Professional Documents
Culture Documents
= 30
= 60
= 70
'
+
+
t ) * c o s ( a t ) * s i n ( b y
t ) * c o s ( b t ) * s i n ( a x
(t = 02 )
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Vi tham s b = 1, cn tham s a chy t 0 4, ta s c mt
th bin i t ng trn, on thng, hoa 3 cnh, hoa 4 cnh v
cui cng l hoa o 5 cnh nh hnh di y.
Cc th ca cc hm ph thuc tham s thng c hnh
dng rt p, l mt. Bn hon ton c th t pht minh ra rt nhiu
dng th hp dn bng cch th cc hm s khc.
V d th
'
+
t ) * c o s ( a * t ) * s i n ( b y
t ) * c o s ( b t ) * s i n ( a x
(t = 02 )
vi cc tham s b = 1, a = 4, th s c hnh dng mt
bng hoa sen trng rt p.
V nhiu th trn cng mt h trc, v cc tim cn
Violet cng cho php v th ca nhiu hm s khc nhau
trn cng mt h trc ta , vi cc mu sc khc nhau. Tnh nng
ny phc v rt nhiu cho cc bi ton v gii phng trnh hoc
gii h phng trnh, h bt phng trnh, v.v... V nhiu th trn
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mt h trc cn gip ta c th th hin cc tim cn cho th hm
s mt cch d dng.
Violet cn c chc nng v cc im nm trn th v
dng xung cc trc (xem hnh di). v cc im, ta ch cn
nhp honh ca chng (cch nhau bi du phy hoc chm phy)
vo "H/ cc im cn v" trong bng nhp liu th. (ch
phi nhn vo nt mi tn ch phi di mi hm s th mi hin ra
ny).
V d 9:
V th hm s
1 x
1 x x
y
2
+
+ +
vi cc im trn th c
honh t -3 n 1
Ta nhp hm s trn, cc ng tim cn v cc im (-3,
-2, 0, 1) nh sau:
Lu khi v tim cn thng ng x = a, ta c th v gn
chnh xc bng th hm s: y = (x-a)*M vi M l mt s rt ln.
Mu ca cc tim cn nn l mu nht hn so vi mu th.
Nhn nt "ng ", kt qu th s c nh sau:
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th hm s c v bng Violet
Ngi dng sau s t minh ha cc th vo bng cch
nhp cng thc trong hp son tho text, nh dng ch v dch
chuyn n ng v tr cn thit.
Th hin 2 hm s bng chc nng Vn bn ca Violet
Ta cng c th dng hp son tho text t tn cho cc
im trn th, hoc th hin ta chnh xc ca n. V d: A
,
`
.
|
2
5
, 3
vit l LATEX((3, sqrt5/2))
Trong bi ton kho st v v th hm s, ta c th thu
nh th t vo 1 gc mn hnh, sau nhp cc bi v li
gii xung quanh to ra mt bi hon chnh. Thm ch ta c th
minh ha cho th bng cc hnh ng hoc phim.
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V th 3 chiu
Chc nng v th 3 chiu rt hu ch trong vic ging dy
mn Gii tch cp III. Chc nng ny c th v c mi hm s
dng z = f(x, y), c phi mu ph hp, c th xoay theo nhiu
hng nn gip hc sinh d dng hnh dung v ghi nh, m bng
tranh nh thng thng khng th no thc hin c.
V d 10: V th Parabol 3 chiu z = x
2
+ y
2
, trong khong (x: -1
1; y: -1 1).
Ta chn dng th 3 chiu v nhp hm s nh di y
Nhn nt tr phi pha di nhp hm s hin bng
thuc tnh, ti y, ta c th chn mu cho th bng cch nhn
vo nt Mu, bng mu hin di y hin ra nh sau.
Nhn nt H ta chn khong xc nh cho cc bin
s x, y, z v di ca mt n v. Khong bin s mc nh ca
th 3 chiu l (x: -1 1; y: -1 1).
Nhn nt Cc tham s khc ty chn s mt li trn
mt n v, hoc l cho php c hin li khi v th hay khng.
Cui cng nhn nt ng , ri nhn ng tip. Ta
c th 3 chiu ca hm z = x
2
+ y
2
nh sau.
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Tng t, ta c th v th 3 chiu ca hm z = x
2
- y
2
v
c kt qu nh sau.
