n tt nghip

LI NI U Ngun in mt chiu c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc, t ng dng trong sinh hot n ng dng trong quc phng, cng nng nghip, cc ngnh khoa hc k thut v trong sn xut cng nghip hin i. Nhng nm gn y, khoa hc k thut pht trin nhanh cha tng thy, nht l lnh vc in t, tin hc, t ng ho, o lng iu khin, v.v cc thit b in t trong cc dy chuyn sn xut cng nghip, cc dng c o lng t ng, cc h thng iu khin vi chnh xc cao, cc loi my tnh in t vi tc tnh ton nhanh c ng dng trong cng nghip, trong o lng v iu khin, v.v hu ht u cn mt ngun cung cp in mt chiu hot ng. Chnh v vy i hi c mt ngun in mt chiu tng ng; p ng c nhng nhu cu mi, nh c in th, dng in ln, kch thc gn nh, lm vic tin cy, chnh xc, n nh cao, kh nng lm vic lu di, chu c cc iu kin mi trng lm vickhc nhau. .. cc ngun in mt chiu ny c th l cc loi pin, acqy, nhng ph bin hn vn l ngun in mt chiu t acquy. Do vy vic thit k mt b ngun cung cp l rt quan trng v thit thc. Trong c vic thit k mt b np acquy t ng v lin tc cng c rt ch trng. Vn ln ti ny l ch np cho acquy nh th no? cng ngh np ra sao? c rt nhiu phng php in cho acquy + Np vi dng in khng i + Np vi in p khng i + Np va dng, va p Trong n ny ta dng phng php np hai cp dng in bi v khi np i hi tc nhanh, thi gian ngn v in p c quy phi y v . H Ni, ngy 30 thng 5 nm 2010 Sinh vin thc hin Trn nh Ca

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Chng 1 ACQUY V CNG NGH NP ACQUY 1.1. Gii thiu v acquy: Acquy l loi ngun in ho hc, c th bin in nng thnh ho nng v ngc li bin ho nng thnh in nng. Qu trnh bin ho nng thnh in nng gi l qu trnh phng in v qu trnh bin in nng thnh ho nng gi l qu trnh np in . Acquy l ngun in mt chiu c s dng rt rng ri v lm vic da trn hin tng in - ho hc. Acquy sn xut ra phi bo m cc tnh nng v in theo quy nh . + Sc in ng ln v t thay i khi phng, np in . + Acquy phi lm vic thun nghch, ngha l hiu sut nng lng gn 100%. + in tr trong nh. + Dung lng cho mt n v trng lng v mt n v th tch phi ln . + T phng in . 1.2. Phn loi acquy: Trong iu kin hin nay c rt nhiu loi acquy khc nhau c sn xut tu thuc vo nhng iu kin, yu cu c th ca tng loi my mc, dng c, iu kin lm vic, cng nh nhng tnh nng kinh t k thut ca acquy. C th lit k mt s loi sau : - Acquy ch ( hay acquy axt) - Acquy kim - Acquy khng lamen v acquy kn - Acquy km - bc v acquy catmi- bc

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Tuy nhin trn thc t th acquy axit v acquy kim c s dng nhiu hn. nhng thng dng nht t trc n nay l acquy axt; v so vi acquy kim n c mt vi c tnh tt hn nh : sc in ng ca mi bn " cp bn " cc cao hn v c in tr trong nh . V vy trong n ny ta chn loi acquy a xt nghin cu v thit k . 1.3. Cu to ca acquy axt: 1.3.1.V bnh: V thng lm bng nhng nguyn liu cch in nh nha, cao su cng ( bnt) c thnh hnh hp, c chia thnh nhiu ngn, chu c kh hu nng, lnh va chm mnh v chu c axt. y ca mi ngn c bn sng khi bn cc to thnh khong trn gia y bnh v mt di ca khi bn cc, trnh c hin tng chp mch gia cc bn cc do cht kt ta ri xung y bnh gy nn. 1.3.2.Tm ngn: Tm ngn c ghp gia cc bn cc m v cc bn cc dng trnh hin tng chp mch gia cc in cc khc du. 1.3.3.Phn phi bn cc m: Cc bn cc m ghp song song vi nhau to thnh khi bn cc m. Cht hot ng ca bn cc m l ch xp.
L cch n i

Cu t o bn cc

(+ )

Hnh 1.1.cc bn cc acquy

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1.3.4. Phn khi bn cc dng: Cc bn cc dng cng c ghp song song nhau to thnh khi bn cc dng. Cht hot ng bn cc dng l PbO2 ( bi xt ch ) tng dung lng v sc in ng ca acquy, ngi ta u ni nhiu bn cc ni tip nhau dng- m xen k nhau trong mt ngn gia (+) v (-) cch nhau bng mt l cch in. 1.3.5.Dung dch in phn: Dung dch in phn l axt sunfuric ( H2SO4 ) Nng dung dch in phn axt sunfuric P = 1,1 - 1,3g/cm3 Nng dung dch in phn c nh hng ln n sc in ng ca acquy. 1.3.6.Cu ni: Cu ni bng ch ni tip cc u cc m ca ngn acquy ny vi u cc dng ca ngn acquy tip theo. 1.3.7.Np nt: Np y v bnh cng c lm bng nha hoc bng cao su cng, np c cc l dung dch vo bnh v u cc v nt y in dch khi ra. 1.4. Qu trnh ho hc trong cc acquy axt: Trong acquy axt thng xy ra hai qu trnh ho hc thun nghch c trng l qu trnh np v phng in Khi np in, nh ngun in np m mch ngoi cc in t "e" chuyn ng t cc bn cc m n cc bn cc dng, l dng in np (In). Khi phng in, di tc dng ca sc in ng ring ca acquy cc in t s chuyn ng theo hng ngc li t (+) n (-) v to thnh dng in phng (Ip).
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Khi acquy c np no, cht tc dng cc bn cc dng l PbO2 , cn cc bn cc m l ch xp Pb. Khi phng in, cc cht tc dng c hai bn cc u tr thnh sunfat ch PbSO4 c dng tinh th nh. Phng trnh ho hc xy ra trong acquy axt: Trn bn cc dng : PbO2 + 3H+ HSO4+ 2e = PbSO4+ H2O Trn bn cc m : Pb + H2SO4 = PbSO4 + 2e + 2H Trong trng hp tng qut c th c trng cc qu trnh bng bng sau: Trng thi ca acquy c np no Bn cc dng PbO2 (xt ch) Dung dch in phn 2 H2SO4 (axt sunfuric) Bn cc m Pb (ch xp nguyn cht)

phng ht in

PbSO4 (sunfat ch tinh th nh)

2 H20 (nc)

PbSO4 (sunfat ch tinh th nh )

Nh vy, khi phng in axt sunfuric b hp th to thanh sunfat, cn nc th b phn ho ra , do nng ca dung dch gim i. Khi np in th ngc li, nh hp th nc v ti sinh ra axt sunfuric nn nng ca dung dch tng ln . S thay i nng ca dung dch in phn khi phng v np l mt trong nhng du hiu xc nh mc phng in ca acquy trong s dng. 1.5. Cc c tnh ca acquy axt:

