh. M t hm ch c nng y c a H-IDS c th cung c p cc thng bo u n theo th i gian c a b t k s thay i no t i my ch t tc ng bn trong hay bn ngoi. N l m t trong nh ng cch t t nh t gi m thi u s t n thng c a h th ng. Vi c tm ki m h th ng m h tr h u h t cc h i u hnh s d ng trong t ch c c a b n nn c xem nh m t trong nh ng quy t nh chnh cho m i H-IDS.
H th ng ki m tra xm ph m d a theo
ng d ng (App-IDS)
S l ng App-IDS xu t hi n trn th tr ng ngy cng nhi u. Cc cng c ny th c hi n vi c phn tch cc thng i p t m t ng d ng c th hay thng tin qua proxy t i ng d ng . Trong lc chng c m c ch c th , chng c th cung c p m c b o m t tng ln theo t ng m ng ng d ng c th . Khi c k t h p v i m t H-IDS, chng m b o r ng s xm nh p t i m t my ch s gi m thi u. M t App-IDS nn c xem nh m t ch c nng h tr b o m t trong su t, m c d khng ng trong m t s tr ng h p. Ph n m m Anti-Virus (AV)
Ph n m m AV nn c ci trn ton b my tr m (workstation), my ch (server), h th ng h tr d ch v s , v h u h t nh ng ni ch a d li u quan tr ng vo ra. Hai v n quan tr ng nh t xem xt khi t yu c u m t nh s n xu t AV qu n l nhi u my ch v my tr m trn ton b ph m vi c a cng ty l kh nng nh cung c p c i ph c cc e
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do t virus m i hay khng. (nguyn nhn: khng bao gi cho r ng ph m m m ang ch y, lun ki m t phin b n c a virus v cc file c p nh t cho virus m i). M ng ring o (VPN)
Vi c s d ng VPN cung c p cho cc nhn vin hay cc c ng s truy c p t i cc ti nguyn c a cng ty t nh hay ni lm vi c khc v i m c b o m t cao, hi u qu nh t trong qu trnh truy n thng, v lm tng hi u qu s n xu t c a nhn vin. Tuy nhin, khng c i u g khng i km s r i ro. B t k t i th i i m no khi m t VPN c thi t l p, b n ph i m r ng ph m vi ki m sot b o m t c a cng ty t i ton b cc nt c k t n i v i VPN. m b o m c b o m t cho h th ng ny, ng i s d ng ph i th c hi n y cc chnh sch b o m t c a cng ty. i u ny c th th c hi n c qua vi c s d ng cc h ng d n c a nh s n xu t v d ch v VPN nh h n ch cc ng d ng c th ch y nh, c ng m ng c th m , lo i b kh nng chia knh d li u, thi t l p h th ng b o v virus khi ch y h th ng t xa, t t c cng vi c ny gip gi m thi u tnh r i ro. i u ny r t quan tr ng i v i cc cng ty ph i i m t v i nh ng e do trong vi c ki n co, m ng c a h hay h th ng c s d ng t n cng cc cng ty khc. Sinh tr c h c trong b o m t
Sinh tr c h c c bi t n t m t s nm tr c y, nhng cho n nay v n c r t nhi u kh khn cho vi c nhn r ng p d ng cho cc h th ng b o m t thng m i. D u tay, trng m t, gi ng ni, ..., cung c p b o m t m c cao trn cc m t kh u thng th ng hay ch ng th c hai nhn t , nhng cho n hi n t i, chng cng v n c coi nh phng th c t t nh t truy c p vo h th ng.