2.5.2. V hnh hnh hc
Vi cng c ny ngi s dng c th d dng v c cc
hnh hnh hc phc v cho ging dy, thay i cc yu t ca hnh
v, quan st c s thay i ca hnh v khi cc yu t thay i
v tng tc trc tip trn phn trnh chiu ca Violet.
a) Cng c v hnh
Cng c v hnh hnh hc ca Violet bao gm cc chc nng:
V im:
- V mt im bt k
- V trung im ca mt on thng cho trc
V ng:
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- V mt on thng ni hai im
- V mt ng thng i qua hai im
- V mt tia bit gc v mt im thuc tia
- V ng thng i qua mt im v song song vi mt
ng
- V ng thng i qua mt im v vung gc vi
mt ng
V ng trn:
- V ng trn bit tm v mt im thuc ng trn
- V ng trn bit tm v bn knh
Chc nng chnh:
- V k hiu gc: chn chc nng ny, tip chn 2
cnh ca gc
- n\Hin cc i tng, dng n cc i
tng s dng lm trung gian v cc i tng khc. V d:
v ng trn ngoi tip ca tam gic, ta v 2 ng trung trc, ri
v ng trn tm l giao im v i qua 1 nh tam gic, sau khi
c ng trn th c th n 2 ng trung trc i.
- Thm\Xa nhn cc i tng. nh k hiu
cc im bng ch ci hoa A, B, C, v k hiu cc ng bng
ch ci nh a, b, c,
- Lu\Xa vt ca im khi im chuyn ng, s
dng trong cc bi ton qu tch
Chc nng khc:
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- Khi nng cp nu c thm chc nng no khc s xut
hin y.
b) Cc thao tc khc
Bt im, bt ng: Khi v i tng, ta c th phi chn
mt im hoc mt ng v. Kh nng bt im gip
thao tc ny tr nn d dng v chnh xc.
Di chuyn cc im, cc ng: Sau khi v hnh th cc i
tng s c lin kt vi nhau. V d v trng tm G ca
tam gic bng cch v giao ca 2 trung tuyn th khi di
chuyn 1 nh hoc cnh ca tam gic th G vn lun l
trng tm.
c) Nhp hnh v t Sketchpad
Violet c thit k theo hng gip kt hp cc phn mm
son tho vi nhau nhm khai thc ti a cc im mnh ca mi
phn mm. Vi phn mm Violet, cc im yu trn ca Sketchpad
c khc phc
- Violet c th nhp cc m hnh c v bng Sketchpad vo
ngay bn trong Violet. T bng chc nng ng gi ca Violet,
c th xut m hnh ny ra dng EXE chy c lp trn mi my
tnh m khng cn phi ci bt c phn mm h tr no, c th xut
ra dng HTML a ln mng, thm ch c th ng gi bi ging
theo chun SCORM a ln cc h LMS.
- c bit, vi vic Violet c th nhng vo Powerpoint, cc
thy c c th gn trc tip cc hnh v bng Sketchpad ln lun cc
trang slide ca Powerpoint ch khng cn phi lin kt ngoi nh
trc na.
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Cch chng minh nh l Pytago c a vo Violet
Bn c th th chc nng ny bng cch v hnh trong
Sketchpad, lu li di dng Java Sketchpad (htm). Sau vo
Violet, nhn phm F5 to mc mi, nhn Cng c, chn V hnh
hnh hc, nhn nt Java Sketchpad gc di bn tri, chn file
htm va lu t Sketchpad ri nhn Open. Nhn ng tr v
trang son tho, ri nhn ng tip.
Sau c th ng gi hoc nhng vo Powerpoint theo
hng dn mi di bng cng c VioletTools.
2.5.3. Ngn ng lp trnh Violet Script
Ngn ng lp trnh chuyn dng cho vic to cc qu trnh
m phng, vi mc linh hot rt cao, c kh nng th hin c
hu ht nhng mong mun ca ngi s dng, thm ch c th to
c nhng m phng ng m ngay c nhng chng trnh ha
mnh nh Macromedia Flash cng kh c th lm c. Tuy nhin,
Violet Script n gin v d dng hn nhiu so vi cc ngn ng
lp trnh khc.
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Violet Script c th d dng cp nht thm cc th vin cho
tng mn hc, hin ti chng ti cung cp kh nhiu cc hm v
i tng phc v cho mn hnh hc. C th xem kh nng ca
Violet Script thng qua mt s bi ging mu ca Violet nh: nh
l Pytago, Cc bi tp Ton,...
