Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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MC LC
MC LC
PHN I
1.1.V tr a l
1.2. Kh hu - a hnh
1.4. Dn tc
1.5. Tn gio
10
12
12
1.6.2. Di sn vn ha
12
12
CHNG II
14
VN HA HC I CNG
14
Dn nhp
14
14
15
2
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16
16
2.2.3. Tnh lch s v truyn thng c chc nng gio dc, duy tr cng ng. 16
2.2.4. Tnh dn tc to nn c tnh, bn sc ring, phn bit vi dn tc khc. 16
2.3. Phn bit vn ha, vn hin, vn vt v vn minh.
16
2.4. Cu trc ca mt nn vn ha
18
2. 5. Cc b mn nghin cu vn ha
18
18
CHNG III
21
TA CA VN HA VIT NAM
21
21
22
23
3.3.1. Vng vn ha Ty Bc
26
27
28
29
29
3
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31
33
33
34
35
4.5.Giai on 5: Vn ha i Nam
37
38
CHNG V
42
VN HO NHN THC
42
42
42
43
44
44
45
47
47
5.2.2. Tam ti
48
49
49
49
5.3.1.2. Lch m
50
4
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50
51
51
51
54
54
56
CHNG VI
57
57
V C NHN
57
57
57
61
6.1.3 T chc th
63
65
6.2.1.Tn ngng
65
6.2. 2.Phong tc
69
72
72
73
74
6.2.4.1. Vn chng
74
76
CHNG VII
79
5
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79
Vn ho ng x vi mi trng t nhin
79
7.1. n ung
79
81
7.3. Nh
82
84
7.5 Vn ho tnh dc
85
CHNG VIII
88
VN HA NG X VI MI TRNG X HI
88
Giao lu vi n
89
89
90
90
93
95
98
98
98
101
103
104
104
107
109
109
6
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109
111
CHNG IX
117
VN HO VIT NAM
117
117
117
9.2. Bn sc vn ho dn tc
117
118
118
119
Ph Lc
122
t Nc
134
TH MC THAM KHO
139
7
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PHN I
TNG QUAN V VIT NAM
8
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Ngun www.mattran.org.vn
www.chinhphu.vn
9
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1.2. Kh hu - a hnh
V c bn: Kh hu Vit Nam nm hon ton trong vnh ai kh hu gi ma.
Tuy nhin tri di t Bc n Nam, kh hu c nhng thay i r rt
Min Bc: bn ma Xun, h, thu, ng r rt.
Min Nam : ch hai ma : ma Kh (ma Nng) v ma ma,
Min trung; kh hu khc nghit, kh hn nhiu.
Lnh th Vit Nam bao gm 3 phn 4 l i ni, cn li l ng bng.
ccng bng ln: Sng Hng, Sng Cu Long..
1.4. Dn tc
Theo thng k dn s nm 1979 th Vit Nam c 54 dn tc. 54 dn tc cng
chung sng trn lnh th, mi dn tc mt sc thi ring, cho nn vn ho Vit Nam l
mt s thng nht trong a dng. Ngoi vn ho Vit-Mng mang tnh tiu biu, cn
c cc nhm vn ho c sc khc nh Ty-Nng ,Thi,Chm, Hoa-Ngi, MnKhme, HMng-Dao, nht l vn ho cc dn tc Ty Nguyn gi c nhng
truyn thng kh phong ph v ton din cu mt x hi thun nng nghip gn b vi
rng ni t nhin.
10
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C-tu, C-tu, Gi-tring, Hr, Khng, Khmer, Kh m, M, Mng, M'Nng, -u,
R-mm, T-i,Xinh-mun,X-ng,Xting.
1.5. Tn gio
Vit Nam c nhng tn gio c ngun gc t phng ng nh Pht gio,
Lo gio, Nho gio; c tn gio c ngun gc t phng Ty nh Thin cha gio,
Tin lnh; c tn gio c sinh ra ti Vit Nam nh Cao i, Pht gio Ho Ho; c
tn gio hon chnh (c h thng gio l, gio lut, l nghi v t chc gio hi), c
nhng hnh thc tn gio s khai. C nhng tn gio pht trin v hot ng n
nh; c nhng tn gio cha n nh, ang trong qu trnh tm kim ng hng
mi cho ph hp.
Theo ban Tn gio chnh Ph , c tnh, hin nay Vit Nam c khong 80%
dn s c i sng tn ngng, tn gio, trong c khong gn 20 triu tn ca 6
tn gio ang hot ng bnh thng, n nh, chim 25% dn s. C th:
- Pht gio: Gn 10 triu tn , c mt hu ht cc tnh, thnh ph trong c
nc, trong tp trung ng nht H Ni, Bc Ninh, Nam nh, Hi Phng, Hi
Dng, Tha Thin-Hu, Nng, Qung Ngi, Bnh nh, Khnh Ho, TP H Ch
11
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Minh, ng Nai, Lm ng, Sc Trng, Tr Vinh, thnh ph Cn Th...
- Thin cha gio: Hn 5,5 triu tn , c mt 50 tnh, thnh ph, trong c
mt s tnh tp trung ng nh Nam nh, Ninh Bnh, Thi Bnh, Hi Phng, Ngh
An, H Tnh, Nng, Kon Tum, k Lk, Khnh Ho, Bnh Thun, ng Nai, TP
H Ch Minh, Tin Giang, Vnh Long, An Giang, thnh ph Cn Th...
- o Cao i: Hn 2,4 triu tn c mt ch yu cc tnh Nam B nh
Ty Ninh, Long An, Bn Tre, TP H Ch Minh, ng Thp, Tin Giang, Cn Th,
Vnh
Long,
Kin
Giang,
Mau,
An
Giang..
Phc
Tr
Vinh
mt
tnh
pha
Bc.
12
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1.6.2. Di sn vn ha
1. Qun th kin trc c Hu (Tha Thin Hu)
2. Nh nhc cung nh Hu (Tha Thin Hu)
3. Thnh a M Sn (Qung Nam)
4. Ph c Hi An (Qung Nam)
5. Khng gian vn ho Cng Ching (Ty Nguyn)
13
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y pht trin cao so vi cc nn vn ho khc ng thi trong khu vc, c nhng nt
c o ring nhng vn mang nhiu im c trng ca vn ho vng ng Nam ,
v c chung chng gc Nam (Mongoloid phng Nam) v nn vn minh la nc.
Nhng con ng pht trin khc nhau ca vn ho bn a ti cc khu vc khc nhau
(lu vc sng Hng, sng M, sng C v.v...) hi t vi nhau, hp thnh vn ho
ng Sn. y cng l thi k ra i nh ncphi thaiu tin ca Vit Nam di
hnh thc cng ng lin lng v siu lng ( chng gic v p gi trng la), t
cc b lc nguyn thu pht trin thnh dn tc.
C th ni xuyn sut ton b lch s Vit Nam, c ba lp vn ho chng
ln nhau: lp vn ho bn a, lp vn ho giao lu vi Trung Quc v khu vc,
lp vn ho giao lu vi phng Ty 3. Nhng c im chnh ca Vit Nam l nh
gc vn ho bn a vng chc nn khng b nh hng vn ho ngoi lai ng ho,
tri li cn bit s dng v Vit ho cc nh hng lm giu cho nn vn ho dn
tc.
Dn tc Vit Nam hnh thnh sm v lun lun phi lm cc cuc chin tranh
gi nc, t to nn mt c trng vn ho ni bt: t tng yu nc thm su v
bao trm mi lnh vc. Cc yu t cng ng c ngun gc nguyn thu sm c
c kt li, tr thnh c s pht trin ch ngha yu nc v thc dn tc. Chin tranh
lin min, cng l l do ch yu khin cho lch s pht trin x hi Vit Nam c
tnh bt thng, tt c cc kt cu kinh t-x hi thng b chin tranh lm gin on,
kh t n im nh ca s pht trin chn mui. Cng v chin tranh ph hoi, Vit
Nam t c c nhng cng trnh vn ho-ngh thut s, hoc nu c cng khng
bo tn c nguyn vn.
14
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TT (H Ni) -VN ang thi k cui ca giai on bng n dn s,
ph ch nhim y ban Dn s, gia nh v tr em Nguyn Thin
Trng nhn nh ti cuc hp bo chiu 5-7, nhn k nim Ngy dn
s th gii 11-7.
Theo ng, hin ti mi nm dn s VN tng thm khong 1,3 triu
ngi. Tnh trng tng dn nhanh ny t ra nhiu vn dn sinh, c
bitgy sc p ln h thng gio dc quc dn.
Ti gia nh, ng Trng cho bit kho st mi nht ti TP Bin Ha
(ng Nai) cho thy hn 56% gia nh khng hiu qu trnh thay i tm
sinh l ca tr.
Tr s sinh gia tng ti
CHNG II
VN HA HC I CNG
Dn nhp
C l, pht biu rng th k 21 l th k ca vn ha chc khng qu ng, bi
v mt khuynh hng chung hin nay l cc quc gia trn th gii ang (hay sp) qui
t vi nhau thnh nhiu nhm da trn vn ha, m khng da trn thc h (nh
Ch ngha Cng sn v Ch ngha T bn trong thi gian qua). Trong th k 21, ngi
ta s hiAnh l aithay vAnh thuc phe no? trong th k va qua. Tc l mt s
chuyn bin v nhn dng t thc h sang vn ha.
15
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Theo cch hiu thng thng, vn ha l hc thc, trnh hc vn v li sng
lnh mnh iu ny thy r trong s yu l lch ca c nhn c ghi: trnh vn
ho, trong x hi c p vn ho, phng vn ho, gia nh vn ho, sng c tnh c
ngha, c trc c sau, hay gip , an i ngi c th, bt hnh ngi ta gi l ngi
c vn ho.Cn trong hc thut, vn ho c hiu theo mt ngha khc:
C Gs o Duy Anh xem vn ho l sinh hot 4
TS Dng Ngc Dng xem Vn ho l mt h thng cc gi tr chung cho mi
thnh vin ca x hi hay cng ng 5
Edouard Herriot xem Vn ha l ci cn li khi ngi ta qun i tt c, l
ci vn thiu khi ngi ta hc tt c 6 .
Phan Ngc xem vn ho l mi quan h gia th gii biu tng trong c mt
c nhn hay mt tc ngi vi ci th gii thc t t nhiu b c nhn hay tc
ngi ny m hnh ho theo ci m hnh tn ti trong biu tng.iu biu hin r
nht chng t mi quan h ny, l vn ho di hnh thc d thy nht, biu hin
thnh mt kiu la chn ring ca c nhn hay tc ngi, khc cc kiu la chn ca
c nhn hay tc ngi khc. 7
Trn Ngc Thm trong cng trnh Tm v bn sc vn ho Vit Nam, - c
b Gio Dc v o to chn lm gio trnh chnh ging dy trong cc ngnh Khoa
hc X hi - xut bn ti Thnh ph H ch Minh nm 2001 (ti bn 2003,2004,2006)
nh ngha vn ho nh sau:
Vn ha l mt h thng hu c cc gi tr vt cht v tinh thn do con ngi
sng to v tch ly trong qu trnh hot ng thc tin v trong s tng tc gia con
ngi vi mi trng t nhin v x hi ca mnh.
Ta thy nh ngha ny ph hp vi nh ngha m UNESCO a ra nm 1970
ti Venise 8
16
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2.2.3. Tnh lch s v truyn thng c chc nng gio dc, duy tr
cng ng.
2.2.4. Tnh dn tc to nn c tnh, bn sc ring, phn bit vi dn
tc khc 9.
Vn hin
Thin v gi tr
Vn vt
Thin v gi tr
Vn minh
Thin v gi tr vt
tinh thn
vt cht
cht, k thut
C b di lch s
C b di lch s
C b di lch s
C tnh dn tc
C tnh dn tc
C tnh dn tc
C tnh quc t
Thin v nng
Thin v nng
Thin v nng
thn, nng
phng ng
phng ng
nghip, phng
Thin v thnh
17
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ng
Ty
18
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2.4. Cu trc ca mt nn vn ha
C th chia ra 4 thnh t, gm:
Vn ha nhn thc
Vn ha t chc cng ng: x hi v c nhn.
Vn ha ng x vi mi trng t nhin.
Vn ha ng x vi mi trng x hi
2. 5. Cc b mn nghin cu vn ha
Gm nhng chuyn ngnh :
Vn ha hc i cng: cn gi l L thuyt vn ha , nghin cu cc
khi nim, quy lut hnh thnh v pht trin vn ha...
a l vn ha : tm hiu vn ho ca cc vng (theo chiu ngang).
Lch s vn ha: kho st qu trnh din bin ca mt nn vn ha dn
tc (theo chiu dc).
C s vn ha nhm nghin cu mt nn vn ha dn tc , bao hm c
a-vn ha v s -vn ha , nhm hng vo thi hin i , vi mc ch bo tn v
pht trin nn vn ha y .
19
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Vn ho nng nghip
Vn ho du mc (Ch yu
trng la nc
chn nui du mc
nh c, nh n nh
du c, cm tri, lu tm b
ng x vi t nhin
n ung
n thc vt
trng
Quan h x hi
tnh,
n ng vt
trng
Giao lu i ngoi
c im t duy
Vn hc ngh thut
Xu hng khoa hc
bng bo lc
20
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Trn y trnh by nhng nt khc bit c bn nht gia hai loi hnh vn ha
ch yu ca loi ngi. Trn c s , sinh vin tip tc tm hiu nhng nt khc nhau
trong nhiu lnh vc khc.
143H
144H
Ngun: su tm t Internet
21
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CHNG III
TA CA VN HA VIT NAM
Theo Trn Ngc Thm: Ba yu t c bn to nn mt nn vn ha l:
Ch th vn ha
Khng gian vn ha
Thi gian vn ha 10
10
11
22
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ngn ng l Vit -Mng, Mn -Khmer, Ty- Thi, Mo -Dao.Trong , dn tc Vit
(kinh) chim a s, ti 85 %.
Trong khi , mt b phn dn Indonesien khng mun li hp chng vi cc
dng du mc ph ng Bc nn di chuyn dc theo dy Trng Sn vo pha Nam,
nh c li vng Ty nguyn v Trung b, l cc dn tc Bana, E, Gia rai,
Churu, Vn kiu... v dn tc Chm ngy nay.
Nh vy, ngi Vit ngy nay u c chung mt ngun gc l chng
Indonesien nhng li a dng v sng ri rc khp t Bc n Nam.
