m

mm

CHNG I. CC PHNG PHP GIP
GII NHANH BI TON HA HC
Phng php l Thy ca cc Thy (Talley Rand)
1. PHNG PHP S NG CHO
Vi hnh thc thi trc nghim khch quan, trong mt khong thi gian tng i ngn hc sinh phi
gii quyt mt s lng cu hi v bi tp kh ln (trong bi tp ton chim mt t l khng nh). Do
vic tm ra cc phng php gip gii nhanh bi ton ha hc c mt ngha quan trng.
Bi ton trn ln cc cht vi nhau l mt dng bi hay gp trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng.
Ta c th gii bi tp dng ny theo nhiu cch khc nhau, song cch gii nhanh nht l phng php
s ng cho.
Nguyn tc: Trn ln 2 dung dch:
Dung dch 1: c khi lng m
1
, th tch V
1
, nng C
1
(C% hoc C
M
), khi lng ring d
1
.
Dung dch 2: c khi lng m
2
, th tch V
2
, nng C
2
(C
2
> C
1
), khi lng ring d
2
.
Dung dch thu c c m = m
1
+ m
2
, V = V
1
+ V
2
, nng C (C
1
< C < C
2
), khi lng ring d.
S ng cho v cng thc tng ng vi mi trng hp l:
a) i vi nng % v khi lng:
m
1
C
1
|C
2
- C| m
1

| C
2

C |
C
m
2
C
2
|C
1
- C|
2
b) i vi nng mol/lt:
| C
1
C |
(1)
V
1
C
1
|C
2
- C| V
1

| C
2

C |
C
V
V
2
C
2
|C
1
- C|
2
c) i vi khi lng ring:
| C
1
C |
(2)
V
1
d
1
|d
2
- d|
V
1

| d
2

d |
d

V
2
d
2
|d
1
- d|
V
2
Khi s dng s ng cho ta cn ch :
| d
1
d |
(3)
*) Cht rn coi nh dung dch c C = 100%
*) Dung mi coi nh dung dch c C = 0%
*) Khi lng ring ca H
2
O l d = 1 g/ml
Sau y l mt s v d s dng phng php ng cho trong tnh ton pha ch dung dch.
Dng 1: Tnh ton pha ch dung dch
V d 1. thu c dung dch HCl 25% cn ly m
1
gam dung dch HCl 45% pha vi m
2
gam dung
dch HCl 15%. T l m
1
/m
2
l:
A. 1:2 B. 1:3 C. 2:1 D. 3:1
Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (1):
m
1

| 45

25 |

20

p n C.
m
2
| 15 25 | 10 1
V d 2. pha c 500 ml dung dch nc mui sinh l (C = 0,9%) cn ly V ml dung dch NaCl
3%. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 150 B. 214,3 C. 285,7 D. 350
2
Br
35 35
35

35
O
Hng dn gii:
Ta c s : V
1
(NaCl) 3 |0 - 0,9|
0,9
V
2
(H
2
O) 0 |3 - 0,9|
V
1

0,9
2,1 +
0,9
500 150 (ml) p n A.
Phng php ny khng nhng hu ch trong vic pha ch cc dung dch m cn c th p dng cho
cc trng hp c bit hn, nh pha mt cht rn vo dung dch. Khi phi chuyn nng ca cht
rn nguyn cht thnh nng tng ng vi lng cht tan trong dung dch.
V d 3. Ha tan 200 gam SO
3
vo m gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% ta c dung dch H
2
SO
4
78,4%.
Gi tr ca m l:
A. 133,3 B. 146,9 C. 272,2 D. 300,0
Hng dn gii:
Phng trnh phn ng: SO
3
+ H
2
O
98

100
H
2
SO
4
100 gam SO
3
122,5 gam H
2
SO
4
80
Nng dung dch H
2
SO
4
tng ng: 122,5%
Gi m
1
, m
2
ln lt l khi lng SO
3
v dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% cn ly. Theo (1) ta c:
m
1

m
2
| 49 78,4 |
| 122,5 78,4 |

29,4
44,1

m
44,1
200 300 (gam) p n D.
29,4
im l th ca s ng cho l ch phng php ny cn c th dng tnh nhanh kt qu
ca nhiu dng bi tp ha hc khc. Sau y ta ln lt xt cc dng bi tp ny.
Dng 2: Bi ton hn hp 2 ng v
y l dng bi tp c bn trong phn cu to nguyn t.
V d 4. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca brom l 79,319. Brom c hai ng v bn:
79
Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca
81
Br l:
A. 84,05 B. 81,02 C. 18,98 D. 15,95
Hng dn gii:
v
81
Br.
Ta c s ng cho:
81
35
Br (M=81)
79
35
Br (M=79)
A=79,319
79,319 - 79 = 0,319
81 - 79,319 = 1,681
%
81
Br 0,319

35

%
81
Br

0,319

100%
%
81
Br

15,95%

p n D.
%
79
Br 1,681
35
1,681 + 0,319
35
Dng 3: Tnh t l th tch hn hp 2 kh
V d 5. Mt hn hp gm O
2
, O
3
iu kin tiu chun c t khi i vi hiro l 18. Thnh phn %
v th tch ca O
3
trong hn hp l:
A. 15% B. 25% C. 35% D. 45%
Hng dn gii:
p dng s ng cho: V
O
3
M
1
= 48 |32 - 36|
M = 18.2 =36
V M
2
= 32 |48 - 36|
2
O
O
V
M
M

