BDT Cauchy Mathvn - Com Full2

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt . http//:www.maths.
vn

-1-
KIN THC C BN:
1. nh ngha:
0
0
A B A B
A B A B

2. Tnh cht:
1. , a b c d a c b d > > + > + 7.
n n
a b a b > > , n chn
2. , a b c d a c b d > < > 8.
n n
a b a b > > , n chn
3. , 0 a b c ac bc > > > 9.
0, 1
1 ; 0 1
n n
n n n n
m n a a b
a a b a a b
> > > >
= = < < <

4. , 0 a b c ac bc > < < 10.
1 1
, 0 a b ab
a b
> > <
5. 0, 0 a b c d ac bd > > > 11.
A B A B + + . ng thc xy ra khi . 0 AB >
6.
0
n n
a b a b > > >
12.
A B A B . ng thc xy ra khi . 0 AB <

3. Mt s bt ng thc c bn thng dng:
1.

1 1
2
x
x

9.
2 2
2
1
1 1
a b
ab
a b
+
+
+ +

2.
; , ,
a a
a b c
a b a b c
+
>
+ + +

10. 0 1 1 1 1
1 1
a b c ab ac bc
a a
bc ab
< + + +

+ +

3.
( )
1 1
4 a b
a b
| |
+ +
|
\
;
( )
1 1 1
9 a b c
a b c
| |
+ + + +
|
\

11.
( )
4 1 1
4 1 4 1 .1 2 1
2
a
a a a
+ +
+ = + = +
4.
( )
2
2
4
2
ab a b
a b ab
a b
+
+
+

12.
2 2
1 1 2
1
1 1
xy
x y
+

5.
2
2 2
2
2 1
;
2 2 2 2
1
a b a b a
a
a
| | + +
=
|
+
\

13.
2
a a b c
b c a
+ +
+

6
2
2
a b
ab
| | +

|
\
hay
( )
2
4 a b ab +
14.
1 1 4
; , 0 a b
a b a b
+
+

7
1 2
2; 2
a b
a b ab
b a a b
ab
+ +
+

15.
( )
2
1 4
. x y
x y
+

8
( )
2 a b a b + +
16.
( )
1 2 2
2 1
1
k k
k k k k k
= > = +
+ + +

17.
( )
1 2 2
2 1
1
k k
k k k k k
= < =
+ +

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Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt . http//:www.maths.vn

-2-
CHNG MINH BT NG THC BNG PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG
ng thc thng dng :
( )
2
2 2
2 A B A AB B + = + +
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 A B C A B C AB AC BC + + = + + + + +
( )
3
3 2 2 3
3 3 A B A A B AB B + = + + +
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc , , a b c ta lun c: + + + +
2 2 2
a b c ab bc ac

Gii:
+ + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 a b c ab bc ac a b c ab ac bc
| | | | | |
+ + + + +
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
2 2 2 2 2 2
0
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a c b
ab ac bc
( ) ( ) ( )

+ + +
+ + + +
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a c b
a ab b c ac a c cb b
ng.
ng thc xy ra khi = = a b c .

Chng minh rng vi mi s thc , a b khng m ta lun c:
( )
2
2 4
a b
a b
a b b a
+
+
+ +

Gii:
( )
2
1 1
2 4 2 2 2
a b
a b a b
a b ab a b
+
| | | | + +
+ = + + + +
| |
\ \
.
Xt hiu :
( )
2 2
1 1 1 1
0
2 2 2 2
ab a b ab a b ab a b a b ab a b
| |
| | | | | | | |
|
+ + + = + + = +
| | | |
|
\ \ \ \
\
ng
Vy:
( )
2
2 4
a b
a b
a b b a
+
+
+ + .
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc , , , , a b c d e ta lun c:
( )
2 2 2 2 2
a b c d e a b c d e + + + + + + +

Gii:

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 a ab b a ac c a ad d a ac c + + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 0 a b a c a d a c + + + ng.
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-3-
ng thc xy ra khi
2
a
b c d e = = = = .
Chng minh rng vi mi s thc , , , a b c d ta lun c:
( ) ( )
+ + + +
2 2
2 2 2 2
a c b d a b c d

Gii:
( ) ( )
+ + + +
2 2
2 2 2 2
a c b d a b c d
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + + + +
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 a c b d a b c d a b c d
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + +
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 a c a c b d b d a b c d
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 ac bd a b c d ac bd a b c d
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 ac bd a b c d ac ac bd bd ac ad bc bd
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ +
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 0 0 ac bd ad bc ad ad bc bc ad bc
ng thc xy ra khi = ad bc .

CHNG MINH BT NG THC BNG PHNG PHP TCH CC S HNG HOC TCH
CC THA S MT V

Chng minh rng vi mi n N , ta c :
1 1 1 1
....
1.5 5.9 (4 3)(4 1) 4 n n
+ + + <
+

Gii:
Ta c :
1 1 4 1 1
. . 1
1.5 4 1.5 4 5
1 1 4 1 1 1
. .
5.9 4 5.9 4 5 9
....................................
1 1 1 1
.
(4 3)(4 1) 4 4 3 4 1 n n n n
| |
= =
|
\
| |
= =
|
\
| |
=
|
+ +
\

Cng v theo v ta c :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
... 1 ....
1.5 5.9 (4 3)(4 1) 4 5 5 9 4 3 4 1 n n n n
| |
+ + + = + + +
|
+ +
\

1 1 1 4 1
1 .
4 4 1 4 4 1 4 1 4 4
n n n
n n n n
| |
= = = < =
|
+ + +
\
.

PHNG PHP LM TRI.

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-4-
NHNG BI TON BT NG THC C BN TRONG COSI.
NHNG QUY TC CHUNG TRONG CHNG MINH BT NG THC S DNG BT NG
THC C SI
Quy tc song hnh: hu ht cc BT u c tnh i xng do vic s dng cc chng minh mt cch song
hnh, tun t s gip ta hnh dung ra c kt qu nhanh chng v nh hng cch gi nhanh hn.
Quy tc du bng: du bng " " = trong BT l rt quan trng. N gip ta kim tra tnh ng n ca chng
minh. N nh hng cho ta phng php gii, da vo im ri ca BT. Chnh v vy m khi dy cho hc sinh ta
rn luyn cho hc sinh c thi quen tm iu kin xy ra du bng mc d trong cc k thi hc sinh c th khng trnh
by phn ny. Ta thy c u im ca du bng c bit trong phng php im ri v phng php tch nghch
o trong k thut s dng BT C Si.
Quy tc v tnh ng thi ca du bng: khng ch hc sinh m ngay c mt s gio vin khi mi nghin
cu v chng minh BT cng thng rt hay mc sai lm ny. p dng lin tip hoc song hnh cc BT nhng
khng ch n im ri ca du bng. Mt nguyn tc khi p dng song hnh cc BT l im ri phi c ng
thi xy ra, ngha l cc du " " = phi c cng c tha mn vi cng mt iu kin ca bin.
Quy tc bin: C s ca quy tc bin ny l cc bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh, cc bi ton ti u, cc bi ton
cc tr c iu kin rng buc, gi tr ln nht nh nht ca hm nhiu bin trn mt min ng. Ta bit rng cc gi tr
ln nht, nh nht thng xy ra cc v tr bin v cc nh nm trn bin.
Quy tc i xng: cc BT thng c tnh i xng vy th vai tr ca cc bin trong BT l nh nhau do
du " " = thng xy ra ti v tr cc bin bng nhau. Nu bi ton c gn h iu kin i xng th ta c th ch ra
du " " = xy ra khi cc bin bng nhau v mang mt gi tr c th.
Chiu ca BT : " , " cng s gip ta nh hng c cch chng minh: nh gi t TBC sang TBN v ngc li.
Dng tng qut (n s):
1 2
, ,......, 0
n
x x x ta c:
Dng 1:
1 2
.
1 2

......
..........
n
n
n
x x x
x x x
n
+ +

Dng 2:
1 2 1 2

...... ...........
n n
n
x x x n x x x + +
Dng 3:
1 2
1 2
...........
......

n
n
n
x x x
x x x
n
| |
|
|
\
+ +

Du " " = xy ra khi v ch khi:
1 2
............
n
x x x = = =
H qu 1:
Nu:
1 2
......
n
x x x S const = = + + th:
( )
1 2
max ...........
n
n
S
P x x x
n
| |
=
|
\

khi
1 2
............
n
S
x x x
n
= = = =
H qu 2:
Nu:
1 2
...........
n
x x x P const = = th:
( )
1 2
min ...........
n
n
S x x x n P + + + =
khi
1 2
............
n
n
x x x P = = = =
Chng minh rng nu mi s thc , , a b c ta lun c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8 a b b c c a a b c + + +

Gii:

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-5-
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 0
2 0 8 8
2 0
a b ab
b c bc a b b c c a a b c a b c
c a ca
+ + + =
+
+
+

Bnh lun:
Ch nhn cc v ca BT cng chiu ( kt qu c BT cng chiu) khi v ch khi cc v cng khng m.
Cn ch rng:
2 2
2 x y xy + v , x y khng bit m hay dng.
Ni chung ta t gp bi ton s dng ngay BT C Si nh bi ton ni trn m phi qua mt v php bin i n
tnh hung thch hp ri mi s dng BT C Si.
Trong bi ton trn du " " nh gi t TBC sang TBN. 8 = 2.2.2 gi n vic s dng bt ng thc
Csi cho 2 s, 3 cp s.

Chng minh rng nu , , 0 a b c > v tha mn . . 1 a b c = th
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 3 2 3 2 3 a b b c c a
+ +
+ + + + + +

Gii:
Ta c :
( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
2 ; 1 2 2 3 2 1 .
2 1 2 3
a b ab b b a b ab b
ab b a b
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
.
Tng t :
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
. ; .
2 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 bc c ac a b c c a

+ + + + + + + +

Cng v theo v :
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 2 3 b 2 3 2 3 ab b bc c ac a a b c c a
| |
+ + + +
|
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
\
.
Mt khc :
2
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
ab b
ab b bc c ac a ab b abc ab b ab c abc ab
+ + = + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +

1 1
1
1 1 1 1
ab b ab b
ab b ab b ab b ab b
+ +
= + + = =
+ + + + + + + +
.
Vy :
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
.
2 2 3 2 3 2 3 a b b c c a
+ +
+ + + + + +

Li bnh : Bi ton trn s dng n bt ng thc c bn
( )
2
0 x y ng vi mi , x y .

Cho , x y l cc s thc dng khc 0 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
( ) ( )
10 10
2
16 16 2 2
2 2
1 1
Q 1 .
2 4
x y
x y x y
y x
| |
= + + + +
|
|
\

Gii:
10 10
4 4
2 2
1

2
x y
x y
y x
| |
+
|
|
\
. ng thc xy ra khi
12 12
x y =
( )
16 16 8 8
1 1

4 2
x y x y + . ng thc xy ra khi
16 16
x y = .
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-6-
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
8 8 4 4 2 2 8 8 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
Q x y x y x y x y x y x y x y x y + + = + + + = + +
Mt khc :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 x y x y

+ + +

hay
( ) ( )
2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 x y x y + + . ng thc xy ra khi
2 2
1 x y = .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 4 4 2 2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 5 5
1 1 1 1 1 4
2 8 8 2 8 2 2
x y x y Q x y x y x y

+ + + + = +

ng thc xy ra khi
2 2
1 x y = .

Vy :
5
minQ
2
= khi
2 2
1 x y = = .

Cho , , x y z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
3 3 3
12
x z y x z y
y z x
xyz xyz xyz
| | | | | |
| | | + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng, trung bnh nhn:
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 ; 2 ; 2
x z xz y x yx z y zy
y z x
xyz y xyz xyz z xyz xyz x xyz
+ + +
2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
4
x z y x z y xz yx zy
y z x
xyz xyz xyz y xyz z xyz x xyz
| | | | | | | |
| | | | + + + + + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng, trung bnh nhn:
3
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4.3 . . 12.
xz yx zy xz yx yx
y xyz z xyz x xyz y xyz z xyz z xyz
| |
|
+ + =
|
\

Vy :
2 2 2
3 3 3
12
x z y x z y
y z x
xyz xyz xyz
| | | | | |
| | | + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \
.

Cho n nguyn v 2 n . Tm gi tr nh nht ca
1
n
A x
x
= +

Gii:
1
1
1 1 1
... ( 1)
n
n
n n
n n
x
n so
n
x x x x n
A n
n n n n x x
n
+
+
| | +
= + + + + +
|
\

Du ng thc xy ra khi
1
1
n
n
x
x n
n
x
+
= =
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-7-
Gi tr nh nht ca
1
1
n n
n
A
n
+
+
=

Cho n nguyn v 2 n v
1 n
x k n
+
> . Tm gi tr nh nht ca
1
n
A x
x
= +

Gii:
Vi
1 n
x k n
+
>
1 2 3 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) 0 ... 0
n n n n n n
f x f k x k x k
x k
x k x x k x k k

| | | |
+ + + + + +
| |
\ \

1 2 3 2 1
1 1 1 1 1
( ) 1 ... 0
n n n n
x k
xk
x x k x k k

| |
+ + + +
|
\

1 2 3 2 1
( ) 1 1 1 1
... 0
n n n n
x k
xk
xk
x x k x k k

| |
+ + + +
|
\

Ta c:
1 2
1 2 3 2 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
...
n
n n n n n
n n
n n
n xk
x x k x k k k
n
+

+
+ + + + < = <

Suy ra ( ) ( ) f x f k ng vi mi
1 n
x k n
+
> . Gi tr nh nht ca
1
n
A k
k
= + khi x k = .

