Structures Theory Textbook and Lecture Notes

Dr.
Qais Abdul Mageed
Theory of Structures
(2008-2009)
Text Book: Elementary Theory of Structures, 2nd Edition, by: YUAN-YU HSIEH
References:
1. Elementary Structural Analysis, by: NORRIS, WILBAR UTKU.
2. Statically Indeterminate Structures, by: CHU-KIA WONG.
3. Indeterminate Structural Analysis, by: KINNEY
First Semester:
4.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
Stability and Determinacy of Structures:

Stability and Determinacy of Beams.
Stability and Determinacy of Trusses.
Stability and Determinacy of Frames.
Stability and Determinacy of Composite Structures.
5.
5.2.
5.3.
Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:

Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Frames.
Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Arched
Frames.
Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Composite
Structures.
5.4.
6.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
Statically Determinate Trusses:

Types of Trusses.
Stability and Determinacy of Complex Trusses.
Examples on Solving and Analyzing Trusses.
7.
7.2.
7.3.
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures:

Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Beams.
Maximum Effect of a Function due to external loading:
Due to Concentrated loading.
Due to Distributed loading.
Distributed Dead Load.
Distributed Live Load (occupying any length of the structure).
Distributed Live Load (of a specific length).
Influence Lines for Girders with Floor Systems.
Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Frames.
Influence Lines for Girders in Trusses.
Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Composite Structures.
Maximum Effect of a Function due to Multiple External Moving Loads.
5.
Absolute Maximum Moment for Simply Supported Beams.
Page 1
Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.2.1.
6.3.
6.4.
(2008-2009)
Elastic Deformation of Structures (Deflection & Rotation).

Conjugate Beam Method.
Deflection of Beams and Frames.
Unit-Load Method (Virtual Work Method).
Deflection and Rotation of Trusses.
Deflection and Rotation of Composite Structures.
Second Semester:
1.
Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures:
1.1.
Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Trusses.
Trusses with Double Diagonal System.
Trusses with Multiple Systems.
1.2.
Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Portals.
1.3.
Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Frames.
Frames Subjected to Vertical Loads Only.
Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads Only.
2.
Symmetry and Anti-Symmetry of Structures.
3.
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Method of

Consistent Deformations.
4.
Fixed End Moments of some Important Beams with Constant EI.
5.
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams and Rigid Frames by the

Slope-Deflection Method.
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams by the Slope-Deflection
Method.
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Rigid Frames without joint translation
by the Slope-Deflection Method.
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Rigid Frames with One Degree of
Freedom of joint translation by the Slope-Deflection Method.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams and Rigid Frames by the

Moment Distributed Method.
Fixed-End Moments.
Stiffness, Distribution Factor and distribution of External Moment Applied
to a Joint.
Distributed Moment and Carry-Over Moment
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Rigid Frames with One Degree of
Freedom of joint translation by the Moment Distributed Method.
Page 2
(2008-2009)
Review:
1) Roller: One unknown element.
90o

(2 Degree of Freedom)
2) Link or strut: One unknown element.
Link 1
Link 2
R1
R2
F.B.D
(Two Degree of Freedom)
3) Hinge: Two unknown elements.

Rx
R
Ry
(One Degree of Freedom)

4) Fixed: Three unknown elements.
M
Rx
R
Ry
(Zero Degree of Freedom)
Page 3
(2008-2009)
1.
Stability and Determinacy of Structures:
1.1.
Stability and Determinacy of Beams.

(r) = no. of reactions
(c) = The total no. of equations of conditions.
(Where: c=1 for an internal hinge, c=2 for an internal roller and c=0 for
beams without internal connection)
(c + 3) = The total no. of the equilibrium equations.
The beam is set to be:
Unstable if ( r < c + 3 )
R1
R2
R2
R1
R3
R1
R2
r = 3, c = 0
But Unstable
Determinate if Stable if ( r = c + 3 )
R1
R3
R2
r = 3, c = 0
Stable & Determinate
Indeterminate if Stable if ( r > c + 3 )

The degree of indeterminacy (m) can be obtained by:
m = r (c + 3)
R3
R1
R2
r =7, c = 2
R4
R5
R6
R7
7 >c + 3 = 2+ 3 = 5
7 > 5, m = 2
Stable & Indeterminate to the 2nd degree
Page 4
1.2.
(2008-2009)
Stability and Determinacy of Trusses.