Cch y khong 4000 nm, cc dn tc Vit li xung, hnh thnh quc gia
u tin gi l Vn Lang, ng thi m mang b ci v phng Nam.
Tam gic th hai hnh thnh, cnh y l ng bin gii Vit - Trung ngy nay
cn nh l cht Mi C mau (chnh xc hn, l cc o cc Nam ca T quc).
Mi quan h gia 3 thnh t trn: Khng gian vn ho chm thay i so vi ch
th vn ho, ch th c th thay i cn thi gian l v tnh, l tun hon.
12
TRn Ngc Thm 1997 C s vn ha Vit Nam, Nxb Gio Dc, t 27-28
23
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13
GS Ng c Thnh 2001 Vn ho vng v phn vng vn ho Vit Nam, NXB Tr, t 73-86
24
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25
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- Tiu vng Si Gn - Gia nh 14
GS.TSKH Trn Ngc Thm th chia vn ho Vit Nam ra lm 6 vng nh
sau: Ty Bc, Vit Bc, ng bng Bc B, Duyn hi min Trung, Ty Nguyn v
Nam B 15.
Chng ti chn cch phn vng ca Trn Ngc Thm lm cch phn vng
chnh trong gio trnh ny.
14
15
26
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3.3.1. Vng vn ha Ty Bc
Ty Bc tht ra l tn gi theo phng v, ly H Ni lm im chun, hin ti
l a bn gm 5 tnh: in Bin, Lai Chu, Sn La, Yn Bi, Ha Bnh, v phn vng
ni ca tnh Thanh Ha, Ngh An gip gii nc Lo.
y l vng c h thng ni non trng ip bn hu ngn sng Hng,thuc lu
vc sng ., ko di ti pha bc tnh Thanh Ha v Ngh An.C trn 20 dn tc sinh
sng, tiu biu l hai dn tc Thi v Mng.
Nt vn ha ni bt:
16
Xem chi tit hn trong, Trn Quc Vng 1997, CSVHVN,NXB Gio Dc tr 213 -226 LQV.
27
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Hnh 3.3 : C gi cc dn tc ng Bc
www.baobinhdinh.com.vn
17
* Xem chi tit hn trong, Trn Quc Vng 1997, CSVHVN,NXB Gio Dc tr 213 -226 LQV
28
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Ch nhn u tin l ngi Chm (gc Nam o- Austronsien), trc y
dng nn vng quc Cham Pa, sau sp nhp vo nc i Vit (thi L). B phn
vn ha Chm chu nh hng vn ha n vi nhiu thnh tu c sc v kin trc
v iu khc...tiu biu l nhng Thp Chm.
30
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31
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32
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Vn ha Trung Hoa = Vn ha du mc Ty Bc + Vn ho nng nghip kh
Trung nguyn + Vn ha la nc phng Nam. (Vn ha du mc Ty Bc + Vn ha
nng nghip kh Trung nguyn = Vn ha Hong H)
Vn ha Vit Nam = Vn ha Nam sng Dng T + Vn ha sng Hng,
sng M + Vn ha min Trung v sng Mekong.
Khu Vn Cc
Cha Mt Ct
Thp Chm
Cha Khmer
www.luavietours.com
33
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CHNG IV
TIN TRNH VN HO VIT NAM
Gio s Trn Ngc Thm trong cng trnh Tm v bn sc vn ha Vit Nam
chia tin trnh vn ha Vit Nam ra thnh 6 giai on 18, 6 giai on ny to thnh 3 lp
nm chng ln nhau, c th:
- Lp vn ha bn a: gm 2 giai on (Tin s, Vn Lang - u Lc)
- Lp vn ha giao lu vi Trung Hoa v n : gm 2 giai on(chng Bc
thuc, i Vit)
Lp vn ha bn a
4.1.Giai on 1: giai on tin s
K t thng c n khi hnh thnh nc Vn Lang.
Thnh tu ln nht l to ra ngh trng la nc (khc hn vi trng la kh /
nng ry ca Trung Hoa)
18
34
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Hnh 42 :
Ngi thi khn ng
Giai on ng Sn
Hnh 4.3: Trng ng, nh trng ng , Hnh ngi giao phi trn trng ng
Nhng k
hiu tng
hnh trn
ng
Tm thy
Vit Nam
Ngun: H Vn Tn 2002 Ch trn , ch trn ng- minh vn v lch s, nxb KHXH, H Ni, 29
35
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4.3.
36
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37
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19
Cao Tn Hp 1973 a phng ch tnh Vnh Bnh, Nha VHTT Vnh Bnh ti liu hn ch.
38
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Hnh 4.6 ng st xa
39
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Vn hc, ngh thut phng Ty gy nh hng su sc trong i sng vn
ngh nc ta (giai on 1930 -1945) Kch, th mi, tranh sn du.
40
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Nh th c B
Hn nhau t nhin
Hn gia m ng
Ru Ty
ng tnh- mt tri ca t do
Ngun: www.www.eightdegree.com/weblog/pink_loken-thumb.jpg
41
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Lp vn ho giao
lu Trung Quc, n
1. Giai on vn
ho tin s
3.
Giai
on
chng Bc thuc
2. Giai on vn
ho Vn Lang - u Lc
4. Giai on vn
ho i Vit
Lp
giao
tip
phng Ty v th gii
5. Giai on vn
ho i Nam
6. Giai on vn
ho hin i
Sn phm Bn a
42
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CHNG V
VN HO NHN THC
CA NGI VIT NAM XA V NAY
Tri qua lch s, con ngi t c nhng hiu bit v v tr v v chnh bn
thn mnh, tng bc t n gin n phc tp.
Trong lp vn ha bn a, ngi xa bit
Trit l m dng
Cu trc ng hnh
Trong lp vn ha giao lu vi Trung Hoa v n , ta tip nhn c
Tam gio: Nho, Pht v o
Trong lp vn ha giao lu vi phng Ty v th gii
Cng gio, tri thc khoa hc hin i v nhiu thnh tu khoa hc chung ca
nhn loi.
Bi ny ch yu trnh by v nhng nhn thc dn tc ta t c ngay t lp
bn a - nhng bui u, theo li t duy tng hp v bin chng ca ngi nng
nghip phng ng. l nhng t tng trit l ca o hc phng ng, khc
hn vi cc h thng trit hc phng Ty.
43
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TRI
M / N
CHA
NAM
cao
thp
yu
kho
nng
lnh
chm
nhanh
bc
nam
du
nng
ma ng
ma
h
ny
tnh
l tr
cm
ngy
sng
ti
trn
vung
ng
tnh
s l
dng
yn
tnh
vn
ng
s
chn
44
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V d: T cp Tnh - ng, suy ra cp Vung - Trn, v hnh vung yn tnh,
hnh trn nng ng.
T cp Nng - Lnh, suy ra cp Sng - Ti.
Suy rng ra (khi qut):
Nn vn ha nng nghip yn tnh = m, Nn vn ha du mc di ng =
Dng.
45
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Mu xanh l dng (so vi mu trng)
Mt con ngi tri qua nhiu giai on, lc l dng lc l m so vi mt
ngi khc:
V d: ngi m tr khe - a con trai / gi mi sinh
(dng) (m)
m cha gi (m) - con trng thnh (dng)
Lu 2: Khi c i tng so snh, cn phi xc nh c s so snh (tiu ch
so snh c th)
V d: khi c mt cp so snh sau y:
Nam (20 tui) - N (20tui)
Xt v cng sc khe:
Nam (dng) - N (m)
Xt v dai bn:
Nam (m) - N (dng).v.v...
46
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Ngi Vit a thch s qun bnh m dng, trnh s thi qu (m cc, dng
cc)
T quc l: t -Nc
(phng Ty du mc, ch l land - t)
ng ng b Ct
Cp bi trng
Cng cha ngha m (ni v sui)
Ngi m ngi dng:
M trn con vung ( ni hp nhau khi sinh)
Xin m dng khi bi (tung hai ng tin, mt sp mt nga l tt nht)
Trm nm tnh cuc vung trn (ha hp l tiu chun cao nht, khc vi
giu sang thin v dng)
Khng ai giu ba h, khng ai kh ba i.
Tuy vy, vn c mba vung snh vi by trn, i cha vinh hin, i con
sang giu". Ngha l: y t dng ln hn m s c s pht trin mnh v sau.
Tm li, trong li sng, ngi Vit a s qun bnh m dng. iu dn n
cuc sng yn tnh, n nh nhng cuc sng km pht trin.
Thm nhun trit l m dng chuyn ha, ngi Vit sng trong gian kh vn
ngh n mt tng lai tt p t s n. Sng lc quan chu ng, khng cn bi quan
nn ch. (Nhng nu thiu s n lc nng ng...th tng lai s pht trin ra sao ?)
47
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Lng nghi
T tng
Bt qui
Bi s
m
Thi
Dng
m,
thiu
dng
Khn,
Cn,
Khm, Tn
Chn
Nhiu qu m
Nhiu qu dng
48
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l ni dung ca thut T Vi theo Kinh Dch. Ngoi ra t duy s chn cn
vn dng trong i sng rng ri:
T m, t tr, t bnh, t tuyt, t c v thn...
Bt bu, bt m, bt c, bt vng gia...
(v hnh bt qui xen gia l m dng)
5.2.2. Tam ti
3 cp m dng kt hp vi nhau to ra tam ti:
49
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Sn Tinh -Thy Tinh - M Nng
Tam ti (s 3) thin v tnh dng, pht trin, nng ng:
Trong v tr tn ti nhiu b ba c quan h tam ti nh vy.
Mt cch khi qut la : Dng - m - Trung ha (trung dung):
(+) (-) (- +)
5.3.1. Lch
Do nhu cu cn hiu r thi tit - thi gian nn vng nng nghip sng to
ra lch
50
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5.3.1.2. Lch m
Lch m pht sinh vng nng nghip Lng H da trn chu k Mt trng
di 29.5 ngy (mt thng), mt nm c 354 ngy (t hn dng lch 11 ngy).
Ngi La M du mc tip thu lch m v s dng t th k 7 tr.cng nguyn
n nm 47 trc cng nguyn th hong Julius Caesar thay th bng lch dng.
ng dy cng nghin cu, kho st v iu chnh, t li nm s 1 ghi nm sinh
ca cha Jesus, gi l cng lch. Lch ngy nay c dng rng ri trn th gii
(ng t tn thng 7 bng tn mnh l Julius (July, v sau hong Auguste iu chnh
thm v t thng 8 l Auguste (August)
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Nm ngi sao quan trng: thy, ha, mc, kim, th, nm pha ui sao Bc
u. (Sao Bc u l mt chm sao 7 ngi to hnh ci go). 5 sao ng hnh tinh kt
hp vi Nht, Nguyt to ra tht tinh (tht hnh tinh).
T chm sao Bc u ko dc xung (vung gc vi mt t) nhn thy h
thng 28 ngi sao c nh (nh tinh) hng ngy xoay quanh chm Bc u, gi tn l
nh thp bt t, gm 4 chm, mi chm 7 ngi. Mi ma nhn r nht 1 chm, mt
phng tri.
Chm Huyn V (ra en) - phng Bc, ma ng
Chm Chu Tc (chim s ) - phng Nam, ma H
Chm Thanh Long (rng xanh) - phng ng, ma Xun
Chm Bch H (H trng) - phng Ty, ma Thu
Mi chm sao cn ng vi mt tun l, mi ngi sao ng vi mt ngy.
(Nhng ngi sao i vo truyn thuyt vn hc: sao Khu, sao Ngu, sao Chc, sao
Tm, sao u,...).
l c s ca b mn thin vn hc.
52
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53
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Hi
Du
Mi
Mo
Su
Tut
Thn
Ng
Thn
Dn
T
CAN\CHI
-
Gip +
t Bnh +
inh Mu +
K Canh +
Tn Nhm +
Qu Nguyn tc kt hp: Can vi Chi ng tnh to ra mt yu t mi, ghi bng con
s (m s) dng t tn nm, ta c mt chu k = 60 nm, gi l mt Hi. Hi u
tin bt u p dng vo nm th 4 dng lch, tc l chm hn dng lch 3 nm (4 1 = 3). Hi hin nay l hi th 33 k t nm 1984.
Lu :
Cch i nm dng lch sang m lch:
C = d ca (D - 3): 60.
C: nm Can chi (m lch)
54
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D: nm dng lch
d: s d.
(c bit, khi d = o, th C = 60, nm Hi)
Cch i nm m lch thnh dng lch:
D = C + 3 + (h. 60)
trc ht phi tm h (s chu k).
Cn nh nm D gn vi mt s kin c bit (ct mc ng nh nm no), t
tm ra h. Nu khng ta s c kt qua 33 nm dng lch trng vi nm m cho.
Gii thch v sao phng ng cho rng thi gian tun hon vi chu k l 01
hi ? (trong khi phng Ty xc nh rng: thi gian khng bao gi lp li: khng ai
tm 2 ln trn mt dng sng).
Gi nghin cu: theo quan nim thi phong kin, vn nc ty thuc vo ng
vua. i mt ng vua khong 60 nm. Khi qut hn, i ngi cng vn ng trong
chu k 60 nm thng trm. Quan nim phng ng c tnh tng i. Quan nim
phng Ty c tnh tuyt i.
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Phn di gm: trc bng l dng, sau lng l m.
Mu bn tay, bn chn l dng.
Lng bn tay, gan bn chn l m.
ng quyn l dng. Bng chn l m.
l xt b ngoi. Phn ni tng c cu trc ng hnh: ng tng v ng ph,
y l nhng b phn quan trng nht ca c th.
Ng tng: thn, tm, can, ph, t
Ng ph: bng quang, tiu trng, m, i trng, v.
Cc b phn c th c quan h tng sinh v tng khc ging nh quan h
ng hnh. Trong ,thnvtml b phn quan trng nht (phng ng trng
thn, phng Ty trng tm).
ng Y hc Vit Na m cn c vo lut m dng v ng hnh chn tr cho
con ngi.
Bnh l do mt qun bnh m dng hoc / v ny sinh quan h tng khc
trong ng hnh. Khi xc nh c nguyn nhn th tm cch iu tr (chn / tr).
Thuc thang ton l cy, c, hoa, tri vn ly t thin nhin -mi trng sng
ca con ngi.
Chm cu l k thut tc ng phn ny nhm kch thch phn khc (ni b trc
trc).
Khun mt ngi gm: trn (ha), mi (th), ming (thy), tai tri (kim), tai
phi (mc).
Bn tay gm ngn ci (mc), ngn tr (ha), ngn gia (th), ngn p t
(kim), ngn t (thy).
56
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57
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CHNG VI
VN HA T CHC I SNG CNG NG
V C NHN
Bi ny gm 2 phn:
1.
58
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Dn lng c tnh dn ch.Tuy vy, vn c khuyt im l da dm, li, ch
i, chng ai bo c ai,chy rng cng si
59
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* Tnh cng ng
Biu tng l Sn nh - Bn nc - Cy a.
Ngi nh lng trc ht l ni th cng v thnh hong - ngi c cng lp
lng. Do dn ngh, nh vua k sc phong thnh hong - mt v thnh ca a
phng ( Nam B gi l nh thn). Ngi nh c nhiu chc nng:
Ni th cng tn nghim, biu hin o c nh n ngi lp lng. Bn
cnh cn th cng Tri, t
Ni tr s ca hi ng lng x, thng trc c cc v hi ng chc dch
ngi iu hnh vic lng.
Trung tm vn ha khi lng m l, hi, vn ngh, thi u, tr chi. Ch c
dp ny, ph n, tr con mi c dp ti y.
Trong vic iu hnh, qun l vic lng, bn cnh lut l ca nh nc phong
kin, dn lng cn cl lngdo cc hi ng hp v quyt ngh. C thng, c pht.
Khuynh hng x l mu thun xung t kin co trong dn lng l ha gii (thnh
ng: ha c lng)
Bn nc / Ging nc: Ni sinh hot, gp g ca ph n hng ngy.
Gc a cy a u lng, c thm qun nc tr, ni dng ngh chn cho khch
qua ng v ngi lng i lm - ni gp g, trao i thng tin
* Tnh t tr
Biu tng Ly tre
Ly tre bao bc lng qu, nh hng ro ca ngi nh, c cng lng (nhng li 2
cng). Cuc sng khp kn, mi lng u c ch ring, c mi ngh th cng dch
v nhm t cp t tc. Do vy kinh t hng ha km pht trin, thiu cnh tranh.(Ly
c ngha l thnh ly bo v)
Lng t qun, t ra nhiul lng.
Cn c vo 2 c tnh trn, c th nhn xt: lng x Vit Nam truyn thng
thin v m tnh: n nh nhng km pht trin. l loi lng x khp kn, cc b a
phng.
Hai c tnh trn mang tnh nc i, va i lp va thng nht (cng ng v
t tr, hng ngoi v hng ni), l s qun bnh m dng trong vn ha lng x.
60
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TNH CNG NG
TNH T TR
CHC NNG
Gi s c lp ca lng
BN CHT
m tnh, hng ni
BIU TNG
Sn nh, bn nc, cy a
Lu tre
ng
Tnh ho ng tp th
Np sng dn ch, bnh ng
HU QU
XU
Tinh thn t lp
Tnh cn c
Np sng t cp, t tc
Thi t hu ch k
Thi b phi a phng cc
b
Li gia trng tn ti
61
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62
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Bng so snh
C
nhn
Vit
Nam
Phng
Ty
Lng
x
Vng
(tnh, bang)
Quc
gia
Quc
t
Du -: tnh m, yu
Du +: tnh dng, mnh
Nhng cuc chin tranh xm lc u xut pht t phng Ty hng sang
phng ng, t vng du mc hng ti vng nng nghip. Kt qu: nhng cuc
khng chin ca vng nng nghip cui cng u thng li.
T trong lp vn ha bn a, nhu cu thnh lp quc gia gi gn lnh th
c hiu qu to ra nc Vn Lang ca cc vua Hng. Xy dng nc theo kiu lng
x. T ng hng pht trin thnh ng bo.
Du sao, qun l mt quc gia khng ging nh qun l mt lng x. V sau,
dn tc ta tt yu phi la chn mt m hnh cht ch nh ch phong kin Trung
Hoa
Vit Nam xy dng ch phong kin theo kiu Trung Quc t sau khi
nc i Vit thnh lp nhng vn dng ph hp hon cnh v bn sc vn ha
dn tc ta. S c ti ca nh vua b hn ch. Pht huy tnh dn ch. iu chnh php
lut Trung Hoa cho ph hp tnh cch Vit Nam. (V d: sa i b sung lut hn
nhn gia nh). Mt truyn thng lnh o tp th c hnh thnh.
Php lut, php ch cn phi tng cng.
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Trong mt quc gia khng th trng cy vo tnh dn ch, tnh cng ng theo
kiu lng x. Cn phi c mt h thng t chc cht ch cng vi php lut nghim
chnh.
Lut php ca nh nc c thm lut l (lut vua, l lng - khng mu thun vi
nhau).
Lut Vit Nam c khuynh hng gim ti v tnh, u tin ph n (tht xut: ph
n khng con, dm dt, ci cha m chng, trm cp, lm iu, ghen tung, c c tt.
VN thm tam bt kh xut gm: tang cha / m chng, lm giu cho nh chng v
khng cn ni nng ta. VN thm lut b chng:ph sn, c c tt, b ri v 5 thng.
Lut cn cm ngi chng khng c bn v, bt v i lm thu, h v chnh thnh
v nh.
B my quan li Vit Nam
Truyn thng chn quan li qua thi c. Trng lp m t do mi ni. Nh
nc ch m khoa thi Tam trng: thi Hng, thi Hi, thi nh.(thi Hng: t ti, c
nhn. Thi Hi: tin s. Thi nh: tin s c xp hng 3 cp, hoc tam khi: Trng
Nguyn, Bng Nhn, Thm Hoa (3 ngi cao im nht trong bc tin s)). Tri qua
cc triu i c nhng thay i trong thi c. Khoa thi cui cng nm 1918.
Bc thang x hi Vit Nam thi phong kin: S - Nng - Cng - Thng
(Vit Nam: s l nho s, vn s. Trung Hoa: s l vn s v hip s. Nht: s ch l
v s. Phng Ty: trung c c hip s, thi hin i th thng nhn l hng nht trong
x hi).
6.1.3 T chc th
Trong qu kh, th Vit Nam rt km pht trin. l mt c im ca nn
vn ha nng nghip, mt khc cng l c im ring ca lch s Vit Nam. Chng ta
hy lp bng so snh th Vit Nam / nng nghip vi th Phng Ty/ du mc:
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th Vit Nam
th phng Ty
Thng nhn to ra th
Bit th c nhn
th ch huy nng thn
65
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- Nng Sng Hn.
- Cn Th Sng Hu
- M Tho sng Tin
6.2.1.Tn ngng
Vit Nam c nhng hin tng x hi- vn ho thc ra nu xt theo tiu ch
ca tn gio th chng khng p ng y , nhng khng th b qua. C nh nghin
cu khng tha nhn thut ng ny m gi l cc tn gio nguyn thu, hay tn gio
s khai. Tuy nhin, s phn bit gia tn gio v tn ngng ch c tnh cht tng
i.
Gii thch t tn ngng, c GS o Duy Anh vit llng ngng m, m tn
i vi mt tn gio hoc mt ch ngha 20.Trong khi , gii thch t tn gio, ng
li Vit:mt th t chc ly thn o lm trung tm m lp nn gii c khin
ngi ta tn ngng 21
Trong i sng ngn ng, x hi, c hai thut ng tn gio, tn ngng u tn
ti.S phn bit gia hai thut ng ch yu mc nim tin v c cu t chc ca
hai hin tng x hi. Ni n tn ngng l ni n qu trnh thing ho mt nhn vt
c gi gm vo nim tin tng ca con ngi.Qu trnh y c th l qu trnh huyn
thoi ho, lch s ho nhn vt phng th. Mt khc, gia cc tn ngng u c
nhng an xen v trong tng tn ngng u c nhiu lp vn ho lng ng. 22
Hn -Vit t in, Trng Thi xb,SiGn,1957,tp h, t283 - ngi vit dn li theo Trn Quc Vng 1998
C s Vn ho Vit Nam, NXb Gio Dc,t91
21
Sd,t91
22
Theo Trn Quc Vng, sd, t91-92.
20
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Tn ngng
Cha c h thng gio l m ch mi c
Tn gio
H thng gio l, kinh in th hin
cc huyn thoi, thn tch v truyn thuyt quan im v tr v nhn sinh truyn
th qua hc tp cc tu vin, thnh
ng
Cha thnh h thng thn in, cn mang
tnh cht a thn
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Hnh 5.5: Biu tng Linga- Yni trong thnh i M Sn Qung Nam
68
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Hnh 5.6: Th NeakT ca ngi Khmer tn d ca tn ngng sng bi t nhin.
nh: Lm Quang Vinh
Hnh 5.7: Bn th t tin- th khng bao gi thiu trong mi gia nh Vit Nam.
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Tn ngng th th cng hoc thn ti
6.2. 2.Phong tc
Xut pht t tn ngng, nhn dn t ra cc nghi thc sinh hot, l phong
tc, phong tc (Phong: gi, tc: thi quen, phong tc l thi quen lan rng 23).
Gm 3 nhm chnh: l tt, hn nhn, tang ma
Hn nhn
Quan nim: hn nhn khng phi vic ring ca hai ngi m l vic chung ca
2 h. Hn na, hn nhn cn l quyn li ca lng x (ly chng lng c u tin,
ly chng ngi b pht).
Tc ng: Rung gia ng, chng gia lng. Ta v ta tm ao ta.....
Tc l npcheol mt th thu hn nhn, np cho a phng chng hoc v.
23
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Nhn chung quyn li ca 2 ngi khng c coi trng ng mc.
Tang ma
Tn ngng ca ngi dn b mu thun khi c ngi thn qua i. Ni bun
hay nim vui ? S chun b rt chu o cho mt m tang. L cuc tin ua ngi cht
n ci cc lc sao lai au bun ?!
Ngi Vit t chun b cho cuc ra i t khi cn sng (ng sn hm, xy sn
m,..). Tc l tang ma Vit Nam cng kh a dng, mi vng mi khc.
Ngoi ra cn nhiu dp khc c coi trng: thi , i xa, lm nh, v.v...
Sinh nht, thng th:
y thng: cng b M
Thi ni: sinh nht u tin
Thng th: 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 tui...(sinh nht c bit)
L hi (L tt v l k nim)
L Tt - cng vo nhng dp thi tit quan trng i vi ngh nng nghip v
i sng t n Tri t.
Quan trng nht l Tt Nguyn n, m u ma xun thun li cho trng trt,
ma mng.
Cn nhiu Tt khc:
Tt thng nguyn, Tt trung nguyn, Tt h nguyn (u, gia, cui nm).
Tt Trung Thu (rm thng Tm m lch)
Tt ng To (23/ thng Chp)
Tt n ngui / Tt Hn thc (3/ 3) k nim Gii T Thi.
Tt n chua / Tt oan Ng (5 / 5) dit su b, ng thi k nim Khut
Nguyn (nh th Trung Quc thi Chin quc)
Ngoi ra cn c cc ngy l tt nh khc nh cng u ma (cm mi),u ma
ma (Tt ngu)...
L k nim
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l nhng l hi mang tnh x hi - nhn vn.
L hi hng v nhng anh hng dn tc, damh nhn vn ha, nhn dn ta
t lng bit n nhng ngi c cng dng nc, gi nc v xy dng t quc, qu
hng.
L gi thnh hong (cng nh) gi l hi lng
Gi t Hng vng v Hi n Hng (ngy 10 / 3 m lch, thuc tnh Ph th).
Nhiu ngnh ngh t chc gi t ngh tng nh cng n ngi mang li
cng n vic lm cho h.
L hi tn gio
Ngy l Pht n (pht sinh), Hi Cha Hng (ko di hng thng,vo gia
ma xun), Hi cha Thy... L Noen
Cu trc ca L hi:
Gm hai phn: nghi l trang trng v vui chi thoi mi.(l v hi)
Phn nghi l m u, t chc ti nh cha miu, c th rc tng thn
tng,c bi chc vn ca tng cng lao ca v thn, dn nhc dn tc ha tu nhc
cung nh, dng hng, ru, bnh...
Phn hi h vui chi rt a dng, phong ph gm cc tr thi u c truyn
tranh ti kho lo, bn ch, thng minh v cc loi hnh vn ngh. Nhn chung cc tr
chi v vn ngh c t nhiu lin quan n thn th v s nghip ca thn tng lc
sinh thi.
Thnh ng dn gian nivui nh hi, itryhi. y l nhng dp tt dn
chng mi la tui, nhiu a phng, giao lu gp g. ngh ngi, th gin, tng
cng mi quan h cng ng v gio dc lp con chu.
72
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73
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74
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Cu ting Vit cng c lu cu to sao cho cn i, nhp nhng, d
nghe. Ngi Vit a nivng vo tam quc, trnh ni thng vo vn khi lm
pht lng khch.
Tnh t: rt phong ph, t m, nhm ngoi vic miu t chnh xc s vt, cn
bc l thi nh gi v tnh cm (th d: lo ru xm: v vi con d, con ch...)
ng t:Thng dng cu ch ng, t dng cu b ng. Ngha l quan tm
nngi ni, ch ng hn l tn ng.
C y b thy gio pht
Ti b mt ci xe p
(Th so snh vi 2 cu ting Anh tng ng so snh quan nim ca hai
dn tc)
Ting Vit nng ng, uyn chuyn,i khi m h, thiu chnh xc khi ng
php cu khng ngi, khng thi, khng th.
Ting Vit thin v bc l tnh cm, thi hn l truyn t mt thng tin
chun xc. Do vy ngh thut ngn ng Vit Nam thin v th ca tr tnh.
6.2.4.1. Vn chng
Vn chng ting Vit thin v th ca v t nhiu thnh tu hn hn vn xui.
(Th so snh: theo 2 cun t in vn hc:
Ty u v Nga: 21,7% th v vn xui 78,3%
Vit Nam: 72,6% th v 27,4% vn xui)
Trong s vn xui cn co, hch, cho, tung cha y nhng cu th. Ngay c
vn xui ting Vit cng cha y m iu, nhp iu.)
Xut pht t tnh cht duy cm, dn n mt ngn ng biu cm v nng cao
ln thnh ngh thut th. Th ting Vit l sinh hot tm hn ph bin, a thch ca
ngi Vit thnh tu thi ph dn tc t nhiu nh cao, t Nguyn Tri n Nguyn
75
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Du, H Xun Hng, Nghuyn Khuyn, Xun Diu, T Hu, Nguyn Bnh - nhng
trc ht l th ca dn gian (ca dao, tc ng) v truyn th, ngm khc, cu i.