Cc th h th thng minh Cc cng ty g n y s d ng s d ng th thng minh nh m t phng th c b o m t h u hi u. Windows 2000 cung c p c ch h tr th thng minh nh m t phng ti n chnh trong vi c ch ng th c quy n ng nh p h th ng. Ni chung, s k t h p a cng ngh (nh trng m t, th thng minh, d u tay) ang d n hon thi n v m ra m t th i i m i cho vi c ch ng th c quy n truy c p trong h th ng b o m t. Ki m tra my ch
S ki m tra u n m c b o m t c cung c p b i cc my ch ph thu c ch y u vo s qu n l. M i my ch trong m t cng ty nn c ki m tra t Internet pht hi n l h ng b o m t. Thm n a, vi c ki m tra t bn trong v qu trnh th m nh my ch v cn b n l c n thi t gi m thi u tnh r i ro c a h th ng, nh khi firewall b l i hay m t my ch , h th ng no b tr c tr c. H u h t cc h i u hnh u ch y trong tnh tr ng th p hn v i m c b o m t t i thi u v c r t nhi u l h ng b o m t. Tr c khi m t my ch khi a vo s n xu t, s c m t qu trnh ki m tra theo m t s b c nh t nh. Ton b cc b n s a l i ph i c ci t trn my ch , v b t c d ch v khng c n thi t no ph i c lo i b . i u ny lm trnh r i ro xu ng m c th p nh t cho h th ng. Vi c ti p theo l ki m tra cc log file t cc my ch v cc ng d ng. Chng s cung c p cho ta m t s thng tin t t nh t v h th ng, cc t n cng b o m t. Trong r t nhi u tr ng h p, chnh l m t trong nh ng cch xc nh n quy m c a m t t n cng vo my ch .
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Ki m sot ng d ng
V n an ton b o m t trong m ngu n c a cc ng d ng h u h t khng c quan tm. i u ny khng c th hi n trn cc s n ph m nh li u n c c mua, c download mi n ph hay c pht tri n t m t m ngu n no . gip gi m thi u s r i ro b o m t trong cc ng d ng, th m nh l i gi tr c a ng d ng trong cng ty, nh cng vi c pht tri n bn trong c a cc ng d ng, i u ny cng c th bao g m cc nh gi c a cc th c th bn ngoi nh ng nghi p hay cc khch hng.
Vi c i u khi n c u hnh b o m t cc ng d ng c th lm tng m c b o m t. H u h t cc ng d ng c c u hnh t i m c t i thi u c a tnh nng b o m t, nhng qua cc cng c c u hnh, m c b o m t c a h th ng c th c tng ln. L ng thng tin ki m sot c cung c p b i ng d ng cng c th c c u hnh. Ni m cc ng d ng cung c p thng tin v quy m b o m t, th i gian ki m sot v s phn tch thng tin ny s l cha kho ki m tra cc v n b o m t thng tin.
Cc h i u hnh S l a ch n h i u hnh v ng d ng l qu trnh i h i ph i c s cn nh c k cng. Ch n ci g gi a h i u hnh Microsoft hay UNIX, trong r t nhi u tr ng h p, i u th ng do n t ng c nhn s n ph m. Khi l a ch n m t h i u hnh, thng tin v nh s n xu t khng quan tr ng b ng nh ng g nh s n xu t lm c trong th c t , v kh nng b o tr hay d dng th c hi n v i cc ti li u i km. B t k m t h i u hnh no t 2 nm tr c y u khng th m b o theo nh ng chu n ngy nay, v vi c gi cc my ch , ng d ng c a b n c c p nh t th ng xuyn s m b o gi m thi u kh nng r i ro c a h th ng. Khi l a ch n m t h i u hnh, hy tm hi u khng ch cc tiu chu n thng th ng nh (qu n tr , hi u nng, tnh ch ng th c), m cn ph i xem xt kh nng p d ng c c a h i u hnh v i h th ng hi n t i. M t h i u hnh c th cung c p c ch b o m t t t hn khi n tng thch v i cc ng d ng ch y bn trong n nh DNS hay WebServer, trong khi cc h i u hnh khc c th c nhi u ch c nng t t hn nh m t h th ng application, database hay email server.
B c 5: Th c hi n v gio d c
Ban u, s h tr c n thi t s c c rt l i v ln k ho ch hon ch nh cho d n b o m t. y chnh l b c i quan tr ng mang tnh chi n l c c a m i cng ty v v n b o m t. Cc chi ti t k thu t c a b t k s m t no cng s thay i theo mi tr ng, cng ngh , v cc k nng lin quan, ngoi ra c m t ph n khng n m trong vi c th c thi b o m t nhng chng ta khng c coi nh , chnh l s gio d c. m b o s thnh cng b o m t ngay t lc u, ng i s d ng ph i c c s gio d c c n thi t v chnh sch, g m c:
K nng v cc h th ng b o m t m i, cc th t c m i. Hi u bi t v cc chnh sch m i v ti s n, d li u quan tr ng c a cng ty. Hi u cc th t c b t bu c m i, chnh sch b o m t cng ty.