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Trong phn ny ta ch nu mt vi c tnh ch yu ca acquy axt v n gin ta ch xt c tnh ca mt acquy n: 1.5.1.Sc in ng (S) ca acquy : S ca acquy ph thuc ch yu vo in th trn cc cc tc l ph thuc vo c tnh l ho ca vt liu lm cc bn cc v dung dch in phn, khng ph thuc vo kch thc ca cc bn cc. S ca acquy ph thuc vo nng ca dung dch in phn c xc nh bng cng thc thc nghim sau: Eo= 0,85 + P ( 1.1 )

Vi E0 - S tnh ca acquy n. S tnh c o trong trng hp acquy khng phng in v bng vn k c bit. P - nng dung dch in phn c tnh bng V quy v + 150C Ngoi ra S ca acquy cn ph thuc vo nhit ca dung dch in phn. V d khi nhit thay i t 200C n 400C th S ca acquy n gim t 2,12 n 2,096V 1.5.2.Cc c tnh np v phng ca acquy: a.Phn tch qu trnh np Khi dung dch axit sunfuric vo cc ngn ca bnh th trn cc bn cc s sinh ra mt lp mng ch sunfat PbSO 4 : O P O + H2S 4 PbSO 4 + H2O b em ni ngun in mt chiu vo hai u ca acquy th dng mt chiu s c khp kn qua mch acquy v dng i theo chiu: cc dng ngun mt chiu u cc 1 acquy chm bn cc 1qua dung dch in fnbn cc 2u cc 2 ca acquy cc m ngun mt chiu. Dng in s lm cho dung dch in fn fn ly: H2S 4 H+ + O SO2 4 Catin H+theo dng in i v fa chm bn cc ni vi m ngun in v to ra fn ng ti : 2 H+ + PbSO 4 H2SO 4 + Pb

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Cc anin SO2 4 chy v fa chm bn cc ni vi cc in dng ca ngun in to ra fn ng ti : PbSO 4 + 2 H2O + cc 2 H2S 4 + PbO 2 O Kt qu l cc chm bn cc c ni vi bn cc dng ca ngun in c ch ixit PbO 2 , chm bn cc kia c ch P . Nh vy , hai loi chm cc c s khc nhau v cc tnh b . Khi np acquy ,lc u in th tng dn t 2V 2,4V .Nu vn tip tc np gi tr ny nhanh chng tng ln 2,7V v gi nguyn.Thi gian ny gi l thi gian np no ,n c tc dng lm cho phn t cc cht tc dng su bn trong lng bn cc c bin i hon ton ,nh s lm tng thm dung lng phng in ca acquy .Trong s dng thi gian np no ca acquy thng ko di khong 2h 3h , trong khong thi gian ny hiu in th ca acquy v nng dung dch in phn khng thay di.Sau khi ngt mch np , in p ,sc in ng , nng dung dch in phn ca acquy gim xung v n nh, dy gi l thi gian ngh ca acquy sau khi np . C th np in cho acquy vi dng in c nh hoc np in th khng i . Np dng in c nh s nhanh nhng tn nng lng hn ch np in th khng i.

+ A

(+ )

(-)

S m np ch

0,5

12

18

20

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Hnh 1.2.Qu trnh np acquy Trn hnh v l c tnh np bng dng in khng i, nng dung dch khi np tng theo quy lut ng thng t 1,11 g/cm3 n 1,27g/cm3 cui qu trnh np. Sc in ng E0 1,96V ng vi acquy coi l phng ht in. Khi np in trong lng cc bn cc to thnh axt sunfuric v nng ca dung dch trong cc bn cc tr ln m c hn nng dung dch chung, do Eaq khi np ln E0 mt lng bng E. Th hiu ca acquy khi np : Un = Eaq + In.Raq In : dng in np (A) Un : Th hiu ca c quy trong qu trnh np Raq : in tr trong ca c quy E : Mc chnh lch sc in ng trong qu trnh np. cui qu trnh np S v th hiu Un tng ln kh nhanh cng vi cc bt kh to thnh trong acquy. Khi qu trnh np kt thc v cht tc dng cc bn cc tr li trng thi ban u, dng in In lc ny ch cn tc dng in phn nc thnh xi v hir v thot ra di dng cc bt kh. Hin tng ny c gi l s "si" ca acquy v l du hiu ca cui qu trnh np. S si bt u trong acquy khi th hiu ca mi acquy n tng ti 2,4V ri ngay sau th hiu tng vt ln v n khi t gi tr tn cng 2,7V th ngng tng. im ny thc cht l im cui qu trnh np v c th kt thc np y, nhng thng ngi ta phi tip tc np khong 3 gi na, khi thy rng sut trong thi gian th hiu v nng dung dch ca acquy khng thay i th acquy mi c np no. Sau khi ngt dng in np, th hiu ca acquy st hn xung bng Eaq v sau mt khong "ngh" (tc l sau khi cn bng nng dung dch v ( 1.2)

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thot ht bt kh) gim n S tnh cho n gi tr E0= 2,11 2,12V ng vi acquy c np no. Nh vy nhng du hiu biu th mc cui cng ca qu trnh np: Th hiu v nng dung dch ca acquy nng tng v chng phi khng thay i trong 3 gi lin. in lng cung cp cho acquy khi np Qung ninh tnh bng : Qn = In. Tn ( 1.3)

Tn : l thi gian np tnh n im cui qu trnh np. Trong qu trnh acquy lm vic do tn tht v nhit v cho qu trnh phn ng ho hc khng hon ton li nn khi np phi cung cp cho acquy mt in lng ln hn in lng n c th sn sinh ra khi phng in. Ngoi ra, do phi tiu tn thm nng lng in cho vic in phn nc trong 3 gi lin nn khi np in lng cung cp cho acquy cn phi ln hn in dung Q thu c trong qu trnh phng khong 10 15% na ( c trng bng phn gch vung trn hnh v ) b.Qu trnh phng Trong qu trnh phng in ca acquy , xy ra cc fn ng ho hc sau: Ti cc dng : H2SO 4 + PbO 2 + 2 H+ + 2e PbSO 4 + 2
H2O P b + SO2 4 Ti cc m: PbSO 4 + 2e Nh vy khi acquy phng in , ch sunfat li c hnh thnh hai chm bn cc , lm cho cc bn cc dn dn tr li ging nhau cn dung dch axit b phn tch thnh catin 2 H+ v anin SO2 4 , ng thi qu trnh phng in cng to ra nc trong dung dch , do nng ca dung dch gim dn v sc in ng ca acquy gim dn . Qu trnh phng in ca acquy cng c th chia lm hai giai on : giai on u in p ,sc in ng , nng dung dch in phn ca acquy gim chm,y gi l giai on phng n nh hay thi gian phng in cho php ca acquy .Trong giai on tip theo ,in p acquy s gim rt nhanh .