Ngay c vn xui (truyn, tiu thuyt, ty bt, vn chnh lun,...) cng giu cht
biu cm, cht th (Co Bnh Ng, Hch Tng S, Bt k Tn , Chiu Di ,
ng chng ta i (Nguyn Trung Thnh), Dng kinh qu hng (Nguyn Thi).Mnh
trng cui rng (Nguyn Minh Chu).v. v...
Ngh thut thanh sc
m nhc c truyn:
Dn ca Vit Nam rt phong ph khp cc dn tc, cc vng min t nc.
Dn ca Vit Nam ch yu bc l tm t tnh cm ca ngi dn lao ng, nht l nng
dn.
m nhc khng li vi nhiu nhc c a dng, c o nh cy n bu vi 1
si dy. S nhc c t i trong 1 dn nhc kh nng din tu nng ng, bin ha.
Khng c nhc xng nhng s ha tu cng iu ngh, cc nhc cng t chnnhc
trngy l mt ngi nhc cng gii nht va din va li ko ngi khc din
theo.
Khi din kch: (cho tung, ci lng) din vin vn ly ging ht, bi ca
lm chnh. Vic din xut, hnh ng ch l c l biu trng, vic ha trang nhn vt
v phng cnh tng trng, ni s qua, ct yu nht l ting ht. Dn chng gi li
xem ht.
Ngh thut Cho l sn khu dn gian c nht, gi l ht Cho. Khng nhm
miu t xung t nh kch ni phng Ty, cho c thin v ch giu, cm hng tro
phng (mt kiu tr tnh). Cho c s kt hp cc dn ca Bc b rt nhun nhuyn.
Ngh thut Tung ny sinh min Trung, kt hp gia dn ca Trung b vi
kch Tu v tch truyn Tu. Cm hng bi kch, anh hng ca v lch s thm m sn
khu Tung.
Ngh thut sn khu Ci lng l s kt hp nhiu ngun, t ngh thut Cho,
Tung, m nhc cung nh Hu, kch Tu, dn ca Nam b n kch ni phng Ty.
c bit l iu ht vng c - (gc l bi D C hoi lang m khuya nghe ting
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trng nh chng LQV - ca Cao Vn Lu) - linh hn ca bi bn ci lng. Vng c
chm ri, r rng, cm ng, khi mnh lit khi du dt, ln bng xung trm, nhm by
t tnh cm, tranh ci, thuyt phc, nn n,... c a thch khp mi min t nc
iu cho thy ngh thut Ci lng d c tip thu ngh thut nc ngoi vn gi
vng truyn thng duy cm ca dn tc - th mnh ngh thut ca dn tc.
Ngh thut Ma ri nc l mt sn phm c sc ca dn tc, gm 3 yu t:
o con ri, lng ting ht v ti iu khin con ri trn mt sn khu nc.
Nhn chung i vi ngh thut thanh sc, ngi Vit vn lun u tin cho
thanhhnsc- coi thanh l biu hin ca tm hn (truyn tnh bi t Trng Chi)
Ngh thut ma cn km pht trin nc ta (ma l s trng ca phng
Ty, ni chung vng vn ha du mc). Tuy nhin Ngh thut ma minh ha, din xut
trong ngh thut thanh scVit Nam c nt ring, thin v s tinh t ca i tay, nh
mt, o c...C th ngh thut ma nc ta chu nh hng ca ma n , Trung
Hoa nhng vn c nt p ring Vit Nam. Sang th k 20, ngh thut ma u - M
lan ta sang Vit Nam, nhn dn ta tip thu c chng mc v bit kt hp vi tnh
cch dn tc Vit Nam.
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Hnh 5.10: tranh ng H
Trong giai on vn ha i Vit, ngh s Vit Nam tip thu tranh quc ha
Trung Hoa,...tiu biu l tranh b t bnh (4 ma, 4 k n, 4 ngh... t linh)
Sang th k 20 (giai on VN hin i), dn ta tip thu ngh thut to hnh
phng Ty thin v t thc, ph din v p hnh th, thm ch v tranh (v tng)
kha thn - l ngh thut kt hp sc sng, v p hnh th vi tm hn, ch, kht
vng chn chnh ca con ngi.
(loi tr cc loi tranh nh sexy gi tnh dc, khng c ngha nhn vn cao
p. Loi ny c tc hi lm sa a th h tr, cn phi bi tr)
*Ngh thut iu khc
Hnh 2.12: ph iu
http://images.google.com.vn
Ngh thut chm khc c t lu i cn li bng chng r rng trn cc
trng ng ni ting v thp ng, thm ch cn c nhng quyn sch bng ng khc
ch. Bn cnh nhng tng, hnh v tip thu t ngh thut iu khc Pht gio, B
La mn gio ca n , ngh thut n i Trung Hoa, nhn dn ta cn sng to ngh
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thut ring bit Vit Nam. Kin trc hnh thuyn (mi cong), hnh nh con ngi Vit
Nam v tng Vit Nam, cnh sc Vit Nam.
Ngi Vit trn trng pho tng hn cc th loi khc, ch tc tng nhng
nhn vt linh thing tn knh (phng Ty c th tc tng bt k i tng no trong
cuc sng).
Ngh thut iu khc VN truyn thng li nhng bc tng n, cha
v mt s cng trnh vn ha khc, ngy nay ang c bo tn, l nim t ho ca
nn vn ha dn tc.
Cu trc m dng ha hp l mt th php xuyn sut ngh thut to hnh
Vit Nam. (c - ci, vn - v, thin - c).
Dn gian c ngh thut trang tr (nh ca, bn th) thm m trit l m dng
v ng hnh (cn i, i xng hai bn, mm ng qu, ng hnh,) tranh Phc - Lc Th (tam ti)
Nhn xt chung v ngh thut VN truyn thng:
Ngh thut tr tnh, biu cm.
Th php tng trng, c l (khc vi t thc)
Tng hp v linh hot.
Ngh thut VN l b phn mang du n kh r nt ca tm hn VN, vn ha
VN.
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CHNG VII
VN HA NG X VI MI TRNG T
NHIN V MI TRNG X HI
Vn ho ng x vi mi trng t nhin
Gm mt s hot ng ch yu sau:
n ung (tn dng thin nhin)
Mc (i ph vi thin nhin)
v i li (i ph vi thin nhin).
Tnh trng a l, a hnh, kh hu, sinh thi v li sn xut nc ta quyt
nh, chi phi c 3 vn sinh tn ni trn ca ngi dn Vit t xa n nay.
7.1. n ung
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Bit bao cu tc ng, thnh nh ca t tin lu con chu vic n ung sao cho
tt p.
Thc n ch yu l thc vt. Sau cm - rau - c l hoa qu, ma no th
y.i n rau, au ung thuc. Li c v s gia v cc mi v, mu sc va l
thc n va l thuc ung.
Tht ng vt l thc n t khi dng n, nhng c ch bin tinh xo, a dng
chng t khu v rt tinh t, snh si. c bit mn tht ch c o.
ung ht c tru cau, ru go, nc ch, nc vi v nhiu th l, hoa, ht,
r cy khc.c bit thuc lo c a thch hn thuc l. Ht thuc lo phi hp m
dng (la v nc, khi phi chui qua nc) cn thuc l cy ch c la.
Tnh tng hp trong li n Vit
Phi hp nhiu mn n trong mt ba.
Mt mn n gm nhiu th kt hp vi nhau. Nu nng nh vy kt hp
hi ha cc mn (hi ha m dng, tam ti, ng hnh / ng v). Hi ha cc mu sc
n. Nh vy gip c th thch nghi ha hp vi thin nhin.
Mi ngi n chung mt mm, khng chia phn, ty nhng nhn
nhau.Trc khi n, ct ting mi cho l . Ring vi khch c u tin hn ngi
nh
n bng a th hin tnh linh hot, kho lo ca ngi Vit.
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Nam gii cng mc o di khi trang trng (cng l, hi h v nhng cng vic
nghim trang nh cng s ni dy hc,...). Ngy nay u phc hu nh thay th
hn loi o di nam gii.
Nhn chung, trang phc n gii gi theo truyn thng lu bn hn nam gii.
Mu sc: chn mu m tnh, du nh, mt.
Mt s trang sc khc: Nh vng c, vng tay, nhn, bng tai,....ni
chung n gin, gin d.
Cht liu may mc
S dng cht liu thc vt nh thong. T tm l loi c bit na thc vt na
ng vt (con su tm ch bin l du thnh si t). Sau trng la, vic trng du nui
tm c coi trng (nng v tang). T tm dt nn rt nhiu loi vi t n gin n
qu gi: t, la, lt, l, the, nhiu, on,si, i, lnh, thao,(nn quai thao) ni,
a,...n gm vc.
Ngoi nui tm, cn dng cc loi cy thng thng khc nh si gai, si ay,
si bng v t chui (c bit t chui mn mng, nh, mc ma nng rt mt mc d
d rch)
[ So snh vi phng Ty du mc: cht liu mc l lng th, da th chc b, m
ph hp x lnh,..]
7.3. Nh
Cn nh trc ht phc v yu cu i ph vi thin nhin, kh hu v thun
tin vi ngh nng nghip. Cuc sng nh nng yn tnh. Do ngi nh c xy
dng n nh thnh ci t m.An c lc nghip
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dng.Vn chn hng nh rt quan trng, trnh pha Ty v Bc, a thch ng
Nam.
Cu trc ngi nh:
Gian nh trung tm trang trng nht dnh lm bn th t tin, kim lun ni
tip khch (trng t tin v hiu khch).
Do li sng cng ng, cn nh khng chia cc phng bit lp, ch c cn
bung (1,2 cn) ngn h, vn lin thng vi gian chnh. ( phng Ty ngn bit lp
tng phng cho mi c nhn).
Do li coi trng bn tri, nn cn bung bn tay tri (pha ng) dnh cho s
u tin (m chng bung tri, con du bung phi).Trn bn th chung ni ngoi th
bn ni bn tri, bn ngoi bn phi ca bn th).
Do coi trng s l, c bit ng hnh nn s gian nh l 1, 3, v 5 (ti a)
Bc thm 3 bc (tam cp). Cng nh c 1 hoc 3 ci (tam quan).
Mi nh lp bng cc loi l c cho mt, nu mi ngi th dng ngi m
dng va mt va bn.
V tr ngi nh chn t ni trung bnh, khng cao khng thp. Ghp cc b
phn theo li ghp mng (m dng) trnh dng inh kim loi (kim khc mc) r st
lm h hng nh.
Ni chung, vic lm nh da theo nguyn l hi ha m dng, hng ti mt
cuc sng n nh.
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ng, ca dao, dn ca truyn c gn lin vi sng nc, i b, u sng, cui sng,
ngang, dc.... Nhng sng tc vn hc - ngh thut dn tc a thch ti, bi cnh
sng nc... c bit ngi Nam b gi c vic i b lli b(....). Khi ngi cht,
cng theo tn ngng dn gian, cn i chuyn cui cng quachn sui. Khi ht
cu kinh trong m tang, cc b vi ht bicho a tin linh hn.
7.5 Vn ho tnh dc
C th ni ngay mt iu lngi Vit Nam l mt dn tcdtv tnh dc
nht. Mc d vic duy tr ni ging l mt vic lm thing ling v bt buc. Nu nh
ngi n c Kamastrutra (dc Kinh), ngi Trung Hoa c T n kinh, Ngc phng
b kp th ngi Vit Nam li chng c g. Ngay c Truyn Kiu cn mt thi b
cc C coi l dm th na l
Tnh dc hay hot ng tnh dc c coi l mt trong nhng kha cnh quan
trng nht trong bn nng sng ca con ngi. Tuy nhin, con ngi nhng nn vn
ho khc nhau li quan nim khc nhau v c th n ng v n b, v ham mun
tnh dc, v sinh n v v hn nhn...
mt s ni, tnh dc c khuyn khch v n c xem l hot ng t
nhin, cn thit vi hnh phc ca con ngi. Cha m thng cung cp cc thng tin
v tnh dc v to c hi cho thanh thiu nin pht trin k nng lm tnh ca h.
Trong khi , mt s ni khc, tnh dc b ph nhn v b coi l iu ti li, xu xa.
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Tt c nhng g lin quan ti tnh dc u b cm on, ngoi tr vic ti to ni
ging.
Ngi n , Rp, Trung Hoa ln ln trong mt nn vn ho vn tng
to nn nhng tc phm nh Kamasutra, Vn thm hay Nhc B on, Ngc Phng
b kp, T n kinh... Ngi Vit Nam khng c nhng tc phm phng the . Tuy
nhin, c nhng bng chng cho thy rng ngi Vit Nam tng c quan nim rt
ci m v tnh dc.
Thu hoang s, ngi Vit Nam coi quan h tnh giao l mt hot ng t
nhin ca con ngi. Trn trng ng Ngc L c khc hnh cc cp nam n ang
giao hp vi nhau. Ngay c khi Pht gio v Nho gio pht trin mnh Vit Nam vi
cc cm k kht khe v quan h hai gii th mt s ni ti ng bng Bc B vn duy
tr tc l th sinh thc kh. Vo dp l hi hng nm, nam n trong lng c t do
quan h tnh dc.
H Xun Hng v nhng bi th m ch v tnh dc ca b l mt hin tng
vn hc Vit Nam th k 18. i vi nhng nh nho c h th th ca b qu
ldmvtc". Nhng vi a s ngi dn Vit Nam, th H Xun Hng lun
c thch th v c truyn tng t th h ny sang th h khc (Bi Qu mt, Bnh
tri nc, thiu n ng ngy). l mt trong nhng bng chng cho thy i vi
ngi Vit Nam, c nhng thi k, tnh dc hon ton khng phi l bn nng thp
km cn phi giu gim. Ngc li, l mt hot ng t nhin, lnh mnh ca con
ngi trong s giao ho vi v tr.
Tr li vi ch tnh dc trc hn nhn, ti tn thnh vi quan im ca
mt s anh ch khi nhn nhn y khng phi l iu xu, v chng ta cn trnh thi
v a c nmkhi nhn nhn v n. Ti ngh tnh dc l mt trong nhng kha
cnh thuc v bn nng sng ca con ngi, ging nh cm n, nc ung v
kh tri th vy.
tn ti, con ngi cn tho mn nhng nhu cu bn nng ca c th. Tuy
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nhin, vic tho mn bn nng ca con ngi khc xa v cht so vi vic tho mn bn
nng ca con vt. Cng mt hnh vi ln", nhng n dng mng vut cn x
khng th ging vi n dng bng bt a, dao na c. Tng t, vic tho mn dc
tnh theo kiu qun hn, bt chp khng gian, thi gian, bi cnh v s ng thun ca
bn tnh... khng th so snh vi tnh dc da trn c s tnh yu, s thc v tinh
thn trch nhim.