Ni tm l i, khng ch i h i ng i s d ng c cc k nng c b n, m i h i h c ph i bi t nh t i sao v ci g h ang lm l c n thi t v i chnh sch c a cng ty.
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B c 6: Ti p t c ki m tra, phn tch v th c hi n

H u h t nh ng g mong i c a m t h th ng b o m t b t k l ch y n nh, i u khi n c h th ng v n m b t c cc lu ng d li u c a h th ng. Qu trnh phn tch, t ng h p cc thng tin, s ki n t firewall, IDSs, VPN, router, server, v cc ng d ng l cch duy nh t ki m tra hi u qu c a m t h th ng b o m t, v cng l cch duy nh t ki m tra h u h t s vi ph m v chnh sch cng nh cc l i thng th ng m c ph i v i h th ng.
Cc g i b o m t cho h th ng v m ng Theo lu n i m ny, chng ti t p trung ch y u v cc b c mang tnh h th b o m t. T y, chng ti s ch ra m t vi b c i c th c i thi n h th c a vi c s d ng cc phng th c b o m t bn ngoi v b o m t bn trong c h n ph m vi c a cc g i ny theo cc v n chung nh t m chng ti g m t cch chnh xc hn cng nh cc thch th c m m ng cng ty ph i chuyn nghi p hn v IT, cc g i ny c chia thnh cc ph n nh sau: c i m c a b o m t T o b ph n chuyn trch b o m t xem xt ton b cc v n lin quan t i b o m t Th c hi n cc thng bo b o m t t i ng i s d ng m b o m i ng i hi u v th c hi n theo cc yu c u cng nh s c n thi t c a vi c th c hi n cc yu c u . T o, c p nh t, v theo di ton b chnh sch b o m t c a cng ty. ng cung c p m t h th ng ng b o m t, d a trn k t qu a h th ng. Chng ti cng gi i p ph i, cung c p, m t v n i m t ngy nay. mang tnh
Windows NT/IIS H u h t 95% cc v n b o m t c a NT/IIS, chng ta c th gi i quy t theo cc b n s a l i. m b o ch c ch n ton b cc my ch NT v IIS c s a l i v i phin b n m i nh t. Xo ( ng ci t) ton b cc script t Internet.
Cisco Routers Lo i b cc tnh nng nh finger, telnet, v cc d ch v , c ng khc trn thi t b nh tuy n (router). B cc gi tin ti nguyn IP d n ng trong router. Ch y Unicast RPF ngn ch n ng i s d ng c a b n s d ng vi c gi m o IP. S d ng router c a b n nh m t firewall pha tr c v th c hi n cc ACL tng t theo cc lu t trong firewall c a b n.
Quy nh chung v c u hnh firewall

C u hnh c a firewall nn c cc lu t nghim ng t. Ch r cc lu t i v i t ng lo i truy nh p c bn ngoi l n bn trong. Gi m thi u cc truy nh p t xa t i firewall. Cung c p h th ng ki m sot t p lu t c a firewall. Ki m tra l i cc lu t.
Cisco PIX Firewalls

Khng cho php truy c p qua telnet S d ng AAA cho vi c truy c p, i u khi n h th ng console
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Ki m sot Firewall-1
Lo i b cc lu t m c nh cho php m ho v qu n l c a firewall, thay th cc lu t khng r rng b ng cc lu t phn bi t r ch ri trong cng vi c th c thi c a b n. Khng s d ng m c nh lu t allow DNS traffic - ch p nh n lu t ny ch cho cc my ch cung c p DNS cho bn ngoi.