=
=
2
2 4
V

1

%V

1

100%

25%

p n B.
V 12 3
2
O
3
3 + 1
V d 6. Cn trn 2 th tch metan vi mt th tch ng ng X ca metan thu c hn hp kh
c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 15. X l:
A. C
3
H
8
B. C
4
H
10
C. C
5
H
12
D. C
6
H
14
Hng dn gii:
Ta c s ng cho:
CH
4
V
2
M
1
= 16 |M
2
- 30|
M = 15.2 =30
M
2
= M
2
|16 - 30|
V
CH

| M
2
- 30 |

|
M
- 30 |

28

M
= 58

14n + 2 = 58

n = 4
V 14 1
2
2
2
Vy X l: C
4
H
10
p n B.
Dng 4: Tnh thnh phn hn hp mui trong phn ng gia n baz v a axit
Dng bi tp ny c th gii d dng bng phng php thng thng (vit phng trnh phn ng,
t n). Tuy nhin cng c th nhanh chng tm ra kt qu bng cch s dng s ng cho.
V d 7. Thm 250 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1,5M. Mui to thnh v
khi lng tng ng l:
A. 14,2 gam Na
2
HPO
4
; 32,8 gam Na
3
PO
4
B. 28,4 gam Na
2
HPO
4
; 16,4 gam Na
3
PO
4
C. 12,0 gam NaH
2
PO
4
; 28,4 gam Na
2
HPO
4
D. 24,0 gam NaH
2
PO
4
; 14,2 gam Na
2
HPO
4
C: 1
<

n
NaOH
Hng dn gii:

0,25.2

5
<
2
To ra hn hp 2 mui: NaH
2
PO
4
, Na
2
HPO
4
n
H
3
PO
4
0,2.1,5 3
S ng cho:
Na
2
HPO
4
(n
1
= 2) |1 - 5/3|
=
2
NaH
2
PO
4
(n
2
= 1)
n
5
3
3
|2 - 5/3|
1
3
n
Na HPO

4
n
NaH PO

2

n
1
Na
2
HPO
4

2n
NaH
2
PO
4
. M
n
Na
2
HPO
4
+
n
NaH
2
PO
4

n
H
3
PO
4
0,3 (mol)

n
Na
2
HPO
4
0,2 (mol)

'

n
NaH
2
PO
4

0,1

m
Na
2
HPO
4
0,2.142 28,4 (g)
'
p n C.

m
NaH
2
PO
4

0,1.120

12,0 (g)
Dng 5: Bi ton hn hp 2 cht v c ca 2 kim loi c cng tnh cht ha hc
V d 8. Ha tan 3,164 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 448
ml kh CO
2
(ktc). Thnh phn % s mol ca BaCO
3
trong hn hp l:
A. 50% B. 55% C. 60% D. 65%
Hng dn gii:
n


0,448

0,02 (mol)

3,164

158,2
CO
2
22,4 0,02
p dng s ng cho:
BaCO
3
(M
1
= 197) |100 - 158,2| = 58,2
M=158,2
CaCO
3
(M
2
= 100) |197 - 158,2| = 38,8

%n
BaCO
3

58,2
58,2 + 38,8
100% 60% p n C.
Dng 6: Bi ton trn 2 qung ca cng mt kim loi
y l mt dng bi m nu gii theo cch thng thng l kh di dng, phc tp. Tuy nhin nu s
dng s ng cho th vic tm ra kt qu tr nn n gin v nhanh chng hn nhiu.
c th p dng c s ng cho, ta coi cc qung nh mt dung dch m cht tan l
kim loi ang xt, v nng ca cht tan chnh l hm lng % v khi lng ca kim loi trong
qung.
V d 9. A l qung hematit cha 60% Fe
2
O
3
. B l qung manhetit cha 69,6% Fe
3
O
4
. Trn m
1
tn
qung A vi m
2
tn qung B thu c qung C, m t 1 tn qung C c th iu ch c 0,5 tn gang
cha 4% cacbon. T l m
1
/m
2
l:
A. 5/2 B. 4/3 C. 3/4 D. 2/5
Hng dn gii:
S kg Fe c trong 1 tn ca mi qung l:
+) Qung A cha:
60

1000

112

420 (kg)
100 160
+) Qung B cha:
69,6

1000

168

504 (kg)
100 232
|
+) Qung C cha: 500

4
`
480 (kg)
S ng cho:
.
100
,
m
A
420 |504 - 480| = 24
480
m
B
504 |420 - 480| = 60

m
A

24

p n D.
m
B
60 5
************************ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
2. PHNG PHP BO TON KHI LNG
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng (LBTKL): Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng
bng tng khi lng cc sn phm gip ta gii bi ton ha hc mt cch n gin, nhanh chng.
V d 10. Hn hp A gm 0,1 mol etylenglicol v 0,2 mol cht X. t chy hon ton hn hp A
cn 21,28 lt O
2
(ktc) v thu c 35,2 gam CO
2
v 19,8 gam H
2
O. Tnh khi lng phn t X (bit X
ch cha C, H, O).
Ta c cc phng trnh phn ng chy:
Hng dn gii:
2C
2
H
6
O
2
+ 5O
2
4CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
X + O
2 CO
2
+ H
2
O
p dng LBTKL: m
X+
m
C
2
H
6
O
2
+ m
O
2
m
CO
2
+ m
H
2
O
m
X
m
CO
2
+ m
H
2
O
(m
C
2
H
6
O
2
+ m
O
2
)
| `

35,2
+
19,8

0,1

62
+

21,28
4 (gam

32

18,)
X
.
22,4
,
Khi lng phn t ca X: M
X

18,4
92 (g/mol).
0,2
2
V d 11. Ha tan hon ton 3,34 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ha tr II v ha tr III bng
dung dch HCl d ta thu c dung dch A v 0,896 lt kh bay ra (ktc). Tnh khi lng mui c trong
dung dch A.
Hng dn gii:
Gi 2 mui cacbonat l: XCO
3
v Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
. Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
XCO
3
+ 2HCl
XCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

(1)
Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl
2YCl
3
+ 3H
2
O + 3CO
2
(2)
S mol kh CO
2
bay ra: n
CO
2

0,896
22,4
0,04 (mol)
n
HCl

2n
CO
2
2 0,04 0,08 (mol)
p dng LBTKL: (m
XCO + m
Y (CO )
) + m
HCl
m
CO
+ m
H O
+ m
mui
3 2 3 3 2 2
m
mui
(m
XCO
+ m
Y (CO )
) + m
HCl
(m
CO
+ m
H O
)
3 2 3 3 2 2
m
mui
3,34 + 0,08 36,5 (0,04 18 + 0,04 44) 3,78 (gam).
V d 12. Kh m gam hn hp A gm cc oxit CuO, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
bng kh CO nhit
cao, ngi ta thu c 40 gam hn hp cht rn X v 13,2 gam kh CO
2
. Tm gi tr ca m.
Hng dn gii:
P h n t c h : vi bi ton ny, nu gii theo cch thng thng, tc t s mol ca cc oxit ln lt l x,
y, z, t th c mt kh khn l ta khng th thit lp 4 phng trnh gii ra c cc n. Mt khc,
chng ta cng khng bit lng CO cho c kh ht cc oxit v kim loi hay khng? l cha
k n hiu sut ca phn ng cng l mt vn gy ra nhng kh khn! Nhng nu chng ta dng
phng php bo ton khi lng s gip loi b c nhng kh khn trn v vic tm ra gi tr ca m
tr nn ht sc n gin.
Cc phng trnh phn ng c th xy ra:
3Fe
2
O
3
+ CO
2Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2
(1)
Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
3FeO + CO
2
(2)
FeO + CO
CuO + CO
Fe + CO
2
Cu + CO
2
(3)
(4)
Ta c: n
CO
(p)
n
CO
2

13,2
0,3 (mol)
m
44
CO
(p)
28.0,3 8,4 (gam)
Khi lng cht rn: m
r
= 40 (gam)
p dng LBTKL: m
A
+
m
CO (p)

m
r
+
m
B

m
A
m
r
+ m
CO

m
CO (p)
m m
A
40 + 13,2 8,4 44,8 (gam).
V d 13. Thu phn hon ton 14,8 gam hn hp 2 este n chc l ng phn ca nhau thy cn va
200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, thu c m gam hn hp 2 mui v 7,8 gam hn hp 2 ru. Tm m.
Hng dn gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 este l: RCOOR'
Phng trnh phn ng xy ra: RCOOR' + NaOH RCOONa + R'OH
Theo bi ra ta c: n
NaOH
0,2.1 0,2 (mol) m
NaOH
40.0,2 8 (gam)
p dng LBTKL: m
RCOO R'
+
m
NaOH
m
RCOONa
+ m
R'OH
m
RCOONa
m
RCOO R'
+
m
NaOH
m
R'OH
m
m
RCOONa
14,8 + 8 7,8 15 (gam).
************************ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
3. PHNG PHP TNG GIM KHI LNG
Nguyn tc ca phng php: Da vo s tng gim khi lng (TGKL) khi chuyn t 1 mol cht
A thnh 1 hoc nhiu mol cht B (c th qua cc giai on trung gian) ta d dng tnh c s mol ca
cc cht hoc ngc li.
Chng hn:
a) Xt phn ng: MCO
3
+ 2HCl
MCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Theo phn ng ny th khi chuyn t 1 mol MCO
3 1 mol MCl
2
, khi lng hn hp tng thm
71 60 = 11 gam v c 1 mol CO
2
c gii phng. Nh vy, khi bit lng mui tng ta c th tnh
c s mol CO
2
sinh ra hoc ngc li.
b) Xt phn ng: RCOOR + NaOH
RCOONa + ROH
C 1 mol este RCOOR chuyn thnh 1 mol mui RCOONa, khi lng tng (hoc gim) |23 R| gam
v tiu tn ht 1 mol NaOH, sinh ra 1 mol ROH. Nh vy, nu bit khi lng ca este phn ng v
khi lng mui to thnh, ta d dng tnh c s mol ca NaOH v ROH hoc ngc li.
C th ni hai phng php bo ton khi lng v tng gim khi lng l 2 anh em
sinh i, v mt bi ton nu gii c bng phng php ny th cng c th gii c bng phng
php kia. Tuy nhin, ty tng bi tp m phng php ny hay phng php kia l u vit hn.
V d 14. Gii li v d 12 bng phng php tng gim khi lng.
Hng dn gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
XCO
3
+ 2HCl
Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl
XCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

2YCl
3
+ 3H
2
O + 3CO
2

(1)
(2)
S mol kh CO
2
bay ra: n
CO
2

0,896
22,4
0,04 (mol)
Theo (1), (2): khi chuyn t mui cacbonat mui clorua, c 1 mol CO
2
sinh ra, khi lng hn hp
mui tng thm 71 60 = 11 gam. Vy khi lng hn hp mui tng ln l: m = 0,04.11 = 0,44 gam.
Khi lng ca mui trong dung dch: m
mui
3,34 + 0,44 = 3,78 (gam).
V d 15. Gii li v d 13 bng phng php tng gim khi lng.
Hng dn gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng c th xy ra:
3Fe
2
O
3
+ CO
2Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2
(1)
Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
3FeO + CO
2
(2)
FeO + CO
CuO + CO
Fe + CO
2
Cu + CO
2
(3)
(4)
Ta c: n
CO
(p)
n
CO
2

13,2
0,3 (mol)
m
44
CO
(p)
28.0,3 8,4 (gam)
Khi lng cht rn: m
r
= 40 (gam)
Theo (1), (2), (3), (4): c 1 mol CO phn
ng
1 mol CO
2
, khi lng hn hp A gim
l:
m = 1 (44 28) = 16 gam. Vy khi lng hn hp A b gim l: 16 0,3 = 4,8 (gam)
Khi lng ca hn hp A ban u l: m = 40 + 4,8 = 44,8 (gam).
V d 16. Nhng mt l nhm vo 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
, n khi dung dch mt mu xanh ly l
nhm ra cn thy nng hn so vi ban u l 1,38 gam. Xc nh nng ca dung dch CuSO
4
dng.
Hng dn gii:
Phng trnh phn ng xy ra: 2Al + 3CuSO
4 Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Cu (*)
H

Theo (*): c 2 mol Al phn ng ht vi 3 mol CuSO

4
, sinh ra 3 mol Cu, khi lng thanh nhm tng
ln: m = 3.64 2.27 = 138 (gam).
Vy s mol CuSO
4
tham gia phn ng l: n
0,03
CuSO
4

1,38
138
3 0,03 (mol)
Nng ca dung dch CuSO
4
: C
M

0,2
0,15 (M).
Ch : Khi nhng thanh kim loi A vo dung dch mui ca kim loi B (km hot ng hn A). Sau khi
ly thanh kim loi A ra, khi lng thanh kim loi A ban u s thay i do:
1) Mt lng A b tan vo dung dch
2) Mt lng B t dung dch c gii phng, bm vo thanh kim loi A
3) Tnh khi lng tng (hay gim) ca thanh A phi da vo phng trnh phn ng c th.
V d 17. Cho 11 gam hn hp 3 axit n chc thuc cng dy ng ng tc dng hon ton vi kim
loi Na d, thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Tnh khi lng mui hu c to thnh.
Hng dn gii:
S mol kh H
2
to thnh: n
2

2,24
22,4
0,1 (mol)
Gi cng thc chung ca 3 axit n chc l: RCOOH.Phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
2RCOOH + 2Na 2RCOONa + H
2 (*)
Theo (*): c 2 mol RCOOH phn ng
2 mol RCOONa v 1 mol H
2
, khi lng mui tng ln
so vi khi lng ca axit l: m = 2.[(R + 44 + 23) (R + 45)] 44 (gam)
Khi lng mui hu c ln hn axit l: m = 44.0,1 = 4,4 (gam)
Vy, khi lng mui hu c to thnh l: 11 + 4,4 = 15,4 (gam).
************************ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
4. PHNG PHP BO TON NGUYN T
Nguyn tc chung ca phng php ny l da vo nh lut bo ton nguyn t (BTNT): Trong
cc phn ng ha hc thng thng, cc nguyn t lun c bo ton.
iu ny c ngha l: Tng s mol nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X bt k trc v sau phn ng l lun
bng nhau.
V d 18. Hn hp cht rn A gm 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,1 mol Fe
3
O
4
. Ha tan hon ton A bng dung
dch HCl d, thu c dung dch B. Cho NaOH d vo B, thu c kt ta C. Lc ly kt ta, ra sch
ri em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn D. Tnh m.
Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra:
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl
Hng dn gii:
2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
(1)
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl
FeCl
2
+ 2FeCl
3
+ 4H
2
O
(2)
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H
2
O
(3)
2NaOH + FeCl
2
3NaOH + FeCl
3
2NaCl + Fe(OH)
2

3NaCl + Fe(OH)
3

t 0
(4)
(5)
4Fe(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
t
0
4Fe(OH)
3
(6)
2Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O Fe
2
O
3
: 0,1 mol

(7)
Theo cc phng trnh phn ng ta c s :
Fe
3
O
4
: 0,1 mol
'