Cch 2 :
Nhp :
1
, 0
1 1
... ( 1) 1
n
n
n n
x
n so m
m
x x nx x n
A x n x
m m m m m x x
+
>
| | | |
= + + + + + +
| |
\ \

Ta chn m sao cho:
1 1
1
n n
n
x k
m x k
x
m
x
+ +
=
= =

Bi gii:
1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
... ( 1) 1
n
n
n n n n n n n
x
n so
n
k
x x nx x n
A x n x
k k x k k x k
+
+ + + + +
+
| | | |
= + + + + + +
| |
\ \

V
1 n
x k n
+
> nn
1 n
n k
+
< suy ra:
1
( 1) 1
1 ( )
n n n
n n
A k k f k
k k k
+
| | +
+ = + =
|
\

Cho hai s thc 0, 0 x y thay i v tha mn iu kin:
( )
2 2
x y xy x y xy + = + . Tm gi tr ln nht
ca biu thc :
3 3
1 1
A
x y
= + .
thi i hc khi A nm 2006
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-8-
Gii:
Xt
( ) ( )
2 2
* x y xy x y xy + = + . Chia c hai v cho
2 2
x y
t
1 1
, u v
x y
= = .
Ta c
( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 3( )
( ) 3
4
u v
u v u v uv u v u v uv
x y xy x y
+
+ = + + = + + + = .
( )
2
4( ) 0 0 4 u v u v u v + + +
Khi :
3 3 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
( )( ) ( )( ) 2 x y x y x y xy x y x y xy x y xy
A
x y x y x y x y
+ + + + + + +
= = = =
2
2 2
1 1 2
( ) 16 A u v
xy
x y
= + + = + .
Du ng thc xy ra khi 2 u v = = hay
1
2
x y = = .

Cho 3 s thc dng , , x y z tho : 3 x y z + + .Tm GTNN ca
2 2 2
x y z
A
x yz y zx z xy
= + +
+ + +

Gii:
( )
2
2 2 2
x y z
x y z
x yz y zx z xy x y z yz zx xy
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + + +
.
Ta c : yz zx xy x y z + + + + .
Suy ra :
( )
2
2 2 2
3
2 2
x y z
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
x yz y zx z xy
+ +
+ +
+ + =
+ + + + +
+ + +

ng thc xy ra khi:
3
1
x y z
x y z x y z
x y z
x yz y zx z xy
+ + =
= = = = =
= =
+ + +

Cho , , 0 x y z > v tho mn iu kin
2 2 2
1
3
x y z + + .Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
3 3 3
2 3 5 5 2 3 3 5 2
x y z
T
x y z x y z x y z
= + +
+ + + + + +
.

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-9-
Gii:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
4 4 4
2 2 2
2 3 5 5 2 3 3 5 2
2 8
x y z
x y z
T
x x y z y x y z z x y z
x y z xy yz zx
+ +
= + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
10 30
2 8 10
x y z x y z
x y z
T
x y z x y z x y z
+ + + +
+ +

+ + + + + + +

ng thc xy ra khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4
2 2 2
2 3 5 5 2 3 3 5 2
1
3
1
3
x y z
x x y z y x y z z x y z
x y z x y z
x y z
= =
+ + + + + +
= = = = =
+ + =

Cho , , x y z l cc s thc dng thay i v tho mn iu kin = . . 1 x y z .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + +
= + +
+ + +
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z y z x z x y
P
y y z z z z x x x x y y

Gii:
Cch 1:
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x x xyz y y xyz z z xyz y y x x z z
P
y y z z z z x x x x y y y y z z z z x x x x y y

t:
= + +
= +

= + = +

= +

= +
1
( 2 4 )
2
9
1
2 ( 2 4 )
9
2 1
(4 2 )
9
x x a b c
a y y z z
b z z x x y y a b c
c x x y y
z z a b c

Khi :
| | | | + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
| |
|
\ \
2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2
6 4
9 9
a b c a b c a b c b a c c a b
P
a b c a c b a b c
.
Hay
( )
+ + =
2
6 4.3 3 2
9
P .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc ca = 2 P khi = = = 1 a b c .
Li bnh: Li gii trn kh phc tp , vic t n , , a b c gp nhiu kh khn i vi HSPT.
Cch 2:
Phn tch bi ton: tin cho vic trnh by , tm t , , a x b y c z = = =
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-10-
Bi ton tr thnh : Cho , , a b c l cc s thc dng thay i v tho mn iu kin 1 abc = .Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
a b c b c a c a b
P
b c c a a b
+ + +
= + +
+ + +

Bi gii: D thy:
( )
2 2 4 2 2 3
2
2 2 b c bc a b c a
a
+ = + . Tng t
( ) ( )
4 2 2 3 4 2 2 3
2 ; 2 b c a b c a b c + +
Khi
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
2 2 2
a b c
P
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +

t
3
3 3
3 3 3
3 3
3
4 2
9 2
4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
2
9 9
2
4 2
9
n p m
a
m b c
p m n n p m p m n m n p
n c a b P
m n p
p a b
m n p
c
+
=
= +

| | + + + +
= + = + +
|
\
= +
+

( )
2 2
4 6 4.3 3 6 2
9 9
n p m p m n
P P
m n p m n p
| | | |
+ + + + + +
| |
\ \

Cho cc s thc khng m , x y thay i v tha mn + = 1 x y . Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc
( ) ( )
= + + +
2 2
4 3 4 3 25 S x y y x xy .
thi i hc khi D nm 2009

Gii:
Nhn xt: vai tr ging nhau (i xng) ca , x y .
( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + = + + + +
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
12 16 34 12 16 34 S x y x y xy x y x y xy x y xy
Hay
( ) ( )
| |
| |
= + + + + = +
| |
\
\
2
2
2 2
1 191
12 3 16 34 4
4 16
S x y x y xy x y xy xy
V , x y khng m v tha mn + = 1 x y suy ra
| | +
=
|
\
2
1
0
2 4
x y
xy
| |
+
|
\
2
1 1 3 1 191 25
4 0 4
4 4 4 4 16 2
xy xy .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca =
25
2
S khi = =
1
2
x y v gi tr nh nht ca = 0 S khi = = 0, 1 x y .

Cho cc s thc , x y thay i v tha mn
( )
+ +
3
4 2 x y xy . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
( ) ( )
= + + + +
4 4 2 2 2 2
3 2 1 A x y x y x y
thi i hc khi B nm 2009

Gii:
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-11-
( )
( )
( ) ( )
+ +

+ + + +
`
+
)
3
3 2
2
4 2
2 1
4
x y xy
x y x y x y
x y xy
.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + + = + + + + + +
4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
3
3 2 1 2 2 1
2
A x y x y x y x y x y x y x y
( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + + +
2
4 4 2 2 2 2
3 3
2 1
2 2
A x y x y x y
M
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ = + + + + +
2 2 2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2
1
2
2
x y x y x y x y x y x y x y
Khi
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + +
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
2 1
4 2
A x y x y x y hay
( ) ( )
+ + +
2
2 2 2 2
9
2 1
4
A x y x y
t
( )
+
= + +
2
2
2 2 2
( ) 1 9 1
, A 2 1,
2 2 4 2
x y
t x y t t t t .
Xt hm s
( )
= +
2
9
2 1
4
f t t t xc nh v lin tc trn na khong
|
+
|

1
;
2
.
Ta c
( )
= >
9 9
' 2 1 0
2 4
f t t ,
( )

1
2
t f t ng bin trn na khong
|
+
|

1
;
2
.
Khi
( )
|
+
|

| |
= = =
|
\
1
;
2
1 9
min min
2 16
t
A f t f . ng thc xy ra khi =
1
2
t .

IM RI TRONG BT DNG THC COSI

Bi ton m u : Cho , 0 a b > v tha mn 1 a b + . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2 2
1 1
2
1
P
ab
a b
= +
+ +
.

Gii:
Li gii 1. Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 4 4 4
2
2 2
1 2 1 ( ) 1
P
ab
a b a ab b a b
= + = =
+ + + + + + +

ng thc xy ra
2 2 2
1 2 ( ) 1 0
1 1
a b ab a b
a b a b

+ + = + =

+ = + =

. H v nghim. Vy khng tn ti minP .

Li gii 2. Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 4 1 4 1
6 3 3 3
1 6 1 ( ) 1 4
P
ab ab ab ab
a b a ab b a b ab
= + + + = +
+ + + + + + + +

Mt khc
2
1
2 4
a b
ab
| | +
=
|
\
. Vy
2 2
4 1 8
3
2 6
2 2
P
a b a b
+
| | | | + +
+
| |
\ \
.
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-12-
ng thc xy ra
2 2
1 3
1
2
1
a b ab
a b a b
a b
+ + =
= = =
+ =
.
Li bnh: li gii 1. v li gii 2 gn nh tng t nhau, cng p dng bt ng thc
1 1 4
a b a b
+
+
. Ti sao
trong cng mt bi ton m c n hai p s ? Do u m li gii 2 ti sao li tch
1 1 1
2 6 3 ab ab ab
= + ?.
chnh l k thut chn im ri trong bt ng thc.

Cc bt ng thc trong cc thi i hc thng thng l i xng vi cc bin v ta d on du bng xy
ta khi cc bin bng nhau v xy ra ti bin.

Cho 2 x . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc :
1
P x
x
= +

Gii:
Phn tch bi ton:
Vi 1; , 0 + = > , th
1
P x x
x
= + + .
Ta lun c :
1 1
2 . P x x x x
x x
= + + +
Du ng thc xy ra khi
1 1 1 1 3
2
4 4
x x
x

= = = = =
Bi gii:
1 1 1 3 1 1 3 5
2 . .2
4 4 4 4 2
P x x x x
x x x
| |
= + = + + + =
|
\

Vy
5
min
2
P = khi 2 x = .

Cho , 0 a b > v tha mn 1 a b + . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2 2
1 1
4 P ab
ab
a b
= + +
+
.

Gii:
Do P l biu thc i xng vi , a b , ta d on minP t ti
1
2
a b = = .
Ta c:
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 4 1 1
4 2 4 . 7
2 4 4 2
( )
4
2
P ab ab
ab ab ab ab
a b a b
a b
| |
= + + + + + +
|
+ +
\ | | +
|
\

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-13-
ng thc xy ra
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
16 2
1
a b ab
a b a b
a b
+ =
= = =
+ =
.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc 7 P = t ti
1
2
a b = = .
Tham kho hai li gii khc :
Li gii 1:
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1
4 2 4 . 4 2 6
4 4 2 4 4 4
P ab ab
ab ab ab ab ab ab ab
a b
a b
| |
= + + + + + + + = +
|
+
\
+

ng thc xy ra
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
16 2
1
a b ab
a b a b
a b
+ =
= = =
+ =
. Thay
1
2
a b = = vo ta c 7 P .
1
2
a b = = .
Li bnh 1:
Qua cch gii trn ta chn ng du ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
a b = = nn dn n vic tch cc s hng v
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc 7 P = t ti
1
2
a b = = l ng , nhng bc cui cng ta lm sai , v d
( )
2
1 a a a + , ng thc xy ra khi
( )
2
1 min 1 ?. a a a a

= + =

Li gii 2:
( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 4 1 4 1
4 4 4
2 2 2 2
2
P ab ab ab
ab ab ab ab
a b a b ab
a b
| |
= + + + + + = + +
|
+ + +
\
+
.
Mt khc
1 1
4 2 .4 2 2
2 2
ab ab
ab ab
+ = . Vy
( )
4 2 2 min 2 2 2 P P + = +
Li bnh 2:
Thot nhn thy bi ton gii ng . Thc t th sao? . Vic tch
1 1 1
2 2 ab ab ab
= + lm xut hin ng
thc
( )
2
2 2
2 a b ab a b + + = + .
( )
1
min 2 2 2 4
2
1
a b
P ab
ab
a b
=
= + =
+ =
. H v nghim. ng thc khng xy ra , do khng tn ti minP .

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-14-
Cho , x y l hai s thc dng ln hn 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3 2 2
1 1
x y x y
P
x y
+ +
=

Gii:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1
2
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
x y x y x x y y
x y xy
P
y x
x y x y
x y
+ + +
= = = +

.
ng thc xy ra khi :
2 2
1 1
x y
y x
=

.
Mt khc
( )
1 1
1 1 .1
2 2
x x
x x
+
= = . ng thc xy ra khi : 1 1 2 x x = = .
( )
1 1
1 1 .1
2 2
y y
y y
+
= = . ng thc xy ra khi : 1 1 2 y y = = .
2
8
.
2 2
xy
P
x y
= . ng thc xy ra khi 2 x y = = .
Vy min 8 P = khi 2 x y = = .
Tng t : Cho , , a b c l hai s thc dng v tha mn
2 2 2
b c a + . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
P b c a
a b c
| |
= + + +
|
\
.

Cho , , x y z l 3 s thc dng thay i . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
| | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \
1 1 1
2 2 2
x y z
P x y z
yz zx xy


Gii:
Cch 1:
Phn tch bi ton: D on im ri x y z = = .
Khi
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
3. 3. 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z x x
P x y z
yz zx xy x x x
| |
| | | | | |
= + + + + + = + = + +
|
| | |
|
\ \ \
\

2
3
1 1 9 9
3.3 . . min
2 2 2 2 2
x
P P P
x x
= .ng thc xy ra khi
2
1
1
2 2
x
x
x
= = .
Vy ta d on
9
min
2
P = khi 1 x y z = = = .
Bi gii:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
x y z x y z x y z xy yz zx
P
xyz xyz
+ + + + + + + +
= + +
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-15-
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z x y z
P
x y z x x y y z z
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ + + + + = + + + + + + + +
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
\ \ \ \ \ \

Hay
2 2 2
3 3
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 9
3 . . 3 . . 3 . .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z
P P
x x y y z z
+ +
Vy
9
min
2
P = khi 1 x y z = = = .
Cch 2:
| | | | | |
= + + + + + = + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z x y z x y z
P x y z
yz zx xy yz zx xy

( ) ( )
| | | |
= + + + = + + + +
| |
\ \
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
1
2 2
P x y z x y z
xyz xyz xyz

2 2 2 3
3
2 2 2
1 1 9
9 .
2 2
P x y z
x y z
= .
ng thc xy ra khi = = = 1 x y z .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc =
9
2
P

Cho cc s thc , , x y z tha mn iu kin 0 x y z + + = . Chng minh rng :
3 4 3 4 3 4 6
x y z
+ + + + +
thi D b i hc khi D nm 2005

Gii:

Phn tch bi ton: D on im ri 0 x y z = = = .
Bi gii: p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn

( ) ( ) ( )
3
6
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 . 3 4 . 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 4
x y z x y z x y z
+ + + + + + + + = + + +
Mt khc
4
6 4 4 3
4
3 4 1 1 1 4 4 4
3 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 .4 .4 6
3 4 1 1 1 4 4 4
x x x
y y y x y z x y z
z z z
+ = + + +
+ = + + + + + + + +
+ = + + +

ng thc xy ra khi 0 x y z = = = .