DNS bn trong B t k my ch no cung c p DNS bn trong v cc d ch v mang tnh ch t n i b ph i khng c cung c p DNS bn ngoi. Ki m tra v i nh cung c p DNS c a b n c u hnh b o v t thu c tnh cache poisoning
(D ch theo ti li u Comprehensive guide to securing networks and system)
NH NG H NG D N TNG C NG AN TON, B O M T CHO H TH NG M NG M i quy t c then ch t v an ton v b o m t PH N II

T i trung tm h i p v an ton b o m t thng tin c a hng Microsoft, hng nghn cc b n bo co v an ninh h th ng c nghin c u trong m i nm. Trong m t s tr ng h p, k t qu v m c an ton c a h th ng xu t pht t l i trong s n ph m. i u ny c ngha l s c m t b n s a l i pht tri n ngay sau kh c ph c l i v a tm c. Trong m t s tr ng h p, cc v n c bo co l k t qu n gi n do l i c a ai t o ra trong qu trnh s d ng s n ph m. Nhng l i c r t nhi u tr ng h p m khng ri vo hai tr ng h p trn. chnh l cc v n an ton b o m t thng tin th c s , nhng cc v n ny l i khng do cc thi u st t s n ph m. Theo nm thng, m t danh sch v nh ng v n nh v y c pht tri n g i l M i quy t c then ch t v an ton v b o m t. ng gi h th ng c a b n ho t ng trong khi ch i m t phin b n s a l i m i, m hy b o v b n t cc v n m chng ti a ra d i y. Cc l i ny khng th do Microsoft hay b t k cc nh s n xu t ph n m m no c th s a c, b i v chng c t o ra do chnh cch ho t ng c a cc my tnh. Nhng cng ng nh m t h t hi v ng - i u ny ph thu c vo chnh b n thn b n v i cc l i ny, v n u b n gi chng trong u mnh, b n c th c i thi n m t cch ng k cc h th ng b o m t c a b n. Lu t #1 : N u m t ng i no c th thuy t ph c b n ch y chng trnh c a anh ta trn my tnh c a b n, N s khng cn l my tnh c a b n n a. N chnh l m t tr ng h p ng ti c c a h th ng my tnh : khi m t chng trnh my tnh ch y, n s th c hi n ph n vi c c l p trnh, th m ch n u ph n vi c c l p trnh gy nguy hi m cho h th ng my tnh. Khi b n l a ch n m t chng trnh, chnh b n ang quy t nh b t ch i u khi n my tnh cho chng trnh . Khi m t chng trnh ch y, n c th lm b t k th g, trn c nh ng cng vi c m b n c th lm i v i h th ng. N c th i u khi n cc phm b m c a b n, nh n l y thng tin v g i chng t i m t website. N c th m m i ti li u trn h th ng, v thay i chng v i t s tr thnh s khng trong ton b chng. N cng c th g i email khi m nh t i cc ng i b n c a b n hay c th ci t m t chng trnh virus, t o ra m t c a ph m d a vo n, m t ng i khc c th i u khi n my tnh c a b n t xa. chnh l l do t i sao th t l quan tr ng khi ch y, th m ch download m t chng trnh t m t ti nguyn khng ch ng th c. Ti nguyn, y ti mu n ni t i ng i vi t n, khng ph i ng i a n cho b n. C m t s phn tch th v gi a vi c ch y m t chng trnh v vi c n m t chi c bnh sandwich. N u m t ng i xa
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l i t i b n v a cho b n m t chi c bnh sandwich, v y li u b n c n n khng? c l l khng. N u ng i b n thn nh t c a b n a b n chi c bnh th sao?, c l b n s n, c l b n s khng, - i u ny ph thu c vo li u c y lm n hay tm th y n trn ph . Vi c l a ch n s d ng m t chng trnh cng gi ng nh b n v i chi c bnh sandwich, i u ny s gip b n an ton v i h th ng my tnh c a b n. Lu t #2: N u m t ng i no c th s a i h i u hnh trn my tnh c a b n, N s khng cn l my tnh c a b n n a. Nhn chung, h i u hnh ch l m t t p c a cc con s 1 v con s 0, khi c d ch b i b vi x l. Vi c thay i cc con s 1 v s 0, n s lm cho m t vi th khc i. Ni no cc con s 1 v s 0 ny c lu? T i sao, trn h th ng my, th t cc con s lun i cng v i m i th khc. Chng ch l cc file, v n u m t ng i no khc c th s d ng h th ng v c quy n