Fe
2
O
3
(rn D)
0
0
0
0
0
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe:

n
Fe (trong D)
0,1.2 + 0,1.3 0,5 (mol)
n
D


0,5

0,25 (mol)

m
2
D
0,25.160 40 (gam).
V d 19. Tin hnh crackinh nhit cao 5,8 gam butan. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh X
gm CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
10
. t chy hon ton X trong kh oxi d, ri dn ton b sn phm
sinh ra qua bnh ng H
2
SO
4
c. Tnh tng khi lng ca bnh H
2
SO
4
c.
Hng dn gii:
Cc s phn ng xy ra:
C
4
H
10
C
4
H
10

c

rack

inh
CH
4
+ C
3
H
6
(1)

rack

inh
C
2
H
6
+ C
2
H
6
(2)
CH
4

t
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
(3)
C
2
H
4
C
2
H
6
C
3
H
6
C
4
H
10

2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
(4)
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
(5)
3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
(6)
4CO
2
+ 5H
2
O
(7)
tng khi lng ca bnh H
2
SO
4
c chnh l tng khi lng H
2
O sinh ra trong phn ng t chy
hn hp X.
Theo bi ra ta c: n
butan

5,8
0,1 (mol)
58
T phng trnh phn ng, c: H
(butan ban u) H
(nc)
v C
4
H
10
10H 5H
2
O
p dng nh lut BTNT i vi hiro:

n
H (butan)


n
H (H
2
O)
10 0,1 = 1 (mol)

n
H
2
O

1
0,5 (mol) m
m
2
H
2
O
18.0,5 9 (gam).
V d 20. Hn hp kh A gm mt ankan, mt anken, mt ankin v hiro. Chia A thnh 2 phn c th
tch bng nhau ri tin hnh 2 th nghim sau:
Phn 1: em t chy hon ton ri dn sn phm chy ln lt qua bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
c, bnh 2
ng nc vi trong d. Sau phn ng cn thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 9,9 gam, bnh 2 tng 13,2 gam.
Phn 2: dn t t qua ng ng bt Ni nung nng thu c hn hp kh B. Sc kh B qua bnh ng
nc vi trong d, thy khi lng bnh nc vi trong tng m gam. Tm gi tr ca m.
Hng dn gii:
Phn tch: V 2 phn c th tch bng nhau nn thnh phn ca chng l nh nhau. V sn phm t
chy ca 2 phn l hon ton ging nhau! y, vic dn phn 2 qua bt Ni, nung nng
hn hp
B, sau mi em t chy B ch l mt bc gy nhiu, khin chng ta b ri m thi, v thnh phn cc
nguyn t ca B v phn 2 l hon ton ging nhau. Chnh v vy, khi lng bnh nc vi trong tng
th nghim 2 chnh bng tng khi lng ca nc v CO
2
sinh ra trong th nghim 1!
Vy: m = m
bnh 1
+ m
bnh 2
= 9,9 + 13,2 = 23,1 (gam).
************************ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
5. PHNG PHP BO TON ELECTRON
Nguyn tc ca phng php: Khi c nhiu cht oxi ha hoc cht kh trong hn hp phn ng
(nhiu phn ng hoc phn ng qua nhiu giai on) th tng s mol electron m cc phn t cht kh
cho phi bng tng s mol electron m cc cht oxi ha nhn. y chnh l ni dung ca nh lut bo
ton electron trong phn ng oxi ha kh.
2
222
2
iu quan trng nht khi p dng phng php ny l vic phi nhn nh ng trng thi u v
trng thi cui ca cc cht oxi ha v cc cht kh, nhiu khi khng cn quan tm n vic cn bng
phn ng ha hc xy ra.
Phng php ny c bit l th i vi cc bi ton phi bin lun nhiu trng hp xy ra.
V d 21. Ho tan hon ton 19,2 gam kim loi M trong dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 8,96 lt (ktc)
hn hp kh gm NO
2
v NO c t l th tch 3:1. Xc nh kim loi M.
Hng dn gii:
S mol ca hn hp kh: n
kh

8,96
0,4 (mol)
22,4
V V
NO
: V
NO
3 :1
n
NO
2
: n
NO
3 :1
n
NO
2


3

0,4

0,3 (mol);
n
4
NO

1
0,4 0,1 (mol)
4
0 + n
Gi n l ha tr ca M. Qu trnh nhng electron: Mne M (1)
S mol electron nhng l:

n
e
nhng

19,2
n
(mol)
M
(*)
+5 +4 +2
Qu trnh nhn electron: 4 N + 6e 3 N + N (2)
Tng s mol electron nhn l:

n
e nhn
6 0,1 0,6
(mol)
(**)
p dng nh lut bo ton electron, ta c:

n
e
nhng


n
e
nhn

19,2
n 0,6 M 32n
M
n = 2; M = 64. Vy kim loi M l ng (M
Cu
= 64).
V d 22. Ha tan hon ton 11,2 gam Fe vo HNO
3
d, thu c dung dch A v 6,72 lt hn hp kh
B gm NO v mt kh X, vi t l th tch l 1:1. Xc nh kh X.
Hng dn gii:
S mol ca hn hp kh B: n
B
0

6,72

0,3 (mol)

n
22,4
NO
+3
n
X
0,15 (mol)
Qu trnh nhng electron: Fe Fe + 3e (1)
S mol electron nhng l:

n
e
nhng
+5

11,2
3 0,6
(mol)
56
+2
(*)
Qu trnh nhn electron ca NO: N + 3e N (2)
S mol electron do NO nhn l: n
e (NO nhn)
3 0,15 0,45
(mol)
(**)
p dng nh lut bo ton electron, ta c:

n
e nhng


n
e nhn

n
e nhng
n
e (NO nhn)
+ n
e (X nhn)
n
e (X nhn)


n
e nhng
n
e (NO nhn)
0,6 0,45 0,15 (mol)
+5
Gi n l s electron m X nhn. Ta c: N + ne

n =
0,15

1. T suy ra X l NO .
+ (5n)
N (3)
0,15
V d 23. m gam phoi bo st A ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp B c khi
lng 12 gam gm Fe v cc oxit FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Cho B tc dng hon ton vi axit nitric d thy
gii phng ra 2,24 lt kh duy nht NO. Tnh khi lng m ca A?
Hng dn gii:
S cc bin i xy ra:
Fe B
Fe
FeO
Fe
3
O
4
dd HNO
3
NO
m
A
gam 12 gam
Fe
2
O
3
2,24 lt (ktc)
2
2
3 3
Qu trnh nhng electron:
0 +3
Fe Fe + 3e (1)
S mol electron nhng l:

n
Cc qu trnh nhn electron:
e
nhng

m
3
(mol)
56
(*)
+) T st
oxit: O
2
+ 4e 2O
-2
(2)
S electron do O
2
nhn l: n
e (O nhn)

+5
12 m
32
4

+2
12 m
8
(mol)
+) T oxit
mui Fe
3+
: N + 3e N (3)
S electron do N nhn l: n
e (N nhn)
3 0,1 0,3 (mol)
Tng s electron nhn l:

e
nhn


12

m
+
0,3 (mol)
8
(**)
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c

n



n

3

12 m
+
0,3
m = 10,08
(gam).
e
nhng
e
nhn 56 8
************************ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
6. PHNG PHP BO TON IN TCH
Nguyn tc ca phng php: Trong mt dung dch nu tn ti ng thi cc ion dng v m th
theo nh lut bo ton in tch: tng s in tch dng bng tng s in tch m.
y chnh l c s thit lp phng trnh biu din mi lin h gia cc ion trong dung dch.
V d 24. Kt qu xc nh nng mol/lt ca cc ion trong mt dung dch nh sau:
Ion:
Na
+
Ca
2+
NO

Cl

HCO

S mol: 0,05 0,01 0,01 0,04 0,025

Hi kt qu ng hay sai? Ti sao?
Hng dn gii:
Tng s in tch dng: 0,05 + 2.0,01 = 0,07 (mol)
Tng s in tch m: 0,01 + 0,04 + 0,025 = 0,075 (mol)
Ta thy tng s in tch dng tng s in tch m kt qu xc nh trn l sai!
V d 25. Lp biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, d trong dung dch cha a mol Na
+
, b mol Ca
2+
, c mol

HCO
3
v d mol Cl .
Hng dn gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch, ta c: a + 2b = c + d.
************************ *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
7. PHNG PHP KHI LNG MOL TRUNG BNH
Khi lng mol trung bnh (KLMTB) ca mt hn hp l khi lng ca mt 1 mol hn hp :
n
m

M
i
.n
i
Trong : +) m
hh
l tng s gam ca hn hp
M

hh

i 1
+) n l tng s mol ca hn hp
n
hh
n

n
i
i 1
hh
+) M
i
l khi lng mol ca cht th i trong hn hp
+) n
i
l s mol ca cht th i trong hn hp
3 3

Br
35 35
35
Br
35
5
35 35
Ch : +) M
min
< M < M
max
+) Nu hn hp gm 2 cht c s mol ca hai cht bng nhau th khi lng mol trung bnh
ca hn hp cng chnh bng trung bnh cng khi lng phn t ca 2 cht v ngc li.
Phng php ny c p dng trong vic gii nhiu bi ton khc nhau c v c v hu c, c bit
l i vi vic chuyn bi ton hn hp thnh bi ton mt cht rt n gin v ta c th gii mt cch d
dng. Sau y chng ta cng xt mt s v d.
V d 26. Ha tan 2,97 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 448
ml kh CO
2
(ktc). Tnh thnh phn % s mol ca mi mui trong hn hp.
Hng dn gii:
Cc phn ng xy ra: CaCO
3
+ 2HCl
BaCO
3
+ 2HCl

CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

(1)
BaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
T (1), (2) n
hh
n
CO
2

0,448
0,02 (mol)
22,4
Gi x l thnh phn % v s mol ca CaCO
3
trong hn hp
(1 x) l thnh phn % v s mol ca BaCO
3
Ta c: M
2mu
i
100x + 197.(1 x)
2,97
x 0,5
%n
0,02
BaCO

%n
CaCO
50%.
V d 27. Ha tan 16,8 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim vo
dung dch HCl d, thu c 3,36 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Xc nh tn kim loi kim.
Hng dn gii:
Gi kim loi kim cn tm l M
Cc phn ng xy ra: MCO
3
+ 2HCl
MSO
3
+ 2HCl
3,36
MCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
MCl
2
+ H
2
O + SO
2
(2)
16,8
T (1), (2) n
mui
= n
kh
=
22,4
0,15 (mol) Mmui

0,15
112
Ta c: 2M + 60 < M < 2M + 80 16 < M < 26. V M l kim loi kim nn M = 23 (Na).
V d 28. Trong t nhin Brom c hai ng v bn l:
79
v
81
Br. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca
Brom l 79,319. Tnh thnh phn % s nguyn t ca mi ng v.
Hng dn gii:
Gi x l thnh phn % v s nguyn t ca ng v
79
Br
(100 x) l thnh phn % v s nguyn t ca ng v
81
Ta c: A
Br


79x
+
81(100

x)

79,319

84,05;100

15,95
100
Vy trong t nhin, ng v
79
Br chim 84,05% v ng v
81
Br chim 15,95% s nguyn t.
V d 29. Cho 6,4 gam hn hp 2 kim loi k tip thuc nhm IIA ca bng tun hon tc dng vi
dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, d thu c 4,48 lt H
2
(ktc). Xc nh tn 2 kim loi.
Hng dn gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 kim loi nhm IIA l M . Ta c phng trnh phn ng:
M + 2H
+
2+
M + H
2
(*)
Theo (*): n

n


4,48

0,2 (mol)

6,4

32

Hai kim loi l Mg (24) v Ca (40).

M
H
2
22,4 0,2
Cu
29
29
29
4
8. BI TP VN DNG
I.1. thu c dung dch CuSO
4
16% cn ly m
1
gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O cho vo m
2
gam dung
dch CuSO
4
8%. T l m
1
/m
2
l:
A. 1/3 B. 1/4 C. 1/5 D. 1/6
I.2. Ha tan hon ton m gam Na
2
O nguyn cht vo 40 gam dung dch NaOH 12% thu c dung dch
NaOH 51%. Gi tr ca m (gam) l:
A. 11,3 B. 20,0 C. 31,8 D. 40,0
I.3. S lt nc nguyn cht cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
98% (d = 1,84 g/ml) c dung dch
mi c nng 10% l:
A. 14,192 B. 15,192 C. 16,192 D. 17,192
I.4. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng l 63,54. ng c hai ng v bn:
63
% s nguyn t ca
65
Cu l:
v
65
Cu . Thnh phn
A. 73,0% B. 34,2% C. 32,3% D. 27,0%
I.5. Cn ly V
1
lt CO
2
v V
2
lt CO iu ch 24 lt hn hp H
2
v CO c t khi hi i vi metan
bng 2. Gi tr ca V
1
(lt) l:
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
I.6. Thm 150 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,1M. Khi lng cc mui thu
c trong dung dch l:
A. 10,44 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 8,5 gam K
3
PO
4
B. 10,44 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 12,72 gam K
3
PO
4
C. 10,24 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
D. 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 14,2 gam K
3
PO
4
I.7. Ha tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v MgCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 0,672 lt kh
iu kin tiu chun. Thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO
3
trong hn hp l:
A. 33,33% B. 45,55% C. 54,45% D. 66,67%
I.8. A l khong vt cuprit cha 45% Cu
2
O. B l khong vt tenorit cha 70% CuO. Cn trn A v B
theo t l khi lng T = m
A
/m
B
nh th no c qung C, m t 1 tn qung C c th iu ch c
ti a 0,5 tn ng nguyn cht. T bng:
A. 5/3 B. 5/4 C. 4/5 D. 3/5
I.9. t chy hon ton m gam mt hn hp gm C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
thu c 4,4 gam CO
2
v 2,52 gam
H
2
O. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,34 gam B. 1,48 gam C. 2,08 gam D. 2,16 gam
I.10. Dung dch X c cha a mol Na
+
, b mol Mg
2+
, c mol Cl v d mol SO
2

