Ho hc Hu c - Hp cht thin nhin (ngun: truongptnk.com ) Hp cht thin nhin (Natural product) l mt trong nhng lnh vc rt th v trong b mn Ho Hu c.

Lnh vc ny nghin cu v thnh phn, cu to v tnh cht ca nhng hp cht thin nhin v cch trch ly chng t ngun thin nhin v tn, ngoi ra trong lnh vc ny ngi ta cn nghin cu v mt s phng php tng hp chng thay v phi trch ly t cc cy c, ng - thc vt trong t nhin. y l mt lnh vc rt hay nn ti xin php c m ra ch ny a ln mt s bi vit m ti tng hp c v nhng hp cht thin nhin. y ti ch ni ch yu v cu to, tnh cht v cch tng hp nn nhng hp cht ny ch khng i su vo cng dng ca n. Cc bn nu c bi vit hay cng c th post ln, hoc l tho lun v nhng bi vit post. Bi u tin ti mun a ln l Cinnamaldehyde, mt thnh phn chnh trong tinh du qu. Cinnamaldehyde - mt thnh phn chnh trong tinh du qu c nhiu cng dng Cinnamaldehyde l mt thnh phn chnh c trong tinh du qu, trong thc t tinh du qu c rt nhiu cng dng, quan trng hn ht l cng dng phng v cha bnh c s dng vi nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. Sau y ti xin trnh by c th c im v cu to, tnh cht vt l v s lc v cng dng cng nh l s tng hp nn chng thay v phi trch ly t ngun t nhin. I. Cu to v mt s tnh cht vt l Sau y l cu to ca cinnamaldehyde;

Nh cc bn bit, v y l thnh phn chnh (c hm lng trn 80%) ca tinh du qu nn n c mi hng rt c trng cho tinh du qu. a s thnh phn chnh ca cc loi tinh du u l terpen hay terpenoid (dn xut ca terpen) c cu to t cc n v isopren ni vi nhau theo quy tc u ui (terpen/terpenoid n gin nht c cu to t 2 n v isopren c gi l monoterpenoid, nu c nhiu hn 2, ta c cc loi terpenoid l sesquiterpenoid - 3 n v isopren, diterpenoid - 4 n v isopren, triterpenoid - 6 n v isopren... v ch c monoterpenoid mi l thnh phn chnh c trong cc tinh du). Isopren:

Khung isopren ca terpen:

(cn lu l cc n v ca terpenoid ch cn c ci khung ca isopren, khng nht thit phi ging y chang) V d nh limonen, thnh phn chnh trong tinh du ca h cam, chanh, qut, bi:

Hay l nerol v geraniol l 2 hp cht rt quen thuc i vi cc bn:

du mi tn " " dng phn cch n v isopren u vi n v isopren ui. Tuy nhin, mt s loi tinh du m thnh phn chnh ca n khng c b khung ca isopren, v d nh:

Hay l chnh cinnamaldehyde m ta ang ni n vy. Mc d vy, cc hp cht ny cng u c xp vo nhm monoterpenoid. Mt trong nhng l do l chng u l thnh phn chnh ca cc loi tinh du, u to ra mi hng v tnh cht c trng cho tinh du. V mt cu to, cinnamaldehyde c cha nhn benzen v mt nhm chc - CHO, tuy nhin cha c ti liu no cho thy rng cinnamaldehyde c th gy ung th hay tc hi lu di cho sc kho, m ngc li, hp cht ny c cng dng rt tt cho con ngi. Cinnamaldehyde c mt s tnh cht vt l nh sau:

_ Khi lng phn t: 132,16 g/mol _ Mu sc: mu vng _ Khi lng ring: 1,05 g/mL _ im nng chy: - 7,5 C _ im si: 248 C _ tan trong nc: hu nh rt t tan T nhng c im trn, ta thy cinnamaldehyde l mt cht lng snh, mu vng iu kin bnh thng. tnh acid ca hidro alpha ca nhm carbonyl: Trong cc hp cht nh ester, aldehyde, ketone th do hiu ng rt electron ca nhm C = O m nguyn t hidro alpha (ngi ta nh du nguyn t C k cn nhm C = O l nguyn t carbon alpha, tip theo k cn C alpha l C beta, k cn C beta l C gamma v c th. Th nguyn t H gn trn nguyn t C alpha so vi nhm C = O c gi l nguyn t hidro alpha) d b bt ra di dng H+ trong mi trng base mnh, hay ni cch khc nguyn t hidro alpha c tnh acid. Sau khi bt H+ (in tch dng) ra th phn cn li ca hp cht ban u mang in tch m ngay trn nguyn t C alpha c gi l carbanion:

Vn c t ra l, i vi nhm CH = O th ti sao nguyn t H chu tc dng trc tip ca s rt in t ca O, nhng n vn khng b tch ra di dng H+ m hidro alpha (chu tc dng gin tip) mi l hidro c tnh acid? y l mt vn tng i su v mt chuyn mn, xin li cho cc bn khi chuyn Ho gii quyt. Ni g th ni, tnh acid ca H alpha l yu ch khng phi mnh. Do bt H+ ra th ta phi s dng cc base mnh nh NaOH, CH3CH2ONa... _ Th hai: Phn ng cng thn hch vo ni i C = O: Do hiu ng rt in t ca nguyn t O trn ni i C = O, nguyn t C ca nhm carbonyl mang mt phn in tch dng, do nu c tiu phn no giu in t hay mang in tch m th s tc kch vo trung tm thiu in t , to nn phn ng cng thn hch cho ni i C = O. Tc nhn giu in t c gi l tc nhn thn hch. Ly v d nh phn ng cng nc vo ni i C = O chng hn: Xt phn t nc cn 2 cp in t t do trn nguyn t O (cc bn c th xem li trong sch gio khoa lp 10), ngoi ra do nguyn t O c m in ln hn nguyn t H nn trn O cn mang mt phn in tch m:

Do phn t nc l mt tc nhn thn hch, do n s tc kch vo trung tm thiu in t trn ni i C = O, y i in t pi v pha nguyn t oxi:

Sau khi phn t nc tc kch vo, to thnh sn phm trung gian chnh gia, lc ny s c s chuyn v proton ni phn t tao thnh gem diol. D nhin, gem diol l mt tiu phn km bn nn s tch nc to thnh hp cht carbonyl ban u. Do phn ng cng nc vo ni i C = O l mt phn ng thun nghch. Ta ch mi xt phn ng cng thn hch cho ni i C = O i vi hp cht l ketone v aldehyde, ch cn i vi ester th phn ng s phc tp hn mt cht. Li dng hai ci th trn, ta c ci th ba: phn ng ngng t gia 2 hp cht carbonyl. T 1 hp cht l aldehyde hoc ketone c hydro alpha, ngi ta chuyn n thnh carbanion, ri cho carbanion ng vai tr thn hch tc kch vo mt hp cht carbonyl khc. Phn ng nh vy c gi l phn ng ngng t aldol. Ly v d n gin l phn ng ngng t aldol gia 2 phn t acetaldehyde:

Nu ta ngng t 2 hp cht carbonyl khc nhau th c khi chng ta khng ch thu c sn phm ngng t mong mun t 2 cht , m chng ta cn thu c thm 2 sn phm na: l mi hp cht carbonyl t ngng t vi nhau. trnh hin tng th 1 trong 2 hp cht carbonyl ban u phi khng c H alpha. Da vo quy tc trn, ta s c phn ng tng hp cinnamaldehyde l: