NH GI C KT CA NN T SAU KHI X L

Hong Trung Hu K s a k thut Japan Port Consultant -Nippon Koei Joint venture

1. T VN : Nn t yu thng c x l bng nhiu phng php khc nhau, trong phng php cm PVD kt hp gia ti l mang li nhiu hiu qu v l phng php kh ph bin hin nay cc d n ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, vic nh gi d ti cng nh nh gi c kt ca nn t sau khi x l cn thiu nhiu ti liu tng hp. Trong bi ny, trnh by cc phng php nh gi c kt nn t yu bng cc phng php nh sau: Phng php da trn s liu quan trc ln v mc nc. Phng php nh gi qua cc s liu th nghim hin trng. Phng php nh gi qua s liu th nghim trong phng da trn mu nguyn dng t cc h khoan. Trong phn ny s i nh gi chi tit tng phng php. 2. PHNG PHP DA TRN S LIU QUAN TRC LN V QUAN TRC MC NC: 2.1. Tng quan: Phng php ny da trn s liu quan trc ln nh gi c kt. Trong , kt hp quan trc mc nc c nh gi chnh xc hn. 2.2. u im: L phng php chnh trong vic nh gi c kt nn ng. Trc quan v r rng. nh gi trc tip. 2.3. Nhc im: Vic khng quan tm n mc nc trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh mc nc tng lai c th s dn n d bo c kt khng ng.

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o ng

Hnh 1. S ha ln c kt trong thi gian xy dng v khai thc. Trong : Spf(1): ln cui cng s cp d kin nu khng d ti. Spf(2): ln cui cng s cp d kin nu d ti. ST: ln cui cng th cp d kin. 2.4. Trnh t nh gi nh sau: Bc 1: V cc ng quan trc ln, cao p v cao mc nc nh hnh th hin.

Bc 2:

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Da trn s liu quan trc tin hnh d bo ln cui cng theo phng php Asaoka. V bn cht phng php ny nh sau: Asaoka chng minh rng nu chia ng cong quan trc ln thnh nhiu im Si c cc khong thi gian bng nhau th khi v trc th vi trc honh l Si v trc tung l Si+1 th cc im l ng thng. iu ny ch ng khi ti trng tc dng l hng s, thng ng vi giai on p ti ln nht (nh hng mc nc cng s lm cho cc im lch nhau). C th s ha nh sau:

ln cui cng l im giao nhau gia ng ni cc im v ng k t gc ta gc 45 .

Bc 3: Tin hnh bi ton phn tch ngc: dng m hnh tnh ton li ln ti tng thi im khc nhau vi cc chiu cao khc nhau v mc nc quan trc khc nhau. iu chnh cc thng s ban u

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nh Cc v Cs ng tnh ton ph hp vi ng quan trc thc t. Trong hnh bn di: ng mu xanh l ng tnh ton da trn m hnh iu chnh cc thng s Cc v Cs. So snh kt qu tnh ton ny vi kt qu tnh ton bc 2 c ln cui cng tng ng nhau. Da trn ng cong ln ny, c th d bo thi gian c kt t c 90% (hoc khc) c th d bo ngy d ti hp l.

Ghi ch: c th thy c rng, trong qu trnh p t. Khi p cng cao th mc nc cng cao. V vy, cn phi bm nc thot ra nn ng. Khi nc h xung th ln s tng ln. S l nguy him nu khng quan tm n mc nc. V sau mt thi gian mc nc s gim lc ln s tng ln (nu mc nc vn vy th ln vn tip din nh quan trc d bo). V vy, cn c thm bc d bo mc nc tng lai. Bc 4: Tnh ton ln th cp Thng thng cc d n Vit Nam t khi tnh ton ln th cp. Hu ht u ly tiu chun 90% c kt ca ln s cp tin hnh d ti, mt s d n kin ngh ly 80% c kt ca ln th cp d ti. Vic tnh ton ln th cp phn nhiu d bo cao ln sau mt thi gian khai thc, m bo cao ny nm trn mc nc cho php (thng cc d n Cng).