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1,75 10 1,27 1,11 5 1

(+ ) V

S mch np
0,5 Qp=I p.tp tp,h 0 4 8 12 18 20

Hnh 1.3.Qu trnh phng acquy Trn hnh l s phng v c tnh phng ca acquy axt qu trnh phng cng c phn tch tng t nh trn, trong n ny ta ch quan tm n phng php np in cho acquy v vy y ta khng cn nu chi tit v c tnh phng ca acquy axt. 1.6. Cc phng php np in cho acquy axt: np in cho acquy ngi ta s dng ba phng php : - Np bng dng in khng i In = const - Np bng th hiu khng i Un = const - Np va dng va p n ny ta s dng phng php np bng dng khng i vi hai cp dng in

1.6.1. Np bng dng in khng i: Theo phng php ny, dng in np c gi nguyn mt tr s khng i trong sut thi gian np ( np mt nc) hoc trong nhng trng hp np vi cho php np hai nc tc l thay i cng dng in np mt lan.

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V dng in np : In =

Un Eaq Raq

(1.4)

M Eaq trong khi np tng dn, nn mun gi cho In = const trong qu trnh np th phi tng dn Un. thc hin c vic ny ngun np phi c nhiu nc in th , nu khng phi mc thm mt bin tr ni tip vi acquy. Trong trng hp np hai nc th nc th nht kt thc khi th hiu mi acquy n t 2,4V (bt u si bt kh trong acquy). Sau chuyn sang nc th hai vi cng dng in np gim i v kt thc qu trnh np cui nc ny. Theo cch ny tt c cc acquy khng l thuc vo th hiu nh mc c mc ni tip vi nhau v cn m bo iu kin : Un > 2,7. Naq Trong : Un : in p np Naq : S ngn acquy n mc trong mch np. Tt c cc acquy phi c in dung nh nhau, nu khng s phi chn cng dng in np theo acquy c in dung nh nht v nh vy acquy c in dung ln s phi np rt lu Trong qu trnh np sc in ng ca acquy tng dn, duy tr dng in np khng i ta phi b tr trong mch np bin tr R, tr s gii hn ca bin tr c xc nh theo cng thc : R=
Un 2,0 Naq In

( 1.5 )

(1.6)

* u im ca phng php : Np bng dng in khng i l phng php np ch yu v tng hp nht , trong np mt nc l c bn, cn np hai nc ch p dng khi cn rt ngn thi gian np. phng php ny cho php chn tu cng dng in np cho thch hp vi tng loi acquy. Tt c cc acquy mi trc khi em s dng ni chung u phi np qua cch ny.
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Phng php np in mt nc p dng trong trng hp np ln ln c acquy mi, acquy c v np cha cc acquy b sunfat ho nh. * Nhc im : Thi gian np ko di ( thng 25 n 50 gi, ring acquy np kh th ngn hn ) v thng xuyn phi theo di, iu chnh cng dng in np. 1.6.2. Phng php np vi in p khng i: Theo phng php ny tt c cc acquy c mc song song vi ngun in np v m bo th hiu ca ngun bng ( 2,3 2,5)V trn mt acquy n. Th hiu ca ngun np phi c gi n nh vi chnh xc n 3% v c theo di bng vn k Dng in np : In =
Un Eaq Raq

(1.7)

Lc u In s rt ln, sau khi Eaq tng dn th In gim i kh nhanh. Do dng in np ban u rt ln nn thi gian np gim i nhiu. Trong khong 3 gi u acquy nhn c 80% in lng yu cu. Qu trnh np kt thc khi dng np rt nh, gn bng khng, cn th hiu np t ( 2,32,4)V trn mt acquy n, nn qu trnh np thc ra mi ch n im bt u si kt thc, do khng th np no cho acquy bng phng php ny. Nh vy phng php np Un = const khng th thay th cho phng php np ch yu vi In= const ni trn m ch c th coi l phng php ph. * u im ca phng php Phng php np vi Un = const c thi gian np ngn hn v t tn cng, v dng in np t ng gim theo thi gian khng cn phi theo di v iu chnh, thch hp vi vic np b sung cho cc acquy ang s dng. * Nhc im ca phng php
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Khng th cng lc np c acquy c v mi v np cha cc acquy b sunfat ho; cng dng in np ban u rt ln, tuy khng lm hng acquy nhng c hi cho tui th v in dung ca acquy v gy qu ti cho thit b np nu khng c c cu hn ch dng in. 1.6.3.Np hai cp dng in: Ch np hai cp dng in:Dual Current Step Charge. Trong ch ny b np s thc hin hai ch np vi hai mc dng in khc nhau l (Imax+IH) v IH. Ch ny thng dng khi np ng thi cho nhiu nhnh acquy mc ni tip nhau,lc giai on np vi dng IH (holding current thng ly bng 10%Imax) s m bo cho cc acquy c t chnh t trng thi y nh nhau. Nguyn l hot ng th hin c tnh v th np.ch np vi mc dng ln bng (Imax+IH) c gi l Bulk charge,nhng khc vi kiu np dng p ch khi in p acquy t tr s V21 th khng chuyn sang ch qu np (Over charge),tc l chn s 8 ca IC khng chuyn v mc thp m lun gi mc cao.Khu khuych i dng np c s dng lm b iu chnh dng gi dng np bng IH.

VIN V12
STAGE2

VF V21

STAGE1:BULK CHARGE STAGE 2:HOLDING VOLTAGE

STAGE1 DONG IN NP

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IH

Imax+IH c tnh VA qu trnh np

INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE

V12 VF B
CHARGE VOLTAGE

C D E

V21

Imax+IH
CHARGE CURRENT

IH

OFF
STATE LEVEL

ON
STAGE1 STAGE 2 STAGE 1

Hnh 1.4. th trng thi

Cc im c trng ca qu trnh np l: A Ngun vo c cp v b np lp tc hot ng vi ch np dng ln (Imax+IH).

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B in p acquy t mc V12 v mch vng in p chuyn sang mc thp hn l VF,acquy c np bng dong IH. C Acquy c ti v bt u phng in,b np vn ch cp dng IH. D Khi in p acquy gim n tr s VF th b np chuyn sang cp dng ln (Imax+IH). E Acquy tip tc phng in n tr s V21 th b np chuyn v trng thi ban u

1.7. Cch bo qun acquy: * Bo qun thng xuyn: Chm sc v s dng acquy ng k thut s nng cao hiu sut s dng, ko di tui th ca acquy v m bo an ton cho ngi, phng tin s dng.Lun m bo mc dung dch in phn, khi thiu phi b sung bng nc ct cho . Bi m vo cc u bc acquy chng g, thng xuyn lau chi sch s, b mt acquy phi lun lun kh trnh hin tng phng in trn b mt acquy. Kim tra cc nt v khng lm bp l thng hi * Bo qun trong kho: - Kho cha acquy phi thong, nhit trung bnh phi nh hn 350C - Kho khng acquy chung, acquy axt ring, acquy kim ring. - Nn nh phi di nha ng v b tr gn gng tin vn chuyn ra vo trong kho. - Trc khi ct acquy phi np qu lng, lau sch s cc nt v v bnh.

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- Trong thi gian bo qun mi thng phi np mt ln v phi y vi ct.