Cho , , 0 a b c > tha mn iu kin 3 a b c + + = . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc :
3 3 3
2 2 2 Q a b b c c a = + + + + + .
Gii:
Trc ht d on ng thc xy ra khi 1 a b c = = = . Suy ra
3
3 3 MaxQ = .
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-16-
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn cho ba s 2 , 3, 3 a b + , ta c
3
3
3 3 3
1 1 3 3 ( 2 ) 6 2
2 3.3( 2 ) .
3
9 9 3 9
a b a b
a b a b
+ + + + +
+ = + = .
Tng t:
3 3
3 3
6 2 6 2
2 ; 2
3 9 3 9
b c c a
b c c a
+ + + +
+ +
Suy ra:
3
3 3 3
6 2 6 2 6 2
3 3
3 9 3 9 3 9
a b b c c a
Q
+ + + + + +
+ + =
ng thc xy ra khi 1 a b c = = = v
3
3 3 MaxQ = .
Tham kho li gii khc :
Ta c:
3
1 1 ( 2 ) 2 2
1.1( 2 )
3 3
a b a b
a b
+ + + + +
+ = , tng t ta c:
( ) ( )
3 3
2 2 2 2
1.1 2 ; 1.1 2
3 3
b c c a
b c c a
+ + + +
+ +
Suy ra :
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 5
3 3 3
a b b c c a
Q a b b c c a
+ + + + + +
= + + + + + + + =
Li bnh : Thot nhn thy li gii ca bi ton gii ng . Thc t th sao? 5 Q
2 1
2 1
5
2 1
3
a b
b c
MaxQ
c a
a b c
+ =
+ =
=

+ =
+ + =
h v nghim.Vy 5 Q < .
Tng t: Cho , , 0 a b c > tha mn iu kin
3
4
a b c + + = .Chng minh rng:
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 a b b c c a + + + + +

Cho , , 0 x y z > v tha mn
1 1 1
4
x y z
+ + = . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
1 1 1
2 2 2
P
x y z x y z x y z
= + +
+ + + + + +


Gii:
Cch 1:
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 16
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
1
2 16 16
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 16
x y z x x y z
P
x y z x y y z x y z x y z x y z
x y z x y z z
| |
+ + +
|
+ +
\
| | | | | | | |
+ + + + + + + + + + + =
| | | |
+ +
\ \ \ \
| |
+ + +
|
+ +
\

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-17-
Vy: 1 MaxP = khi
4
3
x y z = = = .
Li bnh : D on MaxP t c ti
4
3
x y z = = = nn tch cc s 2 ;2 ;2 x x x y y y z z z = + = + = + ra
cho du bng xy ra.
Cch 2:
p dng mnh nu , 0 a b > , th
1 1 4 1 1 1 1
4 a b a b a b a b
| |
+ +
|
+ +
\
.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 4 2 4 2 4 8 2 2 x y z x y z x y z x y z
| | | | | |
+ + + = + +
| | |
+ + +
\ \ \

Tng t :
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
;
2 8 2 2 2 8 2 2 x y z x y z x y z x y z
| | | |
+ + + +
| |
+ + + +
\ \

Cng v theo v ta c pcm.

Li bnh : Nu , 0 a b > th
1 1 4
a b a b
+
+
.
Tng qut : Cho , 0 x y > v hai s , a b bt k, ta lun c :
( )
2
2 2
a b
a b
x y x y
+ | |
|
|
\
+
+
hay
( )
2
2 2
a b
a b
x y x y
+ | |
|
|
\
+
+
. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a b
x y
= .
M rng: Nu
1 2 3
, , ,..., 0
n
a a a a th : + + + +
+ + + +
2
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 1 1
...
...
n n
n
a a a a a a a a
.
Chng minh : Vi
1 2 3
, , ,..., 0
n
a a a a ,
+ + + +
+ + + +
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
... ...
1 1 1 1 1
...
...
n
n n
n
n n
a a a a n a a a a
n
a a a a a a a a

( )
| |
+ + + + + + + +
|
|
\
2
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
... ... ...
...
n
n
n n
n n
a a a a n a a a a
a a a a a a a a

+ + + +
+ + + +
2
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 1 1
...
...
n n
n
a a a a a a a a

ng thc xy ra khi = = = =
1 2 3
...
n
a a a a
Thc t cch 2 v cch 1 khng c s khc bit.
Tng t :
1. Cho tam gic c di 3 cnh l , , a b c v p l na chu vi . Chng minh rng :
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
p a p b p c a b c
| |
+ + + +
|

\
.
2. Cho , , a b c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng :
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-18-
a.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 a b b c c a a b c
| |
+ + + +
|
+ + +
\

b.
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 3 3 3 a b c a b c a b c a b b c c a
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ +
c.
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4
2 3 2 3 2 3
a b b c c a
a b c b c a c a b
| |
|
+ + +
+ + + + + +
\
+ + + +
d.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 a b c b c a c a b a c b a c b
| |
+ +
|
+ + + + + + + + +
\
+ +
Cch 3: Ta c
4
2 4
1 1
2 4 . . .
2
4
x y z x x y z x x y z
x y z
x yz
+ + = + + +
+ +
v
4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
. . .
4 2 16 x x y z x x y z x y z x y z
| | | |
+ + + + +
| |
+ +
\ \
, tng t ta c:
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
;
2 16 2 16 x y z x y z x y z x y z
| | | |
+ + + +
| |
+ + + +
\ \

1 1 1 1
.4 1
16
P
x y z
| |
+ + =
|
\
. ng thc xy ra khi
4
3
x y z = = =
Vy: 1 MaxP = khi
4
3
x y z = = = .

Tham kho hai li gii khc :
Li gii 1:
Ta c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 10
9 2 9 2 9 2 18 9
P
x y z x y z x y z x y z
| | | | | | | |
+ + + + + + + + = + + =
| | | |
\ \ \ \

10
9
MaxP =
Li gii 2:
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 9
3 2 3 .2 3 2
P
x y z x y z x y z
xyz x yz xy z
| | | | | |
+ + + + + + + + + + =
| | |
\ \ \

Li bnh : Thot nhn thy li gii 1, li gii 2 ca bi ton gii ng . Thc t th sao?
2
2
10
2
9
1 1 1
4
x y z
y x z
MaxP
z x y
x y z
= =
= =
=
= =
+ + =
h v nghim ngha l khng tn ti

( )
, , x y z D
10
9
P =
Nguyn nhn sai lm: C hai li gii trn u bit hng ch song cha bit chn im ri.

Tng t :
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-19-
1. Cho , , 0 x y z > v tha mn
1 1 1
1
x y z
+ + . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
1 1 1
2 2 2
P
x y z x y z x y z
= + +
+ + + + + +
.
2. Cho , , 0 x y z > v tha mn 1 x y z + + = . Chng minh rng :
2 2 2
3 2
14
xy yz zx x y z
+ >
+ + + +
.
3. Cho , , 0 x y z > v tha mn 1 x y z + + . Chng minh rng :
2 2 2
1 1 1
9
2 2 2 x yz y zx z xy
+ +
+ + +
.

Cch 4: Nu , 0 a b > th
1 1 4
a b a b
+
+
.
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4
8 2 1
x y z x y y z z x x y y z z x
| | | | | | | |
= + + = + + + + + + +
| | | |
+ + +
\ \ \ \

ng thc xy ra khi
4
3
x y z = = = .
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
4 4 4
2
2 2 2
x y y z z x x y y z y z z x z x x y
x y z x y z x y z
| | | | | | | |
+ + = + + + + +
| | | |
+ + + + + + + + +
\ \ \ \
+ +
+ + + + + +

ng thc xy ra khi x y z = = .
T
( )
1 v
( )
2 suy ra
1 1 1 1 1 1
8 8 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 x y z y x z z x y x y z y x z z x y
| |
+ + + +
|
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
\

Vy: 1 MaxP = khi
4
3
x y z = = = .
Li bnh : Thc t cch 1 v cch 4 khng c s khc bit.

Chng minh rng nu , , 0 a b c > th 2
a b b c c a c a b
c a b a b b c a c
| |
+ + +
| + + + +
|
+ + +
\

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc
( )
2 x y x y + + , ta c :
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b b c c a a b b c c b
c a b
c c a a a a
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | | + + + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \

1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
c b a c a b
| | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \
.
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-20-
p dng bt ng thc
1 1 4
x y x y
+
+
, ta c :
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c a b c
c b a c a b b c a c a b
| | | | | |
+ + + + + + +
| | |
+ + +
\ \ \

p dng bt ng thc
( )
2 x y x y + + , ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c a b c
b c a c a b
b c a c a b
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +

2
c b a
a b a c b c
| |
| = + +
|
+ + +
\
.
Li bnh : Bi ton trn s dng n hai bt ng thc c bn
1 1 4
x y x y
+
+
v
( )
2 x y x y + + .

Chng minh rng mi s thc dng , , a b c ta lun c:
3 2 3 2 3 2 6
ab bc ca a b c
a b c b c a c a b
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + +

Gii:
Ta c :
( ) ( )
1 1 1
. .
3 2 9 2
2
ab ab ab
a b c a c b c b
a c b c b
| |
= + +
|
+ + + +
+ + + +
\

Tng t :
1 1 1 1 1 1
,
3 2 9 2 3 2 9 2
bc bc ac ac
b c a a b a c c c a b b c a b a
| | | |
+ + + +
| |
+ + + + + + + +
\ \
.
Cng v theo v ta c
( )
1 1
3 2 3 2 3 2 9 18
ab bc ca bc ac bc ab ab ac
a b c
a b c b c a c a b a b a c b c
| | + + +
+ + + + + + +
|
+ + + + + + + + +
\

Hay
( ) ( )
1 1
3 2 3 2 3 2 9 18 6
ab bc ca a b c
a b c a b c
a b c b c a c a b
+ +
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + + +
.
Li bnh : Bi ton trn s dng n bt ng thc c bn
1 1 1 9
x y z x y z
+ +
+ +
.

Cho , , 0 a b c > v tho mn iu kin . . 1 a b c = . Chng minh rng:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
2 2 2
3
a b c b c a c a b
+ + +
+ +
IMO nm 1995

Gii:
Cch 1:
Phn tch bi ton: D on im ri 1 a b c = = = v
( )
3
1 1 2
2 4 4
b c
bc
a b c
+
= = =
+

Bi gii: p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn
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-21-
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 .
4 4 4
b c b c
bc bc a a b c
a b c a b c a b c
| | + +
+ = +
|
+ + +
\

Chng minh tng t, ta c
( ) ( )
3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
;
4 4 b c a c a b
b c a c a b
| | | |
+ +
| |
+ +
\ \

Cng v theo v ta c iu chng minh.

Cch 2:
t :
1 1 1
; ; . b c a
x y z
= = = T gi thit suy ra . . 1 x y z = .
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
3 3 3
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
; ;
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x y z
y z x z y x
a b c b a c c b a
y z x z y x
x y z
= = = = = =
+ + + | | | | | |
+ + +
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
3
3 3 3
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
2
2
x y z x y z
x y z
xyz
y z x z y x
x y z a b c b c a c a b
+ + + +
+ + = + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
= =
ng thc xy ra khi 1 x y z = = = .

Li bnh : Bi ton trn s dng n vic i Bin Chng Minh Bt ngThc.

i khi chng minh mt bi ton BT c rt nhiu cch khc nhau gii, song khng phi cch no cng
thun li cho vic chng minh BT, c nhiu BT ra phc tp lm cho ta cm gi ri, nhng qua vic
a v bin mi th bi ton tr nn d hn. Bi vit ny xin nu ra mt s cch i bin chng minh BT
c d dng hn.