Chi tit phn hng dn s dng Violet Script s c trnh
by trong Ph lc 2.
2.5.4. Thit k mch in
Violet cung cp cng c thit k mch in, cho php v
c tt c cc loi mch in trong chng trnh ph thng nh
mch song song, mch ni tip, mch kt hp, mch cu, vi cc
thit b in nh: ngun mt chiu, ngun xoay chiu, in tr, bin
tr, cun cm, t in, vn k, ampe k, n, cng tc, di dng
cc k hiu nh quy nh trong SGK hoc cc hnh nh ging tht,
sinh ng.
Cc gi tr ca cc thit b in c th thay i c trong
lc trnh chiu bi ging, bin tr v cng tc c th tng tc c
nh tht, n c th sng hoc tt khi c hoc khng c dng in,
c bit cc thit b o nh vn k hay ampe k s lun ch ng gi
tr thc t bt k mch nh th no. Chnh v vy cng c thit k
mch in s rt hu ch trong vic kim chng kt qu ca cc bi
ton mch in, hng dn th nghim lp mch in, trong cc
chng trnh Vt l v Cng ngh.
bt chc nng ny, ca s son tho, click nt Cng
c, chn Thit k mch in. Mn hnh son tho mch in s
xut hin nh sau:
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c bit, vi u th v ha, cng c ny h tr cc hnh
nh thit b in v cng sinh ng thay th cho cc k hiu thit
b thng thng. V vy, ty tng mc ch s dng, ngi son c
th s dng hnh nh hoc k hiu cho ph hp, va m bo
tnh s phm, va lm cho bi ging sinh ng hp dn.
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S mch in bng hnh nh
Theo nh hai hnh trn, cng c thit k mch in bao gm:
Cng c chnh (Di chuyn i tng, Ni dy, Xoay i tng
sang tri, Xoay i tng sang phi), Cc i tng (Ngun xoay
chiu, Ngun mt chiu, in tr, Bin tr, Cun cm, T in,
Vn k, mpe k, Cng tc, Bng n).
Nu ch mun v mch in n gin nh trong SGK th
chng ta s cc k hiu bng cch click vo th K hiu. Cn nu
mun c nhng hnh nh ging tht to ra mt bi ging sinh
ng, hp dn, ta click vo th Hnh nh.
1. Chn\Xa cc i tng.
- chn i tng no, ta ch cn ko i tng t
khung Hnh nh hay K hiu vo trang son tho ca
cng c thit k mch in.
- Mun xa i tng no trn trang son tho ca cng
c thit k mch in ta click vo i tng (chn i
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tng xut hin khung hnh ch nht bao quanh i tng)
v nhn phm Delete trn bn phm.
2. Di chuyn\Xoay cc i tng.
- Mun di chuyn mt i tng ta dng chut ko i
tng n v tr mi.
- Mun xoay i tng no, ta click chut vo i tng
(chn i tng) v click nt quay tri hay quay phi.
3. Ni cc i tng bng dy dn, xa on dy dn.
- ni hai i tng bng dy dn ta thc hin cc thao
tc:
o Click nt Ni dy.
o Di chuyn con chut n im u ca i tng
th nht im chuyn thnh mu , nhn v ko
n im u ca i tng th hai m ta cn ni dy,
khi im ny cng chuyn thnh mu ta nh chut.
- xa on y dn, ta click vo on dy dn ri
nhn phm Delete trn bn phm.
4. Thay i cc gi tr vt l ca i tng.
- thay i cc gi tr mc nh ca cc i tng ta a
con tr n gi tr cn thay i, khi gi tr chuyn thnh
mu xanh, ta click chut, nhp gi tr mi v nhn Enter
hoc click chut ra ngoi hon tt thay i.
- Lu : i vi Vn k v mpe k ta ch thay i c
gii hn o. i vi bin tr ta ch thay i c gi tr in
tr ln nht, mun thay i gi tr tht ca in tr trong
mch ta ko con chy ca bin tr.
- i n v mc nh ca cc gi tr vt l trn cc i
tng ta a con tr n n v cn chuyn i, khi n v
chyn thnh mu xanh, ta click chut. Mi ln click n
v s thay i v ta click n khi no nhn c n v
mong mun.