thay i cc file , i u ny c ngha l h th ng c a b n ch t. hi u c t i sao, hy xem h i u hnh nh cc file gi a cc thnh ph n c ch ng th c trn my tnh, v chng ch y, nhn chung, v i m c u tin cao. i u ny c ngha l chng c th lm h u h t m i th . Gi a cc th khc, chng c ch ng th c qu n l account c a user, i u khi n vi c thay i password, v t o ra cc lu t i u khi n nh ng ai thao tc trn my tnh. N u m t ng i no c th thay i chng, h th ng s khng cn ho t ng ng n a v tun theo thao tc c a anh ta, v s khng c i u g c th c n n i nh ng g anh ta can thi p t i h th ng. Anh ta c th n c p password, t o cho anh ta c quy n qu n tr h th ng, hay thm ton b cc ch c nng m i t i h i u hnh. ngn c n ki u t n cng ny, ph i m b o ch c ch n r ng cc file h th ng c b o v t t nh t. Lu t #3: N u m t ng i no truy c p v t l khng h n ch t i my tnh c a b n. N s khng cn l my tnh c a b n n a. M i th m m t ng i no c th lm c n u anh ta c th t cnh tay c a anh ta t i my tnh c a b n. Anh ta c th qu n l c h th ng b o v an ton, v lm h ng my tnh c a b n v i cng vi c ph ho i c a anh ta. Anh ta c th g b my tnh, lo i n ra kh i t m ki m sot c a b n, v gi n v i cc i h i c a mnh Anh ta c th kh i ng my tnh t m t a m m, v nh d ng (format) l i a c ng c a b n. Nhng hy i, b n nh ni, ti c u hnh BIOS trn my tnh c a ti v i m t kh u b o v khi ti kh i ng my tnh. i u ny khng c ngha g, n u anh ta c th m c trong tr ng h p ny v v i c t i my tnh c a b n, anh ta c th ch c n thay i cc con chip c a BIOS. (Th c t cn c nhi u cc cch d dng hn r t nhi u). Anh ta c th lo i b c ng t my tnh c a b n, c m n vo my tnh c a anh ta v c n. Anh ta c th t o ra m t b n sao c ng c a b n, khi , anh ta s c th i gian th c hi n m i nh c a mnh tr c khi ph ho i h th ng c a b n, nh c g ng tm ki m m t kh u, m cc chng trnh hi n t i c lm theo thu t ton c s n s t ng lm i u . Vi c c th i gian s gip anh ta thnh cng. Anh ta c th gi thm m t con chip nh vo bn phm c a b n, lc ny anh ta c th i u khi n c m i th m b n nh vo, bao g m c m t kh u c a b n.
Lun lun m b o ch c ch n r ng m t my tnh c b o v v m t v t ch t, v nh r ng gi tr c a h th ng bao g m khng ch gi tr c a b n thn ph n c ng, m cn gi tr c a d li u trn n, v gi tr truy c p t i m ng c a b n m ng i l c th truy c p vo. M c t i thi u, cc h th ng thng m i quan tr ng nh cc i u khi n vng (domain controller), cc my ch c s d li u (database server) v cc my ch d ch v in hay my ch chia se file nn c kho m ch cho php ng i c quy n qu n tr b o tr v truy c p. Nhng b n c th xem xt vi c b o v cc h th ng t t hn v i cc phng th c b o v c thm vo cho m i h th ng.
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N u b n di chuy n v i m t my tnh c m tay, c l r ng b n nn b o v n. Cc ch c nng tng t m t o cho my tnh c m tay nh v kch c , nh v kh i l ng,.. cng t o cho chng d b nh c p hn. C r t nhi u cch b o v nh cc lo i kho hay cc chung bo ng cho cc lo i my c m tay, v m t vi m hnh gip b n tho r i c ng ra kh i my tnh v c th mang trong ng i b n. b n cng c th s d ng cc ch c nng nh m ho cc file h th ng lm gi m nguy c n u m t ng i no n c p c my tnh. Nhng ch c cch ch c ch n r ng d li u c a b n an ton v c ng c a b n khng b ph l b n nn gi my tnh c m tay lc no cng i theo b n trong ton b chuy n hnh trnh. Lu t #4: N u b n cho php m t ng i no y cc chng trnh t i website c a b n. N s khng cn l website c a b n. i u ny d a trn lu t 1, trong lu t ny ng i no dng th o n ti p c n v i n n nhn trong khi download chng trnh c h i trn h th ng c a anh ta v ch y n. Cn