Tng t:
1. Cho 3 s thc dng , , a b c . Chng minh rng :
3
2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +
.
Gi : t :
2
2
2
y z x
a
x b c
x z y
y c a b
z a b
x y z
c
+
=
= +

+
= + =

= +
+

=
. Bt ng thc cn chng minh

1 3
2 2
y z x x z y x y z
x y z
| | + + +
+ +
|
\

2 . 2 . 2 . 6
x y y z z x x y y z z x
y x z y x z y x z y x z
| | | | | |
+ + + + + + + =
| | |
\ \ \
ng.
2. Cho 3 s thc dng , , x y z tho mn:
2 2 2
3 x y z + + = . Chng minh rng : 3
xy yz zx
z x y
+ + .
www.mathvn.com

-22-
Gi : t :
xy
a
z
yz
b
x
zx
c
y
vi , , 0 a b c > . T
2 2 2
3 3 ab bc ca x y z + + = + + = . Bt ng thc cn chng
minh 3 a b c + +
:
2 2 2
3( ) 3 a b c ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca + + + + + + + + = .
3. Cho 3 s thc dng , , x y z tho mn: 1 x y z + + = . Chng minh rng :
1 4 9
36
x y z
+ + .
Gi : t :
a
x
a b c
b
y
a b c
c
z
a b c
+ +
+ +
+ +
vi , , 0 a b c > . Bt ng thc cn chng minh

4. 9. 36 4. 4. 9. 9. 22
a b c a b c a b c b c a c a b
a b c a a b b c c
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
4. 9. 4. 9. 2 .4. 2 .9. 2 4. .9. 22
b a c a c b b a c a c b
a b a c b c a b a c b c
| | | | | |
+ + + + + + + =
| | |
\ \ \
ng.
4. Cho 3 s thc dng , , x y z . Chng minh rng :
( ) ( ) ( )
xyz x y z y z x z x y + + + .
Gi : t :
x b c
y c a
z a b
= +
= +
= +
vi , , 0 a b c > . Bt ng thc cn chng minh

( ) ( ) ( )
8 a b b c c a abc + + + .
5. Cho 3 s thc dng , , a b c v tha mn 1 abc = . Chng minh rng :
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 a b c
b c a
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \
.
Gi :Do 1 abc = gi t :
x
a
y
y
b
z
z
c
x
vi , , 0 x y z > . Bt ng thc cn chng minh

1 1 1 1
x z y x z y
y y z z x x
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ \ \
.
6. Cho 3 s thc dng , , x y z v tha mn 2 xyz x y z = + + + . Chng minh rng :
3
2
x y z xyz + + .
www.mathvn.com

-23-
Gi :T
1 1 1
2 1
1 1 1
xyz x y z
x y z
= + + + + + =
+ + +

t :
1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , ,
1 1 1
a b c b a c c a b
a b c x y z
x y z a a b b c c
+ + +
= = = = = = = = =
+ + +
vi , , 0 a b c > .
Bt ng thc cn chng minh
3
. . .
2
a b b c c a
b c c a c a a b a b b c
+ +
+ + + + + +
.
:
1 1 1
. ; . ;; .
2 2 2
a b a b b c b c c a c a
b c c a a c b c c a a b b a c a a b b c c b a b
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
\ \ \

Cho 3 s thc dng , , a b c tho mn
3
2
a b c + + . Chng minh rng :
1.
1 1 1 15
2
a b c
a b c
+ + + + + .
2.
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 3 17
2
a b c
a b c
+ + + + + .
3.
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 3 17
2
a b c
b c a
+ + + + + .
Gii:
1.
1 1 1 15
2
a b c
a b c
+ + + + +
Ta c th phm sai lm:
3 3
3 3
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 6 . 6 a b c abc abc
a b c
abc abc
+ + + + + + =
Du ng thc xy ra khi 1 a b c = = = nhng khi
3
3
2
a b c + + = > ( tri gi thit ) .
Phn tch bi ton :
T gi thit , , a b c dng tho mn
3
2
a b c + + , gi hng gii bt ng thc trung bnh cng, trung
bnh nhn.
3 3
3 1
3
2 2
a b c abc abc + + . t:
3
1
2
x abc =
Khi :
3
3
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 a b c abc x
a b c x
abc
| |
+ + + + + + = +
|
\
. D on ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
x =
Ta chn 0 > sao cho:
2
1
1
2
1
4
x
x
x
x
= =
.
Bi gii:
1 1 1 1 1 1 9 15
3 3 4 3 3.2 4 . 9 12
2 2
a b c x x x x x
a b c x x x
| | | |
+ + + + + + + = =
| |
\ \

www.mathvn.com

-24-
ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
a b c = = = .
2.
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 3 17
2
a b c
a b c
+ + + + + .
Phn tch bi ton :
3
2
bnh nhn.
3 3
3 1
3
2 2
3
1
2
x abc = ,ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
x = .
Xt
2
2
1
x
x
+ , chn 0 > sao cho:
4
2
2
1
1
2
16
1
x
x
x
x
= =
.
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng, trung bnh nhn cho 17 s, trong 16 s l
2
1
16x
v s
2
x :
15
16
17
2 2 2 2
17
2 2 2 2 32
17
1 1 1 1 17
16. 17
16 16
2
x
x x x x
x x x x
| |
+ = + +
|
\
.
15 15 15
17 17 17
2 2 2
2 32 2 32 2 32
17 17 17
1 17 1 17 1 17
; ;
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
a b c

+ + +
1
15 15 15 15 15 15
3
2 2 2
17 17 17 17 17 17
2 2 2 32 32
17 17
1 1 1 17 17
.3
2 2
a b c a b c a b c
a b c

| | | |
+ + + + + + + | |
| |
\ \

( )
15 5
2 2 2
17 17
2 2 2 32 32
17 17
1 1 1 3 17 3 17 3 17
.2
2
2 2
a b c abc
a b c
+ + + + + = .
ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
a b c = = = .
Cch khc :
Chn :
1 1 1
; , ; , ; u a v b w c
a b c
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ \ \

Dng bt ng thc vecto u v w u v w + + + +

( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
3
2 2 2
2
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 ( )
( )
a b c a b c abc
a b c a b c
abc
| |
+ + + + + + + + + + +
|
\

Tng t trn , ta t
( )
2
2
3
1
3 4
a b c
x abc
| | + +
=
|
\
.
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-25-
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 15 1 15
3 3 3 2 .
16 16 16 16
x
a b c x x
x x x x x a b c
+ + + + + + = + + +
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 15 1 15 3 17
3 3
2 16 2 4 2
a b c
x a b c
+ + + + + + + = .
ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
a b c = = = .
Hng phn tch khc :
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 9
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
| | | |
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
| |
+ +
\ \

Li bnh : Nu , , 0 a b c > , th
1 1 1 9
a b c a b c
+ +
+ +
.
Tng qut : Cho , , 0 x y z > v ba s , , a b c bt k, ta lun c :
( )
2
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
x y z x y z
+ +
+ +
+ +
(Bt ng thc s-
vac). ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a b c
x y z
= = .
Nu : 0, 1, ,
i
a i n n N > = ,th
( )
2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
... ...
...
n
n n
n
a a a
a a a a a a
| |
+ + + + + +
|
|
+ + +
\

Tng t: Cho 3 s thc dng , , x y z tho mn 1 x y z + + . Chng minh rng :
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
82 x y z
x y z
+ + + + + . thi i hc khi A nm 2003

3.
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 3 17
2
a b c
b c a
+ + + + + .
Tng t trn . Xt
2
2
1
x
y
2 2
2
2
1
1
2
16
1
x y
x y
x
y
= =
= =

2
1
16y
v s
2
x :
1 16
16
17 17
2 2 2 2
17
2 2 2 2 32
17
1 1 1 1 17
16. 17
16 16
2
x y
x x x x
y y y y
| |
+ = + +
|
\
.
1 16 1 16 1 16
17 17 17 17 17 17
2 2 2
2 32 2 32 2 32
17 17 17
1 17 1 17 1 17
; ;
2 2 2
a b b c c a
a b c
b c a

+ + +
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-26-
( )
1 16 1 16 1 16 15 5
2 2 2
17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
2 2 2 32 32 32
17 17 17
1 1 1 17 3 17 3 17 3 17
2
2
2 2 2
a b c a b b c c a abc
b c a

| |
+ + + + + = |
|
\
+ +
ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
a b c = = = .

Cho cc s khng m , , , a b x y tha cc iu kin
2005 2005
2005 2005
1
1
a b
x y
. Chng minh rng :

1975 30 1975 30
. . 1 a x b y +
Ton tui th 2 s 27

Gii:

Nhn xt : Cc a thc tham gia trong bi ton cng bc 2005 1975 30 = + , ng thi s m ca cc bin
tng ng bng nhau.
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng , trung bnh nhn cho 1975 s
2005
a v 30 s
2005
x
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2005 2005
1975 30
2005 2005 1975 30
2005
1975. 30.
. . 1
1975 30
a x
a x a x
+
=
+

Tng t
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2005 2005
1975 30
2005 2005 1975 30
2005
1975. 30.
. . 2
1975 30
b y
b y b y
+
=
+

T
( )
1 v
( )
2 suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2005 2005 2005 2005 1975 30 1975 30
1975. 30. 2005. . . 3 a b x y a x b y + + + +
T
( ) ( ) ( )
2005 2005
2005 2005 2005 2005
2005 2005
1
2005 1975. 30. 4
1
a b
a b x y
x y
+ + +

T
( )
3 v
( )
4 suy ra
( )
1975 30 1975 30 1975 30 1975 30
2005 2005. . . . . 1 a x b y a x b y + +
Du ng thc xy ra khi
1975 30 1975 30
, a x b y = = .
Tng qut : Cho cc s khng m , , , a b x y tha cc iu kin
1
1
m n m n
m n m n
a b
x y
+ +
+ +
. Chng minh rng :

. . 1
m n m n
a x b y + .

Cho , , x y z l cc s dng tha mn iu kin:
2 2 2
1. x y z + + = Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
.
xy yz zx
A
z x y
= + +

Gii:
Ta c :
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 .
xy yz zx
A y z x
z x y
| | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \

www.mathvn.com

-27-
p dng bt ng thc:
2 2 2
x y z xy yz zx + + + +
Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) 2( ) 3( ) 3. A y z x y z x y z x + + + + + = + + =
ng thc xy ra
1
.
3
xy yz xz
x y z
z x y
= = = = =
Vy min 3 A = t c khi
1
3
x y z = = = .
2 2 2
1 a b c + + = . Chng minh rng :
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +

Phn tch bi ton :

Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 a b c < tho mn iu kin
2 2 2
1 a b c + + = , vy ta c th suy ra
0 1 a b c < < hay khng?. Nh vy iu kin , , a b c khng chnh xc v du ng thc ch xy ra khi
2 2 2
0
1
, , 0;
1
3
a b c
a b c
a b c
< = = |

+ + =
\
.
Ta thy mi lin h g ca bi ton ?. D thy
2 2 2
1 a b c + + = v
2 2 2 2 2 2
, , b c c a a b + + + . Gi ta a bi
ton v dng cn chng minh :
2 2 2
3 3
2 1 1 1
a b c
a b c
+ +

.
V vai tr , , a b c nh nhau v 2 phn tch trn gi ta a n cch phn tch
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3
2 1 1 1
a b c
a b c
a b c
+ + + +

v cn chng minh
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 3
2 1
3 3
2 1
3 3
2 1
a
a
a
b
b
b
c
c
c
.
Ta th i tm li gii :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
3 3 1 3 3 2 4 8
1 1 2 1
2 2 27 27 1 1
3 3
a
a a a a a a a a
a a

D thy
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 1
2 1 1 2
a a a a a
a a a
+ + =

p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 a a a a a a = + +
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
3
2 8
2 1 1 2 1
3 27
a a a a a
Tng t cho cc trng hp cn li.
Gii : hs t gii
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-28-
Phng php tip tuyn:

Cho 3 s thc dng , , a b c . Chng minh rng :
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 3 3
1
2
a b c
a b c
b c a c a b a b c
+ + + +
+ + +
.

Phn tch bi ton :
ng thc cn chng minh a v dng :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3 3
0
a b c
m a c nb k b a pc i b c ja
b c a c a b a b c
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
.

Gi s 0 a b c < . D on ng thc xy ra khi a b c = = .
T gi m hng gii :
( )
( )
3
3
3
a
m a c nb mna
b c a
+ + +
+
. ng thc xy ra khi
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
3
1
4
1
2
a
m
m a c nb
a
b c a m a a na
a a a
n
a b c
=
= + =

+ = + =

+

=
= =

Tng t cho cc trng hp khc .

Gii :
( )
( )
3
1 1 3
2 4 2
a
b c a a
b c a
+ + +
+
. ng thc xy ra khi:
( )
( )
3
1 1
2 4
a
b c a
b c a
= = +
+
.
( )
( )
3
1 1 3
2 4 2
b
c b a b
c a b
+ + +
+
. ng thc xy ra khi:
( )
( )
3
1 1
2 4
b
c b a
c a b
= = +
+
.
( )
( )
3
1 1 3
2 4 2
c
a b c c
a b c
+ + +
+
. ng thc xy ra khi:
( )
( )
3
1 1
2 4
c
a b c
a b c
= = +
+
.
Cng v theo v ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 3 3
1
2
a b c
a b c
b c a c a b a b c
+ + + +
+ + +
. Du ng thc xy ra khi :
0 a b c = = >
Cho 3 s thc dng , , a b c tho mn 1 a b c + + = . Chng minh rng :
. a
7
1 1 1
2
a b c + + + + + <
. b 6 a b b c c a + + + + + .
. c
3 3 3 3
18 a b b c c a + + + + + .
. d
1 1 1
10 a b c
a b c
+ + + + +

Gii:
. a
7
1 1 1
2
a b c + + + + + <
www.mathvn.com

-29-
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1 1. 1 1
2 2
1 1
7
1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 3
2 2 2 2
1 1
1 1. 1 1
2 2
a
a
a a
b
b a b c
b b a b c
c
c
c c
+ +
+ = + = +
+ +
+ +
+ = + = + + + + + + + =
`
+ +

+ = + = +

)

ng thc xy ra khi 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 a b c a b c a b c + = + = + = = = = + + =
Vy
7
1 1 1
2
a b c + + + + + <
. b 6 a b b c c a + + + + + .
Phn tch bi ton :
Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 a b c < tho mn iu kin 1 a b c + + = , du ng thc ch xy ra
khi
0
1
1
3
a b c
a b c
a b c
< = =
= = =
+ + =
. Hng s cn thm l
1
3
.

T gi thit gi ta a n cch phn tch
( )
6 a b b c c a a b c + + + + + + + hay
1 1 1 1 1 1
3
3 3 3 3 3 3
.
2 2 2 2
a b b c c a
S a b b c c a

+ + + + + + + + +

= + + + + + + +

.
Ta th i tm li gii : p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn

( )
( )
1 1 2
3 3 3 2
3 3 3
. .
2 2 2 2 2 3
a b a b
a b a b
| |
+ + + + +
|
= + = + |
|
|
\

Tng t cho cc trng hp cn li .