(b) = no. of bar elements of truss
(j) = no. of joints.
The truss is set to be:
Unstable if ( b + r < 2 j )
r = 2, b = 5, j = 4
b+ r =7, 2 j = 8
7<8
(Unstable)
Determinate if Stable if ( b + r = 2 j )
r = 3, b = 9, j = 6
b + r = 12 , 2 j = 12
Stable & Determinate
Indeterminate if Stable if ( b + r > 2 j )

m = (b + r ) 2 j
( )
r = 4 , b = 13 , j = 7
b + r = 17 , 2 j = 14
m=3
Stable & Indeterminate to the 3rd degree
Page 5
1.3.
(2008-2009)
Stability and Determinacy of Frames.

(b) = no. of frame members
(j) = no. of joints.
(c) = The total no. of equations of conditions.
(Where: c=1 for an internal hinge, c=2 for an internal roller and c=0 for
beams without internal connection)
(c = no. of members connected at joint 1)
The frame is set to be:
Unstable if ( 3b + r < 3 j + c )
Determinate if Stable if ( 3b + r = 3 j + c )
Indeterminate if Stable if ( 3b + r > 3 j + c )
m = (3b + r ) 3 j + c
Frame
10
10
3b+r
39
39
3j+c
Classification
27
Indeterminate
to the 12th
degree
33
Indeterminate
to the 6th
degree
Unstable
Page 6
1.4.
(2008-2009)
Stability and Determinacy of Composite Structures.

(E) = no. of equilibrium equations
(U) = no. of unknowns
The structure is set to be:
Unstable if ( U < E )
Determinate if Stable if ( U = E )
Indeterminate if Stable if ( U > E )
m =U E
Composite Structure
2.
Classification
10
10
Determinate
11
Indeterminate to the
2nd degree
Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:
Sign convention:
N: Axial Force (tension +ve, compression ve)
V: Shear Force (turning structure clockwise +ve, counter clockwise ve)
M: Bending Moment (compression outside of structure and tension inside
+ve, otherwise ve)
2.1.
Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Frames.
Page 7
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Page 8
(2008-2009)
Page 9
2.2.
(2008-2009)
Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Arched
Frames.
Page 10
(2008-2009)
Page 11
2.3.
(2008-2009)
Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Composite
Structures.
Page 12
(2008-2009)
Page 13
3.
3.1.
(2008-2009)
Statically Determinate Trusses:

Types of Trusses.
A truss may be defined as a plane structure composed of a number of
members joined together at their ends by smooth pins so as to form a rigid
framework. Each member in a truss is a two-force member and is subjected
only to direct axial forces (tension or compression).
A rigid plane truss can always be formed by beginning with three bars
pinned together at their ends in the form of a triangle.
Common trusses may be classified according to their formation as simple,
compound and complex.
Simple Truss: ( )
A simple truss is formed by a basic triangle; each new joint is connected to
the basic triangle by two new bars.
Compound Truss: ( )
A compound truss is formed from two or more simple trusses connected
together as one rigid framework either by three links neither parallel nor
concurrent, or by a link and a hinge.
Link
Link
Link
Link
Hinge
Page 14
(2008-2009)
Complex Truss: ( )
The truss which is neither simple nor compound is called a complex truss.
h1
g
h2
3.2.
Stability and Determinacy of Complex Trusses.