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Chng 2 THIT K CH TO B NP ACQUY T NG La chn s chnh lu - Chnh lu iu khin mt pha na chu k - Chnh lu iu khin mt pha hai na chu k - Chnh lu iu khin cu mt pha - Chnh lu iu khin ba pha - Chnh lu iu khin cu mt pha khng i xng - Chnh lu 6 pha dng in khng cn bng 1.1.Chnh lu iu khin mt pha, na chu k:

Ud
UT T U2 id L R 0

id
Ud

id
2

Xc nh gi tr trung bnh Ud,Id khi gc m , s l gc tt Ud = 2 .U2 sin t - id ko di na chu k m

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U2 = Ud = Rid + L

did = 2 .U2 sin t dt did d

2 .U2 sin = Rid + x Khi id = 0 = =

Theo nh ngha v gi tr trung bnh ca hm s Ta c : Ud = Rid Ud =

2 .U 2 ( cos - cos ) 2 2 .U 2 ( cos - cos ) 2R

Id =

1.2.Chnh lu iu khin mt pha 2 na chu k : U1 = 2 U2sin t

U2 = - 2 U2sin t

Ud
~
U1 L T1 R 0

id

U2 U1 T2

id
0 0 2

Ta c id l dng lin tc, v vy khi bit c gc m th xc nh c gc tt

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Khi T1 m 2 .U2 sin = Rid + x Ta c Ud = RId Ud =

2 2 .U 2 . Cos 2 2 .U 2 . Cos R

did d

Id =

1.3.Chnh lu iu khin cu 1 pha:

Ud 0

i i2 Ud T4 T3 T1 T2 Ud id L R 0 i 0 i i T2,4 i 0 Id d d

d i T1,3

Khi Id l dng gin on Id =

Ud R 2 .U 2 Ud Id sin , d = = R 2R 2

1 IT = 2

Khi id l dng lin tc

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Id = Id Ud = Rid Ud =
2 2 .U 2 cos

1.3.1.Chnh lu cu 1 pha khng i xng Id =

Ud R

1 + IT = Id .d = Id ( + ) / 2 2

Cho thm 2 i t
1 + ID = Id.d 2

Id ( + )/2

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a.S chnh lu cu mt pha khng i xng

T1

D1 R Ud L

T2

D2

U
d

id

id

a
Id

iT1

iD2

iT2

iD1

i2

UT2

UD2

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21

 n tt nghip

b.Nguyn l hot ng ca s : Khi = 1 cho xung iu khin m T1. Trong khong 1, 2 T1 v D2 cho dng chy qua. Khi U2 bt u i du, D1 m ngay, T1 t nhin kho li dng Id = Id chuyn t T1 sang D1 Khi D1 v D2 cng cho dng chy qua Ud = 0 Khi = 3= + cho xung m T2, dng ti id = Id chy qua D1 v T2 i t D2 b kho li. Trong s ny, gc dn ca tiristor v i t khng bng nhau. Gc dn ca i t l : D = + , cn gc dn ca tisristor T= - . Gi tr trung bnh ca in p ti:
1 Ud = 0 2.U 2 sin .d = 2 .U 2 (1 + cos )

Gi tr trung bnh ca dng ti : Id =

Ud R

Gi tr dng trung bnh qua van :

1 Id .d = Id ( ) / 2 IT = 2 0 1 + Id .d = Id ( + ) / 2 Qua dng i t : ID = 2 0

Gi tr hiu dng ca dng chy trong cun dy th cp my bin ap I2 =

1 I .d = Id 1 d
2

in p ngc cc i t ln van
ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni 22

 n tt nghip

Uim = 2 .U2 Cng sut my bin p : Sba = 1,93Pd 1.4.Chnh lu iu khin 3 pha: a.S 3 pha hnh tia
a T1

T2

T3

Ud R L Id

Ud

id

id
Id 0

iT1
0

iT2
0

iT3
0

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

23

 n tt nghip

Ua = U2 m sin Ub= U2 m sin ( 1200) Uc= U2 m sin ( 1200) Trong mch c L nn id l dng lin tc id = Id Gc m > 0
1 2 1 Ud / / d = Ud = 2 2 0 0 2.U 2 sin .d

Id =

2.U sin R

It =

Id 3

b.S cu 3 pha: Gm 3 tiristor u catt chung : T1, T3 , T5 3 tiristor u ant chung : T2 , T4 , T6

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

24

 n tt nghip

id T1 T3 T5 L

R T4 T6 T2 G

Ud

1
1 2

5
2

Ud = Id.R Id =
Ud 1 Id.d IT = ID = R 2

1.5.Chnh lu 6 pha Trn s c 1 my bin p 3 pha, 6 tiristor 1- Cp ngun cho T1 T3 T5 2- Cp ngun cho T2 T4 T6 Lm vic c lp

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

25

 n tt nghip

a'

b'

c'

Ud

T1

T3

T5

id

T4

T6

T2

id
d

iT1

iT3

iT5

i vi s c 1 my bin p 3 pha, 6 tiristor 1- Cp ngun cho T1 T3 T5 2- Cp ngun cho T2 T4 T6 S h lm vic c lp

Nhn xt

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

26

 n tt nghip

Ta phi dng 2 my bin p xung iu khin T1, T2 . Tuy nhin ta li cch ly c mch lc v mch iu khin v in S ch dng mt na van iu khin nn gim gi thnh h thng iu khin n gin hn. 1.6.Chn phng n Qua phn tch trn, vi cc s chnh lu khc nhau ta thy s chnh lu cu mt pha khng i xng c: - S van iu khin t, nn t knh iu khin, vn u t gim h thng iu khin n gin. - Mch lc n gin, m bo kinh t - Cng mt ri iu chnh th cu 1 pha khng i xng iu chnh chnh xc hn. Nhng u im m bo v yu cu k thut v thit k ngoi ra n cn c u im kinh t. T ta i n chn phng dng s mch chnh lu cn 1 pha khng i xng.

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

27

 n tt nghip

Chng III Tnh chn mch lc 1.1.Tnh chn van:

T1

D1

Rf

T2

D2

Rs

S liu: Thit k b np acquy t ng Cho 9 bnh acquy, mi bnh 12V mc ni tip u vo: 220 (V) , f= 50 (Hz) u ra : Ud = 108 (V) Id = 16 (A) Do in p cao nht Voc=1,25E nn ta phi chn: Ud=108.1,25=135(V) Gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha th cp my bin p c phm vi iu chnh khi u vo dao ng, ta chn = 300 C : Udo =
2.U 2 (1 + cos )

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

28

 n tt nghip

U2 =

Udo
2 .(1 + cos )

3,14 .135 2 .(1 + cos 30 )

160,63(V)

in tr np:
R= U n 2, 0.N aq In = 135 2, 0.9 = 7,31 . 16

Dng in chy qua Thyristor:

IT = 1 2

.d = I d .

3,14 0,523 = 16 . = 6,67 A . 2 2.3,14

Dng in chy qua it:

ID = 1 2
+

.d = I d .

+ 3,14 + 0,523 = 16 . = 9,33 A . 2 2.3,14

T s my bin p: K=
U 2 160 ,63 = = 0,73 U1 220

in p ngc ln nht mi van phi chu: Ungm = 2 .U2 = 2 .160,63=227,2(V) Dng in chnh lu nh mc : Id = 16(A ) Dng in trung bnh chy trn mi van Iv=

16 = 8(A) 2

Mch c cng sut nh nn s dng phng php lm mt t nhin , cnh tn nhit gn vo van kt hp vi i lu khng kh Khi : Ilv = 25% Iv

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

29

 n tt nghip

Iv =

lv

0.25

8 = 32(A) 0.25

Gi tr hiu dng ca dng chy qua mi pha th cp bin p I2 = Id.