Cch khc :
Gi s vi mi 0 m > , ta lun c :
( )
1 1
2
a b m
a b a b m
m m
| | + +
+ = +
|
\
. Vn by gi ta d
on 0 m > bao nhiu l ph hp?.
D thy ng thc xy ra khi
2
1
3
3
a b m
m
a b
+ =
=
= =
.
Gii :
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-30-
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
_
_
_
2
3 2 3
3
. . .
2 3 2 2
2
3 2 3
3
. . .
2 3 2 2
2
3 2 3
3
. . .
2 3 2 2
AM GM
AM GM
AM GM
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a
+ +
+ = +
+ +
+ = +
+ +
+ = +

( )
2
2 3.
3 3
3
. .2 6
2 2 2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ + +
+ + + + + = = (pcm).
ng thc xy ra khi
1
3
a b c = = = .

. c
3 3 3 3
18 a b b c c a + + + + + .
khi
2
3
0
1 2
1
3 3
2
3
a b
a b c
a b c b c
a b c
c a
+ =
< = =

= = = + =

+ + =

+ =
. Hng s cn thm l
2
3

T gi thit gi ta a n cch phn tch
( )
3 3 3 3
18 a b b c c a a b c + + + + + + + hay
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
a b b c c a
T a b b c c a
+ + + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + +
Gii :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
3
3
3 3
3
3
3
3
2 2
9 2 2
3 3
. . .
4 3 3 3
2 2
9 2 2
3 3
. . .
4 3 3 3
2 2
9 2 2
3 3
. . .
4 3 3 3
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a
+ + +
+ = +
+ + +
+ = +
+ + +
+ = +

( )
3 3 3 3
3 3
2 4
9 9 6
. . 18
4 3 4 3
a b c
T a b b c c a
+ + +
= + + + + + = = (pcm).
www.mathvn.com

-31-
Du ng thc xy ra khi
1
3
a b c = = = .
. d
1 1 1
10 a b c
a b c
+ + + + +
Phn tch bi ton :
khi
0
1
1
3
a b c
a b c
a b c
< = =
= = =
+ + =
.
T iu cn chng minh ,gi ta a n cch phn tch vi mi 0 m > , ta lun c :
1
2 ma m
a
+ .
ng thc xy ra khi :
1
9
1
3
ma
a
m
a
=
=
=
.
V th m
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
9 8 T a b c a b c a b c
a b b a b b
= + + + + + = + + + + + + +
Gii :
1
9 6
1
9 6
1
9 6
a
a
b
b
c
c
+
+
+

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
9 8 3.6 8 10 T a b c a b c a b c
a b b
= + + + + + + + + + = (pcm).
ng thc xy ra khi :
1
3
a b c = = = .
Bi tp tng t
Cho cc s thc dng , , x y z v tha mn mx ny pz d + + trong , , , m n p d . Tm gi tr ln nht
biu thc
2 2 2
A ax by cz = + +
Hng dn : Thc hin vic chn im ri :
2 2 2
ax by cz = = =
Chng minh rng nu 5 xy yz zx + + = th
2 2 2
3 3 10 x y z + + .

Phn tch bi ton :

Trc ht ta mi lin h gia
2 2 2
3 , 3 , , , , x y z xy yz zx cho ta iu g ?, phi chng nhng hng ng thc
c dng :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
0 2 ?. ax by ax by axby +
Phn tch :
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-32-
2 2
2 ax ay axy + .ng thc xy ra khi x y =
2 2
2 by cz bcyz + .ng thc xy ra khi
2 2
by cz =
2 2
2 cz bx cbzx + . ng thc xy ra khi
2 2
cz bx =
By gi ta chn , , a b c sao cho :
3 1
2 1 2
1
2
a b a
c b
a bc
c
+ = =
= =
=
=

Gii :
2 2
2 x y xy + .ng thc xy ra khi x y =
2 2
1
2 2
2
y z yz + .ng thc xy ra khi
2 2
1
2
2
y z =
2 2
1
2 2
2
z x zx + . ng thc xy ra khi
2 2
1
2
2
z x =
Cng v theo v ta c :
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 2 3 3 10 x y z xy yz zx x y z + + + + + + (pcm).
ng thc xy ra khi :
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
2
1 2
2
2
5
x y
y z
x y
z
z x
xy yz zx
=
=
= =
=
=
+ + =

Cho 3 s thc dng , , x y z tho mn
47
12
x y z + + = . Chng minh rng :
2 2 2
235
3 4 5
12
x y z + +
Phn tch bi ton :
2 2 2
3 , 4 , 5 , , , x y z x y z cho ta iu g ?, gi :
2 2 2
235
3 4 5
12
x y z + + c
bin i v dng
( )
2 2 2
3 4 5 , 0 x m y n z p k m n p k const + + + + + < =
Phn tch :
2
3 2 3 , 0 x m mx m + > . ng thc xy ra khi
2
3x m =
2
4 2 4 , 0 y n ny n + > . ng thc xy ra khi
2
4y n =
2
5 2 5 , 0 z p pz p + > . ng thc xy ra khi
2
5z p =
www.mathvn.com

-33-
By gi ta chn , , x y z sao cho :
2
2
2
5
3
5
3
4
4
1
5
25
3 4 5
3
25
47
4
12
5
x
x m
y
y n
z
z p
m
m n p
n
x y z
p
=

=

=

=

=

=
= =

=
+ + =

Gii :

2
25 25
3 2 3.
3 3
x x + . ng thc xy ra khi
2
25
3
3
x = .
2
25 25
4 2 4.
4 4
y y + . ng thc xy ra khi
2
25
4
4
y = .
2
5 5 2 5.5 z z + . ng thc xy ra khi
2
5 5 z = .
Cng v theo v ta c
( )
2 2 2
235 235
3 4 5 10
12 12
x y z x y z + + + + = (pcm).
ng thc xy ra khi
5
3
5
4
1
x
y
z
.
Cho 3 s thc khng m , , a b c . Chng minh rng :
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
1 1 1 1 abc a b c + + + + .

Gii :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 3
1 1 1 1 1.1.1 1 1 1 abc a b c abc a b c + + + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
1.1.1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
abc
a b c a b c
+
+ + + + + +

t :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
1.1.1
1 1 1 1 1 1
abc
T
a b c a b c
= +
+ + + + + +

1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1
a b c
T
a b c a b c

+ + + + +

+ + + + + +

1 1 1 1 1
.3 1
3 1 1 1 3
a b c
T
a b c

+ + +
+ + = =

+ + +

Du ng thc xy ra khi 0 a b c = = .
www.mathvn.com

-34-

Tng qut :
Chng minh rng vi mi
( )
, 0 1,
i i
a b i n > = th ta lun c :
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
....... ....... ........
n
n
n n n n
n
a a a b b b a b a b a b + + + +
1 1 1
1 1 1 8
a b c
| | | | | |

| | |
| | |
\ \ \
.

Gii :
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 . . . .
a b c b c c a a b
VT
a b c a b c a b c
| | | | | | | | | | | | + + +
= = =
| | | | | |
| | |
\ \ \ \ \ \

AM_GM
2 2 2
. . 8
bc ca ab
VT
a b c
= (pcm)
Tng qut :
Cho
1 2 3
1 2 3
, , ,...............,
........ 1
0
n
n
x x x x
x x x x
+ + + + =
>
.Chng minh rng :
( )
1 2 3
........ 1 .
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
n
n
n
x x x x
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \

Cho 4 s thc dng , , , a b c d tho mn
1 1 1 1
3
1 1 1 1 a b c d
+ + +
+ + + +
. Chng minh rng :
1

81
abcd

Gii :
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 1 =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b c d
a b c d b c d
| | | | | |
+ + + +
| | |
| | |
+ + + + + + +
\ \ \

( ) ( ) ( )
_
3
1
3
1
1 1 1
AM GM
bcd
a
b c d
+
+ + +

Vy:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
3
3
1
3
1
1 1 1
1
3
1
1 1 1
1
3
1
1 1 1
1
3
1
1 1 1
bcd
a
b c d
cda
b
c d a
dca
c
d c a
abc
d
a b c

+
+ + +
+
+ + +
+
+ + +

+
+ + +

www.mathvn.com

-35-
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 d
81
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1

81
abc
a b c d a b c d
abcd
+ + + + + + + +

Tng qut :
Cho :
1 2 3
1 2 3
, , ,............., 0
1 1 1 1
......... 1
1 1 1 1
n
n
x x x x
n
x x x x
>
+ + + +
+ + + +
. Chng minh rng :
( )
1 2 3
1
1
...........
n n
n
x x x x
.
Bi tng t
. a
2 2 2
3
2 1 1 1
a b c
b c a
+ +
+ + +
. . b
2 2 2
3
2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +
. . c
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +
.

Hng dn :
. a
( ) ( )
2
3
3 3
a b c
ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
+ + =
+ + + + + +

2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
(1 )
1 1 1
2 1
1 2
a a b ab ab
a a ab
a
b b b
b
b b
+
= =

+ + +
+

Tng t :
2 2
2 2 2 2
,
2 2 1 1 1 1
b bc bc c ca ca
b b c c
c c a a
= =
+ + + +

Cng v theo v :
2 2 2
3 3
3
2 2 2 1 1 1
a b c ab bc ca
a b c
b c a
+ +
+ + + + =
+ + +
.

Cho 3 s thc dng , , a b c tho mn . . 1 a b c = . Chng minh rng :
. a
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
3
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + + + + +
. . b
1 1 1
1
2 2 2 a b c
+ +
+ + +

2 2 2
1
2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +

Gii :
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
a b c a b c
a b c a b c
b c c a a b b c c a a b
| | | | | |
+ + + + + + + + + +
| | |
| | |
+ + + + + +
\ \ \

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1
1
2
a a b c b b c a c c a b
b c c a a b
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + +

( ) ( ) ( )
3
2
b c c a a b
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + +

www.mathvn.com

-36-
3
2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +
v 1 a b c + + = .

1
2 2 2 4
ab bc ca
a b c b c a c a b
+ +
+ + + + + +

Hng dn : Dng bt ng thc
1 1 4
a b a b
+
+
.

. a
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 3 3
1
4
a b c
a b c
a b b c b c c a c a a b
+ + + +
+ + + + + +

. b
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 3 3
1
2
a b c
a b c
b c a c a b a b c
+ + + +
+ + +

Hng dn :
. a Cch 1 :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
3
3
3
8 8 4
3
8 8 4
3
8 8 4
a a b b c
a
a b b c
b b c c a
b
b c c a
c c a a b
c
c a a b
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +

. b Cch 1:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
3
3
4
2 6
4
2 6
4
2 6
a
b c a a
b c a
b
c a b b
c a b
c
a b c c
a b c
+ + +
+
+ + +
+ + +
+

Cch 2:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
3
3
8
6
8
6
8
6
a
a b b c a
a b b c
b
b c c a b
b c c a
c
c a a b c
c a a b
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ +

Cch 2:
( )
( )
( )
3
3
3
3
2 4 2
3
2 4 2
3
2 4 2
a b c a
a
b c a
b c a b
b
c a b
c a b c
c
a b c
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+

Cho ba s dng , , x y z tha mn:
2 2 2
3 x y z + + = .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
x y z
S x y z
y z z x x y
= + + + + +
+ + +
.

Gii:

p dng BT Csi cho 3 s ta c :
5 3 2 4
3
3 2
3
4 2 2
x y z x
x
y z
+
+ +
+

www.mathvn.com

-37-
tng t
5 3 2 4 5 3 2 4
3 3
3 2 3 2
3 3
,
4 2 2 4 2 2
y z x y z x y z
y z
z x x y
+ +
+ + + +
+ +

4
2
1
2 2
x
x + tng t
4
2
1
2 2
y
y + ,
4
2
1
2 2
z
z +
Cng v vi v cc BT trn ta c
( ) ( )
5 5 5
4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
3 2 3 2 3 2
5 3 3
4 4 2
x y z
S x y z x y z x y z
y z z x x y
= + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +

M
3 3 2
1 3 x x x + + hay
3 2
2 1 3 x x + tng t
3 2
2 1 3 y y + ,
3 2
2 1 3 z z +
Do
( ) ( )
3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3
9
2 3 3 6 3
2
x y z x y z x y z S + + + + = + +
Du bng xy ra 1 x y z = = =

Cho 3 s thc dng , , x y z . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
x y z
M
y z z y z x x z x y y x
= + +
+ + + + + +

Gii :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
13 25
2 3 2 3 6 13 6
2 2
y z z y y z yz y z y z y z + + = + + + + + = +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 3 2 3 25
x x
y z z y y z

+ + +

Tng t :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
,
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 25 25
y y z z
z x x z x y y x z x x y

+ + + + + +
.
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 1
; ; min
25 25
25 25 25
x y z
M f x y z M
y z z x x y
+ + =
+ + +
.