Cng mt hnh vi l quan h tnh dc, nhng ti sao thi im ny c coi
l hay, l tt nhng thi im khc li b coi l xu, l d? Vic nh gi xu - tt,
hay - d ph thuc vo chun mc vn ho ca tng x hi cng nh nhn thc, li
sng v kinh nghim ca mi c nhn. Nhng chun mc v vn ho c sinh ra l
gip chng ta ng x cho hay, cho p ch khng nn l nhng l thi c dng
tri buc hoc lm kh nhau. l cha k c nhng gi tr c coi l chun mc
mt thi tr nn lc hu so vi s bin i ca i sng thc t.
Theo: Hong Xun Dung
Mt vi suy ngh nhn xem ch Tnh dc trc hn nhn. Th nm, 31/8/2006, 22:08
GMT+7 http://vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Ban-doc-viet.
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CHNG VIII
VN HA NG X VI MI TRNG X HI
t nc Vit Nam vo ng t ng quc t, tc l giao im ca 2 con
ng Bc -Nam, Ty- ng. Du mc phng Bc i xung phng Nam phi qua
Vit Nam, du mc phng Ty tm ng sang ng cng gh Vit Nam trc.
Chng ta hiu v sao dn tc ta t xa n nay thng xuyn phi i ph vi nn
bnh trng, xm lc ca k ngoi bang. Tuy vy ngy nay iu li tr nn thun
li khi th gii m ca, tng cng giao lu hp tc, t nc Vit Nam nh ngi
nh mt tinrt thun li giao thng v i li...)
V tr a l chi phi, nh hng rt su m n tnh cch ngi Vit v
nn vn ha dn tc ta.
S giao lu (tip xc, nh hng qua li) bao gm nhiu dng nh:
Tip nhn vn ha dn tc khc.
Chi t, (theo cc mc t ty chay, hn ch n khng chin nh ui
bng v lc)
Pht huy vn ha dn tc Vit sang nc khc.
Cc dng hn hp, v d: va chng Hn ha va chu Hn ha (giai on 3),
va u ha va chng u ha (giai on 6),..(xem li biThi gian vn ha / lch s
vn ha Vit Nam - chng 2)
c im chung ca s giao lu vn ha Vit Nam l tnh dung hp - tng hp
- tch hp, xut pht t mt dn tc Vit c tnh hiu ha, bao dung. Ngay c khi cn
chng li xm lc v nn bnh trng, vn ha dn tc cng vn pht huy c tnh
.D bt bin, ng vn binl cch ng x ca mt dn tc c bn lnh cao.
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2.
3.
Giao lu vi n
8.1 Vn ha Chm v ngun gc B la mn, Hi gio
Nhng ngi truyn gio v nh bun n u tin t chn nc ta t u
cng nguyn. Du vt c cn tm thy c Eo (An Giang, ven bin min Trung,
Luy Lu (Bc Ninh). Khi ngi Chm lp ra Vng quc Champa (192 SCN), thot ra
khi ch h ca phong kin Trung Quc.H tip nhn ngi n n truyn
gio, theo tip thu nhiu gi tr vn ha khc. Vn ha n thm su vo vn ha
Chm t th k 7 n ht th k 15 khi Champa chm dt s tn ti c lp vi t cch
l mt quc gia v sp nhp vo lnh th i Vit.
B la mn gio (Bramanism) th ng ti cao tn l Brahma (c ngha l i
hn) c miu t trong b kinh Veda (chuyn th thnh V ca kinh Pht).
Brahma gm c 3 ngi: Brahma (sng to), Visnu (bo v) v Siva (hy dit). Khi o
Pht pht sinh n , B la mn gio t ci cch thnh n gio (Hinduism).
Thc ra vn ha Chm cn chu nh hng ca khu vc k cn v vn ha gc
min Trung (vn ha Sa Hunh).
a hnh, kh hu, li sng khc nghit min Trung to ra tnh cch Chm
dng tnh (cng rn, thng v, hiu chin).
Thnh tu vn ha Chm cn li ngy nay gm 1 s lnh vc: kin trc, iu
khc v tn gio, trong tn gio l linh hn ca nn vn ha y.
Ngy nay nhng thp Chm cn sng sng tr thnh nhng im du lch
hp dn du khch bn phng.
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24
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3.
Dit : nn ra cch dit kh. Phi bt u t tiu dit nguyn nhn (xa
b nhn ). Khi thnh cng, con ngi s c n ci Nirvana (Nit bn, ngha
ldp tt). l ci gic ng v gii thot.
4.
Hnh 5.15: Trang phc ca cc nh s phi Nam Tng- nh: Lm Quang Vinh
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Kinh tng ca phi Thng ta l Tiu tha (c xe nh, ch c t ngi)Tiu
tha pht trin xung pha Nam An (Nam Tng / phi), o Sri Lanka v ng
Nam .
-
Hnh 4.16: Trang phc Tu s phi i tha v ngi bin son gio trnh
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c Pht (theo m Hn) dn thay th Bt (theo m Vit). Bt vn tn ti trong dn
gian trong truyn c tch hoc trong li ni thng thng.
Pht gio chia 3 phi thm nhp vo Vit Nam:
Thin Tng (t tu luyn, ngi thin suy t - tnh tm), quan nimPht ti
tm. Tm ca mi ngi l ci Nit Bn, l Pht, chng phi u xa ! Gii tr thc
qu tc a thch tu kiu Thin Tng. (Vua Trn Nhn Tng i tu ni Yn T (Qung
Ninh) v lp ra phi Trc Lm Yn T.)
Tnh Tng: Hng v ci Nit Bn, thng xuyn i cu nguyn cha
pht A-di -, nhc nh li dy ca Pht. Nh cch tu hnh n gin, Tnh Tng
thu ht phn ln dn chng. Tn ch vic niNam m A-di-(nguyn qui theo
c A-di -).
Mt Tng: Tu hnh b mt, dng n quyt, mt ch, c hin vi hy vng
mau chng gic ng v gia thot. Mt Tng ha ln vi tn ngng dn gian Vit
Nam thnh cc nghi l, php thut, ym ba, cha bnh.
Hai triu i L v Trn to iu kin cho Pht gio lan rng Vit Nam, li
c dn chng sn sng tip nhn.
Nhiu cha, thp, tng Pht c xy dng, bn cnh c trng n c
ngh thut c o mang tnh Vit Nam. Cha Pht Tch (Bc Ninh), cha Hng (H
Ty), cha Mt Ct (H Ni), v.v..
n thi nh L, Nho hc - Nho gio thnh hnh, ln t o Pht. Pht gio suy
gim. n u th k 18 (cui L), vua Quang Trung c quan tm, chn hng Pht
gio nhng do ng cht sm nn cng cuc chn hng cng khng lm c l my.
u th k 20, phn ng vi vn ha u - M trn vo, dn tc li dy ln
phong tro chn hng Pht gio. Cc hi Pht gio lp ra Bc K, Trung k, Nam k
vi cc t bo ring nh : uc tu (Bc k) T bi m, Nit bn, tin ho..Bo th c:
Pht ho tn thanh nin, ting chung sm,php m.. 26
26
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Hin nay nc ta, c khong 3 triu tng ni (xut gia, ln cha), s ngi i
cha thng xuyn 10 triu. Ai khng theo hn mt tn gio khc hu nh u t coi
mnh l tn o Pht.
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nng) c gi l Pht Mu. Ngy sinh Pht t VN gi l ngy Pht n (8/4 L).
Ngoi ra cn c cc v Pht B Quan m Th Knh, Pht B Cha Hng (b cha Ba)
Nhiu cha chin mang tnb: cha B Du, cha B , cha b anh, cha B
u, B Tng Tn i cha phn ln l ph n
Tnh linh hot
Cha Vit Nam ha hp vi thin nhin, to ra phong cnh hu tnh, ngy
thng l ni tnh lng trong mt khng kh linh thing, trm mc, nhng n ngy l
hi, ca cha rng m tr nnkhu gii tr cng cngy v th tc. Nhng mi tnh
lng mn ny sinh ngay ni phong cnh cha chin th mng.
Ngi Vit Nam khng n ni qu mc sng tn o Pht, vn coi trng, th
cng ng b, cha m, t tin:
Tu u cho bng tu nh
Th cha knh m mi l chn tu
Tng Pht - c to ra do nhng ngh nhn VN - mang phong cch nhng
ngi hin, dn gi, khng cn dng v nghim trang trn ta sen n . Tng ngi
dui hoc co chn, nhn mt, ci u... quay nhn nhiu hng (c bi th Cc v La
Hn cha Ty Phng ca Huy Cn.)
Bn cnh mi nh (o Nho), ngi cha Pht tr thnh cng trnh va linh
thing li va gn gi thn thit vi dn lng t bao i nay.
* Pht gio Ha Ho
Mt tng phi lp ra An Giang nm 1939 do gio ch Hunh Ph S (1919 1947) ng u, sau lan ra vi tnh ng bng Ty Nam b. o Ha Ho ly Tnh
Tng lm ct li, kt hp o l dn tc v th cng ng b. l thuyt T n:
n t tin, cha m - n t nc - n ng bo, nhn loi - n tam bo. Trong tam
bo(Pht - Php - Tng) ng hng th 3, cn n cha m ng u.
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Hnh 5.18:Hunh Ph S sinh ngy 25 thng 11 nm 1919 ti lng Ho Ho, huyn Tn Chu, tnh Chu
c, (nay thuc huyn Ph Tn, tnh An Giang).
27
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Tnh cht du mc
Tham vngbnh thin hm coi nh quc gia, coi trng quc t - l tnh
cch du mc r nt nht.T tng b quyn, tham vng bnh trng th hin r qua
ch thp.
Quan nim v mt x hi trt t ngn np, tn ti, thuyt chnh danh l tnh cch
trng l, trng nguyn tc k cng ca du mc.
Tnh cht nng nghip
cao ch Nhn v thuyt Nhn tr xut pht t i sng trng tnh ngha ca
vn ha nng nghip.
cao dn ch vn l truyn thng ca vn ho phng Nam
Coi trng vn ha tinh thn, ngh thut (thi th l nhc), ngay cc v vua
cha Trung Hoa v Vit Nam cng th hin khc nhau v im ny.
Sch kinh ca Nho gia gm 2 b: Ng kinh v T th
B Ng Kinh gm 5 cun:
Kinh Thi: b su tp ca dao, th dn gian, trong ch tnh yu nam n
kh nhiu. Mc ch ca Kinh Thi l gio dc tnh cm lng mn v cch din t
ngn ng, t tng r rng.
Kinh Th: ghi chp nhng truyn thuyt v bin c cc i vua thng c,
anh minh nh Nghiu,Thun, cc vua tn bo nh Kit, Tr lm gng cho i.
Kinh L: ghi chp l nghi nh Chu, nhm duy tr trt t XH.
Kinh Dch: ghi chp l thuyt Am dng v Bt qui, tip tc l thuyt ca
Chu Vng v Chu Cng (em). l b Chu Dch, c Khng T gii thch r rng,
sp xp trt t, d hiu.
Kinh Xun Thu: l s k nc L, km thm li bnh, li thoi khuyn
nh vua cha (ng ra cn c cun Kinh Nhc, sau b tht lc ch cn mt t, ghp vo
Kinh L, gi l Nhc K).
Tng truyn cn c Kinh Nhc nhng b tht lc. Thc h th no ang c
cc nh nghin cu v tranh lun. LQV.
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B T Th gm 4 cun:
Sau khi Khng T qua i, hc tr ghi li nhng bi ging ca thy thnh
cunLun Ng. Hc tr xut sc nht l Tng sm (Tng t) son li bi
hcdy php lm ngi qun t.Ri mt hc tr ca Tng t l Khng Cp (Ng T
T, chu ni Khng T) vit ra schTrung Dungpht trin t tng ca ng ni v
cch sng dung ha, khng thin lch. n thi Chin Quc, bch gia ch t ni ln,
c Mnh Kha (390- 305 tr. CN) gi l Mnh T, ngi k tc t tng Khng T, li
c hc tr ghi li bi ging thnh cunMnh T.
Bn cun: Lun Ng, i hc, Trung Dung, Mnh T hp thnh b T TH.
Hai b Ng Kinh v T Th l sch gi u ging ca Nho gia. lNho
gio nguyn thytrc Tn, sau ny gi l hc thuyt Khng Mnh.
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8.3.2. Ni dung c bn ca Nho gio
Gio dc o to
Mc tiu l o to ngi qun t (ngi cai tr)
Trc ht phi Tu Thn:
Phi t o: l con ng ng x trong XH. C 5 o: vua - ti, cha con, v - chng, anh - em, b- bn. (qun thn, ph t, phu ph, huynh , bng hu),
gi l Ng Lun.
Phi t c: Nhn - L - Ngha - Tr (Tn - n thi nh Hn b sung), gi
l Ng thng.
Phi bit Thi- Th - L - Nhc (Ng Kinh) tc l qun t phi c vn vn
ha ton din.
Th hai l Hnh ng: T gia, tr quc, bnh thin h.
u phi theo cc cch thc sau:
Chnh tr hc
Nhn tr: cai tr bng tnh ngi (nhn ngha) coi ngi nh bn thn mnh.
Chnh danh: Mi ngi c mt chc phn, phi lm ng nh tn gi (qun
qun, thn thn, ph ph, t t)Danh khng chnh th li ni khng thun. Li khng
thun th vic chng thnh
Nho gio thc cht l s tng hp ca 2 ngn ngun: vn ha du mc phng
Bc v VH nng nghip phng Nam. Chng hn:bnh thin hl tnh cht du
mc.chnh danhcng l tnh k lut thuc v nguyn tc du mc.
Hai ch Nhn v Nhn tr xut pht t li sng trng tnh ca dn phng Nam
nng nghip. C ln hc tr T L hi thy v sc mnh, Khng T tr li:hi v ci
mnh ca phng Nam ? Hay l ci mnh ca phng Bc ? Khoan ha mm
mi dy ngi, khng bo th k v o - y l ci mnh cu phng Nam, ngi
qun t vo pha y. Xng pha gm gio du cht khng nn, y l ci mnh ca
phng Bc - k mnh vo pha y(Sch Trung Dung). Bn thn Khng T cng
sng trng tnh ngha. (nghe k chuyn mt ngi ngay thng i t co cha n trm
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cu, Khng T ni: Ti khng th lm nh vy, cha giu ti cho con, con giu ti cho
cha mi l ngay thng !).