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Hnh 3. ng d bo ln da trn s liu quan trc. Ghi ch: k hiu ng nt t mu l ng ng sut tng v hiu qu do ti trng t p gy ra. 3. PHNG PHP NH GI QUA S LIU TH NGHIM HIN TRNG: 3.1. Tng quan: Phng php ny da trn s liu th nghim hin trng nh gi c kt. Phng php ny thng c dng nh gi b sung cho phng php nh gi da trn s liu quan trc ln. 3.2. u im: Trc quan v r rng. nh gi trc tip. 3.3. Nhc im: Thit b th nghim vn cha cn nhiu. Chi ph thc hin th nghim t. Kt qu s kh quan hn khi c s liu th nghim ca cng loi thit b, cng mt v tr trc v sau khi gia ti. Hai hnh thc c p dng ph bin: Hnh thc 1: th nghim xc nh cng khng ct khng thot nc xc nh t c kt dng th nghim xuyn cn tnh CPTu v th nghim ct cnh hin trng FVST. Hnh thc 2: th nghim tiu tn p lc nc l rng dng th nghim xuyn cn tnh CPTu. 3.4. Sau y s gii thiu 2 hnh thc trn. a. Hnh thc 1: a.1. Th nghim CPTu: Nguyn l: Dng mi cn xuyn tiu chun c b phn u d ghi li sc khng mi, thn v p lc nc l rng lin tc n chiu su xuyn.

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Hnh. Mi cn

Hnh. Cu to mi cn

Hnh. Lp t dn nn xuyn cn

Hnh. Lp t xuyn cn

Hnh. Thit b o xuyn Kt qu xuyn:

Hnh. Biu xuyn

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Ghi ch:
qc [MPa]
0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0

fs [kPa]
4.00 13 25 38

u2 [MPa]
500

Rf [%]
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 0

Depth [m]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Line mu xanh: sc khng mi qc. Line mu : sc khng bn. Line mu nu: p lc nc l rng u. Line mu en: t s ma st gia sc khng mi v thnh bn.

2.5

Pre-dril ling

Clay (3)

9 10
Si lty clay to clay (4)

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Clay (3)

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
0.057 >

Si lty clay to clay (4)

39 40 41 42

Sand (9)

43 44 45 46 47

10.105 > 10.280 >

0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 Uo [MPa]

Location:
U2

Position: Client:

Ground level:

Test no:

Tan Thanh - BRVT

Project ID: Date:

7 Toa - Toyo Joint Venture 20100518

Page:

CPTU-LOT12
Scale:

1 : 200
Fig:

Cone No: 40621 Tip area [cm2]: 10 Sleeve area [cm2]: 150

Project:

Cai Mep International Container Terminal

File:

1/1 CPTu-LOT12.cpd

a.2. Th nghim ct cnh hin trng (Field Vane Shear test-FVST): Nguyn l: Dng cnh hnh ch thp tin hnh khong 2m ct mt im xc nh Su trc tip.

Hnh. Cu to cnh

Hnh. Cu to ng bc (nu ct trong l khoan th khng cn)

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Hnh. Bn quay ct cnh v ng h c. a.3. Tnh ton:

Hnh. c v ghi s liu

Cng khng ct khng thot nc xc inh theo: Su = (qT svo) / Nkt qT = qc + (1-a) . u Da vo biu xuyn trn ta c th xc nh c qT (qc v u bit, gi tr a l h s c ly t calibaration (chng ch hiu chun) ca nh sn xut. ng sut svo l gi tr ng sut bn thn tng, c tnh t trn mt t n ti im tnh ton, vi svo = gi.hi gw.hj (vi gi dung trng ca t, hi: chiu dy lp t th i, hj l chiu cao ct nc tnh ton c tnh t im ng sut n mc nc tnh ton) Gi tr Nkt l gi tr tng quan. Gi tr ny thng nm trong khong 15-22. Vic xc nh Nkt s xc nh c gi tr Su. Xc nh Nkt da trn biu tng quan Su t FVST v (qT svo) t CPTu.
1200 1100 1000 qt-SIGvo 900 800 700 600 500 20.00 y = 16.243x + 183.7 R2 = 0.8574