trong tr ng h p ny, anh ta s y chng trnh c h i t i h th ng v ch y n. C r t nhi u ng i khi qu n l website qu u i v i khch hng c a h , v cho php cc v khch c th y cc chng trnh t i site v ch y chng. i u ny c th d n t i h th ng b xm ph m. N u b n qu n l m t website, b n c n ph i gi i h n cc v khch c th lm g. B n ch nn cho php m t chng trnh trn site c a b n ch y n u b n thn b n vi t ra, hay n u b n tin t ng c nh pht tri n m vi t chng trnh . Nhng i u v n cn c th l khng . N u wesite c a b n l m t trong m t vi my c nh a ch trn m t my ch chia s ti nguyn, b n c n ph i h t s c c n th n. N u m t ng i no c th tho thu n v i m t trong nh ng site trn server, n c th gip anh ta m r ng i u khi n c a mnh t i my ch , m anh y c th i u khi n c m i site trn , bao g m c b n. N u b n ang trn m t my ch c dng chung, i u quan tr ng l ph i tm ra chnh sch qu n tr c a server l g. Lu t #5: Cc m t kh u d nh n c th lm h ng h th ng b o m t m nh M c ch c a vi c ng nh p vo my l bi t b n l ai. Ban u, h i u hnh bi t b n l ai, n c th cho php ban truy c p ti nguyn hay t ch i. N u m t ng i no h c c m t kh u c a b , anh ta c th ng nh p nh b n. Trong th c t , n u anh ta thnh cng, h th ng my s coi anh ta l b n. B t k b n c th thao tc g v i h th ng, anh ta cng c th lm nh v y. C l b n c cc quy n trn m ng hn anh ra v b n c th lm nh ng thao tc m anh ta bnh th ng anh ta khng th th c hi n. Hay c th anh ta ch mu n lm m t i u g c c hay e do b n. Trong b t k tr ng h p no, t t nh t nn b o v m t kh u c a b n. Lun lun s d ng m t m t kh u, v l a ch n m t m t kh u ph c t p. ng s d ng tn con v t c a b n, tn ngy c i, hay tn c a i bng a phng m b n yu thch. V cng ng s d ng t password lm m t kh u. L y m t kh u nn t o ra b ng cch c cc k t vi t ch hoa v ch th ng ng khng theo th t no, nn s d ng c cc con s , d u ch m,... v t o ra m t kh u c di v a , v ph i nh thay i m t kh u th ng xuyn. Khng c vi t m t kh u ra gi y, hay b t k u cho d nh . Khng c ni cho b t k ai v m t kh u c a b n l g. Cu i cng, xem xt s d ng m t ci g di hn m t kh u c a b n nh danh b n thn b n v i h th ng. B n cng c th mu n cc s n ph m hi n i nh nh n d ng d u vn tay, v qut trng m t thay th m t kh u truy n th ng. Lu t #6: M t h th ng ch c an ton nh s tin t ng nh qu n tr
M i my tnh ph i c m t nh qu n tr : l m t ng i no c th ci t chng trnh ph n m m, c u hnh h i u hnh, thm v qu n l cc account c a user, thi t l p cc chnh sch v b o m t, v i u khi n cc thao tc qu n l c lin k t v i vi c gi cho my tnh ch y t t. Theo nh ngha, cc thao tc ny i h i anh ta c ton quy n v i h th ng. i u ny t nh qu n tr trong m t v tr r t quan tr ng v i h th ng. V i m t nh qu n tr khng ng tin c y c th lo i b hon ton cc quy ch v an ton b o m t m b n t o ra. Anh ra
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c th thay i quy n trn h th ng, s a cc chnh sch b o m t c a h th ng, ci t cc chng trnh c h i vo trong h th ng, thm cc user khng c th t vo trong h th ng hay lm b t k i u g v i h th ng. Anh ta c th lm h ng h th ng o v b o v c a h i u hnh, b i v anh ta i u khi n n. N u b n c m t nh qu n tr khng m y tin t ng, b n c th khng c ch b o m t. Khi thu m t nh qu n tr h th ng, hy nhn nh n v tr tin c y c a nh qu n tr , v ch mu n nh ng ng i m c ch ng nh n v tin c y. G i t i cc ng nghi p c a anh ta, h i h v cng vi c c a anh ta tr c , c bi t v i b t c i u g lin quan t i tnh ch t b o m t d ch l vi c nh . N u thch h p cho t ch c c a b n, b n c th xem xt t ng b c v i anh ta khi b c chn vo mi