1

= 32

1 = 14,6(A) 6

Gi tr hiu dng ca dng chy qua mi pha s cp bin p : I1 = K.I2 = 0,73.14,6=11(A) Dng in trung bnh chy qua Thyristor: ID=1,2.9,33=11,2(A) Dng in trung bnh chy qua it: IT=1,2.6,67=8(A)

Chn van : H s d tr v in p : Ku = 1,6 H s d tr v dng in : Ki = 1,2 Phi chn van chu c in p ngc : 1,6 . 227,2=364 (V) Phi chn van chu c dng in : 1,2 . 32=38,4 (A) * Chn 2 thyristor : T12N400COE trong gio trnh Tnh ton thit k thit b in t cng sut tc gi T.S Trn Vn Thnh - Dng trung bnh ln nht: Itbmax = 15(A) - in p ngc cc i : Uim = 400 V - Tn tht in p : U = 2,8 (V) - Gi tr in p iu khin : Ug = 2(v) - Gi tr dng in iu khin :Ig=40(mA)

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

30

 n tt nghip

- Thi gian chuyn mch :tcm=50 - Nhit lm vic ti a ca van: tmax=1250C - Tc tng in p: du/dt = 200(V/ s) * Chn 2 i t :it SKN20/04 - Dng trung bnh ln nht: Itbmax =20 (A) - in p ngc cc i : Ungm = 400 (V) - Tn tht in p trng thi m: U = 1,55(V) - Nhit cho php:Tmax=1800C

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

31

 n tt nghip

1.2. Tnh ton my bin p: Cng sut biu kn ca my bin p : S = U2. I2 = 160,63.14,6=2345,2(VA) Chn mch t ch E v ch I ghp li, tit din tr c theo cng thc kinh nghim Q = K.
S (cm2) c. f

Trong : K = 4 5 nu l my bin p du K = 5 6 nu l my bin p kh S: Cng sut biu kin ca my bin p KVA ; VA C : S tr f : Tn s ngun in xoay chiu Ta s dng my bin p kh, ly K = 5 c Q = 5.
2345 ,2 3.50

= 19,77(cm2)

Chn li thp c tit din 20m2 lm bng vt liu st t dy 0,6mm, l thp dp hnh ch v ch I ghp li. Tu thuc vo vic chn l thp m c kch thc li. S vng/vn c tnh theo cng thc: wo=
K 5 = = Q 20

0,25( vng/vn)

S vng dy cun s cp : w1 = U1.wo = 220. 0,25=55 (vng) S vng dy cun th cp: w2 = U2.wo = 160,63.0,25 = 40 (vng)

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

32

 n tt nghip

Tit din dy qun : I1 = 11 (A) I2= 14,6 (A) Chn mt dng in : J1 = J2 = 2,75 A/mm2 C q1 = q2=
I1 11 = = J 2,75 4

(mm2)

I 2 14 ,6 2 = = J 2,75 5,31(mm )

ng knh dy qun s cp : d1 =
4q1

4.4 = 2,26(mm) 3,14

ng knh dy qun th cp : d2 =
4q 2

4.5,31 = 2,6(mm) 3,14

Tra sch "in t cng sut" chn dy : + Dy qun s cp chn : - ng knh d1= 2,44 mm - Trng lng ring 1 mt di: mcu=41,6 g/m - in tr dy 1 mt di : R/m=0,00375 ( /m) - ng knh dy k c cch in dy:dng=2,57mm - Tit din li ng:Scu=4,676mm2 + Dy qun th cp : - ng knh ngoi: d2 = 2,83 (mm) - Trng lng ring 1 mt di:mcu = 55,9g/m - in tr dy 1 mt di : R/m = 0,00278 ( /m)
ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni 33

 n tt nghip

- ng knh dy k c cch in li dy:dng=3,16mm - Tit din li ng:Scu=6,29mm2 1.3. Tnh ton bo v qu p: Trong cc b bin i dng van bn dn cn phi c cc phn t bo v s tng trng dng v p tiu van , trong s ca ta ang xt dng my bin p nn thnh phn cm khng ca my bin p gip ta bo v hn ch s tng trng dng in. V vy ta ch tnh ton bo v qu in p Thyristor rt nhy cm vi in p qu ln so vi in p nh mc ngi ta chia lm hai loi nguyn nhn gy nn qu in p - Nguyn nhn ni ti: y l s tch t in tch trong cc lp bn dn. Khi kho Thyristor bng in p ngc, cc in tch ni trn i ngc li hnh trnh, to ra dng in ngc trong khong thi gian rt ngn, s bin thin nhanh chng ca dng in ngc gy ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln trong cc in cm, lun lun c, ca ng dy ngun dn n cc Thyristor . V vy gia a nt v ca tt ca Thyristor xut hin qu in p. - Nguyn nhn bn ngoi: Nhng nguyn nhn ny thng xy ra ngu nhin nh khi ct khng ti mt my bin p trn ng dy, khi mt cu ch bo v chy, khi c sm st bo v qu in p ngi ta thng dng mch Rc

Mch RC u song song vi Thyristor nhm bo v qu in p do tch t in tch khi chuyn mch gy ln. Mch RC ta s dng cc ch vit tt sau y :

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

34

 n tt nghip

Ump , Uimp: Gi tr cc i cho php ca in p thun - ngc t ln trn it hoc Thyristor mt cch chu k, cho trong s tay tra cu + Tnh R - C Xc nh h s qu in p theo cng thc : K=
UimP bUim

Trong : UnmP - l gi tr in p cc i cho php t ln Thyristor mt cch khng chu k cho trong s tay tra cu. Unm- l gi tr in p ngc cc i thc t t ln Thyristor b- H s d tr v in p : b = 1 2 Chn b = 1,6 v thay gi tr UnmP = 400 (V) , Uim = 227,2 (V) Vo cng thc trn ta c gi tr ca K =
40 0 1,6.2 7 ,2 2

= 1,1

Theo kinh nghim ta chn : C= 0,1 F R= 50

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

35

 n tt nghip

Chng 4 Tnh ton v thit k mch iu khin 1.1.Mc ch v yu cu: Mch iu khin l khu rt quan trng trong b bin i Thyristor, c vai tr quyt nh n cht lng, tin cy ca b bin i. Thyristor ch m cho dng in chy qua khi c in p dng t trn ant v c xung p dng t vo cc iu khin. Sau khi Thyristor m th xung iu khin khng cn c tc dng g na, dng in chy qua Thyristor do thng s ca mch lc quyt nh. Mch iu khin c cc chc nng sau : - iu khin c v tr xung iu khin trong phm vi na chu k dng ca in p t trn ant, ca tt, Thyristor. - To ra c cc xung iu kin m c Thyristor ( xung iu khin thng c bin t 2 - 10V, rng xung Tx= 20 - 100 s i vi thit b chnh lu tx 10 s i vi thit b bin i tn s cao) rng xung c xc nh theo biu thc : tx=
Idt di / dt