For the shown complex truss there are two
cases:
1. If h1=h2=h, then the truss is unstable.
2. If h1h2, then the truss is stable.
h1
g
h2
3.3.
Examples on Solving and Analyzing Trusses.
Page 15
(2008-2009)
Page 16
4.
(2008-2009)
Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures:
Page 17
(2008-2009)
Page 18
(2008-2009)
Page 19
(2008-2009)
Page 20
4.1.
(2008-2009)
Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Beams.
Page 21
(2008-2009)
Page 22
4.2.
(2008-2009)
Maximum Effect of a Function due to external loading:
Page 23
(2008-2009)
Page 24
(2008-2009)
Page 25
4.3.
(2008-2009)
Influence Lines for Girders with Floor Systems.
Page 26
(2008-2009)
Page 27
(2008-2009)
Page 28
4.4.
(2008-2009)
Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Frames.
Page 29
(2008-2009)
Page 30
(2008-2009)
Page 31
(2008-2009)
Page 32
(2008-2009)
Page 33
(2008-2009)
Page 34
(2008-2009)
Page 35
4.5.
(2008-2009)
Influence Lines for Girders in Trusses.
Page 36
(2008-2009)
Page 37
4.6.
(2008-2009)
Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Composite Structures.
Page 38
4.7.
(2008-2009)
Maximum Effect of a Function due to Multiple External Moving Loads.
Page 39
(2008-2009)
Page 40
(2008-2009)
Page 41
5.
(2008-2009)
Absolute Maximum Moment for Simply Supported Beams.
Page 42
(2008-2009)
Page 43
(2008-2009)
Page 44
(2008-2009)
Page 45
)(2008-2009
)( Conjugate Beam Method

:
(
) (
wl 4
(
) ( P )
8 EI
) .( Conjugate Method
MA=wl2/2 w
wl 4
= B
8 EI
dx
RA=wl/2
y
wl/2
Shear Force Diag.

Bending Moment Diag.
wl
2
= MA
) (
) ( Curvature :
d2y
M
=
2
dx
EI
:
Page 46
)(2008-2009
dy
= tan
dx
:
dy
=
dx
d d 2 y
M
= 2 =
dx dx
EI
:
M
dx
EI
)------ (1
dy
) ( )
dx
(:
dy
M
= =
dx
dx
EI
M
dx dx
EI
dy = dx =
:
)------ (2
M
dx dx
EI
y = dx =
) (dx ) (
:
dV
= w dV = w dx V = w dx
dx
dM
= V dM = V dx M = V dx = w dx dx
dx
:
)------ (
)------ (4
Page 47
V = w dx
M = V dx = w dx dx
)(2008-2009
) (Conjugate beam
M
) ( )
EI
) (-b
) ( V ) ( M ) ( w ) ( ) (
M
)
EI
( :
M
dx
EI
M
M =
dx dx
EI
V =
)------ (5
)------ (6
(w) per unit length
)(Conjugate Beam
MB
)(a
l
A
(3 / 4 ) l
wl 2
2 EI
)(b
wl 2 l wl 3
=
= Re sul tan t
2
EI
3 6 EI
) - (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
:
.
) ( = V
) (Actual Beam
) (Conjugate Beam .
Page 48
)(2008-2009
.
) ( y = M ) Actual
(Beam
) (Conjugate Beam .
) (Conjugate Beam ) Actual

(Beam .

) (Conjugate Beam

) .(Actual Beam )(
:
Free End
Simple End
Interior Support
Fixed End
Simple End
Interior Connection
) (
Conjugate beam
)(subjected to Elastic Load
Free End
Fixed End
Simple End
)(hinge or roller
Interior Connection
)(hinge or roller
Interior Support
)(hinge or roller
V =0
M =0
V 0
M 0
V 0
M =0
V 0
M =0
V 0
M 0
Actual Beam
)(Subjected to applied Load
=0
=0
Fixed End
0
0
Free End
0
=0
Simple End
)(hinge or roller
0
=0
Interior Support
)(hinge or roller
0
0
Interior Connection
)(hinge or roller
(Sign Convention ) :
:
) (x
.
Page 49
)(2008-2009
):(Conjugate Beam Method