tr ng b o m t c a cng ty. K ti p, t o ra cc b c gip h thng trung th c hn n a. S d ng cc b ng ng nh p n m b t xem ai v a trong tr ng thi qu n tr . a d ng ho cc thao tc qu n tr v i m c cao nh t c th c, nh m t l lm t i thi u ho cc tnh nng m m i nh qu n tr c c. Cng nh v y, ng s d ng account Admin, thay th vo a cho m i nh qu n tr m t account ring bi t v i quy n qu n tr , v y b n c th bi t c ai ang lm g theo b ng ti n trnh lm vi c c a anh ta. B n cng c nhi u nh qu n tr , b n g n nh cng c t v n v b o m t. Lu t #7: D li u c m ho ch nh cha kho gi i m
Gi nh b n vi t m t h th ng kho l n nh t, m nh nh t, c b o m t t t nh t trn th gi i cho h th ng c a b n, nhng b n ph i t m m c h th ng . N s th c s l m nh nh th no, i u ny cn ph thu c vo cha kho cho h th ng kho . N u cha kho qu gi n n v i h th ng c b o v , k tr m c th tm ra n. V y anh ta c m i th m cnh c a . D li u c m ho cng ch an ton nh cha kho gi i m n. R t nhi u h i u hnh v cc s n ph m ph n m m v thu t ton m ho cho b n m t tu ch n xem vi c ch a cc cha kho m trn my tnh nh th no. Thu n l i c a phng php ny chnh l b n khng ph i thao tc kho b ng tay, nhng c c i u ny ng ngha v i vi c b n ph i tr m t s ti n khng nh cho s n ph m m ho. Cc cha kho th ng lm r i r m v i u ny th ng r t t t v i h th ng c m ho. Nhng cu i cng, n u nh m b pht hi n, vi c m ho ny cng tr nn v tc d ng v m t ng i no v n c th vi t ra cc chng trnh b kho. Lu t #8: M t h th ng qut virus h t h n th cng cn t t hn khng c h th ng di t virus no Cc h th ng qut virus lm vi c c so snh nh h th ng my tnh c a b n i ch i v i m t lo i virus c ng k. M i m t ch k l k t c a m t virus c bi t, v khi h th ng qut tm d li u trong m t file, email, hay b t k u m i n ch k. n thng bo r ng tm th y virus. Tuy nhin, m t h th ng qut virus c th ch qut cho cc virus m n bi t. i u ny th t c n thi t cho h th ng c a b n c c p nh t th ng xuyn h th ng di t virus vo m i ngy. Ph n m m b o v virus o cung c p m t cch nh n cc ch k c p nh t mi n ph t website c a h . Th c t , r t nhi u ph n m m d ng ny c d ch v y thm cc c p nh t m i, m h s g i cc thng bo khi c p nh t m t virus m i. Nh ng k vi t virus m i pht tri n cc k thu t m i m i h i cc h th ng qut virus thay i cch lm vi c c a chng nh th no. Lu t #9: Tnh tr ng d u tn hon ton khng th c t Ton b loi ng i nh h ng l n nhau bao hm vi c trao i d li u v m i m t. N u m t ng i no a ra d li u, h c th m t c b n. Hy ngh v ton b thng tin m m t ng i c th thu c ch trong m t cu c h i tho i ng n v i b n. Ch m t ci li c m t, h c th phn on chi u cao, s cn, hay tu i x p x m b n c. Gi ng c a b n c th ni cho h bi t r ng b n t u n, v c th th m ch ni cho h bi t m t vi i u v gia nh b n, s thch c a b n, ni b n s ng, v b n ang lm g ki m s ng. i u khng m t
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nhi u th i gian cho b t k ai mu n thu l m thng tin m t b n l ai. N u b n ao c c gi u m t hon ton, cch t t nh t l s ng trong hang ng v trnh xa ti p xc v i loi ng i. i u tng t cng ng v i Internet. N u b n thm m t website, ng i ch c th , n u anh ta mu n bi t b n l ai. Cu i cng, cc con s 1 v cc con s 0 m t o ra cc phin lm vi c web c th tm c cch c a chng n c ng ni c n n, v l my tnh c a b n. C r t nhi u cch b n c th che d u cc bit, v b n cng s d ng chng nhi u, cc bit b n s d ng ph i c che d u nhi u hn. Trong tr ng h p, b n c th s d ng a ch m ng che a ch IP th t c a b n, s d ng m t thu bao Internet khc nhau cho cc m c ch khc nhau,... Ton b i u ny c th lm cho b n kh b