Coi trng dn chng l bn cht dn ch ca nn VH nng nghip phng
Nam. Khng T pht biu: dn l tri, vua l con tri nn phi nghe dn.
Coi trngthi, th, l, nhcl bn tnh ca dn nng nghip phng Nam. Tnh
yu trong Kinh Thi l ci gc ca ch Nhn ph. Nam. V nhc, Khng T ni: khi
ngi ta hiu thu c nhc th nhng c nh nhn, thnh thc s pht trin d
dng (xem b phim Hon Chu cng cha thy c hai nhn vt va i lp va ha
hp: T Vi phng Nam v Tiu Yn T phng Bc vi tnh cch rt khc nhau
kt lm ch em).
S phc hp v ngun gc Nho gio gy nn tn bi kch lu di cho Nho gia
sut trng k lch s Trung Hoa, ngi u tin chu ng l Khng T. Nho gio
va thnh cng va tht bi !
Tht bi: v bc vng a chuyn quyn, bo lc, thch dng hnh pht th
Nho gio li ngn cn h. Nhng khi pht ngn, vua cha a cao Nho gio.
lngoi Nho, ni Php(hoc dng c, m php).
Tuy vy Nho gio gip ch phong kin Trung Hoa bn vng sut hng
nghn nm. y l v Nho gio chim c lng dn, to ra trt t x hi n nh.
K t thi nh Hn bt u suy tn Nho gio. Tri qua cc i sau, Nho gio
c sa i, b sung lin tc. (Hn Nho, ng Nho, Tng Nho ).
Nhn chung, h gim bt chtnhn trca vn ha phng Nam, tng cngphp
tr(cai tr bng php ch, hnh pht) ca vn ha du mc phng Bc. t nc
Trung Hoa rng ln, a dn tc, lm sao dngnhn trvdn chm cai tr c,
nn cn phi dngphp trvqun ch(vua lm ch tuyt i).
Nho gio ca Khng T rt cc ch cn l tm bnh phong cho cc vua cha
ging ln che chn cho ch qun ch, chuyn quyn ca h.
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Bin php tinh thntrng c khinh ti, khin quan li phi phng d
lun dn chng. (c l mt khi nim mp m - hiu sao cho thu l !)
l nhng gi tr vn ha c tip nhn, v tip bin VN.
Tm li, nhn dn ta vn gi truyn thng trng tnh v trng vn (trng ph n
qu c b suy gim trong thi phong kin)
Nhn chung, dn tc ta chp nhn Nho gio v cng ng gp cho Nho gio
pht trin theo hng ng Nam .
T tng trung qun (ca Trung Quc) gim i vi sc mnh i quc Vit
Nam (trung qun phi gn lin vi i quc). Nhng cuc thay i vua cha nc ta
u v 2 ch i quc (L Hon thay th vua inh, Trn Cnh thay th L Chiu
Hong. Nguyn Tri b nh Trn theo L Li. Ng Th Nhm b nh L mt i theo
Ty Sn Nguyn Hu. Khi vua nh Nguyn T c yu hn, nhiu nh Nho, s phu
phn i d di
H Ch Minh v nhiu nh cch mng xut thn Nho gia nhng dm i ngc
gio hun Nho gia: li cha gi, i tm ng cu nc (theo Nho gio: Ph mu ti,
bt vin du)
Nho gio Trung Hoa khuyn khch lm giu vi iu kin khng tri vi l
ngha (ph qu m c 5th cu c th d lm k cm roi nh xe hu ngi, ta cng
lm - li dy ca Khng T, Lun Ng). Ngi cai tr phi lo lm giu cho dn. Ngh
bun bn Trung Hoa rt pht trin.Cn Vit nam, ngh bun bn giao thng vn
b nh tr, khng c giai cp thng tr khuyn khch, tri li cn b khinh r. Vn l
chnh schtrng nng, c thng.
Nhn chung, Nho gio Trung Hoa v Nho gio Vit Nam c nhiu nt thng
nht vn t ci c s Nho gio bao hm c vn ha nng nghip phng Nam
trong ri.
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28
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sng t nhin. (Hegel, nh trit hc c ca ngi Lo T hn hn Khng T v mt
trit hc).
Lo T a chung ha bnh, hi lng vi cuc sng gin d (v vi).
Trang T (369- 286 tr.CN) ngi nc Tng (H Nam), khng bao gi ra lm
quan, sng n dt ni Nam Hoa. Tn tht Trang Chu, vit cun sch Nam Hoa Kinh.
Trang T tip tc truyn b t tng Lo T khin mi ngi bit nhiu v o
hc.
Hc thuyt Trang T lthuyt tng i, xa nha ranh gii gia con ngi
x hi v con ngi t nhin, gia Tn ti v H v, gia Chnh v T,v.v
Trang T cm ght k thng tr, ng gi h l bn trm ln (i o). ng tip
tc ku gi ri b x hi, tr v x hi nguyn thy (m tnh t nhin).
n cui thi ng Hn (th k II), ngi ta da vo t tng Lo - Trang m
thn b ha o hc, bin n thnh o gio. H tn th Lo T, gi ng l Thi
Thng Lo Qun tng ging th gip i. o gio tr thnh tn gio gm c 2 phi:
o gio thn tin: dy tu luyn, luyn thuc trng sinh (luyn an). Luyn
kh cng, tp v ngh. Ngoi ra cn mt s nghi thc khc. Mc ch l trng th. Ai
i tu o ny gi lao S. C 2 phng php rn luyn: ni tu l rn luyn thn
th, ngoi dng l ung thuc linh an, kt qu s tr v o (t nhin). o Tng l
cc sch vit v nghi l, gio l, bi ton, tng s, dng sinh, phong thy (coi t),
th vn ty bt (Tng s v thut phong thy chnh l ci t nhin c sn, xem
m on nhn c tng lai !)
o gio ph thy: dng nghi l php thut tr bnh (h cho rng t ma ra
bnh tt), ch yu l v ba, bn cnh cng dng thuc ung.
Qu tc a o thn tin.
Bnh dn tin theo o ph thy.
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i nh Trn, c truyn thuyt v ng quan T Thc (qu Thanh Ha) gp tin
n Ging Hng, sau kt hn m thnh tin.
i L, truyn thuyt Trn T Uyn gp g tin n Ging Kiu xm Bch
Cu (H Ni), sau 2 v chng ci hc bay i. Dn chng lp ra Bch Cu o qun
th. Vua L Thnh Tng m gp tin, cho xy Vng Tin qun ( ca Nam H Ni).
S phu Vit Nam xa i khi lp n cu c (cu tin, ph tin) hi thi th,
vn mnh t nc.
Trong cc phong tro nng dn ni dy u tranh chng ch PK v trong
khng chin chng xm lc, o thn tin cng l mt phng tin gip dn khng
nh nim tin v tp trung lc lng.
Bn cnh 2 phi o gio ph thy v thn tin ni trn, nhiu nho s Vit Nam
i ti suy ngm v ct li o hc, chn li sng thanh tnh, nhn lc (an bn lc o).
Chu Vn An, Nguyn Bnh Khim, Phan Huy ch, Nguyn Cng Tr, Nguyn Khuyn
khi bt mn thi cuc u tm v li sng n c, ha hp vi thin nhin.
Ngy nay o gio tn li Vit Nam, ch cn l t mt s t nghi l mang
tnh tn ngng dn gian nh ng bng, i bt nhang, xin ba ch, tang ma.
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Sn. Hot ng ca ng linh mc ny to c s cho thc dn Php sau ny m ng
vo VN.
Khi ln ngi Gia Long, Nguyn nh lm vo th kh x: nhn ra nh hng
xu ca Kit gio i vi vn ha dn tc v nguy c b xm ln nhng li chu n
gio s Php. nh ch trng hn ch Kit gio, gi nguyn hin trng, ngn cm pht
trin thm. Nh Nguyn khi phc, chn hng Nho gio.
n cc i Minh Mng Thin Tr, Php y mnh xm lc, tranh th
o Kit gy kh khn cho triu nh PK VN khi T c ra lnh cm o.
Thng 5- 1862, vua T c b p ct 3 tnh min ng Nam B cho Php v
hy b lnh cm o. Cc nh Nho v s phu yu nc phn i, ko di ti phong
tro Cn Vng. Nm 1954, Php tung tinCha vo Nam li ko nhiu ngi
di c vo Nam.
Sau 4 th k truyn o, n nay Kit gio c khong 5 triu tn Cng
gio v na triu tn Tin Lnh VN.
Kit gio khng th t a s VN v 2 l: Th nht, Kit gio dnh lu n
cc cuc xm lc ca Quc Phng Ty nc ta, li n tng xu kh phai
m. (dn chng khng chp nhn thoi mi nh Pht gio n v t). Th hai l:
Kit gio mang tnh cht vn ha du mc, mc d c gng ci bin ha hp vn ha
nng nghip nhng vn tri vi tn ngng th cng t tin.
Ngy nay, vi nhiu thay i quan trng t vn truyn o phi ph hp vi
vn ho ca ngi bn a c Vatican nhn nhn t thc t cc nc vng Chu
, cc Kit hu VN sng ha mnh trong dn tc, knh cha gn vi yu nc,sng
phc m trong lng dn tc, c quyn th cng t tin nh bao ngi Vit khc.
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c im vn ha i ph ca dn tc Vit Nam
V sao mt dn tc nh b nh Vit Nam li khng b ng ha sau HN 1000
nm xm lc v h ca Trung Quc, v hn 100 nm di tay Php v M ? Tri
li cn lun lun chin thng ! l huyn thoi v sc mnh qun s v sc
khng ca nn vn ha Vit Nam.
Ngi dn nng nghip thng yu km kh nng t chc v lc lng qun
s.
Khi cn phi i ph vi nn ngoi xm, truyn thng Vit Nam l trnh i
u bng chin tranh, c gng thng lng tm gii php ha bnh. Dn ta trng vn
hn v nn nh nc khng u t t chc qun s.
Khi nhn thy khng th trnh c nn chin tranh, nhn dn ta kin quyt t
chc khng chin, dng chin lc tng hp i ph, l:
Ton dn khng chin
Ton din khng chin
Trng k khng chin
l ng li chin tranh nhn dn. Khi c chin tranh, mi ngi dn l mt
ngi lnh,gic n nh n b cng nh. t quc gia nh t lng x, quyt
khng th mt tc t ri vo tay k khc.
Khi nh gic, dn tc ta s dng mi cch nh min l c kt qu. nh du
kch (bt ng), phc kch, trnh gip trn i u) nh bng binh vn, nh bng
tuyn truyn. c bit,va nh va m, m phn sm chm dt chin tranh,
gim bt thit hi
Ngh thut ngoi giao Vit Nam rt kho lo, ti gii v cng quyt, ko di
thi gian lm cho qun gic mi mt. Qun ta cn tm cch gi th lung lay ch qun
Minh (Nguyn Tri - Qun Trung t mnh tp - gm th t gi tng gic Minh sut
10 nm). l ly thi gian lm lc lng tiu hao ch gic.
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Bit trng tre i ngy thnh gy
i tr th m khng s di lu
(t Nc - Nguyn Khoa im)
Quc th v bo u tin bch
K Long Tuyn i nguyt ma
(Th nc tr cha xong u bc
Vn ngi mi kim di nh trng)
(Cm Hoi - ng Dung)
M o hm t lc tc cn xanh
Nay m ph ph u bc
M vn o di tm i bc
Bao m ri ting cuc vng nm canh
(t qu ta mnh mng- Dng Hng Ly)
Khi chin thng, dn tc ta t lng bao dung khoan th. L Thng Kit m li
cho qun Tng rt chy trong danh d (gi xin iu nh khi qun Tng sp thua trn).
Sau khi nh xong qun Nguyn, vua Trn Nhn Tng sai em t ht th t ca
nhng k phn bi lin lc, u hng gic. Sau khi nh tan 10 vn qun Minh ti Chi
Lng nm 1427, L Li ng ging ha vi Vng Thng, cp nga xe tu thuyn
cho chng rt chy. Thm tha mng cho tn ton quyn Php Paul Dumer sau khi
bt c y. Kt thc 2 cuc khng chin chng Php v M, nhn dn ta i x nhn
o, cao thng i vi k bi trn, i thu nht hi ct lnh gic v trao tr cho gia
nh h.
Trong thi phong kin, sau khi chin thng, cc vua cha nc ta cn sai s
sang Trung Quc cng np (biu qu qu) v xin lm ch hu gi th din cho k
bi trn trnh xung t v sau.
Nguyn nhn chin thng l s tng hp ca
Lng yu nc ca nhn dn ta
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on kt mt lng.
Kh nng tng hp
Tnh linh hot
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o Cao i (i o tam k ph ) hnh thnh vo nhng nm 20 th k XX.
o Cao i tm li thot t tng cho tm trng bun nn ca dn tc khi hng lot
phong tro yu nc chng Php u tht bi. Cao i tng hp cc tn gio c
to ra mt tn gio mi Thng l v gio ch c tn l Cao i Tin ng: biu
tngcon mt tri(thin nhn). Cc thn tng gm nhiu bc nh sau:
Tam gio t s:
Lo T, Pht Thch Ca, Khng T (cao nht)
Quan Cng, L Bch, Qun Th m B Tt
Victor Huygo, Nguyn Bnh Khim,Tn Dt Tin
Cn c tranh th Jesus, Khng T Nha. Sau 1975, c chn dung H Ch Minh.
Cu trc Cao i l con s 3 v s 5 (tam ti v ng hnh)
Ngi sng lp o Cao i l ng Ng Minh Chiu, o hiu l Ng Minh
Chiu (mt nm 1932).
Ngy nay c khong 2 triu tn Cao i vi 20 t chc chi phi. Cha T
Lm Ty Ninh gi l ta thnh tht Cao i.
o ny c 2 phi: v vi v ph . Ph rng m cho mi ngi, gin d v
d hiu. V vi ch dnh cho s tn tr thc. Nghi l Cao i n gin, khng phin
phc.
+ Nguyn i Quc - H Ch Minh, danh nhn vn ha th gii - s tch hp
vn ha ng Ty vi l tng x hi ch ngha.
Sut na cuc i bn ba nm chu bn bin, Nguyn A Quc - H Ch Minh
vn gi c gi tr vn ha dn tc Vit, vn ha phng ng, li cn tip thu
nhng tinh hoa vn ha phng Ty v th gii. Ngi thc l s dung hp Nho Pht - o vi t tng vn ha hin i Au - M, thu sut t tng Mc - LNin
nh cao nhn loi.
V quan im gio dc, H Ch Minh hc tp Nho hc ci vai tr, phng
php gio dc ci thin v ci to con ngi
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Ngi c tm nhn rng ln, pht huy sc mnh on kt dn tc v nhn dn
th gii v li ch dn tc ta v cch mng ca nhn loi.
T Nguyn i Quc n H Ch Minh, Ngi i t ch ngha yu nc truyn
thng Vit Nam n mt ngi cng sn chn chnh. Nh bo Nga Mandelstamm
nhn xtNguyn Ai Quc thm m mt cht vn ha - khng phi th vn ha
Chu Au, c l y l nn vn ha ca tng lai. Ngh quyt ca UNESCO ghi
r:s ng gp quan trng v nhiu mt ca ch tch H Ch Minh trong cc lnh vc
vn ha, gio dc v ngh thut l kt tinh truyn thng vn ha hng ngn nm ca
nhn dn Vit Nam, v nhng t tng ca Ngi l hin thn nhng kht vng ca
cc dn tc trong vic khng nh bn sc dn tc ca mnh.
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CHNG IX
VN HO VIT NAM
T TRUYN THNG N HIN I
9.1. Hng s vn ho Vit Nam
Nhng yu t khch quan v tr (cn gi l yu t a - vn ha) c nh to
ra nn tng ca mt nn vn ha dn tc, t sinh ra nhng c im c bn khng
thay i trong lch s (v trong tng lai) - gi l hng s vn ha.
Lp vn ha bn a Vit Nam c to ra trn nn tng Nam v ng Nam
(nguyn l vng ng Nam c i) sinh ra nhng c im bn vng sau y:
Ngh nng trng la nc.
Ko theo nhng gi tr vn ha khc nh: k thut canh tc, mt s gia sc chn
nui nh tru, b, heo, g, vt, mt s cy trng: khoai, sn, bp, rau tri...
C cu ba n ch yu vn l: cm - rau - ca .
T nhng hng s vn ha y, mt s c trng c hnh thnh gi l bn sc
vn ha dn tc.
9.2. Bn sc vn ho dn tc
Xut pht t ngh nng trng la nc v cc hng s vn ha, dn n cc gi
tr vn ha ch yu sau:
T chc lng x bn vng, n nh.
Tnh cng ng, tnh on kt
Tnh t tr, tnh dn ch, thc c lp dn tc v lng yu nc nng nn
Li sng thin v qun bnh hi ha m dng,trng tnh cm hn l tr,
trng vn hn v, mm do hiu ha.
Li ng x nng ng, linh hot, kh nng thch nghi cao vi mi tnh
hung, bin i.
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Li t duy tng hp v bin chng
Tinh thn dung hp v xu hng kt hp, tch hp nhiu ngun vn ha.
Bn sc vn ha dn tc l s kt tinh ton b gi tr vn ha truyn thng ca
dn tc v tn ti di dng tinh thn (trong mi con ngi Vit Nam tiu biu). Bn
sc y cn gi l tnh cch vn ha - c tnh vn ha ca dn tc.
Bn sc vn ha dn tc cng cha ng c mt tri (nhng nhc im c
hu). Chng ta cn nhn nhn nhc im y c quyt tm v bin php sa cha
Bn sc vn ha rt n nh, bn vng, chm thay i.
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Cng trnh kin trc c: n i, lng tm, cng trnh c khc cn c bo
tn (gi gn, trng tu, khai thc)
Ting Vit: L sn phm c bit do tt c ngi Vit to nn sut trng k
lch s.Ting Vit cn c gi gn, ph thng ha, chnh m, chnh t v trong sng.
Cc gi tr vn ngh dn gian: cn c su tm, khai thc, k tha v pht
huy. y l nhng gi tr c nhng vn cn sc sng nh:
Thn thoi, truyn thuyt, truyn c tch, ng ngn, ca dao, tc ng.
m nhc c truyn, dn ca, sn khu dn gian (Cho, tung, ca ti t Nam
b, dn ca kch cc vng, nh Quan h Bc Ninh, Ngh Tnh, v cc dn tc nh
Khmer, Ty nguyn, Ty, Thi. v.v
Nhng tc phm c in c sc nh Th vn L -Trn, th vn Nguyn
Tri, Truyn Kiu, B huyn Thanh Quan..v.v
Mt s ngh th cng c o nh my tre an (ng), lm trng, kim
hon, thu may, o di ph n, dt la t tm...
Nhng th thut y hc c truyn (ng Nam Y), cy thuc nam
Nhng mn n dn tc c o. . v. v...
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CI HAY
Ci
Ci thot
c(thm)
khi
th, cng
nghip pht trin
thn b khng ch
S ngho nn
thiu thn
y
Tinh thn t
Thi gia
do ph phn
quc t rng ri
Ci mt mt
th nng
i sng vt
S lin kt
CI D
trng
Thi a
phng cc b ch
Mi trng
t nhin
Li sng tnh
Ci nhim
phi
Nn nhim
mi trng
Li sng thc
ngha
dng
Tnh tp th,
Li sng c
S n nh gia nh
Tnh t tr, t
ngha
lc
nhn ch ngha
Hin tng
i try
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Hin nay , t nc ta cng c sn nhng iu kin thun li c bn l :
V tr a l thun li cho giao thng , giao thng quc t
Tnh hnh an ninh chnh tr quc gia n nh , bn vng
Nhn dn on kt mt lng
Tm li , t nc ta c ba iu kin : thin thi - a li - nhn ha
bc vo giai on pht trin mi .
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Ph lc
STT
1
Tn gi
Kinh
Tn gi khc
Vit
Ty
Th
10
11
12
Cc nhm nh
Ngn, Phn, Thu lao, Pa d
a bn c tr
Trong c nc
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13
14
15
X-ng
16
Sn Di
17
Hr
18
C-ho
19
Ra-glay
20
Mnng
21
Th
22
X'ting
23
Khm
24
25
Bru-Vn
Kiu
Giy
26
C-tu
27
GiTring
28
Ta-i
29
30
Co
Yn
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31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
H Giang
52
53
R-mm
Kon Tum
Kon Tum
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54
-u
Ty Ht
Ngh An
126
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Nhng thnh tu m Vit Nam lm c trong hai mi nm i mi l rt ln,
khng ai c th ph nhn. Nhng c mt iu chc chn rng, s pht trin cn nm di
mc tim nng. n by gi, tuy ta c cht d dt, song thc t l c nc vn loay hoay
vi ming n. L nc ng th hai trn th gii v xut khu go, nhng nhiu vng dn vn
i, rt. c bit l quc nn tham nhng ang honh hnh. c tnh khong 5% s v tham
nhng c phanh phui, 95% cn li th hnh th nh th no, di cn n u vn ang l mt
cu hi ln (theo TS L ng Doanh, Tui Tr ngy 11.4.2006). Th hi, b no, ngnh no
m khng c tham nhng? i i vi s tht thot ti sn quc gia l s gim st nghim
trng nim tin ca ngi dn vo cn b qun l v b my Nh nc. Nn tham nhng ln
cng lm cho hnh nh nc Vit Nam ta tr nn b nh trong mt ngi nc ngoi.
Nhng g xy ra v PMU 18 ang c ngi dn quan tm cho thy, nu khng gii quyt
vn chng tham nhng mt cch quyt lit, tn gc v hiu qu th quc nn s mt ny s
e da trc tip n s tn vong ca chnh th.
V vy, nc Vit Nam ta khng nh, tm nguyn ca mun dn lc ny l: i hi
ng ln th X phi t nhim v lm sch b my Nh nc, ci cch hnh chnh l nhim
v cp bch hng u. y l cch duy nht bo v chnh th, l con ng ngn nht
ly li nim tin ca ngi dn v cng l con ng duy nht ng Vit Nam hi nhp v
pht trin bn vng. t mt mc tiu c th trong thi hn ngn mi lm nm chng hn,
ton ng, ton dn hng vo quyt tm thc hin k c. Mc tiu c th l:Nc
sch, dn an, ph cng(nh nc trong sch, dn an lc tin vo Nh nc, t nc giu
mnh). Nc c sch th dn mi an, v lc mi c th ni n t nc giu mnh c.
Xin c a ra tin ng trao i.
L Quang Dng
(huy_romance83@yahoo.com)
Cha mnh v thiu on kt
V sao mt dn tc c hn 80 triu dn m vn b coi l mt dn tc nh? L v chng
ta cha on kt. V sao mt dn tc c 3.260 km ng b bin v s hu hn 1.000.000
km2 mt bin m vn b xem l mt dn tc nh? L v chng ta cha on kt. Ti sao chng
ta cha on kt? V mi ngi ch lo sng cho c nhn mnh, lo cho quyn li ca mnh, ch
mong cho cuc i mnh, gia nh mnh m no, yn n ch khng h ngh vn mnh ca t
nc s i v u. V trong mi chng ta c tm nhn qu hn hp nn mi ngi ch l mt
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c th ch cha hn on kt thnh mt sc mnh dn tc to ln. Ngi Vit Nam c tnh t
tr qu cao, tinh thn lng x qu ln nn nh ai ny gi, lng ai ny qun ch khng nhn
rng hn, ngh xa hn, ngoi lng, x cn l quc gia, dn tc. Ci bn tnh ch k nh kiuta
v ta tm ao ta, d trong d c ao nh vn hnch cng hun c cho mi ngi mnh mt
ci nhn thin cn xem ta l trn ht v xem ngi khc khng ra g mc d ngi khc c
nhiu iu ta hc hi. Ci tm l ganh ght, kn ca, hm hi khi ngi khc ti hn mnh,
giu hn mnh, c nhiu u im hn mnh cng lm cho dn mnh nh li, t nc mnh
khng th vn mnh.
Hn bao gi ht, nu chng ta mun theo kp cc nc th trc ht phi thc tnh dn
tc mnh, thc tnh chiu su thc dn tc, lng t tn dn tc v th din cng dn mt
nc trc hon cnh ny ch khng phi khi gic n ri th mi ngi mi cm sng,
dng ly th khng kp. Phi lm th no cho ngi mnh thng yu ngi mnh v ngh n
vn mnh dn tc, t nc nhiu hn. Phi lm sao ngi mnh hiu l ngi mnh phi
s dng sn phm do ngi mnh sn xut. Phi lm cho ngi mnh thc c l nc
mnh cng c nhiu th c gi tr chng thua g nc ngoi. Phi lm sao cho ngi mnh bit
cm gin khi ngi nc ngoi coi thng ngi nc mnh, xem ngi mnh nh hng ha
trng by trong cc shop. Phi lm sao cho ngi mnh bit cm hn khi b cc ng ch nc
ngoi nh p. Phi lm sao cho ngi mnh phn n khi ngi mnh b bn d man khi nh
c ngoi khi. Khi cng dn ca mt quc qia b ngi nc ngoi khinh r, nh p, st hi
m khng bit ln ting th l ci nhc ca mt dn tc, l s xc phm n quc th. Nu
bit cm gin khi ngi khc coi r ngi mnh, nu bit cm phn khi ngi khc st hi
ngi mnh th l on kt.
54 dn tc Vit Nam l anh em gn b keo sn, tnh thm thit th khng c l do g
chng ta li khng on kt. on kt l pht trin.
Nh thi im ny, t nc ta nh mt con rng ang nm ng, n mnh ch thi vng vy
nhng nh ngi xa c ni, nu ng nhiu qu s pht sinh bnh. n lc con rng y
xut hin v bay ln tri xanh.
Bi tham gia din n, xin gi v e-mail: thanhhang@thanhniennews.com
Vn nh
(dophilip2003@yahoo.com)
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Khng t ln nhng ti
nng tr Vit Nam lm
rng danh t nc ti
cc k thi quc t
phong ph, con ngi thng minh nhng c bao gi chng ta t hi rng nhng yu t Nht
Bn, Hn Quc thua km chng ta nhiu nhng ti sao hin nay h li ang giu mnh hn ta
gp nhiu ln? Ti sao t nc ta li l mt t nc c truyn thng i ngho?
Qu tht, soi ri li lch s dng nc v gi nc ca dn tc mnh trong hng ngn
nm nay, chng ta u c th thy hin hin nhng mu thun, nhng nghch l ln. lun l
ni trn tr trong mi ngi Vit, i hi chng ta cn phi nhn ra v c li gii p trn vn.
Dn tc ta, t nc ta c hai nghch l chnh nh sau:
Nghch l th nht: Yu ha bnh nhng lun b chin tranh
y l mt nghch l c bn nht, ln nht ca dn tc Vit. Lch s cho thy chng ta
lun phi va dng nc va gi nc, lun lun trong th ca k b chinh phc. Sau khi
thot khi s n l hn nghn nm ca phong kin phng Bc, dn tc Vit cha bao gi
c hng mt thi k thi bnh ti ba trm nm. Ht Nam Hn, n Nam Tng, n Nguyn
Mng, n Minh, n Thanh, ri n hai cuc khng chin trng k gn y. Trong lch s
pht trin ca loi ngi t trc n nay, khng c mt dn tc no, khng c mt quc gia
no li phi chu nhiu cnh ao binh mu la n nh vy.
Chng ta c nhng chin cng hin hch ca dn tc, nhng ch l nhng chin cng
trong vic gi nc, trong nhng tnh th b dn vo ng cng, b bc bch la chn n l
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hay t do. Vy ti sao chng ta lun lun b ri vo cc cuc chin tranh v qun s trong khi
chng ta l mt dn tc v cng yu chung ha bnh? Chng ta cn g t ho trc th gii
ngoi nhng chin thng tht anh hng nhng cng tht qu nhiu au thng mt mt?
Nghch l th hai: Cc iu kin pht trin kinh t y nhng lun sng
trong i ngho v cha bao gi thc s giu mnh
Vit Nam c y nhng iu kin tr thnh mt nc giu mnh nhng trn thc
t chng ta li l mt nc c truyn thng i ngho. Chng ta c v tr a l thun li, thin
nhin tng i u i, ti nguyn khong sn phong ph, con ngi cn c, thng minh, sng
to. Nhng ti sao chng ta vn ngho? Chng ta cn bao nhiu nghch l nh trong mt
nghch l ln?