( ) (BMD .
( .
( ) (BMD ) (
.
(
.
(
.
:
Conjugate beam
)(subjected to Elastic Load
Actual Beam
)(Subjected to applied Load
a
a
)(c
b
b
)(b
)(a
b
a
)(d
)(e
)(f
) (
).( b-
Page 50
(2008-2009)
( B) (Actual Beam )
B
: ( B ) ( Conjugate Beam )
wl 3 3
3 wl 4
wl 4
l=
=
MB =
6 EI 4
24 EI 8 EI
wl 4
B =
8 EI
- :(Conjugate Beam Method)
1) Using the (Conjugate Beam Method), find ( B ) for the loaded beam shown
below:
P
MA=Pl
(a) Actual Beam
RA=P
B =
x
3
Pl
3 EI
y
(b) S.F.D
(c) B.M.D
-Pl
RA=P
MA=Pl
A
(d) Conjugate Beam
Pl/EI
l/3
2/3l
y
()
- :
Page 51
)(2008-2009
( ) (BMD .
(

) (EI ).(
( .:
2
1
Pl Pl
= ) (l
= Re sul tan t
2
EI 2 EI
* ] [2 l / 3
] [l / 3 .
( ) (B
.
Pl 2 2
= B = M B
l
2 EI 3
Pl 3
= B
3 EI
)(Down
:

.
2) Find the absolute maximum deflection in portion AB using the Conjugate
Beam Method.
)(EI constant
- :
( ) (BMD .
(

) (EI .
( AB .:
Page 52
)(2008-2009
2
1
PL PL
= ) (2 L
= Re sul tan t
2
EI EI
* ] [2 L / 3 A ] [L / 3 .B
( ) (A B .
P
C
3
P
2
2L
1
P
2
Conjugate
Beam
PL
EI
B.M.D
PL
PL
EI
PL2
3 EI
PL2
EI
=0
)M
PL2 1
(2 L ) R A ( 2 L ) = 0
EI 3
1 2 PL3 PL2
=
= RA
2 L 3 EI
3 EI

) x . A
1 Px
PL2
=V
x
=0
2 2 EI
3 EI
2
=x
L
3
Page 53
(2008-2009)
Mmax
Mmax
2 2
P
L L
2
Px2 x PL2
3 3 PL 2
)=
x=
4EI 3 3EI
4EI
3
3EI 3
2PL3
2PL3
2PL3
6 PL3
4PL3
)=
=
9 3EI 3 3EI 9 3EI 9 3EI
9 3EI
M max
6.
4 PL3
)=
9 3 EI
Elastic Deformation of Structures (Deflection & Rotation).
Page 54
(2008-2009)
Page 55
(2008-2009)
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Dr.

Qais Abdul Mageed

Stability and Determinacy of Structures:

Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:

Statically Determinate Trusses:

Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures:

Absolute Maximum Moment for Simply Supported Beams.

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Elastic Deformation of Structures (Deflection & Rotation).

Symmetry and Anti-Symmetry of Structures.

Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Method of

Fixed End Moments of some Important Beams with Constant EI.

Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams and Rigid Frames by the

Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams and Rigid Frames by the

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

3) Hinge: Two unknown elements.

(One Degree of Freedom)

(Zero Degree of Freedom)

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Stability and Determinacy of Structures:

Stability and Determinacy of Beams.

Indeterminate if Stable if ( r > c + 3 )

Stable & Indeterminate to the 2nd degree

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Stability and Determinacy of Trusses.

Indeterminate if Stable if ( b + r > 2 j )

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Stability and Determinacy of Frames.

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Stability and Determinacy of Composite Structures.

Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Statically Determinate Trusses:

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Stability and Determinacy of Complex Trusses.

Examples on Solving and Analyzing Trusses.

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures:

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Beams.

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Maximum Effect of a Function due to external loading:

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Influence Lines for Girders with Floor Systems.

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed

Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Frames.

Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed