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V.2) Phng php bo ton nguyn t da vo nh lut bo ton nguyn t ca cc nguyn t(LBTNT)
* LBTNT: Trong cc phn ng ho hc, cc nguyn t lun lun c bo ton.
-Khi lng ca nguyn t tham gia phn ng bng khi lng ca nguyn t to thnh sau phn ng.
-S mol nguyn t ca nguyn t tham gia phn ng bng s mol nguyn t ca nguyn t to thnh sau
phn ng.
1/Mt s bi tp minh ho
Bi 1) Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,3 mol Fe; 0,1 mol Fe3O4; 0,1 mol FeS2 vo dung dch H2SO4 c, nng, d
thu c dung dch A. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch A thu c kt ta B. Lc kt ta, ra sch, sy kh,
nung n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn, m c gi tr l:
A. 84 gam
B. 51 gam
C. 56 gam
D. 48 gam
Gii: Nu gii bi ton ny bng cch thng thng: Vit phng trnh ho hc cc phn ng, da vo cc phng
trnh ho hc tnh ton i ti kt qu s di dng. Tuy nhin dng bo ton lng nguyn t Fe ta s tnh nhanh
n kt qu nh sau:
Ton b Fe trong hn hp ban u c chuyn ho thnh Fe2O3 theo s sau:
Fe
Fe
FeS2 Fe
Fe3O4 3Fe
0,1 mol 0,3 mol
T hp ta c: 2Fe Fe2O3
0,7 mol 0,35 mol
mFe2O3 = 0,35x160 = 56 gam (chn C)
Bi 2) Tnh khi lng qung pirit st cha 75% FeS2 (cn li l tp cht tr) cn dng iu ch 1 tn dung dch
H2SO4 98% (hiu sut qu trnh iu ch H2SO4 l 80%) ?
A. 1,28 tn
B. 1 tn
C. 1,05 tn
D. 1,2 tn
Gii: Nu vit y phng trnh ho hc th cch gii bi ton tr nn phc tp. Tuy nhin gii nhanh ta lp
s (bo ton lng nguyn t S) nh sau:
FeS2 2H2SO4
120
2x98
B. 9,6 gam
C. 16 gam
D. 17,6 gam
0,06
B. 224 ml
C. 336 ml
D. 112 ml
B. 11,2 gam
C. 20,8 gam
D. 16,8 gam
Bi 4) t chy hon ton 4,04 gam mt hn hp bt kim loi gm Al, Fe, Cu thu c 5,96 gam hn hp 3 oxit.
Ho tan ht hn hp 3 oxit bng dung dch HCl. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl cn dng.
A. 0,5 lt
B. 0,7 lt
C. 0,12 lt
D. 1 lt
Bi 5) Hn hp A gm Fe3O4, FeO, Fe2O3, mi oxit u c 0,5 mol. Th tch dung dch HCl 1M ho tan hn hp
A l:
A. 4 lt
B. 8 lt
C. 6 lt
D. 9 lt
7,52 - p
-> mO2 = 7,52 p -> = n O2 =
32
nkh = 0,03 mol -> nNO = nNO2 = 0,015mol
p
56
7,52 - p
32
Xt
0,015
Fe 3e -> Fe+3
O2 + 4e -> 2O-2
N+5 + 3e -> N+2
0,015
N+5 + 1e -> N+4
Bo ton electron, ta c:
p
7,52 - p
x3=
x 4 + 0,015 x 3 + 0,015
56
32
-> p = 5,6g
* Dng 5: Phn ng nhit nhm.
V d 6: Trn 2,7g Al vo 20g hn hp Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm c hn hp A.
Ha tan A trong HNO3 thy thot ra 0,36mol NO2 l sn phm kh duy nht. Xc nh khi lng ca Fe2O3 v
Fe3O4.
Ta c: 0,1
Al 3e -> Al+3
a
3Fe+8/3 1e -> 3Fe+3
0,36 N+5 + 1e -> N+4
Bo ton electron, ta c:
0,1 x 3 + a = 0,36 x 1 -> a = 0,06
-> nFe3O4 = 0,06mol hay 13,92g
nFe2O3 = 20 13,92 = 6,08g
* Dng 6: Bi ton in phn.
V d 7: Tin hnh in phn hon ton dung dch X cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 thu c 56g hn hp kim
loi catt v 4,48 lt kh ant (ktc). Tnh s mol mi mui trong X.
Gii: Kh thot ra l O2.
a
Ag+ + 1e -> Ag
b
Cu2+ + 2e -> Cu
0,2
2O2- - 4e -> O2
Bo ton electron, ta c:
a + 2b = 0,8 (1).
Khi lng kim loi: 108a + 64b = 56 (2).
H (1) & (2) -> a = 0,4 = nAgNO3
b = 0,2 = nCu(NO3)2
*Dng 7: Phn ng kh to ra nhiu sn phm.
V d 8: Thi mt lung CO qua hn hp Fe v Fe2O3 nung nng c cht kh B v hn hp D gm Fe,
FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Cho B li qua dung dch nc vi trong (d) thy to 6g kt ta. Ha tan D bng H2SO4 (c,
nng) thy to ra 0,18mol SO2, cn dung dch E. C cn E thu c 24g mui khan. Xc nh thnh phn hn hp
ban u.
Gii:
2Fe -> Fe2(SO4)3
a
0,5a mol
Fe2O3 -> Fe2(SO4)3
b
b mol
-> nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,06mol
nSO2 = 0,18mol
a
Fe 3e -> Fe+3
0,06 C+2 2e C+4
0,18 S+6 + 2e -> S+4
Bo ton electron, ta c:
3a + (2 x 0,06) = 0,18 x 2
-> a = 0,08
(1)
Khi lng mui: 400 x (0,5a + b) = 24
-> 0,5a + b = 0,06mol (2)
T (1) v (2): -> a = 0,08mol = nFe hay 4,48g
b = 0,02mol = nFe2O3 hay 3,2g .
3/ H qu:
Mt hn hp gm nhiu kim loi c ho tr khng i v c khi lng cho trc s phi nhng mt s mol
electron khng i cho bt k tc nhn oxi ho no.
Bi tp minh ho:
Chia 1,24 gam hn hp 2 kim loi c ho tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng nhau :
- Phn I : B oxi ho hon ton thu c 0,78 gam hn hp oxit.
-Phn II : Tan hon ton trong dung dch H2SO4 long thu c V lt H2 (ktc). Gi tr V l :
A. 2,24 lt
B. 0,112 lt
C. 5,6 lt
D. 0,224 lt
Gii: Khi lng mi phn: 1,24:2 = 0,62 gam
S mol O kt hp vi 0,62 gam hn hp kim loi = (0,78 0,62) : 16 = 0,01 mol
Qu trinh to oxit: O + 2e O2mol: 0,010,02
Nh vy phn II hn hp kim loi kh H+ ca dung dch axit cng nhng 0,02 mol electron.
2H+ +2e H2
mol: 0,02 0,01
Vy th tch H2 thu c l: 0,01 x 22,4 = 0,224 lt (chn D)
Bi tp tng t:
Bi 1) Chia hn hp 2 kim loi A, B c ho tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng nhau :
-Phn I : Tan ht trong dung dch HCl to ra 1,792 lt H2 (ktc).
-Phn II : Nung nng trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 2,84 gam cht rn.
Khi lng hn hp 2 kim loi trong hn hp ban u l :
A. 2,4 gam
B. 3,12 gam
C. 2,2 gam
D. 1,8 gam
Bi 2) Ly 7,88 gam hn hp A gm 2 kim loi hot ng X, Y c ho tr khng i, chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn I: Nung trong oxi d oxi ho hon ton thu c 4,74 gam hn hp 2 oxit.
-Phn II: Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch cha hn hp 2 axit HCl v H 2SO4 long thu c V lt kh (ktc). Gi
tr V l:
A. 2,24 lt
B. 0,112 lt
C.1,12 lt
D. 0,224 lt
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V.5) VN DNG PHNG PHP BO TON ELECTRON
TNH NHANH S MOL AXIT C TNH OXI HA
THAM GIA PHN NG VI KIM LOI
1/ C s l thuyt:
Xt phn ng ca a mol kim loi R (c s oxi ha + m) vi HNO3. Trong N+5 b kh xung N+x .
t nN+x = b. Cc bn phn ng:
R -> R+n + me
N+5 + ( 5 x)e -> N+x
a
a
ma
(5 x)b
b
p dng nh lut bo ton e:
ma
-> ma = (5 x)b -> b =
(5 x)
- Sn phm mui ca kim loi tn ti di dng R(NO3)m (a mol)
-> n NO3 to mui vi kim loi = ma
= ne (s mol electron cho nhn)
(I)
Ta c: n HNO = n NO to mui vi kim loi + n NO to sn phm kh N+ x
3
ma
(6 x )
= ma x (
)
(5 x)
(5 x)
(6 x)
= ne.(
) (II)
(5 x )
Tng t nh trn ta xy dng c cng thc tng qut i vi trng hp kim loi tc dng vi H 2SO4
= ma + b = ma +
c.
R -> R+n + me
a
a
ma
(6 x)b
b
p dng nh lut bo ton e:
ma
-> ma = (6 x)b -> b =
(6 x )
- Sn phm mui ca kim loi tn ti di dng R2(SO4)m (a/2mol)
ma
-> n SO2- to mui vi kim loi =
4
2
1
= ne (s mol electron cho nhn)
(III)
2
+x
Ta c: n H SO 4 = n 2+ n 2SO
SO
to sn phm kh S
ma
(8 x )
ma
ma
+b=
+
= ma x (
)
(6 x )
2(6 x )
2
2
(8 x)
= ne.(
) (IV)
(6 x)
Kt lun:
T (I) v (III) ta nhn thy:
ne = n NO to mui vi kim loi = 2 n SO2- to mui vi kim loi
3
37,2
-> ne = n NO3 =
= 0,6
62
(6 x )
4
n HNO3
(5
x
)
->
= ne x
= 0,6 x 3 = 0,8 mol
0,8
-> b = 0, 2 = 4 -> p n C.
* Bi 3: Cn va 0,5 lt dung dch HNO3 x (M) ha tan hon ton m gam hp kim Al v Mg. Sau phn
ng thu c dung dch A v hn hp kh B gm N2O v NO. Khi c cn dung dch A thu c hai mui khan c
tng khi lng l (m + 136,4). Bit
A. 4,8
B. 5,6
d B/H = 18,5. Gi tr ca x l:
2
44 + 30
M B = 37 =
d
2
Gii: B/H 2 = 18,5 ->
C. 6,2
D. 7,0
= ne + n NO + 2 N N2O
= 2,2 + 0,2 + 2 x 0,2 = 2,8 mol
2,8
-> x =
= 5,6
0,5
-> p n B
* Bi 4: m gam hn hp ba kim loi X, Y, Z tc dng va vi 250ml dung dch HNO 3 c(M) va thu
c dung dch A duy nht. Nu cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (d) thy thot ra kh c mi khai.
Mt khc nu c cn cn thn dung dch A thu c (m + 21,6)g mui khan. Gi tr ca c l:
A. 1,5
B. 1,75
C. 2,5
D. 2,75
Gii:
X, Y, Z -> ion kim loi + ne
N+5 + 8e -> N-3
ne ->
ne
8
ne
8
x 80
-> ne = 0,3
n HNO3 = n NO3- to mui vi kim loi + n NO3- to sn phm kh N-3
HNO3
-> c =
= ne + 2 n N- 3 = ne + 2 x
0,375
ne
0,3
= 0,3 + 2 x
= 0,375
8
8
= 1,5
0, 25
-> p n A.
* Bi 5: Ha tan hon ton hn hp hai kim loi A, B trong axit H2SO4 (c, nng) d thu c kh SO2 duy
nht v dung dch X. Dn ton b lng kh sinh ra qua bnh ng dung dch nc Brom d thy c 96g brom phn
ng. S mol axit H2SO4 tham gia phn ng l:
A. 0,8
B. 1,1
C. 1,2
D. 1,4
Gii:
Khi dn kh SO2 qua dung dch nc Brom:
SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O -> 2HBr + H2SO4
0,6 <- 0,6
+4
Ta c: Sn phm kh l: SO 2 -> x = 4
S+6 + 2e -> S+4
1,2 <- 0,6
-> ne = 1,2
(8 - x)
4
n H2 SO4 = ne x ( 2(6 x) ) = 1,2 x 4 = 1,2 mol
-> p n C .
3/Mt s bi tp gii bng phng php bo ton electron:
Bi 1) Ho tan ht 2,16 gam FeO trong HNO3 c. Sau mt thi gian thy thot ra 0,224 lt kh X (ktc) l sn phm
kh duy nht. Xc nh X
A.NO
B. NO2
C. N2O
D.N2.
Bi 2) Ho tan 2,4 gam hn hp Cu v Fe c t l mol 1:1 vo dung dch H 2SO4 c, nng. Kt thc phn ng thu
c 0,05 mol mt sn phm kh duy nht cha lu hunh. Xc nh sn phm .
A. H2S
B. SO2
C. S
D.Khng xc nh c.
Bi 3) Ho tan ht 3,04 gam hn hp Fe v Cu trong dung dch HNO 3 to ra 0,08 mol hn hp kh gm NO v NO 2
c M = 42. Thnh phn % khi lng hn hp 2 kim loi Fe, Cu ln lt l:
A. 36,15%, 63, 85%.
B. 42,12%, 57,88%
C. 63,16%, 36,84%
D. 36, 45%, 63, 55%.
Bi 4) Khuy k 100ml dung dch A cha AgNO3, Cu(NO)2 vi hn hp kim loi c 0,03 mol Al v 0,05 mol Fe.
Sau phn ng c dung dch C v 8,12 gam cht rn B gm 3 kim loi. Cho B tc dng vi HCl d th thu c
0,672 lt H2 (ktc). Nng mol/lt ca AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 trong A ln lt l:
A. 0,3M; 0,5M
B. 0,3M; 0,4M
C. 0,2M; 0,5M
D. 0,4M; 0,5M
Bi 5) p gam bt Fe ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian thu c cht rn A c khi lng 7,52 gam gm Fe,
FeO, Fe3O4. Ho tan A trong dung dch HNO3 c, nng thu c 0,672 lt (ktc) hn hp NO v NO2 c t l mol
1:1. Tnh p.
A. 5,6 gam
B. 4,6 gam
C. 3,6 gam
D. 7,6 gam
Bi 6) Trn 2,7 gam Al vo 20 gam hn hp Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm c hn hp A.
Ho tan A trong HNO3 thy thot ra 0,36 mol NO2 l sn phm kh duy nht. Xc nh khi lng ca Fe2O3 v
Fe3O4.
S: Fe2O3: 6,08 gam; Fe3O4: 13,92 gam.
Bi 7) in phn hon ton dung dch X cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 thu c 56 gam hn hp kim loi catot v
4,48 lt kh anot (ktc). Tnh s mol mi mui trong X.
S: AgNO3 = 0,4 mol, Cu(NO3)2 = 0,2 mol.
Bi 8) Thi mt lung kh CO qua hn hp Fe v Fe 2O3 nung nng c cht kh B v hn hp D gm Fe, FeO,
Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Cho B qua dung dch nc vi trong d thy to ra 6 gam kt ta. Ho tan D bng H2SO4 (c,
nng) thy to ra 0,18 mol SO2 v dung dch E. C cn E thu c 24 gam mui khan. Xc nh thnh phn hn hp
ban u.
S: Fe = 4,48 gam; Fe2O3 = 3,2 gam.
Bi 9) 11,2 lt (ktc) hn hp kh A gm clo v oxi tc dng va vi 16,98 gam hn hp B gm Mg v Al to ra
42,34 gam hn hp clorua v oxit ca hai kim loi.
Xc nh % th tch tng cht trong hn hp A v % khi lng tng cht trong hn hp B.
S: Trong A c 48% VCl, 52%VO2.
Trong B c 77,74% khi lng Mg; 22,26 % khi lng Al.