pht hi n hn khi ki m tra b n l ai, nhng khng m t cch no c th lo i b hon ton cc thng tin v b n. B n c bi t ch c ch n ai i u hnh d ch v che d u thng tin?, c th l m t ng i no s h u website m b n v a duy t! hay website m b n m i gh thm hm tr c xu t mail t i b n m t phi u th ng 10$? C l ng i ch cc trang web ny s hi lng khi chia s thng tin c a b n v i m t website khc. N u v y, trang web th hai l i ti p t c,... v s ki m tra c b n l ai. V y i u c ngha l chnh sch trn web chnh l nguyn nhn lm m t tnh b o m t? khng ph i hon ton nh v y. N ch l phng cch t t nh t b o v tnh ring t c a b n khi truy c p Internet, cng gi ng nh b o v b n trong cu c s ng i th ng theo cch x s c a b n. Hy c cc l i m t v tnh ring t trn cc website khi b n gh thm, v ch th c i n mua bn v i m t ng i no n u tho mn cc i h i c a b n. N u b n lo l ng v cc cookies, hy b chng i. Quan tr ng hn l nn trnh cc website khng c ch ng th c, i u ny cng gi ng nh trong h u h t cc thnh ph u c nh ng con ng m ta nn trnh i, Internet cng lm nh v y. Nhng n u nh b n mu n khng c ai bi t v b n, t t hn h t l tm m t hang ng tr ng . Lu t #10: Cng ngh khng ph i l t t c Cng ngh c th lm m t vi i u gy kinh ng c cho m i ng i. Nh ng nm g n y chng ta c nhn th y s pht tri n t t b c trong c ph n c ng cng nh ph n m m nh: ph n c ng r i v c nhi u tnh nng m i, ph n m m cng pht tri n song song v i ph n c ng nh t o cc tiu chu n m i trong v n an ton v b o m t v cc ngnh khoa h c khc lin quan t i my tnh. N m ra vi n c nh m cng ngh c th t o ra m t th gi i m i v i tnh nng an ton b o m t tuy t i, n u chng ta lm vi c chm ch . Tuy nhin, i u ny l khng th c t . B o m t hon h o i h i ph i c cng ngh hon h o tng ng, i u ny khng t n t i, v th c t cha bao gi t n t i. Vi c pht tri n ph n m m l m t ngnh khoa h c khng chnh xc, v ton b cc ph n m m u c l i. M t s c th do s d ng qu t i d n n khng an ton b o m t. Nhng th c t v i ngay c ph n m m c l p trnh hon h o, n cng v n khng gi i quy t c ton b cc v n . H u h t cc cc t n cng bao g m nhi u c p, t m c ny t i m c khc. Vi c tng gi thnh v kh trong cng ngh v an ton b o m t, v k xm ph m h th ng s tm cch ph ho i h th ng ny theo cch khc, nh v con ng i ch ng h n. B n c th duy tr c h th ng b o m t c a b n t t hn n a hay b n l i tr thnh nguyn nhn gy ra l i cho h th ng. Gi i php l th a nh n hai i m mang tnh b n ch t. i m th nh t, an ton b o m t bao g m c cng ngh v chnh sch, c ngha l, n k t h p cng ngh v h th ng c a b n an ton n u v i cc v n thu c b n ch t. i m th hai, an ton b o m t l m t qu trnh, khng c k t thc, n khng ph i l m t v n m c th gi i quy t m t l n cho t t c ; n l m t t p cc v n lun t n t i v cc bi n php gi a ng i mang tnh b o v v ng i mang tnh ph ho i. Cha kho m b o r ng b n c m t h th ng b o m t t t ph thu c chnh vo y u t con ng i v cc chnh sch c a
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Su T m Th Thu t

Thi t K : Nguy n Anh T

Su T m Th Thu t CHN HNH NH V THAY MU CH WINXP.

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BI N MY B N THNH INTEL PENTIUM IV

START TRN WINDOWS XP THNH TN G I TY THCH

B KP KHAI THC L C VI T MTD 2002

BEHAVIORS - M T CH C NNG R T HAY TRONG FRONTPAGE 2003

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Cisco PIX Firewalls

(D ch theo ti li u Comprehensive guide to securing networks and system)

NH NG H NG D N TNG C NG AN TON, B O M T CHO H TH NG M NG M i quy t c then ch t v an ton v b o m t PH N II

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