Vi , , x y z l s dng v . . 1 x y z .Chng minh rng:
3
2
x y z
x yz y zx z xy
+ +
+ + +

Hng dn.
t , , a x b y c z = = =
Bi ton tr thnh : , , a b c l s dng v . . 1 a b c . Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
2
a b c
a bc b ac c ab
+ +
+ + +

D thy :
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
*
a b c
a b c
a bc b ac c ab a bc b ac c ab
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + + +

Bnh phng hai v bt ng thc:
www.mathvn.com

-38-
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 4
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
*
a b c a b c
VT
a bc b ac c ab
a bc b ac c ab

+ + + +

=

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2
3( )
3 3 3 3
a b c a b c a b c
a b c ab bc ac
a b c ab bc ac a b c
+ + + + + +

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +

( V
( ) ( )
2 2
3
3 3 t 9 ab bc ac abc a b c + + = + + )
Ta c:
( )
2
2
3 15 3 3 3.9 15 3 3 9 9
2 . *
3( 3) 12 12 3 12 12 3 2 2
t t t t
VT
t t t
+ +
= + + + =

Du bng xy ra khi 1 x y z = = = iu phi chng minh
Tng qut : ta c bi ton sau: vi
( )
1 2
, ,..., 2
n
x x x n l s dng v
1 2
. ... 1
n
x x x
Cmr:
1 2
1 2 3 2 3 4 1 2 1
...
2
. ... . ... . ...
n
n n n n
x x x
n
x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ + +
+ + +
.
Tng t:
. a
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 4 4 4 a b b c c a a b c
+ + + +
+ + +
.
. b
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 4 4 4 a b c b c a c a b a b c
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
.
. c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 a b c
a b a c b c b a c a c b
| |
+ + + +
|
\ + + + + + +
.
. d 0
a d b b b c c a
d b b c c a a d

+ + +
+ + + +

Cho ; ; 0;1 x y z

. Chng minh rng :
( )
1 1 1 81
2 2 2
8 2 2 2
x y z
x y z
| |
+ + + + <
|
\
.
Gii :
t 2 , 2 , 2 , , 1;2
x y z
a b c a b c = = =

Bi ton tr thnh : Cho , , 1;2 a b c

. Chng minh rng :
( )
1 1 1 81
8
a b c
a b c
| |
+ + + + <
|
\
.
Tht vy :
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 81 2 2 2 81 2 2 2 9
8 4 2
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
| | | | | |
+ + + + < + + + + < + + + + <
| | |
\ \ \

( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 2 1 2 0 3 2 0 2 3 3 a a a a a a a a
a
+ + +
Tng t :
( ) ( )
2 2
3, 3
2 2 2
9 1 b c
b c
a b c
a b c
| |
+ +
|
\
+ + + + +
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-39-
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 a b c a b c
a b c a b c
| | | |
+ + + + + + + + +
| |
\ \

T ( ) 1 v ( ) 2 suy ra
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 81
2 9 3
4
a b c a b c
a b c a b c
| | | |
+ + + + + + + +
| |
\ \

ng thc khng xy ra .
( ) ( )
1 1 1 81
3
8
a b c
a b c
| |
+ + + + <
|
\
(pcm).
Cho , , a b c l 3 s dng tho mn 3 ab bc ca abc + + = . Chng minh rng:
3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2
3
4
ab bc ca
a b a c b c b c b a c a c a c b a b
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
Trch http://www.maths.vn

Gii :
1 1 1
3 3 ab bc ca abc
a b c
+ + = + + =
Vi , 0 a b > ta lun c
( )
3 3
1 1 1 1
, .
4
a b ab a b
a b a b
| |
+ + +
|
+
\
v vi mi , a b ta lun c
2 2
2 a b ab + .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
4
ab ab ab
a b a c b c ab a b ab a b a b c a b c
| |
|
+
|
+ + + + + + + +
\

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
4 4 2
ab ab
a b a b c
ab a b a b c a b c
| |
| |
|
+ +
|
|
+ +
+ + + +
\
\

( )
3 3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
. 1
16 8
ab
a b c a b a c b c
| |
+ +
|
+ + +
\

Tng t :
( )
3 3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
. 2
16 8
bc
b c a b c b a c a
| |
+ +
|
+ + +
\

( )
3 3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
. 3
16 8
ca
c a b c a c b a b
| |
+ +
|
+ + +
\

Cng v theo v ng thc
( )
1 ,
( )
2 v
( )
3 ta c pcm. Du ng thc xy ra khi 1 a b c = = = .
Cho tam gic ABC c 3 cnh : , , AB c BC a AC b = = = tho mn
3 3 3
a b c = + .Chng minh rng : A l
gc nhn v tho :
0 0
60 90 A < < .

Gii :
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-40-
3 2
2 2
3 3
2
3 3 3
3
0 1
, , 0 0
0
0 1
b b
b
a b c b a
a a b c b c
a
c a c a b c a a a a
c c
a
a a
| | | |

<
| |
< <
> < <
| | | | | | | |
\ \
+ < +
| | | |
< < = +
\ \ \ \ | | | |
< <
<
| |

\ \

3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 0
3 2 2
1 cos 0 90
2
b c b c b c b c a
a b c A A
bc a a a
+ + + +
< < < + = > <
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c b c b bc c a b bc c a b bc c = + = + + > + > +
2 2 2 2 2 2
0
1
1 cos 60
2 2
b c a b c a
A A
bc bc
+ +
< = < >
Vy
0 0
60 90 A < < .
Cho cc s thc dng , , a b c tha mn iu kin :
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
15 10 2007
ab bc ca a b c
| | | |
+ + = + + +
| |
\ \
. Tm gi
tr ln nht ca
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
5 2 2 5 2 2 5 2 2
P
a ab b b bc c c ca a
= + +
+ + + + + +

Gii :
p dng ng thc :
1 1 1 9
x y z x y z
+ +
+ +
. ng thc xy ra khi x y z = = .
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
5 2 2 (2 ) ( ) (2 )
2 9
5 2 2
a ab b a b a b a b
a b a a b
a ab b
| |
+ + = + + + + +
|
+
\ + +
.
ng thc xy ra khi a b =
Tng t :
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 9
5 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 9
5 2 2
b c b b c
b bc c
c a c c a
c ca a
| |
+ +
|
+
\ + +
| |
+ +
|
+
\ + +
. Do
1 1 1 1
3
P
a b c
| |
+ +
|
\

Mt khc :
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3
a b c a b c
ab bc ca a b c
| |
+ + + +
|
| |
+ + + +
|
\

M gi thit :
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
15 10 2007
ab bc ca a b c
| | | |
+ + = + + +
| |
\ \
. Do :
1 1 1 6021
5 a b c
+ +
ng thc xy ra khi :
1 6021
1 1 1 6021
3 5
5
a b c
a b c
a b c
= =
= = =
+ + =

Vy max
1 6021
3 5
P = , khi
1 6021
3 5
a b c = = =
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-41-

Cho 3 s thc dng , , a b c tho mn iu kin ab bc ca abc + + = . Chng minh rng :
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
1
a b b c c a
ab a b bc b c ca c a
+ + +
+ + +
+ + .

Gii:
Ta c :
1 1 1
1 ab bc ca abc
a b c
+ + = + + = .
t :
1 1 1
; ; + + 1 x y z x y z
a b c
= = = = . Khi ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
3 3
4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4
3 3
3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2
3 3
1 1
1 1 1
x y
a b x y x y x y
x y ab a b x x y y x y x y x y
xy
x y
+
+
+ +
| |
+ + + + + +
+
|
\
= = = +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2
2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
x y
a b x y x y x y x y
x y x y ab a b x x y y x y x y x y
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + +
= + = .
Tng t :
( ) ( )
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
;
2 2
b c y z c a z x
bc b c ca c a
+ + + +
+ +
.
Cng v theo v , ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
1
a b b c c a
ab a b bc b c ca c a
x y z
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + =

Hy xc nh dng ca tam gic ABC nu cc gc ca n lun tha mn ng thc sau:

tan tan tan
1
2 2 2
1 tan . tan 1 tan . tan 1 tan . tan 4 tan . tan . tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
B C C A A B A B C
+ + +
+ + =

Gii:
t tan , tan , tan
2 2 2
A B C
x y z = = = th th , , x y z dng v 1 xy yz zx + + =
H thc tr thnh:
1
1 1 1 4
x y z
yz zx xy xyz
+ + =
+ + +
.
Ta c:
1 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x y z x y z
yz zx xy xy yz zx yz xy zx yz zx xy yz zx xy
+ + = + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +

1 1 1
4 4 4
x x y y z z
xy yz zx yz xy zx yz zx xy yz zx xy
| | | | | |
+ + + + + =
| | |
+ + + + + +
\ \ \

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-42-
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4
x z x y y z xy yz zx
xy yz zx yz xy zx x y z xyz xyz
| | | | + + + + +
= + + = + + = =
| |
+ + +
\ \

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi: x y z = = hay tam gic ABC u.

Vn lin quan tam gic , hn cc em mt chuyn khc . Chc cc em n tp tt!!!.
Gp gi v Email: phukhanh@moet.edu.vn
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NHNG BI TON BT NG THC C BN TRONG COSI.

Cho n nguyn v 2 n . Tm gi tr nh nht ca
1
n
A x
x
= +

Gii:
1
1
1 1 1
... ( 1)
n
n
n n
n n
x
n so
n
x x x x n
A n
n n n n x x
n
+
+
| | +
= + + + + +
|
\

Du ng thc xy ra khi
1
1
n
n
x
x n
n
x
+
= =
Gi tr nh nht ca
1
1
n n
n
A
n
+
+
=

Cho n nguyn v 2 n v
1 n
x k n
+
> . Tm gi tr nh nht ca
1
n
A x
x
= +

Gii:
Vi
1 n
x k n
+
>
1 2 3 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) 0 ... 0
n n n n n n
f x f k x k x k
x k
x k x x k x k k

| | | |
+ + + + + +
| |
\ \

1 2 3 2 1
1 1 1 1 1
( ) 1 ... 0
n n n n
x k
xk
x x k x k k

| |
+ + + +
|
\

1 2 3 2 1
( ) 1 1 1 1
... 0
n n n n
x k
xk
xk
x x k x k k

| |
+ + + +
|
\

Ta c:
1 2
1 2 3 2 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
...
n
n n n n n
n n
n n
n xk
x x k x k k k
n
+

+
+ + + + < = <

Suy ra ( ) ( ) f x f k ng vi mi
1 n
x k n
+
>
Gi tr nh nht ca
1
n
A k
k
= + khi x k = .

Cch 2 :
Nhp :
1
, 0
1 1
... ( 1) 1
n
n
n n
x
n so m
m
x x nx x n
A x n x
m m m m m x x
+
>
| | | |
= + + + + + +
| |
\ \

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Ta chn m sao cho:
1 1
1
n n
n
x k
m x k
x
m
x
+ +
=
= =

Bi gii:
1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
... ( 1) 1
n
n
n n n n n n n
x
n so
n
k
x x nx x n
A x n x
k k x k k x k
+
+ + + + +
+
| | | |
= + + + + + +
| |
\ \

V
1 n
x k n
+
> nn
1 n
n k
+
< suy ra:
1
( 1) 1
1 ( )
n n n
n n
A k k f k
k k k
+
| | +
+ = + =
|
\

Cho hai s thc 0, 0 x y thay i v tha mn iu kin:
( )
2 2
x y xy x y xy + = + . Tm gi tr ln nht
ca biu thc :
3 3
1 1
A
x y
= +

Gii:
Xt
( ) ( )
2 2
* x y xy x y xy + = + .
t
1 1
, u v
x y
= = .
Ta c
( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 3( )
( ) 3
4
u v
u v u v uv u v u v uv
x y xy x y
+
+ = + + = + + + = .
( )
2
4( ) 0 0 4 u v u v u v + + +
Khi :
3 3 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
( )( ) ( )( ) 2 x y x y x y xy x y x y xy x y xy
A
x y x y x y x y
+ + + + + + +
= = = =
2
2 2
1 1 2
( ) 16 A u v
xy
x y
= + + = + .
Du ng thc xy ra khi 2 u v = = hay
1
2
x y = = .

Cho , , x y z l 3 s thc dng thay i . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
| | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \
1 1 1
2 2 2
x y z
P x y z
yz zx xy


Gii:

| | | | | |
= + + + + + = + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z x y z x y z
P x y z
yz zx xy yz zx xy

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( ) ( )
| | | |
= + + + = + + + +
| |
\ \
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
1
2 2
P x y z x y z
xyz xyz xyz

2 2 2 3
3
2 2 2
1 1 9
9 .
2 2
P x y z
x y z
= .
ng thc xy ra khi = = = 1 x y z .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc =
9
2
P


Cho , , x y z l cc s thc dng thay i v tho mn iu kin = . . 1 x y z .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + +
= + +
+ + +
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z y z x z x y
P
y y z z z z x x x x y y


Gii:
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x x xyz y y xyz z z xyz y y x x z z
P
y y z z z z x x x x y y y y z z z z x x x x y y

t:
= + +
= +

= + = +

= +

= +
1
( 2 4 )
2
9
1
2 ( 2 4 )
9
2 1
(4 2 )
9
x x a b c
a y y z z
b z z x x y y a b c
c x x y y
z z a b c

Khi :
| | | | + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
| |
|
\ \
2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2
6 4
9 9
a b c a b c a b c b a c c a b
P
a b c a c b a b c
.
Hay
( )
+ + =
2
6 4.3 3 2
9
P .
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc ca = 2 P khi = = = 1 a b c .

Cho cc s thc khng m , x y thay i v tha mn + = 1 x y . Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc
( ) ( )
= + + +
2 2
4 3 4 3 25 S x y y x xy .
thi Cao ng khi B nm 2009

Gii:
Nhn xt: vai tr ging nhau (i xng) ca , x y .
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( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + = + + + +
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
12 16 34 12 16 34 S x y x y xy x y x y xy x y xy
Hay
( ) ( )
| |
| |
= + + + + = +
| |
\
\
2
2
2 2
1 191
12 3 16 34 4
4 16
S x y x y xy x y xy xy
V , x y khng m v tha mn + = 1 x y suy ra
| | +
=
|
\
2
1
0
2 4
x y
xy
| |
+
|
\
2
1 1 3 1 191 25
4 0 4
4 4 4 4 16 2
xy xy .
Vy gi tr ln nht ca =
25
2
S khi = =
1
2
x y v gi tr nh nht ca = 0 S khi = = 0, 1 x y .