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00 Su

45.00

50.00

55.00

60.00

a.4. nh gi: Nh vy, ta c ng Su lin tc. c th bit c tha mn c kt cha th cn c mt ng Su lin tc khc, ng l ng c d bo t c c kt yu cu. Xc nh nh sau: Su(mc tiu) = a.sv H s tng quan a gia Su v sv (ng sut hiu qu) c xc nh thng qua cc l khoan v tin hnh ct cnh. Vng Tu, gi tr ny tm khong (0.22~0.25). Hnh sau minh ha tng quan: Page 8/16

Nh vy, khi a ln cng th nu ng khoan kho st nm bn phi ca ng Su(mc tiu) th xem nh t.

su(kPa) 0 10
Su(ban u) Su(m c tiu)

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Su(FVST) Su(kim tra CPTu)

-5

b. Hnh thc 2: th nghim tiu tn p lc nc l rng dng th nghim xuyn cn tnh CPTu. Nguyn l: dng th nghim xuyn cn CPTu, xuyn n mt chiu su nht nh (mi l ty theo yu cu c th lm n 4-5 im). Tin hnh ngng xuyn v lm tiu tn p lc nc l rng. Th nghim tin hnh trong 2000s. Kt qu lm tiu tn ti mt im nh sau:

Elevation (m)

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

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X l s liu: Bc 1: Tin hnh chuyn d liu o c t Umax v zero.

Bc 2: S dng phng php Hyperbolic ngoi suy tm gi tr p lc nc l rng cui cng Uf (y l p lc nc l rng tnh, n nh, nhng gi tr o c l p lc nc l rng ng). V c bn phng php d bo theo Hyperbolic nh sau:

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Trn th sau chuyn i, chn mt khong cc s liu v ly im u lm im gc. Nh th hin hnh sau:

Tin hnh v th nh hnh trn vi trc honh l (T To) v trc tung l (T To) / (U Uo). Da trn cc im v, s c mt on cc im gn nh nm trn ng thng, k ng thng qua cc im , xc nh gc dc a. Gi tr p lc nc l rng tnh (hay p lc nc l rng cui cng) l: Uf = Uo + 1 / a

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Sau khi lm tng t cho tt c cc im, tin hnh v trn cng mt th. Trn th, v ng p lc thy tnh P = gw . h. Sau khi gia ti, p lc nc s tng ln mt gi tr tng ng vi p lc gia ti (c xc nh nh bn di). Gi tr ny sau s tiu tn v gim dn. c kt t 100% khi gi tr tiu tn ny nm trn ng p lc nc thy tnh.

Tnh ton c kt:

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Trong : U: p lc nc l rng c tnh t th nghim tiu tn nc l rng. HSP: p lc thy tnh (Hydro static pressure). EPWP: p lc nc l rng thng d (Excess pore water pressure) = (U HSP) Max Consolidation Stress: p lc c kt ln nht (tnh ton nh bn di). c kt (deg. Of Cons.) % xc nh nh sau: (Max Consolidation stress EPWP) / Max Consolidation stress * 100% * Tnh ton p lc c kt ln nht:

4. PHNG PHP NH GI QUA S LIU TH NGHIM TRONG PHNG DA TRN CC MU NGUYN DNG T CC H KHOAN: 4.1. Tng quan: Phng php ny da trn s liu th nghim trong phng qua cc mu nguyn dng c khoan t cc l khoan. 4.2. u im: n gin, thit b th nghim ph bin. Chi ph r. 4.3. Nhc im: - Kh kim sot kt qu cng nh mu trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun. - Thi gian c kt qu rt chm. - Khng th hin kt qu y v lin tc. 4.4. nh gi mc c kt qua 2 phng php: - Phng php c tnh bng th nghim nn khng n hng (Unconfined Compression test) - Phng php c tnh bng th nghim c kt ( Consolidation Test). a. Phng php 1:Phng php c tnh bng th nghim nn khng n hng (Unconfined Compression test)