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2.6. Cc chc nng khc ca Violet
2.6.1. Chc nng chn trang ba
Cch dng: Vo menu Ni dungChn trang ba, sau
son tho trang ba ging nh tt c cc trang ni dung khc.
V d to ra mt trang ba nh hnh trn ta lm nh sau:
Vo menu Ni dungChn trang ba
Nhn nt Thm nh a bc nh nn vo, click vo
nh, click tip nt hin bng thuc tnh ca nh, v
iu chnh trong sut ln cao cho tm nh trng m i
(vi mc ch lm ni r ch ln).
Sau Thm ch v thay i v tr, nh dng v cc
thuc tnh ca ch c mn hnh trang ba nh trn.
Nhn ng .
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2.6.2. Chn giao din bi ging
Vo menu Ni dungChn giao din. Ca s chn giao
din cho bi ging hin ra nh sau:
Ko thanh trt ngang pha di xem v la chn ton b
cc giao din. Hin ti chng trnh cung cp 10 giao din khc
nhau v s c cp nht nhiu hn v sau.
2.6.3. Son tho hnh nn cho cc trang bi ging
son tho trang nn, bn vo menu Ni dung Son
tho hnh nn, ca s sau s hin ra. C th click vo nt +
thm mt hnh nn, click vo nt - xa i hnh nn ang c
la chn.
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Sau khi son tho cc hnh nn xong, click vo nt ng
li kt thc qu trnh son tho. s dng hnh nn cho cc
trang trong mt ch , ta click p vo tn ch trong cy trc
bi ging (hoc chn tn ch ri nhn F6), ca s son tho
thng tin ch hin ra nh sau:
Ngoi vic c th sa tn ch nh trong cc phin bn
Violet trc, y ngi dng c th chn hnh nn cho tt c cc
trang trong ch . Ngi dng cng c th click thng vo nt >
m trang son tho hnh nn lun t ca s ny cho thun tin.
2.6.4. ng gi bi ging
Sau khi son tho xong v lu bi ging, ta vo mc Bi
ging ng gi (phm tt F4) chn Xut ra file chy (EXE).
ng gi bi ging ra file EXE c th gip bn lin kt vi cc bi
ging c to bng Powerpoint hoc cc cng c khc c h tr
lin kt.
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Nu ng gi dng HTML, phn mm s chy di dng
giao din Web, v c th a ln Website ca trng, Website c
nhn hoc mt h thng E-learning no . Nh vy, gio vin c
th truy cp, s dng bi ging ca mnh thng qua Internet mi
ni, mi lc m khng cn mang theo a mm hay CD.
Vic ng gi ra HTML thc cht l ng gi ra dng SWF,
l dng file chng trnh chun ca Macromedia Flash, v vy nn
bt c chng trnh no h tr nhp Flash th u c th nhng
c bi ging Violet vo bn trong n. C th tham kho thm
phn ph lc 3.4. Nhng Violet vo Powerpoint .
Bn cnh vic ng gi ra dng EXE v HTML, Violet h
tr thm vic ng gi bi ging ra mt file nn (.zip) theo chun
SCORM to thnh cc bi ging E-learning.
E-learning l hnh thc hc tp trc tuyn thng qua mng
Internet m c th khng cn gio vin trong qu trnh hc. Vic
ny c thc hin bng cch gio vin son ra cc bi ging vi
y kin thc v cc bi tp thc hnh, sau a ln cc h
thng qun l bi ging, gi l cc h LMS (Learning Management
System), v d nh Moodle, BlackBoard, WebCT... Sau khi hc
sinh vo hc, gio vin c th theo di v qun l c l hc sinh
no vo hc, hc trong bao nhiu lu, thm ch cn bit c c
mc no trong bi xem v xem bao nhiu lu, lm bi tp no
ng, bi tp no sai, nu sai th sai nh th no, c bao nhiu
im, kt qu cui cng l t hay cha t, v.v...
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Vi mi bi tp trong Violet, gio vin c th thip lp cc
thng s nh h s im (v d bi tp quan trng th h s im
ln), im chun cho bi tp ( xt t hay cha t), s ln ti
a c th lm bi v thi gian ti a lm bi tp .