Cho cc s thc , x y thay i v tha mn
( )
+ +
3
4 2 x y xy . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
( ) ( )
= + + + +
4 4 2 2 2 2
3 2 1 A x y x y x y

Gii:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
+ +

+ + + +
`
+
)
3
3 2
2
4 2
2 1
4
x y xy
x y x y x y
x y xy
.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + + = + + + + + +
4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
3
3 2 1 2 2 1
2
A x y x y x y x y x y x y x y
( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + + +
2
4 4 2 2 2 2
3 3
2 1
2 2
A x y x y x y
M
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ = + + + + +
2 2 2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2
1
2
2
x y x y x y x y x y x y x y
Khi
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + +
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
2 1
4 2
A x y x y x y hay
( ) ( )
+ + +
2
2 2 2 2
9
2 1
4
A x y x y
t
( )
+
= + +
2
2
2 2 2
( ) 1 9 1
, A 2 1,
2 2 4 2
x y
t x y t t t t .
Xt hm s
( )
= +
2
9
2 1
4
f t t t xc nh v lin tc trn na khong
|
+
|

1
;
2
.
Ta c
( )
= >
9 9
' 2 1 0
2 4
f t t ,
( )

1
2
t f t ng bin trn na khong
|
+
|

1
;
2
.
Khi
( )
|
+
|

| |
= = =
|
\
1
;
2
1 9
min min
2 16
t
A f t f . ng thc xy ra khi =
1
2
t

IM RI TRONG BT DNG THC COSI

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Bi ton m u : Cho , 0 a b > v tha mn 1 a b + . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2 2
1 1
2
1
P
ab
a b
= +
+ +
.

Gii:
Li gii 1. Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 4 4 4
2
2 2
1 2 1 ( ) 1
P
ab
a b a ab b a b
= + = =
+ + + + + + +

Du" " = xy ra
2 2 2
1 2 ( ) 1 0
1 1
a b ab a b
a b a b

+ + = + =

+ = + =

. H v nghim. Vy khng tn ti minP .

Li gii 2. Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 4 1 4 1
6 3 3 3
1 6 1 ( ) 1 4
P
ab ab ab ab
a b a ab b a b ab
= + + + = +
+ + + + + + + +

Mt khc
2
1
2 4
a b
ab
| | +
=
|
\
. Vy
2 2
4 1 8
3
2 6
2 2
P
a b a b
+
| | | | + +
+
| |
\ \
.
Du " " = xy ra
2 2
1 3
1
2
1
a b ab
a b a b
a b
+ + =
= = =
+ =
.
Li bnh: li gii 1. v li gii 2 gn nh tng t nhau, cng p dng bt ng thc
1 1 4
a b a b
+
+
. Ti sao
trong cng mt bi ton m c n hai p s ? Do u m li gii 2 ti sao li tch
1 1 1
2 6 3 ab ab ab
= + ?.
chnh l k thut chn im ri trong bt ng thc.

Cc bt ng thc trong cc thi i hc thng thng l i xng vi cc bin v ta d on du bng xy
ta khi cc bin bng nhau v xy ra ti bin.

Cho , 0 a b > v tha mn 1 a b + . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2 2
1 1
4 P ab
ab
a b
= + +
+
.

Gii:
Do P l biu thc i xng vi , a b , ta d on minP t ti
1
2
a b = = .
Ta c:
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 4 1 1
4 2 4 . 7
2 4 4 2
( )
4
2
P ab ab
ab ab ab ab
a b a b
a b
| |
= + + + + + +
|
+ +
\ | | +
|
\

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Du " " = xy ra
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
16 2
1
a b ab
a b a b
a b
+ =
= = =
+ =
.
1
2
a b = = .
Thao kho hai li gii khc :
Li gii 1:
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1
4 2 4 . 4 2 6
4 4 2 4 4 4
P ab ab
ab ab ab ab ab ab ab
a b
a b
| |
= + + + + + + + = +
|
+
\
+

Du " " = xy ra
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
16 2
1
a b ab
a b a b
a b
+ =
= = =
+ =
. Thay
1
2
a b = = vo ta c 7 P .
1
2
a b = = .
Li bnh 1:
Qua cch gii trn ta chn ng du ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
a b = = nn dn n vic tch cc s hng v
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc 7 P = t ti
1
2
a b = = l ng , nhng bc cui cng ta lm sai , v d
( )
2
1 a a a + , ng thc xy ra khi
( )
2
1 min 1 ?. a a a a

= + =

Li gii 2:
( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 4 1 4 1
4 4 4
2 2 2 2
2
P ab ab ab
ab ab ab ab
a b a b ab
a b
| |
= + + + + + = + +
|
+ + +
\
+
.
Mt khc
1 1
4 2 .4 2 2
2 2
ab ab
ab ab
+ = . Vy
( )
4 2 2 min 2 2 2 P P + = +
Li bnh 2:
Thot nhn thy bi ton gii ng . Thc t th sao? . Vic tch
1 1 1
2 2 ab ab ab
= + lm xut hin ng
thc
( )
2
2 2
2 a b ab a b + + = + .
( )
1
min 2 2 2 4
2
1
a b
P ab
ab
a b
=
= + =
+ =
. H v nghim. ng thc khng xy ra , do khng tn ti minP .

3
2
a b c + + . Chng minh rng :
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1.
1 1 1 15
2
a b c
a b c
+ + + + + .
2.
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 3 17
2
a b c
a b c
+ + + + + .
3.
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 3 17
2
a b c
b c a
+ + + + + .

Gii:
1.
1 1 1 15
2
a b c
a b c
+ + + + +
Ta c th phm sai lm:
3 3
3 3
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 6 . 6 a b c abc abc
a b c
abc abc
+ + + + + + =
Du ng thc xy ra khi 1 a b c = = = nhng khi
3
3
2
a b c + + = > ( tri gi thit ) .
Phn tch bi ton :
3
2
bnh nhn.
3 3
3 1
3
2 2
3
1
2
x abc =
Khi :
3
3
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 a b c abc x
a b c x
abc
| |
+ + + + + + = +
|
\
. D on ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
x =
Ta chn 0 > sao cho:
2
1
1
2
1
4
x
x
x
x
= =
.
Bi gii:
1 1 1 1 1 1 9 15
3 3 4 3 3.2 4 . 9 12
2 2
a b c x x x x x
a b c x x x
| | | |
+ + + + + + + = =
| |
\ \

ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
a b c = = = .
2.
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 3 17
2
a b c
a b c
+ + + + + .
Phn tch bi ton :
3
2
bnh nhn.
3 3
3 1
3
2 2
3
1
2
x abc = ,ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
x = .
Xt
2
2
1
x
x
4
2
2
1
1
2
16
1
x
x
x
x
= =
.
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2
1
16x
v s
2
x :
15
16
17
2 2 2 2
17
2 2 2 2 32
17
1 1 1 1 17
16. 17
16 16
2
x
x x x x
x x x x
| |
+ = + +
|
\
.
15 15 15
17 17 17
2 2 2
2 32 2 32 2 32
17 17 17
1 17 1 17 1 17
; ;
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
a b c

+ + +
1
15 15 15 15 15 15
3
2 2 2
17 17 17 17 17 17
2 2 2 32 32
17 17
1 1 1 17 17
.3
2 2
a b c a b c a b c
a b c

| | | |
+ + + + + + + | |
| |
\ \

( )
15 5
2 2 2
17 17
2 2 2 32 32
17 17
1 1 1 3 17 3 17 3 17
.2
2
2 2
a b c abc
a b c
+ + + + + = .
ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
a b c = = = .
Cch khc :
Chn :
1 1 1
; , ; , ; u a v b w c
a b c
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ \ \

Dng bt ng thc vecto u v w u v w + + + +

( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
3
2 2 2
2
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 ( )
( )
a b c a b c abc
a b c a b c
abc
| |
+ + + + + + + + + + +
|
\

Tng t trn , ta t
( )
2
2
3
1
3 4
a b c
x abc
| | + +
=
|
\
.
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 15 1 15
3 3 3 2 .
16 16 16 16
x
a b c x x
x x x x x a b c
+ + + + + + = + + +
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 15 1 15 3 17
3 3
2 16 2 4 2
a b c
x a b c
+ + + + + + + = .
ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
a b c = = = .

3.
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 3 17
2
a b c
b c a
+ + + + + .
Tng t trn . Xt
2
2
1
x
y
2 2
2
2
1
1
2
16
1
x y
x y
x
y
= =
= =

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2
1
16y
v s
2
x :
1 16
16
17 17
2 2 2 2
17
2 2 2 2 32
17
1 1 1 1 17
16. 17
16 16
2
x y
x x x x
y y y y
| |
+ = + +
|
\
.
1 16 1 16 1 16
17 17 17 17 17 17
2 2 2
2 32 2 32 2 32
17 17 17
1 17 1 17 1 17
; ;
2 2 2
a b b c c a
a b c
b c a

+ + +
( )
1 16 1 16 1 16 15 5
2 2 2
17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
2 2 2 32 32 32
17 17 17
1 1 1 17 3 17 3 17 3 17
2
2
2 2 2
a b c a b b c c a abc
b c a

| |
+ + + + + = |
|
\
+ +
ng thc xy ra khi
1
2
a b c = = = .

Cho , , 0 x y z > v tha mn
1 1 1
4
x y z
+ + = . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
1 1 1
2 2 2
P
x y z x y z x y z
= + +
+ + + + + +


Gii:

Cho cc s khng m , , , a b x y tha cc iu kin
2005 2005
2005 2005
1
1
a b
x y
. Chng minh rng :

1975 30 1975 30
. . 1 a x b y +
Ton tui th 2 s 27

Gii:

Nhn xt : Cc a thc tham gia trong bi ton cng bc 2005 1975 30 = + , ng thi s m ca cc bin
tng ng bng nhau.
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng , trung bnh nhn cho 1975 s
2005
a v 30 s
2005
x
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( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2005 2005
1975 30
2005 2005 1975 30
2005
1975. 30.
. . 1
1975 30
a x
a x a x
+
=
+

Tng t
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2005 2005
1975 30
2005 2005 1975 30
2005
1975. 30.
. . 2
1975 30
b y
b y b y
+
=
+

T
( )
1 v
( )
2 suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2005 2005 2005 2005 1975 30 1975 30
1975. 30. 2005. . . 3 a b x y a x b y + + + +
T
( ) ( ) ( )
2005 2005
2005 2005 2005 2005
2005 2005
1
2005 1975. 30. 4
1
a b
a b x y
x y
+ + +

T
( )
3 v
( )
4 suy ra
( )
1975 30 1975 30 1975 30 1975 30
2005 2005. . . . . 1 a x b y a x b y + +
Du ng thc xy ra khi
1975 30 1975 30
, a x b y = = .
Tng qut : Cho cc s khng m , , , a b x y tha cc iu kin
1
1
m n m n
m n m n
a b
x y
+ +
+ +
. Chng minh rng :

. . 1
m n m n
a x b y + .

Cho , , x y z l cc s dng tha mn iu kin:
2 2 2
1. x y z + + = Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
.
xy yz zx
A
z x y
= + +

Gii:

Ta c :
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 .
xy yz zx
A y z x
z x y
| | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | |
\ \ \

p dng bt ng thc:
2 2 2
x y z xy yz zx + + + +
Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) 2( ) 3( ) 3. A y z x y z x y z x + + + + + = + + =
ng thc xy ra
1
.
3
xy yz xz
x y z
z x y
= = = = =
Vy min 3 A = t c khi
1
3
x y z = = = .

2 2 2
1 + + = a b c . Chng minh rng :
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
2
+ +
+ + +
a b c
b c c a a b
.

Phn tch bi ton :

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Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 < a b c tho mn iu kin
2 2 2
1 + + = a b c , vy ta c th suy ra
0 1 < < a b c hay khng?. Nh vy iu kin , , a b c khng chnh xc v du ng thc ch xy ra khi
2 2 2
1
0;
3
0
, ,
1
< = =
+ + =
a b c
a b c
a b c
.
Ta thy mi lin h g ca bi ton ?. D thy
2 2 2
1 + + = a b c v
2 2 2 2 2 2
, , + + + b c c a a b . Gi ta a
bi ton v dng cn chng minh :
2 2 2
3 3
2 1 1 1
+ +

a b c
a b c

V vai tr , , a b c nh nhau v 2 phn tch trn gi ta a n cch phn tch
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3
2 1 1 1
+ + + +

a b c
a b c
a b c
v cn chng minh
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2 1
3
2 1
3
2 1
a
a
a
b
b
b
c
c
c
.
Ta th i tm li gii :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
3 1 3 3 2 4 8
(1 ) (1 ) 2 (1 )
2 2 27 27 1 1 3 3
a
a a a a a a a a
a a

D thy
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 (1 ) 2 (1 )(1 )
2 (1 ) (1 ) 2
a a a a a
a a a
=
+ + =

2 2 2 2 2 2
3
2 2 (1 ) (1 ) 3 2 (1 )(1 ) a a a a a a = + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
2 8
2 (1 )(1 ) 2 (1 )
3 27
a a a a a
Tng t cho cc trng hp cn li.
Gii :

( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 3 3
1
2
a b c
a b c
b c a c a b a b c
+ + + +
+ + +

Phn tch bi ton :
ng thc cn chng minh a v dng :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3 3
0
a b c
m a c nb k b a pc i b c ja
b c a c a b a b c
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
.

Gi s 0 a b c < . D on ng thc xy ra khi a b c = = .
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T gi m hng gii :
( )
( )
3
3
3
a
m a c nb mna
b c a
+ + +
+
. ng thc xy ra khi
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
3
1
4
1
2
a
m
m a c nb
a
b c a m a a na
a a a
n
a b c

=
= + =
+ = + =
+
=
= =

Tng t cho cc trng hp khc .