Trong :

Idt - dng duy tr ca Thyristor di - tc tng trng ca dng ti dt

Cu trc mch iu khin

1 F 2 RC Uk 3 SS 4 K

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

36

 n tt nghip

Khu 1 - L khu ng pha Khu 2- Khu to in p rng ca Khu 3- Khu so snh Khu 4- Khu khuych i Bng cch tc ng vo Uc, c th iu chnh c v tr xung iu khin, cng l iu chnh c gc . 1.2. Nguyn tc iu khin: iu khin gc m ca cc Thyristor trong thc t ngi ta thng dng 2 nguyn tc iu khin - Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng "ARCCOS" - Nguyn tc iu khin tuyn tnh thc hin vic iu chnh v tr xung trong na chu k dng ca in p t trn Thyristor 1.2.1. Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh i vi nguyn tc ny, ta dng 2 in p - in p ng b L/s , c dng rng ca, ng b vi in p t trn ant, ca nt. - in p iu khin Uc l in p mt chiu c th iu chnh c bin . Tng i s Uc + Ui c a n u vo ca khu so snh.
Ur,U c Ur Uc+ r U

t UC

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

37

 n tt nghip

Nh vy bng cch lm bin i Uc ta c th iu chnh c thi im xut hin xung ra, tc l iu chnh gc Khi Uc = 0 = 0 Uc < 0 > 0 v Uc c quan h : =.
Uc Ur max

ly Ucmax = Urmax 1.2.2.Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng "Arccos" i vi nguyn tc ny ngi ta cng dng 2 in p - in p ng b Ur vt trc in p a nt, ca tt , Thyristor mt gc /2 ( nu Uak= A sin wt th Ur= Bcoswt ) - in p iu khin Uc l in p mt chiu, c th iu chnh c bin theo 2 hng dng - m )
Ur,U c Ur Uc+ r U
t

0 UC

Trn hnh v, ng nt t l in p a nt, ca tt, Thyristor t to ra Ur M Ur + Uc c a n khu so snh Khi Ur + Uc = 0 ta nhn c mt xung u ra ca khu so snh.
ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni 38

 n tt nghip

Uc + Bcos = 0 = Ur cos ( Uc ) B

Do B = Uc max Khi Uc = 0 = /2 Uc = Ucmax = Uc = - Ucmax = 0 Vy khi cho Uc bin thin t - Ucmax n + Uc max th bin thin t 0 1.2.3. Khu to in p ng pha Mch ly xung ng pha c ly t ngun 220V, tn s f = 50Hz pha th cp ly 12V. Bin p th cp c im gia c qun v ly im gia lm im 2 u cn li ca mch u vo 2 it to in p p mch (+) lin tc, im gia u mt.

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

39

 n tt nghip
D1

R0 U= 220V D2

0 2

Ud

Gi tr Ud

1 2 2 2 = Ud .d = U 2 2 0

= 0,9 . 12 = 10,8 (V) 1.2.4. Khu to in p rng ca ng b

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

40

 n tt nghip

Udb C Ur

-E Utb
t 2

Urc
t t1 T t2

S dng 1 tranfistri v 1 t in Ub - xung ng b im khng ca in p ngun xoay chiu Ur - in p rng ca ng b

Ur = E ( 1-e-t/rc)

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

41

 n tt nghip

Khi transistor kho t C c np in theo chn ra (+) ca IC v m ngun . 1.2.5.Khuych i xung, bin p xung

R1 E Dr iDr C ic

D2

Utb
Rg R2 0 t1 t2 2 t

Hot ng ca s : Tn hiu vo Uc, l mt tn hiu logic. Khi Uc= 1 th T m bo ho, khi Ue= 0 T kho li. in tr R1 hn ch dng coletoc, i t Dr hn ch in p trn cc cc coletot- emit ca T. i t D2 ngn chn xung p m c th c khi T kho. Rg hn ch dng iu khin. R2 l in tr nh hng n bin v sn xung ra. Khi Ur= 0 il= ic = 0 Uce = E , id1 = 0 Gi thit khi t = 0 + Uc = 1, T m th in cm L khng cho ic t ngay tr s bo ho ca n. Ic =
E R1

Dng ic ch c th tng trng t t theo lut hm m iL = ic =

E (1 - e-t/t) R1

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

42

 n tt nghip

Vi t =

L R1 E R1

Sau khong thi gian 5t ic =

Bn BAX ca phn th cp xut hin mt xung in p trn R2 m Thyristor, khi t = T1, Ue = 0 lc iL t gi tr : iL (T1)= ic .T1)=
E E (1 - e-T1/t)= Io < R1 R1

T b kho ic = 0 Nu khng c i t Dr th nng lng W=

1 LI20 s sinh ra qu in p trn cc cc C, E ca T. Qu in p 2

ny c th t ti 100V ph hu T = 0,8V th Dr m cho dng chy qua ngn mch 2 im C v E. Do Uce= E + 0,8V t = Tq iL gim iL = I. e-t/t vi t'=
L R

Trong R' l in tr ca cun cm L v in tr thun ca Dr.

1.2.6.Khu so snh So snh 2 tn hiu cng du :

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

43

 n tt nghip

Ud U1

OA

U2
UL

V sat Ur
2

Ur

-V sat
Ud = Ui - U1 khi U1 < Ui Ud> 0 U2 = Usat U1 > Ui Ud < 0 U2 = - Usat - So snh 2 tn hiu khc du :

Rc

Utb
UL R3 -E 0

Ur

Uc Ur

+ E

OA

UL
UL 0

+ sat V

R0= c//R3 R

-V sat

Khi

Ur < Uc U2 = - U sat Ur > Uc U2 = Usat

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

44

 n tt nghip

1.3. Tnh ton v chn linh kin cho mch iu khin 1.3.1.Tnh chn khi ngun
7812 D1 D2 C1 C3 + 12V E

D3

D4

C2 7912

C4 -E 12V EN = 24V C7 0

~ 220V

D5-D8

D9

U F

D10 b

Khi ngun to in p 12V cung cp cho cc OA D1 D4 Chn loi 1N c I = 2A , U = 70V C1C2 Lc ngun in p trc n p 7812 v 7912 Chn loi 2200 F - 35 V C3C4 lc ngun sau n p chn loi 470 F - 25V C5C6 lc sng hi v nhiu cao tn chn t xoay chiu 100 F- 40V Khi ngun to En= 24V D5 D8- chn loi B-10 c I = 10A , U = 100v C7 t lc ngun cng sut chn loi 2500 F - 40V Khi ngun to in p ng pha

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

45

 n tt nghip

UF= 16 2 sin Wt D9 D10 ly tn hiu ng pha chn loi 1N5402 C I =2A , U = 70V - Tnh my bin p ngun : + Khi ngun to in p cung cp cho OA: - 17V- 0V- + 17V U1 = 220 V , U2 = 30V , I2 = 500mA C P2.1 = U2. I2 = 34 . 0,5 = 17 (w) + Khi ngun to in p ng pha - 12V - 0 - + 12V dng 150 mA P2.3= 24. 0,15 = 3,6 (w) Cng sut ca my bin p ngun : P = P2.1 + P2.2 + P2.3 = 17 + 24 + 3,6 = 44,6 (w) Tit din ca li : Q= K. P = 1,2. 42,6 = 7 (cm2) Chn li thp c tit din Q= 8 cm2 lm bng l thp k thut E310 ghp li, dy 0,35 mm, v I

