Nguyn Xun Trng 12I

THPT Trn Ph

SO SNH NHIT SI CA CC HP CHT HU C

1. nh ngha linh ng ca nguyn t H ( hidro) :

L kh nng phn ly ra ion H(+) ca hp cht hu c .
2. Th t u tin so snh :
- so snh ta xt xem cc hp cht hu c (HCHC) cng nhm chc cha nguyn t linh ng
( VD : OH , COOH ....) hay khng.
-Nu cc hp cht hu c c cng nhm chc th ta phi xt xem gc hydrocacbon ca cc
HCHC l g y in t hay ht in t.
+ Nu cc HCHC lin kt vi cc gc y in t ( hyrocacbon no )th linh ng ca nguyn
t H hay tnh axit ca cc hp cht hu c gim.
+Nu cc HCHC lin kt vi cc gc ht in t ( hyrocacbon khng no ,hyrocacbon thm )
th linh ng ca nguyn t H hay tnh axit ca cc hp cht hu c tng.
3.So snh tnh axit ( hay linh ng ca nguyn t H ) ca cc hp cht hu c khc
nhm chc..
Tnh axit gim dn theo th t:
Axit V C > Axit hu c > H2CO3 > Phenol > H2O > Ru.
4. So snh tnh axit ( hay linh ng ca nguyn t ) ca cc hp cht hu c cng nhm
chc..
-Tnh axit ca HCHC gim dn khi lin kt vi cc gc hyrocacbon( HC) sau :
Gc HC c lin kt 3 > gc HC thm > gc HC cha lin kt i > gc HC no .
-Nu HCHC cng lin kt vi cc gc y in t ( gc hyrocacbon no) th gc axit gim dn
theo th t : gc cng di cng phc tp ( cng nhiu nhnh ) th tnh axit cng gim.
VD : CH3COOH > CH3CH2COOH > CH3CH(CH3)COOH .
-Nu cc hp cht hu c cng lin kt vi cc gc y in t nhng trong gc ny li cha cc
nhm ht in t(halogen ) th tnh axit tng gim theo th t sau :
+ Cng 1 nguyn t halogen , cng xa nhm chc th th tnh axit cng gim .
VD : CH3CH(Cl)COOH > ClCH2CH2COOH
+ Nu cng 1 v tr ca nguyn t th khi lin kt vi cc halogen s gim dn theo th t :
F > Cl > Br > I ..................
VD : FCH2COOH >ClCH2COOH >............................
Phng php so snh nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c.
1. nh ngha :
Nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c l nhit m ti p sut hi bo ha trn b mt cht
lng bng p sut kh quyn.
2. Cc yu t nh hng n nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c.
C 2 yu t nh hng n nhit si l khi lng phn t ca HCHC v lin kt hiro ca
HCHC .
3. So snh nhit si gia cc hp cht.
- Nu hp cht hu c u khng c lin kt hiro th cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th
nhit si cao hn.
-Nu cc hp cht hu c c cng nhm chc th cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th
nhit si cao hn.
- Cht c lin kt hiro thi c nhit si cao hn cht khng c lin kt hiro.