. Biu thc no di y l
ng?
A. a + 2b = c + 2d B. a + 2b = c + d C. a + b = c + d D. 2a + b = 2c + d
I.11. Crackinh 5,8 gam C
4
H
10
thu c hn hp kh X. Khi lng H
2
O thu c khi t chy hon ton
X l:
A. 4,5 gam B. 9 gam C. 18 gam D. 36 gam
I.12. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm CH
4
, C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
10
thu c 4,4 gam CO
2
v 2,52 gam
H
2
O, m c gi tr l:
A. 1,48 gam B. 2,48 gam C. 14,8 gam D. 24,8 gam
I.13. Cho 11,2 lt (ktc) axetilen hp H
2
O (HgSO
4
, 80
o
C). Khi lng CH
3
CHO to thnh l:
A. 4,4 gam B. 12 gam C. 22 gam D. 44 gam
I.14. Oxi ha 12 gam ru n chc X thu c 11,6 gam anehit Y. Vy X l:
A. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH B. CH
3
CH
2
OH C. CH
3
CH(OH)CH
3
D. Kt qu khc
I.15. Cho 0,896 lt hn hp hai anken l ng ng lin tip (ktc) li qua dung dch brom d.
Khi lng bnh brom tng thm 2,0 gam. Cng thc phn t ca hai anken l:
A. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
B. C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
C. C
4
H
8
v C
5
H
10
D. Khng phi A, B, C.
I.16. Ly m gam bt st cho tc dng vi clo thu c 16,25 gam mui st clorua. Ha tan hon ton
cng lng st trong axit HCl d thu c a gam mui khan. Gi tr ca a (gam) l:
A. 12,7 gam B. 16,25 gam C. 25,4 gam D. 32,5 gam
I.17. Ha tan hn hp gm 0,2 mol Fe v 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
vo dung dch HCl d c dung dch A. Cho
dung dch A tc dng vi NaOH d thu c kt ta. Lc kt ta, ra sch, sy kh, nung trong khng
kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l bao nhiu?
A. 16 gam B. 30,4 gam C. 32 gam D. 48 gam
I.18. Thi t t V lt hn hp kh A gm CO v H
2
i qua hn hp bt CuO, Fe
3
O
4
, Al
2
O
3
trong ng
s un nng. Sau phn ng thu c hn hp B gm kh v hi, nng hn hn hp A ban u l 0,32
gam. Gi tr ca V (ktc) l bao nhiu?
A. 0,112 lt B. 0,224 lt C. 0,336 lt D. 0,448 lt
I.19. Ha tan hon ton 13,92 gam Fe
3
O
4
bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c 448 ml kh N
x
O
y
(ktc). Xc
nh N
x
O
y
?
A. NO B. N
2
O C. NO
2
D. N
2
O
5
I.20. Cho 1,24 gam hn hp hai ru n chc tc dng va vi Na thy thot ra 336 ml H
2
(ktc) v
m gam mui. Khi lng mui thu c l:
A. 1,57 gam B. 1,585 gam C. 1,90 gam D. 1,93 gam
I.21. Khi cho 0,1 mol C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
v 0,1 mol CH
3
COOH nguyn cht, ring bit. Khi cho 2 cht trn tc
dng vi Na d, tng th tch kh H
2
thu c (ktc) l:
A. 3,66 lt B. 4,48 lt C. 5,6 lt D. 6,72 lt
I.22. Cho 3,38 gam hn hp Y gm CH
3
OH, CH
3
COOH, C
6
H
5
OH tc dng va vi Na thot ra 672
ml kh (ktc). C cn dung dch th thu c hn hp rn Y. Khi lng Y l:
A. 3,61 gam B. 4,04 gam C. 4,70 gam D. 4,76 gam
I.23. kh hon ton 17,6 gam hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn va 2,24 lt CO (ktc). Khi
lng Fe thu c l:
A. 14,4 gam B. 16 gam C. 19,2 gam D. 20,8 gam
I.24. Cho 4,4 gam mt este no, n chc tc dng ht vi dung dch NaOH thu c 4,8 gam mui natri.
Cng thc cu to ca este l:
A. CH
3
CH
2
COOCH
3
B. CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
3
C. HCOOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
D. Khng c este no ph hp
I.25. t chy hn hp hai este no, n chc ta thu c 1,8 gam H
2
O. Thy phn hon ton hn hp 2
este trn ta thu c hn hp X gm ru v axit. Nu t chy 1/2 hn hp X th th tch CO
2
thu c
l bao nhiu?
A. 1,12 lt B. 2,24 lt C. 3,36 lt D. 4,48 lt
I.26. Cho 2,46 gam hn hp gm HCOOH, CH
3
COOH, C
6
H
5
OH tc dng va vi 40 ml dung dch
NaOH 1M. Tng khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi phn ng l:
A. 3,52 gam B. 6,45 gam C. 8,42 gam D. kt qu khc
I.27. Ly 2,98 gam hn hp X gm Zn v Fe cho vo 200 ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau khi phn ng hon
ton ta c cn (trong iu kin khng c oxi) th c 6,53 gam cht rn. Th tch kh H
2
bay ra (ktc) l:
A. 0,56 lt B. 1,12 lt C. 2,24 lt D. 4,48 lt
I.28. Cho 29 gam ru n chc Y tc dng ht vi natri to ra 5,6 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Vy X l:
A. C
2
H
5
OH B. C
3
H
7
OH C. C
3
H
5
OH D. CH
3
OH
I.29. t chy mt este no, n chc, mch h thu c 1,8 gam H
2
O. Th tch kh CO
2
thu c l:
A. 2,24 lt B. 3,36 lt C. 4,48 lt D. 6,72 lt
I.30. Cho 18,8 gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng
vi Na d, to ra 5,6 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Cng thc phn t ca hai ancol l:
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH D. C
4
H
9
OH v C
5
H
11
OH
I.31. Cho m gam mt hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v Na
2
SO
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
2M d th thu c
2,24 lt hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi so vi hiro l 27. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 11,6 gam B. 10,0 gam C. 1,16 gam D. 1,0 gam
I.32. Mt hn hp gm O
2
, O
3
iu kin tiu chun c t khi i vi hiro l 20. Thnh phn % v th
tch ca O
3
trong hn hp s l:
A. 40% B. 50% C. 60% D. 75%
I.33. em nung mt khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
sau mt thi gian dng li, lm ngui ri em cn thy khi
lng gim 0,54 gam. Vy khi lng mui Cu(NO
3
)
2
b nhit phn l:
A. 0,5 gam B. 0,49 gam C. 9,4 gam D. 0,94 gam