+ S vng dy , dng/vn Wo= Q = 8 = 6 vng/v Vng dy cun s cp : W1 = U1. Wo = 220.6 = 1320 vng S vng dy th cp : W2.1.1 = W2.1.2 = 17.6 = 102 ( vng) W2.2 = 24.6 = 144 vng
ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni 46 K 48

 n tt nghip

W2.3.1 = W2.3.2 = 12.6 = 2 ( vng) Tit din dy chn J = 2A/mm2 Dng th cp :

U 1 I1 0,11 = = = 0,055 ( mm2) U2 J 2

Tit din dy th cp :

S2.1 = S2.2 = S2.3 =

I 2.1 0,5 = = 0,25 ( mm2) J 2 I 2.2 1 = = 0,5 ( mm2) J 2 I 2.3 0,15 = = 0,075 ( mm2) J 2

- ng knh dy: ng knh dy s cp : d1 =

4.S 2.1 = 4.S 2.2 = 4.S 2.3 = 4.0,25 = 0,56 (mm) 4.0,5 = 0,8 (mm) 4.0,075 = 0,3 (mm)

d2 =

d3 =

Tra s tay: d1= 0,27mm ; 0,509g/m d2.1 = 0,57mm ; 2,27g/m ; d2.2= 0,8mm , d2.3= 0,31mm , 4,47 g/m ; 0,671 g/m ; 0,315 ohm/m

0,0675 ohm/m 0,0342 ohm/m ; 0,239 ohm/m

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

47

 n tt nghip

1.3.2.Tnh chn cc phn t khu to in p ng pha

T1 R2 R1 -E C1

B V0

OA1 R4

VR1 VR2 R3

OA2

Chn OA1, OA2 OA10 loi TL 084 c cc thng s : Ecc= 12V Ud = 30v Ur + 25v du/dt = 0,3v/ s Zv = 1012 Zra = 60 K = S.104 T0 = -25 + 850

Khi Ud < Ub tn hiu ra ca OA1 l tn hiu xung m lc transistor T1 kho, t C1 c np theo ng ra ca OA2 vi dng np In = E R 4 + VR 2

Khi UB< Ud , u ra ca OA1 l xung dng lc T1 m t C1 phng in t ( phn dng ca t ) qua T1 - Chn chu k phng np ca t C1 l 10ms Thi gian np tn = Thi gian phng tp= 0,97ms Chn Ucmax = 9v ta c
1 t 1 t E E In.dt = Uc = R 4 + UR2 .dt = C1.R tn = Um C1 0 C1 0

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

48

 n tt nghip

Vi R4 + UR2 = R Chn C1 = 470 nF = 47.10-8F

E.tn 12.103 = R = Uc.C1 9.47.108

Chn UR2 = 0,5K ; R4= 100 Ta c Uo=

E R ' vi R' = R3+ UR1 R 2 + R'

t Uo= 0,5 1 (V) UR1 = 1 K ; R3 = 100 1.3.3.Khu phn hi p Chn Rf >> Rt, do vy dng qua R7 chn c 10mA nn Rf =
Ud max 120 = = 12 10mA 10.10 3

(K )

Ngun np phi tho mn yu cu l khi in p c quy nh hn 90% in p nh mc c quy ( UnAQ < 90% Um) th mch c np theo ch dng. Khi UnAQ > 90% Um th mch t ng chuyn sang ch np ( np no).

ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni

49

 n tt nghip

VR 3 + E R
1 7

R1 6

O A1

VR 5

R4 1

Rf

R1 8

R1 9 R2 0 C3 O A7

R2 2 R2 3

+ E

R2 1

Ta t ngng cho OAo l 5v ta chn in p trn UR 3= 5v phi t v tr VR5 sao cho in p trn c quy t ti 108V th in p phn hi l 5V, ta c : RP =
5V = 0,5 (K ) 10mA

Chn R18= 0,5 k R16= R19 = 10 k H s khuych i ca OA7 l K = 5.104 Ta c R41= K. R19= 5.104.104 = 5.102 M in tr R22 hn ch u vo b khuych i chn R 22 = 10 k , R21, R23 phn p t gi tr ngng so snh vi in p phn hi, u ra khuych i cp cho kho chuyn mch CM1 Chn R21 = R23 = 15k in tr R17 , R20 hn ch dng vo CM1 Chn R20 = R17 = 20 k 1.3.4.Khu phn hi dng in tr RS ly tn hiu phn hi dng chn loi 75 A

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50

 n tt nghip

R10 R15 RS R11 OA6 R3 _ R12 + VR1 R13

4 R14

_ OA7 5 +

4066

-E

R25

R24 R28 RS R26 OA 8 R30 R32 OA 9

R27 + E

R29

R31

Cc in tr R24, R26, R27 hn ch dng vo b khuych i v phi hp tr khng Ta chn : R24 = R26 = R27 = 10k Nn R25 = K.R24 = 5.104.104 = 5.102 in tr R28 = R30 = 10 k R29, R31 t nghing so snh vi dng phn hi c khuych i a vo kho chuyn mch CM2. Chn R29 = R31 = 15 k in tr R32 hn ch dng vo kho chuyn mch CM1 , chn R 32 = 20k

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 n tt nghip

Cc kho chuyn mch CM1 v CM2 lm vic theo nguyn tc: khi c in p (+) t vo th kho chuyn mch CM thng cho dng chy qua. Khi c in p (-) t vo th CM kho ngt dng. 1.3.5.Khu bo v qu p trn c quy Khi ch np ( np no) nu in p vt qu in p nh mc ca c quy s dn n nh thng cc bn cc lm hng c quy. V vy cn c b bo v qu p cho c quy.

EN

D17 A R32 R33 OA1 1 D18 T6

RL

+ E V R
4

t ngng cho OA11 l 7V Chn h s np ca c quy l 1,2 ta c in p c quy ln hn I' l UAQmax = 120.1,2 = 144 (V) Theo t s t chit p v tr sao cho khi in p c quy tng n 144v th in p phn hi trn Rp l 7v , khi in p ti (A) t 7V th u ra OA11 lt trng (-) sang (+) lm cho T6 khng, dn n rle Rl tc ng m cc tip im ca n trn mch iu khin ngt mch bo m an ton cho c quy. Chn chit p VR4 = 10k R32 hn ch u vo v phi hp tr khng chn R32 = 5K

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 n tt nghip

R33, R34 hn ch v to ch lm vic cho T6. Ta chn R33 = R34 = 170 i t D18 bo v lp tip gip BE khi transistor kho. i t D19 bo v cun dy R le khi T kho Chn D18 , D19 cng loi 1 N5401 c I = 2A, U = 70V T chn loi B4 x 47 c thng s : P = 125 w Uce = 200V Ic = 9A IB = 1,2A