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THPT Trn Ph

-Nu cc HCHC c cc nhm chc khc nhau th cht no c linh ng ca nguyn t H ln

hn th c nhit si cao hn nhng 2 hp cht phi c khi lng phn t xp x nhau.
II,Bi tp
1: Cho cc cht sau: C2H5OH; HCOOH; CH3COOH.
Th t nhit si sp xp tng ng vi cc cht trn l
A. 118,20C - 78,30C - 100,50C. B. 118,20C - 100,50C - 78,30C.
C. 100,50C - 78,30C - 118,20C. D. 78,30C - 100,50C - 118,20C.
2: Cho cc cht: C2H5OH(1); n-C3H7OH (2); C2H5Cl(3); (CH3)2O (4); CH3COOH (5).Sp xp cc cht trn
theo chiu nhit si gim dn l
A. (5)>(2)>(1)>(3)>(4) B. (2)>(5)>(1)>(4)>(3)
C. (5)>(1)>(2)>(4)>(3) D. (5)>(1)>(2)>(3)>(4)
3: Cho bit nhit si ca cc dn xut clometan thay i nh th no?
A. CCl4> CHCl3> CH2Cl2> CH3Cl.
B. CCl4> CHCl3> CH2Cl> CH3Cl2.
C. CHCl3> CCl4> CH2Cl2> CH3Cl.
D. CHCl3> CH2Cl2 > CCl4> CH3Cl.
4: Nhit si ca cc cht tng dn theo dy sau:
(CH3)4C < (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2 < CH3(CH2)4CH3
iu gii thch no sau y ng?
A. Do s tng dn phn cc ca cc phn t.
B. Do bn lin kt hiro gia cc phn t trong dy trn tng dn.
C. Do s tng dn ca din tch tip xc b mt.
D. Do khi lng cc cht trn tng dn.
5:Cho Cc cht sau: CH3COOH(1), HCOOCH3(2), CH3CH2COOH(3),CH3COOCH3(4), C3H7OH(5), c
sp theo chiu tng dn nhit si l:
A. 2<5<4<1<3 B. 2<5<4<3<1
C. 2<4<5<1<3 D. 4<2<1<5<3
6: Nhit si ca cht no sau y thp nht?
A. Octan B. Pentan C. Hexan D. Heptan.
7: Cht no sau y c nhit si thp nht?
A. n-Pentan B. isopentan C. xiclopentan. D. neopentan
8: Cho cc cht sau: n-pentan(1); isopentan(2); neopentan(3) .
Th t nhit si tng dn l
A. (3)<(2)<(1) B. (1)<(2)<(3)
C. (1)<(3)<(2) D. (2)<(1)<(3)
9: Cho cc cht sau: (CH3)4C (1); CH3(CH2)4CH3(2); (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2 (3)
CH3(CH2)3CH2OH (4); (CH3)2CH(OH)CH2CH3 (5).
Sp xp th t tng dn nhit si l
A. (1)<(2)<(3)<(4)<(5) B. (1)<(3)<(2)<(5)<(4) C. (2)<(3)<(1)<(5)<(4)
D .(2)<(1)<(3)<(4)<(5)
10: Xem ba cht: (I): CH3(CH2)3CH3; (II): CH3CH2CH(CH3)2; (III): C(CH3)4. Th t nhit si tng dn

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THPT Trn Ph

ca ba cht trn l:
A. (III) < (I) < (II) B. (II) < (III) < (I)
C. (I) < (II) < (III) D. (III) < (II) < (I)
11: Cho cc cht sau: CH3COONa (1); CH3COOH(2); C2H5OH(3); CH3CHO(4).
Th t sp xp theo chiu tng dn nhit si l
A. (1)<(4)<(3)<(2) B. (4)<(1)<3)<(2)
C. (4)<(3)<(2)<(1) D. (4)<(3)<(1)<(2)
12: Sp xp cc cht sau theo th t gim dn nhit si?
A. n-C4H9NH2 >C4H9OH > C2H5N(CH3)2
B. C2H5N(CH3)2 >n-C4H9NH2 >C4H9OH
C. C4H9OH > n-C4H9NH2 > C2H5N(CH3)2
D. C2H5N(CH3)2> n-C4H9NH2 >C4H9OH
13: Cht no sau y c nhit si ln nht?
A. CH3COONa B. CH3COOH C. CH3COOC2H5 D. C3H7OH
14: Trong cc cht thm sau: Anilin; Phenol; Benzen; Benzylclorua. Cht no c nhit si thp nht?
A. Anilin B. Benzylclorua C. Phenol D. Benzen
15: theo th t phn cc tng dn ca lin kt O H trong phn t ca cc cht sau: C2H5OH (1);
CH3COOH (2); CH2=CHCOOH (3); C6H5OH (4); CH3C6H4OH (5); C6H5CH2OH (6) l
A. (6) < (1) < (5) < (4) < (2) < (3) B. (1) < (6) < (5) < (4) < (2) < (3)
C. (1) < (2) < (3) < (4) < (5) < (6) D. (1) < (3) < (2) < (4) < (5) < (6)
16: Cho cc cht sau: C2H5OH (1), CH3COOH (2), HCOOH (3), C6H5OH (4)
Chiu tng dn linh ng ca nguyn t hiro trong cc nhm chc ca 4 cht trn l
A. 4 < 1 < 2 < 3 B. 1 < 4 < 2 < 3
C. 1 < 4 < 3 < 2 D. 4 < 1 < 3 < 2
17: 21C; 65C; 78C; 100,5C; 118C l nhit si ca axit fomic, axit axetic, anehit axetic, ru
etylic, ru metylic. Nhit si tng dn theo th t trn l:
A. CH3OH < CH3CH2OH < CH3CHO < HCOOH < CH3COOH
B. CH3CHO < CH3OH < CH3CH2OH < HCOOH < CH3COOH
C. CH3COOH < HCOOH < CH3CHO < CH3CH2OH < CH3OH
D. CH3OH < CH3CHO < CH3CH2OH < HCOOH < CH3COOH
18: Cho cc ru sau:n-Butylic(1); sec- Butylic(2); iso -Butylic(3);
tert -Butylic(4); Th t gim gin nhit si l
A. (4)>(3)>(2)>(1) B. (1)>(3)>(2)>(4)
C. (4)>(2)>(3)>(1) D. (1)>(2)>(3)>(4)
19: Chiu gim dn nhit si ca cc cht: CH3CHO, C2H5OH, H2O l
A. C2H5OH , H2O,CH3CHO B. H2O, CH3CHO, C2H5OH
C. CH3CHO, C2H5OH, H2O D. H2O, C2H5OH, CH3CHO
20: Xem cc cht: (I): HCHO; (II): CH3CHO; (III): CH3CH2OH;
(IV): CH3OCH3; (V): HCOOCH3; (VI): CH3COOH; (VII): NH3; (VIII): PH3
Nhit si ln hn trong mi cp cht nh sau:
A. (II) > (I); (III) > (IV); (V) > (VI); (VII) > (VIII)
B. (II) > (I); (III) > (IV); (VI) > (V); (VIII) > (VII)

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C. (I) > (II); (IV) > (III); (VI) > (V); (VIII) > (VII)
D. (II) > (I); (III) > (IV); (VI) > (V); (VII) > (VIII)
21: Cho cc cht sau:
CHO-CH2OH(1); CHO-CHO(2); HOOC-CH2OH(3); HOOC-COOH (4);
CHO-COOH(5).
Th t gim dn nhit si ca cc cht trn l
A. (1)>(2)>(3)>(4)>(5) B. (5)>(4)>(3)>(2)>(1)
C. (4)>(5)>(3)>(1)>(2) D. (4)>(3)>(5)>(1)>(2)
22: Cho cc cht sau: Butan(1); bu-1-en(2); cis-bu-2-en(3); trans bu-2-en(4).
Th t tng dn nhit si l
A. (2)<(1)<(3)<(4) B. (1)<(2)<(3)<(4)
C. (1)<(2)<(4)<(3) D. (1)<(2)<(3)=(4)
23: Trong cc cht sau, cht no c nhit si cao nht?
A. Etanol B. imetylete C. Metanol D. Phenol
24: Trong cc cht sau y, linh ng ca nguyn t H l mnh nht trong phn t:
A. CH3CH2OH B. H2O C. CH4 D. CH3OCH3
25: Cht no c nhit si thp nht?
A. 1-Aminobutan B. Metyl n-propyl ete
C. Ru tert-butylic D. Butanol-1
26: Nhit si cc cht tng dn nh sau:
A. CH3CH2Cl < CH3COOCH3 < CH3COOH
B. CH3OH < CH3CH2COOH < NH3 < HCl
C. HCOOH < CH3OH < CH3COOH < C2H5F
D. CH3CH2Cl < CH3COOH < CH3CH2OH
27: cc cht sau : H2O; CH4; CH3Cl, C2H5OH. Cht no c nhit si cao nht?
A. C2H5OH. B. CH4 C. H2O D. CH3Cl
28: HF c nhit si cao nht so vi cc HX(X l Cl, Br, I) v l do no sau y?
A. HF c lin kt hiro nh nht. B. HF c lin kt hiro bn nht.
C. HF c phn t khi nh nht. D. HF c lin kt cng ha tr rt bn.
29: cht sau c cng khi lng phn t: C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3OCH3
Nhit si ca chng tng dn theo th t
A. HCOOH, CH3OCH3, C2H5OH B. CH3OCH3, HCOOH, C2H5OH
C. CH3OCH3, C2H5OH, HCOOH D. C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3OCH3
30: Trong s cc cht sau cht no c nhit si cao nht?
A. C2H5OH B. CH3COOH C. C2H6. D. CH3CHO
31: Cht no sau y c nhit si cao nht?
A. CH3CH2OH B. CH3CHO
C. CH3CH2NH2 D. CH3COOH
32:Cho cc cht sau: CH3COOH(A), C2H5COOH(B), CH3COOCH3(C), CH3CH2OH(D). Chiu tng dn nhit
si (t tri qua phi) ca cc cht trn l
A. D, A, C, B B. D, A, C, B
C. B, A, D, C D. C, D, A, B

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THPT Trn Ph

33: Cho cc cht sau (I): CH3COOH; (II): CH3CH2OH; (III): C6H5OH (phenol); (IV): HO-C2H4-OH; (V): H2O.
S linh ng ca nguyn t H trong nhm OH trong phn t cc cht tng dn theo th t sau
A. (II) < (V) < (IV) < (III) < (I) B. (V) < (II) < (IV) < (III) < (I)
C. (II) < (IV) < (V) < (III) < (I) D. (III) < (V) < (IV) < (II) < (I)