Khng ch s dng c cc bi tp c cung cp sn,
Violet cn c th thm vo bi ging E-learning cc dng bi tp do
ngi dng t lm bng Adobe Flash hoc Macromedia Flash, ch
cn trong bi tp s dng thm vi lnh h tr SCORM m Flash
cung cp sn (v d fscommand("CMISetScore", score);). Vi chc
nng ny, Violet s l cu ni cho nhng ngi thnh tho Flash
n vi E-learning, bi v vic xy dng t u mt bi ging theo
chun SCORM bng Flash l rt phc tp.
Khi ng gi ra chun SCORM, Violet s cho php ngi
s dng la chn phin bn SCORM. C hai phin bn thng dng
hin nay l SCORM 1.2 v SCORM 1.3 (thng gi l SCORM
2004). SCORM 2004 h tr nhiu chc nng hn tuy nhin mt s
h qun l bi ging LMS thng dng nh Moodle vn cha h tr.
Kt qu ca vic ng gi SCORM s l mt file nn (.zip),
thay v mt th mc nh cch ng gi EXE hay HTML.
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2.7. S dng bi ging ng gi
2.7.1. Ni dung gi bi ging v cch chy
a) Ni dung gi bi ging:
Sau khi ng gi v xut ra di dng file chy (EXE),
trong th mc gi bi ging s bao gm cc file v th mc con nh
sau:
Trong :
Common: l th mc cha cc file dng chung nh
mu giao din hoc cc mu bi tp. Cc file trong ny u do
Violet t sinh ra.
Data: l th mc cha ton b cc t liu dng nh,
phim, m thanh, flash c s dng trong bi ging.
Scenario: l file kch bn ca bi ging.
File c biu tng hnh ch F l file chy EXE, thng
c tn trng vi tn ca bi ging, dng chy trnh chiu bi
ging.
Nu mun sa i bi ging sau khi ng gi, ta ch cn
click p chut vo file kch bn Scenario. Cn nu mun chy bi
ging th click p chut vo file chy EXE (file c biu tng hnh
ch F).
Nu ng gi ra dng HTML th thay v file chy EXE s c
hai file Index.html v Player.swf. Sau khi copy c th mc gi
bi ging ny ln Web th ngi dng cc ni ch cn gi ng
dn URL ca th mc Web l bi ging c th chy c trn bt
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k trnh duyt no. Trn my tnh c nhn, nu chy thng file
HTML th bi ging cng s c m bng trnh duyt mc nh,
thng l Internet Explorer hoc Mozilla Firefox.
Violet hin mi ch c phin bn chy trn h iu hnh
Windows, tuy nhin khi ng gi bi ging ra dng HTML th bi
ging c th chy c (c trc tuyn v ngoi tuyn) trn mi h
iu hnh thng dng nh cc loi Linux, Macintosh, v.v...
Ch : Khi copy bi ging sang mt my khc, ta phi copy
ton b th mc gi bi ging th mi chy c. K c khi ang
son d m mun copy sang my khc son tip, ta cng nn ng
gi li ri copy lun c gi. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny th c
th b qua file EXE v th mc Common.
2.7.2. S dng giao din bi ging v cc phm tt
Sau khi chy bi ging, trang ba hoc u tin ca bi ging
s c m. Lc ngi dng ch cn click chut hoc nhn cc
phm tt ln lt trnh chiu cc trang.
Trn giao din ny, ngi dng s click chut vo nt Next
(hnh mi trn tr phi gc di bn phi mn hnh) trnh chiu
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ln lt cc trang ni dung bi ging, hoc nt Back (mi tn tr
tri) quay v trang trc. Nu ngi dng khng mun trnh
chiu theo tun t th c th click chut vo tn cc ch thanh
ngang bn trn, ri click vo tn mc thanh dc bn tri giao din.
Khc vi khi phng to bi ging trong Violet (nhn F9), khi
chy bi ging ng gi th ngi dng c th s dng c cc
phm tt thao tc nhanh hn:
Phm Space. Sang trang mi hoc bt u chy hiu
ng nu c (tng ng vi nt Next).
Phm Backspace: Quay li trang trc, hoc quay v
u trang nu ang chy hiu ng (tng ng vi nt
Back).