1.3.6.Mch pht xung chm

R8

R11 C2 OA5 D7 R10

R22

Ta s dng b pht xung ch nht tn s 8KHz Chn OA5 loi IC A 741 Cc in tr R9, R10, R11 cng tr s 10 k i t D7 loi 1N5402 Tn s giao ng ph thuc R8 v C2 chn C2 = 10 F Ta c : T = 2R8C2 ln ( 1 +
1 1 2 R9 ) = f = 8.103 R10

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 n tt nghip

T = 2,2 . R8. C2 R8= 2,2C 2 = 2,2.108.8.103 = 5682 Chn R8= 5,8 k 1.3.7.Mch so snh
R5 Uk R6 Uph D8 OA3 R7

Mch thc hin so snh 2 tn hiu phn hi v tn hiu rng ca, ng thi to xung ch nht. in tr vo ca Ic: Zv =

Ta chn: R5 = R6 = 10 k OA3 chn loi TL 084 R7= 15 k i t D8 chn loi 1N 5402 , I= 2A , U = 70V

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 n tt nghip

1.3.8.Mch khuych i xung

+N E A1

D11

R35

T1

D12

H1

T2

T3

D10 R39 RL

Cc tn hiu Uss + Ucc c a n cng phn t s vo khu khuych i trong b bin i chn transistor loi T - 100 c Ug= 8 (v) Ig = 0,4 A T s bin p xung chn m = 1,5 Dng in s cp BAX c biu thc
2 I1= m = 1,5 = 0,2( A)

0,3

(b qua dng t ho I ) Chn T3 loi D163 lm vic ch xung c : Uclo= 85 V Ic max = 6A Vbco= 6 V Chn IC = 0,4A ; =40
ti: Thit k b np c quy t ng H Bch khoa H Ni 55

f = 15 MHz = 10 320

 n tt nghip

Ta tnh : I T3 = = 40 = 10mA Dng IcT2 = IbT3 do chn T2 loi C28 c Uce = 30V Ic= 50mA = 100 220 V bin p lm vic ch xung nn s c thi im BAX b bo ho, hn ch dng qua cuc s cp BAX ta mc thm R36 in p th cp : BAX : U2 = f (v) U1 = mU2 = 1,5.7 = 10,5 (v) R36 =
En U 1 24 10,5 = = 34 ( ) IcT 3 0,4

Ic

0,4

in tr R36 l in tr cng sut R36 = 39 ; P = 2w i t D11 ngn chn xung m t vo cc G ca Thyristor D12 bo v lp tip gip K - G lc kho Chn D11 - D12 loi 1N5402 in tr R35 hn ch dng Ig ca Thyristor Ig = Rg + R35 Rg = 10 R35 = Ig Rg = 0,4 10 = 8 ( ) B pht xung cho knh iu khin Thyristor T2 cng c thng s tng t.
Ug 7 Ug

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 n tt nghip

1.3.9.Tnh ton BAX Chn vt liu st t f 330 li thp dng hnh ch I lm vic trn mt phn c tnh t ho B = 0,7 T H = 50A/m c khe h t thm ca li st =
B 0,7 = 6 = 1,4.104 MoH 10 .50

Do mch t c khe h nn phi tnh t thm trung bnh chn s b Chiu di trung bnh ng sc : l = 0,1 = 10-5m
l

Do : Mtb = + 1 Th tch li st t V = Q1 =

0,1 10 5 + 0,1 1,4.104

= 5,8.103

Mtb.Mo.Zn.P.U .I '2 B 2

5,8.103.106.2.104.0,15.24.0,3 V= (0,7) 2

V= 2,5 ( cm2 ) Thc t ta thng dng BAX bng vt liu ferit c kch thc v ngoi v gng hnh tr l 30 x 25 (mm2) S vng cun s cp n1 = 80 vng S vng cun th cp n2 = 60 vng

1.4. Mch iu khin:

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 n tt nghip

T yu cu ca cng ngh chng ta xy dng c mch iu khin c s sau: S :

OA1 D 1 R 1 AND R5 OA D1 1 C1 R6 T1 R7 D7 T2 R3 1 R33 R8 D4 AND D9 T4 R3 4 R36 R3 5 T5 R32 T3 +E

D8

+E
D 2 R2

R 3

R 4

2
D3

+E

D10

-E
D5 R9

OA3

OA4 Udk

OA5 R10

Rs
R11 R12 R1 +E

R1

R15 4066 R2 7 7404 4066 OA9 R2 1 R3 0 D 6 C 2 R2 9 R2 8

4
OA

6 R17

3
VR1 R18

OA7 R20

R16

OA

8
Rf R2

+E VR2 R23

R1 9

OA10

D14

+E

VR3

Dng in p:

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 n tt nghip

UB 0 UC
U0

T1

R C

D1

UD
Zz Rf
k U

R T2 C D2 Rs

UE 0 UP 0 UH 0 UG 0 U1 0 U2 0

Nguyn l lm vic ca mch: Khi Ub > U tn hiu ra ca OA1 l tn hiu xung m ( Uc < 0 ) khi transistor T1 kho "khng m", t C1 c np in theo a u ra ca OA2.

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 n tt nghip

Khi UB < U tn hiu ra ca OA1 l xung dng t vo cc baz ca transistor T1, lc ny transistor T1 m bo ho, t C1 phng in t ( +t ) qua CE ca T1 to ra c in p rng ca. Lc bt u np in cho c quy , in p c quy c np thp in p phn hi ly trn Rf thp hn gi tr t ca UR3 ( UA < 50) u ra ca OA6 m dn n kho chuyn mch CM1 kho v CM2 m. Lc ny tn hiu phn hi dng ly trn Rs c a vo b khuych i chy qua CM2 a ti u cng ca khu so snh, lc ny c quy c np theo ch dng. in p c quy c np dng ln n khi in p trn Rf tng ln v ga tr in p Ua = 5V th u ra ca OA 6 lt trng thi sang dng ng kho chuyn mch CM2 li v m kho chuyn mch CM1. in p phn hi ly trn R7 c khuych i v a ti u cng ca khu so snh. Lc ny c quy c np theo ch A1. B so snh OA3 thc hin vic so snh hai tn hiu Urc v UCM1 hoc UCM2, nu Urc < UCM th transistor T2 v transistor T1 thp dn n pht xung vo m Thyristor T1. Nu Urc > UCM th kho cc knh iu khin cc Thyristor trn mch lc. Nu in p c quy vt qua gi tr t 144v th in p ti im A l UA > U= 7v , u ra ca OA11 dng, lm cho transistor T6 thi dn n c dng chy qua cun rle, lm cho rle tc ng m tip im thng ng ca r le trn mch iu khin cho nn mch .

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 n tt nghip

KT LUN

hon thnh n ny, ngoi s c gng ca bn thn, cn c s hng dn tn tnh ca thy c trong b mn "T ng ho x nghip - cng nghip" c bit l thy Phm Quc Hi trc tip hng dn cho em trong sut thi gian lm n. n nay n c hon thnh, nhng vn cn nhng thiu st, em rt mong nhn c s ph bnh ca cc thy c cho cun n ca em c hon chnh hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n !

H Ni, ngy 30 thng 5 nm 2010 Sinh vin

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