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Cng khng nn khng n hng gia tng nh qu trnh c kt. Cng khng nn khng n hng sau khi c kt (quf) c th c tnh bng cng thc nh sau: quf = quo + 2 . P . Cu/P (xut pht t cng thc quf = 2 Cu = 2(Cuo + P.U%.tanj) = quo + 2 . P . (U%.tanj) ) Trong : quo : cng khng nn khng n hng ban u. P : tng ng sut hiu qu so vi ban u. Cu/P: h s gia tng cng (U%.tanj), trong trng hp ly ln nht th Cu/P = tanj. (vi j l gc ni ma st hu hiu ca t) Theo quan h trn, c kt c c tnh nh hnh sau:

V vy, c kt do ng sut hiu qu: Up = (Din tch t gch) / (Tng din tch abcd) c kt do bin dng: Ue = log(1 + Up.(A 1)) / logA Vi A = (quo + qu) / quo b. Phng php 2: Phng php c tnh bng th nghim c kt ( Consolidation Test). p lc tin c kt Pc gia tng theo qu trnh c kt, c tnh nh sau: Pcf = Pco + P Pco: p lc tin c kt ban u. P: tng ca ng sut hiu qu. Theo quan h trn, c kt c c tnh nh hnh sau:

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V vy, c kt do ng sut hiu qu: Up = (Din tch t gch) / (Tng din tch abcd) c kt do bin dng: Ue = log(1 + Up.(A 1)) / logA Vi A = (Pco + P) / Pco 5. KT LUN: Trong 3 phng php ph bin trn, th phng php s dng s liu quan trc l c s dng nhiu nht v cho kt qu trc quan nht. Hai phng php th nghim trn nhm b sung thm cho vic nh gi chnh xc. Trong , phng php th nghim hin trng cho kt qu tt hn vi thit b ti u hn. Phng php khoan ly mu s c tt hn nu nh vic ly mu c thc hin bng ng ly mu pittong thay cho loi ng ly mu thnh mng thng thng nh a s cc cng ty hin nay. Cng cn ni thm rng, mc d phng php da trn s liu quan trc l trc quan. Tuy nhin, vn s dng phng php phn tch v s liu thc t to nn mt s trng khp tng i l vn kh nu khng s dng mt chng trnh tnh ton. Bi l, ti mi thi im s c mc nc khc nhau, trong d bo mc nc tng lai s gim ng k so vi lc gia ti cng s l vn ng ni. V nu ly mc nc trung bnh tnh th cn xc nh c rng: khng phi nn ln bao nhiu th mc nc h xung by nhiu, c ngha rng: ng vi mt ti trng ngoi, th khi mc nc khng i (nm trong phm vi nn) v xy ra ln th ti trng s nh i ch khng phi l hng s, bi vic tnh ton y l theo ng sut hu hiu, chnh iu ny s lm ln nh i (ci ny xy ra kh nhiu cc bng tnh ca VN). Tuy nhin, y l mt vic lm kh gii quyt v c tm chp nhn VN. Trong phn ti, s tin hnh cc bc thi cng nn t yu bng PVD kt hp gia ti vi cc hnh nh v phn tch, c th: Thi cng lp to mt bng. ng bc thm. Ri bc thm ngang. Page 15/16

Thi cng cc rnh thu nc, ging bm nc. Ri vi a. Lp t bn o ln, bn o chiu dy ct. Trnh t v nguyn tc lp t cc thit b quan trc: thit b o ln su (extensometer), o p lc nc l rng (piezometer), quan trc mc nc tnh (ng o standpile), bn o ng sut tng (Earth pressure Cell), thit b quan trc chuyn v ngang (inclinometer).

p t ch ln. Quan trc ln. Cc th nghim trc khi d ti. Kt thc qu trnh d ti. Th nghim ln mt ng bng quan trc gia ti tng ng vi ti mt ng.

(Trong phn ny s nu tng quan v phng php bm ht chn khng v cc hnh nh thi cng thc t t lc bt u n khi tin hnh bm ht).

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