Bi 10) Ho tan 2,16 gam kim loi R c ho tr khng i cn va dung dch cha 0,17 mol H2SO4 thu c hn
hp kh A gm H2, H2S, SO2 (khng c sn phm kh khc) c t l mol tng ng l 1:2:3. Kim loi R cn tm l
A. Al
B. Fe
C. Zn
D. Mg
Bi 11) Kh hon ton 12 gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 thu c 10,08 gam Fe.
a) Tnh th tch dung dch cha H2SO4 1M v HCl 2M cn ho tan ht 12 gam hn hp A.
b) Tnh th tch SO2 (ktc) thu c khi ho tan hon ton hn hp A bng dung dch H2SO4 c, nng, d.
c) Tnh th tch dung dch HNO 3 2M cn ly ho tan hon ton hn hp A cho sn phm kh duy nht l
kh NO.
S: a) 0,06 lt;
b) 3,36 lt;
c) 0,32 lt.
Bi 12) Oxi ho hon ton 2,184 gam bt st thu c 3,084 gam hn hp 2 oxit st (hn hpA). Chia A thnh 3
phn bng nhau.
a) kh hon ton phn 1 cn bao nhiu lt H2 (ktc)?
b) Ho tan hon ton phn 2 bng dung dch HNO3 d. Tnh th tch (ktc) kh NO (duy nht) thot ra ?
c) Phn th 3 em trn vi 5,4 gam Al ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm (hiu sut 100%).
Ho tan cht rn thu c sau phn ng bng dung dch HCl d. Tnh th tch H2 thot ra (ktc).
S: a) 0,4032 lt
b) 22,4 ml
c) 6,608 lt
Bi 13) 2,8 gam Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 d thu c V lt hn hp NO v NO2 theo t l mol NO2:NO
= 2:1. V c gi tr l:
A. 2,016 lt
B.1,008 lt
C. 1,12 lt
D. 2,24 lt
Bi 14) Kh hon ton m gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 bng kh CO. Lng CO2 sinh ra sau phn ng
hp th vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c 20 gam kt ta. Th tch dung dch B cha HCl 1M v H 2SO4 0,5M cn
ho tan ht m gam hn hp A l:
A. 300 ml
B. 250 ml
C. 200 ml
D. 150 ml
Bi 15) Cho 0,03 mol FexOy tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 thu c 0,224 lt kh X ( sn phm kh duy nht)
ktc. Xc nh X ?
A. NO
B. N2O
C. N2
D. NO2
Bi 16) Hn hp A gm Fe3O4, FeO, Fe2O3, mi oxit u c 0,5 mol. Th tch dung dch HCl 1M ho tan hn
hp A l:
A. 4 lt
B. 8 lt
C. 6 lt
D. 9 lt
Bi 17) Tnh khi lng Fe cn ho tan vo dung dch H2SO4 long, d thu c dung dch phn ng va vi
100 ml dung dch cha KMnO4 0,2M v K2Cr2O7 0,1M
A. 8,96 gam
B. 9,86 gam
C. 9,68 gam
D. 6,98 gam
Bi 18) Ho tan hn hp X gm 0,01 mol Fe3O4, 0,015 mol Fe2O3, 0,03 mol FeO, 0,03 mol Fe bng mt lng va
dung dch HNO3 long. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c cht rn Y. Nung Y n khi lng khng i
thu c cht rn Z. Khi lng cht rn Z l:
A. 8 gam
B. 9,6 gam
C. 16 gam
D. 17,6 gam
Bi 19) Ho tan hon ton hn hp X gm 0,002 mol FeS 2 v 0,003 mol FeS vo dung dch H 2SO4 c, nng d thu
c kh A. Th tch dung dch NaOH 1M ti thiu hp th ht lng kh A trn l:
A. 25,8 m
B. 14 ml
C. 28,5 ml
D. 57 ml
Bi 20) Ho tan 2,4 gam hn hp X gm FeS2, FeS v S ( trong s mol FeS bng s mol S) vo dung dch H2SO4
c, nng d. Th tch SO2 (ktc) thu c l:
A. 0,784 lt
B. 0,896 lt
C. 3,36 lt
D. 4,48 lt
Bi 21) (TSH B 2007): Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp
X trong dung dch HNO3 (d) thot ra 0,56 lt (ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,52
B. 2,22
C. 2,62
D. 2,32
Bi 22) (TSH A 2008): Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3
long (d), thu c 1,344 lt (ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c
m gam mui khan. Gi tr m l :
A. 49,09
B. 34,36
C. 35,50
D. 38,72
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