Phm Enter: ging phm Space
Phm Page up: ging phm Backspace
Phm Page down: ging phm Space
Trong qu trnh ging bi, thu ht hc sinh vo mt hot
ng no ngoi phn mm nh: tho lun nhm, ng kch tnh
hung gio vin c khi s phi tt my chiu i. Tuy nhin, vic
tt bt my chiu nhiu s khng tt cho my, v th giao din bi
ging cung cp nt Tt mn hnh gc di bn tri tt
mn hnh trnh chiu nu cn. Khi mun trnh chiu tr li, ngi
dng ch cn click chut th bi ging s xut hin tr li ng
trang trc khi tt mn hnh.
thot ra khi bi ging, c th click chut vo nt
gc trn bn phi mn hnh giao din, hoc nhn t hp phm Alt +
F4.
2.7.3. V, nh du ghi nh ln trang bi ging
Chc nng ny cho php trong lc ging bi, gio vin c
th dng chut v, nh du cc i tng trn trang mn hnh
bi ging (bi ging c ng gi), bng cc phm chc nng
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nh: F2 (bt d), F3 (bt nh du), F4 (xa), F1 (tr v trng thi
ban u).
2.7.4. Chnh sa bi ging sau khi ng gi
Sau khi ng gi, ngi dng vn c th b sung hoc chnh
sa ni dung cho gi bi ging mt cch d dng, bng cch click
p chut vo file Scenario trong th mc ng gi (hoc chy
Violet ri m file Scenario ny ra), sau son tho ni dung bi
ging nh bnh thng. Vic chnh sa ny tt nhin phi c thc
hin trn cc my ci t Violet.
Mt s lu khi chnh sa cc bi ging ng gi:
Khi sa bi ging ng gi th nn xa file bi ging
c i m bo tnh thng nht, trnh trng hp sa c 2 ch.
Nu ch l sa ch hoc sp xp li cc nh, ta ch cn
lu bi ging li l c. Cn nu c nhp thm nh hoc cc i
tng khc th nn ng gi li. Khi ng gi li, Violet s hi c
cp nht hay khng th chn C cp nht. Ni chung sau khi
sa i bi ging th nn ng giCp nht li cho chc chn.
Trong qu trnh son bi ging ng gi, c th s c
nhng t liu tha trong th mc Data, do ta thm nh, phim vo
48 92
sau li xa trong Violet i khng dng na. V vy, dn dp
ht cc file tha, ta c th ng gi li, ch c iu khi Violet hi c
cp nht khng th chn Khng ng gi sang mt th mc
mi. Sau c th xa b th mc c i l c.
3. Ph lc
3.1. Ph lc 1: Bng k hiu v cch g chun LaTex
Cc k t Hi lp
Nhp KQ
alpha
beta
chi
delta
Delta
epsilon
varepsilon
eta
gamma
Gamma
iota
kappa
lambda
Lambda
mu
nu
omega
Omega
phi
varphi
Phi
pi
Pi
psi
rho
Cc ton t
Nhp KQ
sqrt
rootn(a
)
n
a
+ +
- -
*
**
// /
\\ \
xx
-:
@
o+
ox
o.
sum
prod
^^
^^^
vv
vvv
nn
Cc k t quan h
Nhp KQ
= =
!=
< <
> >
<=
>=
-<
>-
in
!in
sub
sup
sube
supe
-=
~=
~~
prop
Cc loi du ngoc
Nhp KQ
( (
49 92
sigma
Sigma
tau
theta
vartheta
Theta
upsilon
xi
Xi
zeta
nnn
uu
uuu
) )
[ [
] ]
{ {
} }
50 92
K t mi tn
Nhp KQ
uarr
darr
rarr
->
|->
larr
harr
rArr
lArr
hArr
Cc k hiu
logic
Nhp KQ
and and
or or
not
=>
if if
iff
AA
EE
_|_
TT
|-
|=
Cc hm chun
Nhp KQ
sin sin
cos cos
tan tan
csc csc
sec sec
cot cot
sinh sinh
cosh cosh
tanh tanh
log log
ln ln
det det
dim dim
lim lim
mod mod
gcd gcd
lcm lcm
min min
max max
Cc k hiu trn
Nhp KQ
angle(ABC)
ABC
hat x x^
bar x x
ul x x
vec x x
dot x x.
ddot x x..
Cc k hiu khc
Nhp KQ
a^n a
n
a_n a
n
a/n
n
a
int
oint
del
grad
+-
O/
oo
aleph
|...| |...|
|cdots| ||
vdots
ddots
|\ | | |
|quad| | |
diamond
square
|_
_|
|~
~|
51 92