Nghch l vm ca": Nc ta c v tr a chnh tr mang tm chin lc cao v thun
li cho giao lu vn ha v vn minh vi th gii. Nhng hu ht trong chiu di lch s,
chng ta lun thc hin chnh schb quan ta cng", t chi hc hi nhng ci hay ca th
gii cho quc gia, cho dn tc. Trong khi iu kin tng t ca Nht Bn km thun li so
vi ta nhiu nhng h li lun bit ch ng ci thuyn i hc hi nhng tinh hoa ca cc
quc gia khc trn th gii v h thnh cng nh th no hn chng ta u thy.
Chng ta c nghch l bin: Vit Nam c hn 3.000 km ng bin(chnh xc l
3260km), ca mt vng bin c ngha chin lc ln trn bnh din th gii. Nhng Vit
Nam chng ta li v ang chi b tim nng hng ra bin, khai thc v chinh phc bin
tr thnh mt cng quc bin.
Chng ta c nghch l v tr tu Vit Nam: Ngi Vit Nam lun c cc dn tc khc
trn th gii v l mt dn tc thng minh nh ngi Do Thi nhng ng thi, mi ngi li
chp nhn iu nghch lmt ngi Vit Nam hn hn mt ngi Nht, ba ngi Vit th thua
3 ngi Nht". Phi chng do chng ta thiu on kt, thiu mt mc tiu chung v ng n
tr tu Vit Nam c th hi t v thng hoa?
Chng ta c th li cho chin tranh gy nn i ngho, nhng c phi v b suy yu
nn mi phi ri vo tnh trng chin tranh?
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C mt s ngi cn li cho th ch, chnh sch nhng ngay c trong thi im hin
ti, ngi Vit c ng khp nm chu v vn lun c cc dn tc khc tn trng v s
thng minh cn c him c, nhng cng khng c ly mt t ph ngi Vit tm c th gii,
khng c nhng c nhn thnh t tm mc ton cu? Nhng quc gia, dn tc c nhiu
im tng ng vi Vit Nam nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Trung Quc, ri ti Thi Lan,
Malaysia, Singapore th li c, v ngy cng c nhiu.
Tm li, chng ta thy nghch l ca mt dn tc c truyn thng anh hng bt khut
nhng dn kh li khng cao, khng lin mch. Mt dn tc c truyn thng thng minh v
hiu hc nhng dn tr li khng hu dng. Mt dn tc c y iu kin lm giu m dn
sinh li khng c sung tc.
Chng ta c nhn ra, c thy trn tr, c thy au xt trc hng lot nghch l ? Hay
phi chng iu nghch l duy nht l chng ta chp nhn tt c nhng nghch l trn l
chn l, l iu hin nhin?
Nhng nghch l nu trn tn ti ngn nm nay, vy u l cn nguyn ch
thc gy nn nghch l?
Bt c ai c mt lng yu nc tht s s khng o tng v sc mnh ca dn tc
mnh. cn phi dng cm tm ra cho c cn nguyn ca nhng nghch l nu trn c th
c nhng liu php cha tr tn gc. Theo ti, c th nu ra ba nguyn nhn sau:
Th nht, Vit Nam c v tr a chnh tr c ngha chin lc trong khu vc cng nh
trn bnh din th gii. Vi v tr a chnh tr ca mnh, t thu u dng nc n nay, Vit
Nam lun l i tng thn tnh ca cc th lc bnh trng. Vit Nam l ca ng Trung
Quc bnh trng sang ng Nam ; l ca bin Nht Bn hay Hoa K nh hng n cc
nc ng Dng, v ti c n v Trung Quc; l vng m ca vn ha n nh
hng n phn cn li ca chu .
Th hai, ti nguyn thin nhin v ti nguyn con ngi giu c, a dng v phong ph.
chnh l ming mi bo b cho nhng th lc bnh trng hm he chim ot. V vi iu
kin sng tng i sung tc v d dng nh vy, ngi Vit khng cn phi c gng nhiu
cng c th t nui bn thn mnh.
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Yu t th ba l nhng ro cn v vn ha. Nhng ro cn v vn ha y c
xc nh l nhng tnh cht tiu cc khng ph hp ca nn vn ha Vit gy nn nhng
nghch l Vit Nam. u tin l nhng c tnh c hu ca nn vn ha da trn nn tng kinh
t nng nghip la nc. N bao gm cc tnh cch: tnh manh mn, tnh a n nh v thin
v bo tn, khng mun khm ph v pht trin. Tm li, l cc c tnh rt thin v m
tnh.
Ban u, l nhng tnh cht vn ha m tnh cn bng vi mi trng sng gn
vi thin nhin mt vng nhit i. Nhng sau , chnh nhng c tnh vn ha ngoi lai
bin nhiu c trng ca nn vn ha la nc truyn thng thnh nguyn nhn ch yu to
nn nghch l Vit Nam. l nhng mt tri khi chng ta phi tip thu vn ha mt cch
cng p, thiu ch ng v thiu chn lc t bn ngoi.
Ngi Trung Hoa mang theo Nho, Lo v Pht gio dy cho dn tc Vit sd ha vi
qu", hi lng vi hin ti, t kht vng khm ph v chinh phc. thm vo l ngi Php,
ngi M mang li s chia r su sc trong lng dn tc Vit vi s phn chia Bc, Trung,
Nam v cn chia r ti lng x h tc. l nhng nguyn nhn chnh lm cho ngi Vit mt
on kt m y tnh m ca nn vn ha Vit thnh Thi m, tc l gn nh mt i kht
vng ln mnh, ch mun s n nh v km hm trong ciao lngnh b ca mi ngi.
Khng nhng vy, nguy him hn na l tm l co bng, ko li mi nhn t mi ni tri v
c th c tnh t ph.
Thuc tnh Thi m ch th hin sc mnh khi ngi Vit b dn vo ng cng, vo
th khng cn s la chn m bt buc phi chin u. Nhng sau khi c coi lchin
thng", s m tnh thi qu li pht huy tc dng, nh ru ng c mt dn tc, dn tc
li tr nn yu t v li b dn vo bc ng cng. Vy n lc chng ta nn nhn ra ci
vng trn lun qun v phi tm cch thot khi n cho bng c, thot khi ci hu qu
camt ngn nm h gic Tu, mt trm nm h gic Tyhay khng? Chng ta c dm
cng ng lng, ng sc xy dng mt nc Vit v i ngn nm giu mnh, ngn nm thi
bnh hay khng?
Nh vy, chng ta hon ton c th kt lun, trong ba nguyn nhn trn, chnh nguyn
nhn cui cng - nhng ro cn v vn ha, l cn nguyn to nn nhng nghch l Vit Nam.
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Mt nn vn ha thin v m tnh ch c th bo ton mt quc gia ch khng th to nn mt
quc gia giu mnh v pht trin, khng th to nn mt nn vn minh ln. Chng ta cn ci
sa mt nn vn ha a hi ha thin v m tnh sang mt nn vn ha mt mt vn gi c
c tnh hi ha, nhng mt khc phi thin v dng tnh, thin v pht trin, khm ph, chinh
phc. Khi , chng ta c th bin hai nguyn nhn u tin thnh nhng iu kin v cng
thun li tr thnh mt quc gia v i, tht s snh vai vi cc cng quc nm chu.
ng L Nguyn V
(tng Gim c cng ty c ph Trung Nguyn)
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t Nc
(chng 5 ca trng ca Mt ng Kht Vng - tc gi Nguyn Khoa im)
Khi ta ln ln t Nc c ri
t Nc c trong nhng ci ngy xa ngy xa . . .m thng hay k
t Nc bt u vi ming tru by gi b n
t Nc ln ln khi dn mnh bit trng tre m nh gic
Tc m th bi sau u
Cha m thng nhau bng gng cay mui mn
Ci ko , ci ct thnh tn
Ht go phi mt nng hai sng xay gi dn sng
t Nc c t ngy . . .
t l ni anh n trng
Nc l ni em tm
t Nc l ni ta h hn
t Nc l ni em nh ri chic khn trong ni nh thm
*
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136
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lc Lc Vit v u Vit li, dng nn nc u Lc.
Nm 207 TCN, Triu - vua nc Nam Vit - tung qun nh chim u
Lc. Cuc khng c ca An Dng Vng tht bi. Sut 7 th k tip , mc d
cc th lc phong kin phng Bc thay nhau h, chia nc ta thnh nhiu
chu, qun vi nhng tn gi khc l m chng t ra, nhng vn khng xo ni
ci tnu Lctrong thc, tnh cm v sinh hot thng ngy ca nhn dn ta.
Vn Xun - Tn ti 58 nm (544-602)
Ma xun nm 542, L B khi ngha nh ui qun Lng, gii phng
lnh th. Thng 2/544, L B ln ngi Hong , t quc hiu l Vn Xun,
khng nh nim t tn dn tc, tinh thn c lp v mong mun t nc c
bn vng mun i.
Chnh quyn L B tn ti khng lu ri li ri vo vng h ca cc
triu i phong kin Trung Quc (t nm 602). Quc hiu Vn Xun b vi dp v
ch c khi phc sau khi Ng Quyn nh tan qun Nam Hn bng chin thng
Bch ng nm 938, chm dt thi k Bc thuc.
i C Vit - Tn ti 86 nm (968-1054)
Nm 968, inh B Lnh dp yn cc s qun ct c, thng nht quc gia,
ln ngi Hong v cho i quc hiu l i C Vit (nc Vit ln). Quc
hiu ny duy tr sut i inh (968-979), Tin L (980-1009) v u thi L
(1010-1053).
i Vit - Tn ti 748 nm (1054-1804)
Nm 1054, nhn im lnh ln l vic xut hin mt ngi sao sng chi
nhiu ngy mi tt, nh L lin cho i tn nc l i Vit v quc hiu i
Vit c gi nguyn n ht thi Trn
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Sau 10 nm khng chin (1418-1427), cuc khi ngha chng Minh ca
L Li ton thng. Nm 1428, L Li ln ngi, t tn nc l i Vit (lnh th
nc ta lc ny v pha Nam ti Hu).
Quc hiu i Vit c gi qua sut thi Hu L (1428-1787) v thi
Ty Sn (1788-1802).
i Ngu - Tn ti 7 nm (1400-1406)
Thng 3/1400, H Qu Ly ph Trn Thiu , lp ra nh H v cho i
tn nc thnh i Ngu ("nguting c c ngha ls yn vui"). Quc hiu
tn ti n khi gic Minh nh bi triu H (thng 4/1407).
Vit Nam - Tn ti 80 nm (1804-1884)
Nm 1802, Nguyn nh ng quang, m u thi Nguyn v cho i tn
nc l Vit Nam, Quc hiu Vit Nam c cng nhn hon ton v mt ngoi
giao tr thnh chnh thc vo nm 1804. Tuy nhin, hai tingVit Namli
thy xut hin t kh sm trong lch s nc ta. Ngay t cui th k 14 c mt
b sch nhan Vit Nam th ch do trng nguyn H Tng Thc bin son. Cun
D a ch ca Nguyn Tri (u th k 15) nhiu ln nhc n hai chVit
Nam". iu ny cn c cp r rng trong nhng tc phm ca trng Trnh
Nguyn Bnh Khim (1491-1585), chng hn ngay trang m u tp Trnh tin
sinh quc ng c cu:Vit Nam khi t xy nn". Ngi ta cng tm thy hai
chVit Namtrn mt s tm bia khc t th k 16-17 nh bia cha Bo Lm
(1558) Hi Phng, bia cha Cam L (1590) H Ty, bia cha Phc Thnh
(1664) Bc Ninh.... c bit bia Thu Mn nh (1670) bin gii Lng Sn
c cu u:Vit Nam hu thit, trn Bc i quan(y l ca ng yt hu ca
nc Vit Nam v l tin n trn gi phng Bc). V ngha, phn ln cc gi
thuyt u cho rng tVit Namkin to bi hai yu t: chng tc v a l
(ngi Vit phng Nam).
i Nam - Tn ti trn l thuyt 107 nm (1838-1945)
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n i vua Minh Mng (1820-1840), quc hiu c i thnh i
Nam. D vy, hai tingVit Namvn c s dng rng ri trong cc tc phm
vn hc, trong nhiu giao dch dn s v quan h x hi.
Vit Nam
Ngy 19/8/1945, Cch mng Thng Tm thnh cng, lt hon ton ch
thng tr phong kin v thc dn, m ra mt k nguyn mi. Ngy 02/9/1945, Ch
tch H Ch Minh c Tuyn ngn c lp, khai sinh nc Vit Nam Dn ch
Cng ho.
Sut 30 nm tip theo, tuy t nc lm vo cnh chin tranh, ri chia ct,
hai tingVit namvn c ph bin t Bc ch Nam v tr thnh thn thit,
thing ling vi mi ngi.
Ngy 30/4/1975, min Nam c gii phng, non sng quy v mt mi.
Ngy 02/7/1976, trong k hp u tin ca Quc hi nc Vit Nam thng nht,
ton th Quc hi nht tr ly tn nc l Cng ho X hi ch ngha Vit
Nam. Hin php nm 1980 v hin php nm 1992 tip tc khng nh quc hiu
, a n tr thnh chnh thc c v php l ln trn thc t.
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TH MC THAM KHO
1. o Duy Anh 1938 Vit Nam vn ha s cng, Quan Ngoi Tng Th,
Hu.
2. Phan Ngc 1998 Bn sc vn ho Vit Nam, Nxb VH-TT
3. Will Durant Lch s vn Minh n , Nguyn Hin L (dch) 1971, Nxb
L Bi, Si Gn.
4. Trn Ngc Thm 1997 c s vn ha Vit Nam , Nxb Gio Dc
5. Trn Ngc Thm 2001 Tm v bn sc vn ha Vit Nam , Nxb TPHCM
6. Ng c Thnh 2001 Tn ngng v vn ha tn ngng Vit Nam, Nxb
Tr.
7. Trn Quc Vng 1997 C s vn ha Vit Nam - Vn ha hc i cng
Nxb Gio Dc
8. v nhiu ti liu khc lin quan n vn
Cc trang web
1. www. egov.gov.vn www.chinhphu.vn
2. www.vanhoanghethuat.org.vn
3. www.suutap.com
4. www.ctu.edu.vn- khoa s phm- Ging vin :L nh Bch.
5. www.agu.edu.vn -khoa s phm- Ging vin :Phng Hoi Ngc
6. www.google.com.vn trang web tm kim thng tin.