Gii :
( )
( )
3
1 1 3
2 4 2
a
b c a a
b c a
+ + +
+
. ng thc xy ra khi:
( )
( )
3
1 1
2 4
a
b c a
b c a
= = +
+
.
( )
( )
3
1 1 3
2 4 2
b
c b a b
c a b
+ + +
+
. ng thc xy ra khi:
( )
( )
3
1 1
2 4
b
c b a
c a b
= = +
+
.
( )
( )
3
1 1 3
2 4 2
c
a b c c
a b c
+ + +
+
. ng thc xy ra khi:
( )
( )
3
1 1
2 4
c
a b c
a b c
= = +
+
.
Cng v theo v ta c :
( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 3 3
1
2
a b c
a b c
b c a c a b a b c
+ + + +
+ + +
. Du ng thc xy ra khi :
0 a b c = = >

Cho 3 s thc dng , , a b c tho mn 1 a b c = + + . Chng minh rng :
. a
7
1 1 1
2
a b c + + + + + <
. b 6 a b b c c a + + + + + .
. c
3 3 3 3
18 a b b c c a + + + + + .
. d
1 1 1
10 a b c
a b c
+ + + + +

Gii:
. a
7
1 1 1
2
a b c + + + + + <
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1 1. 1 1
2 2
1 1
7
1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 3
2 2 2 2
1 1
1 1. 1 1
2 2
a
a
a a
b
b a b c
b b a b c
c
c
c c
+ +
+ = + = +
+ +
+ +
+ = + = + + + + + + + =
`
+ +

+ = + = +

)

ng thc xy ra khi 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 a b c a b c a b c + = + = + = = = = + + =
Vy
7
1 1 1
2
a b c + + + + + <
. b 6 a b b c c a + + + + + .
Phn tch bi ton :
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Trng hp tng qut , gi s 0 a b c < tho mn iu kin 1 a b c = + + , du ng thc ch xy ra
khi
0
1
3 1
a b c
a b c
a b c
< = =
= = =
+ + =
. Hng s cn thm l
1
3
.

T gi thit gi ta a n cch phn tch ( ) 6 a b b c c a a b c + + + + + + + hay
1 1 1 1 1 1
3
3 3 3 3 3 3
.
2 2 2 2
a b b c c a
S a b b c c a

+ + + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + + .
Ta th i tm li gii : p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn

( )
( )
1 1 2
3 3 3 2
3 3 3
. .
2 2 2 2 2 3
a b a b
a b a b
| |
|
|
|
\
+ + + + +
= + = +
Tng t cho cc trng hp cn li .

Cch khc :
Gi s vi mi 0 m > , ta lun c :
( )
1 1
2
a b m
a b a b m
m m
| |
|
\
+ +
+ = + . Vn by gi ta
d on 0 m > bao nhiu l ph hp?.
D thy ng thc xy ra khi
2
1
3
3
a b m
m
a b
+ =
=
= =
.
Gii :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
_
_
_
2
3 2 3
3
. . .
2 3 2 2
2
3 2 3
3
. . .
2 3 2 2
2
3 2 3
3
. . .
2 3 2 2
AM GM
AM GM
AM GM
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a
+ +
+ = +
+ +
+ = +
+ +
+ = +

( )
2
2 3.
3 3
3
. .2 6
2 2 2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ + +
+ + + + + = = (pcm).
ng thc xy ra khi
1
3
a b c = = = .

. c
3 3 3 3
18 a b b c c a + + + + + .
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khi
2
3
0
1 2
3 3 1
2
3
a b
a b c
a b c b c
a b c
c a
+ =
< = =
= = = + =
+ + =
+ =
. Hng s cn thm l
2
3

T gi thit gi ta a n cch phn tch ( )
3 3 3 3
18 a b b c c a a b c + + + + + + + hay
( ) ( )
( )
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
T
a b b c c a
a b b c c a = + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
.
Gii :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2 2
9 2 2
3 3
. . .
4 3 3 3
2 2
9 2 2
3 3
. . .
4 3 3 3
2 2
9 2 2
3 3
. . .
4 3 3 3
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a
+ + +
+ = +
+ + +
+ = +
+ + +
+ = +

( )
3
3 3
3 3 3
2 4
9 9 6
. . 18
4 3 4 3
a b c
T a b b c c a
+ + +
= + + + + + = = (pcm).
Du ng thc xy ra khi
1
3
a b c = = = .
. d
1 1 1
10 a b c
a b b
+ + + + +
Phn tch bi ton :
khi
0
1
3 1
a b c
a b c
a b c
< = =
= = =
+ + =
.
T iu cn chng minh ,gi ta a n cch phn tch vi mi 0 m > , ta lun c :
1
2 ma m
a
+ .
ng thc xy ra khi :
1
9
1
3
ma
a
m
a
.
V th m ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
9 8 T a b c a b c a b c
a b b a b b
= + + + + + = + + + + + + +
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Gii :

1
9 6
1
9 6
1
9 6
a
a
b
b
c
c

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
9 8 3.6 8 10 T a b c a b c a b c
a b b
= + + + + + + + + + = (pcm).
ng thc xy ra khi :
1
3
a b c = = = .
Bi tp tng t
Cho cc s thc dng , , x y z v tha mn mx ny pz d + + trong , , , m n p d . Tm gi tr ln
nht biu thc
2 2 2
A ax by cz = + +
Hng dn : Thc hin vic chn im ri :
2 2 2
ax by cz = = =

Chng minh rng nu 5 xy yz zx + + = th
2 2 2
3 3 10 x y z + +

Phn tch bi ton :

2 2 2
3 , 3 , , , , x y z xy yz zx cho ta iu g ?, phi chng nhng hng ng
thc c dng : ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 0 ?. ax by ax by axby +
Phn tch :
2 2
2 ax ay axy + .ng thc xy ra khi x y =
2 2
2 by cz bcyz + .ng thc xy ra khi
2 2
by cz =
2 2
2 cz bx cbzx + . ng thc xy ra khi
2 2
cz bx =
By gi ta chn , , a b c sao cho :
1 3
2 1 2
1
2
a a b
c b
a bc
c

= + =

= =

=

=

Gii :
2 2
2 x y xy + .ng thc xy ra khi x y =
2 2
1
2 2
2
y z yz + .ng thc xy ra khi
2 2
1
2
2
y z =
2 2
1
2 2
2
z x zx + . ng thc xy ra khi
2 2
1
2
2
z x =
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Cng v theo v ta c : ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 2 3 3 10 x y z xy yz zx x y z + + + + + + (pcm).
ng thc xy ra khi :
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
5
x y
y z
x y
z
z x
xy yz zx
=
=
= =
+ + =

Cho 3 s thc dng , , x y z tho mn
47
12
x y z = + + . Chng minh rng :
2 2 2
12
235
3 4 5 x y z + +
Phn tch bi ton :
2 2 2
3 , 4 , 5 , , , x y z x y z cho ta iu g ?, gi :
2 2 2
12
235
3 4 5 x y z + +
c bin i v dng ( )
2 2 2
, 3 4 5 0 x m y n z p k m n p k const + + + + + < =
Phn tch :
2
3 2 3 , 0 x m mx m + > . ng thc xy ra khi
2
3x m =
2
4 2 4 , 0 y n ny n + > . ng thc xy ra khi
2
4y n =
2
5 2 5 , 0 z p pz p + > . ng thc xy ra khi
2
5z p =
By gi ta chn , , x y z sao cho :
2
2
2
47
12
5
3
3
5
4
4
1
5
25
3 4 5
3
25
4
5
x
x m
y
y n
z
z p
m
m n p
n
p
x y z

= =

=

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
+ +

Gii :

2
25 25
3 2 3.
3 3
x x + . ng thc xy ra khi
2
25
3
3
x = .
2
25 25
4 2 4.
4 4
y y + . ng thc xy ra khi
2
25
4
4
y = .
2
5 5 2 5.5 z z + . ng thc xy ra khi
2
5 5 z = .
Cng v theo v ta c ( )
2 2 2
12 12
235 235
3 4 5 10 x y z x y z = + + + + (pcm).
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ng thc xy ra khi
5
3
5
4
1
x
y
z
=
=
=
.

Cho 3 s thc khng m , , a b c . Chng minh rng :
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
1 1 1 1 abc a b c + + + +
Gii :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 3
1 1 1 1 1.1.1 1 1 1 abc a b c abc a b c + + + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
1.1.1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
abc
a b c a b c
+
+ + + + + +

t :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
1.1.1
1 1 1 1 1 1
T
abc
a b c a b c
= +
+ + + + + +

1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1
a b c
T
a b c a b c

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +

1 1 1 1 1
.3 1
3 1 1 1 3
a b c
T
a b c

+ + +
+ + = =
+ + +

Du ng thc xy ra khi 0 a b c = = .

Tng qut :
Chng minh rng vi mi
( )
, 0 1,
i i
a b i n > = th ta lun c :
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 1 2
....... ....... ........
1
n n n
n n n n
a a a b b b a b a b a b
| |
|
\
+ + + +

1 1 1
1 1 1 8
a b c
| | | | | |
| | |
\ \ \
.
Gii :
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 . . . . VT
a b c
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
a b c
| | | | | | | | | | | |
= =
| | | | | |
\ \ \ \ \ \

+ + +
=
AM_GM
2 2 2
. . 8 VT
bc ca ab
a b c
= (pcm)
Tng qut :
Cho
1 2 3
1 2 3
, , ,...............,
........ 1
0
n
n
x x x x
x x x x
+ + + + =
>
.
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Chng minh rng : ( )
1 2 3
........ 1 .
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
n
n
n
x x x x
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \

Cho 4 s thc dng , , , a b c d tho mn
1 1 1 1
3
1 1 1 1 a b c d
+ + +
+ + + +
. Chng minh rng :
1

81
abcd .
Gii :

1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= -
b c d
a b c d b c d
| | | | | |
| | |
\ \ \
+ + + +
+ + + + + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
_
3
1
3
1 1 1 1
AM GM
bcd
a b c d
+ + + +

Vy:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
3
3

1
3
1 1 1 1
1
3
1 1 1 1
1
3
1 1 1 1
1
3
1 1 1 1
bcd
a b c d
cda
b c d a
dca
c d c a
abc
d a b c
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 d
81
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
abc
a b c d a b c d

+ + + + + + + +

1

81
abcd

Tng qut :
Cho :
1 2 3
1 2 3
, , ,............., 0
1 1 1 1
......... 1
1 1 1 1
n
n
x x x x
n
x x x x
>
+ + + +
+ + + +

Chng minh rng :
( )
1 2 3
1
1
...........
n n
n
x x x x
.

Bi tng t
. a
2 2 2
3
2 1 1 1
a b c
b c a
+ +
+ + +
.
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. b
2 2 2
3
2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +
.
. c
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +
.

Hng dn :
. a
2
3
3( ) ( ) 3
a b c
ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
+ + =
+ + + + + +

2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
(1 )
1 1 1
2 1
1 2
a b ab a ab
a
a ab
b b b a
b
b b
+
= =
+ + +
+
+

Tng t :
2 2
2 2 2 2
,
2 2 1 1 1 1
b bc bc c ca ca
b b c c
c c a a
= =
+ + + +

Cng v theo v :
2 2 2
3 3
3
2 2 2 1 1 1
a b c ab bc ca
a b c
b c a
=
+ +
+ + + +
+ + +
.

Cho 3 s thc dng , , a b c tho mn . . 1 abc = . Chng minh rng :
. a
3 3 3
3
(1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 ) 4
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + + + + +
.
. b
1 1 1
1
2 2 2 a b c
+ +
+ + +

Hng dn :
. a

2 2 2
1
2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +

Gii :
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
a b c a b c
a b c a b c
b c c a a b b c c a a b
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +

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2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
1
2
b c c a a b
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + +

( ) ( ) ( ) 3
2
b c c a a b
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + +

3
2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +
v 1 a b c + + = .

. a
1
2 2 2 4
ab bc ca
a b c b c a c a b
+ +
+ + + + + +
.

Hng dn :
. a Dng bt ng thc
1 1 4
a b a b
+
+
.

. a
( )
3 3 3
1
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 4
a b c
a b c
a b b c b c c a c a a b
+ + + +
+ + + + + +

. b
3 3 3
1
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 2
a b c
a b c
b c a c a b a b c
+ + + +
+ + +

Hng dn :
. a Cch 1 :
3
3
3
3
( )( ) 8 8 4
3
( )( ) 8 8 4
3
( )( ) 8 8 4
a a b b c
a
a b b c
b b c c a
b
b c c a
c c a a b
c
c a a b
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +

. b Cch 1:
3
3
3
4
2 ( ) 6
( )
4
2 ( ) 6
( )
4
2 ( ) 6
( )
a
b c a a
b c a
b
c a b b
c a b
c
a b c c
a b c
+ + +
+
+ + +
+
+ + +
+

Cch 2:
3
3
3
8
( ) ( ) 6
( )( )
8
( ) ( ) 6
( )( )
8
( ) ( ) 6
( )( )
a
a b b c a
a b b c
b
b c c a b
b c c a
c
c a a b c
c a a b
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ +

Cch 2:
3
3
3
3
( ) 2 4 2
3
( ) 2 4 2
3
( ) 2 4 2
a b c a
a
b c a
b c a b
b
c a b
c a b c
c
a b c
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+

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Cho 3s thc dng , , x y z tho : 3 x y z + + .Tm GTNN ca
2 2 2
A
x y z
x yz y zx z xy
= + +
+ + +

( )
2
2 2 2
x y z
x y z
x yz y zx z xy x y z yz zx xy
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + + +
.
Ta c : yz zx xy x y z + + + + .
Suy ra :
( )
2
2 2 2
3
2 2
x y z
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
x yz y zx z xy
+ +
+ +
+ + =
+ + + + +
+ + +

ng thc xy ra khi:
3
1
x y z
x y z x y z
x y z
x yz y zx z xy
+ + =
= = = = =
= =
+ + +

Cho ba s dng , , x y z tha mn:
2 2 2
3 x y z + + = .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
x y z
S x y z
y z z x x y
= + + + + +
+ + +

p dng BT Csi cho 3 s ta c :
5 3 2 4
3
3 2
3
4 2 2
x y z x
x
y z
+
+ +
+

tng t
5 3 2 4 5 3 2 4
3 3
3 2 3 2
3 3
,
4 2 2 4 2 2
y z x y z x y z
y z
z x x y
+ +
+ + + +
+ +

4
2
1
2 2
x
x + tng t
4
2
1
2 2
y
y + ,
4
2
1
2 2
z
z +
Cng v vi v cc BT trn ta c
( ) ( )
5 5 5
4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
3 2 3 2 3 2
5 3 3
4 4 2
x y z
S x y z x y z x y z
y z z x x y
= + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +

M
3 3 2
1 3 x x x + + hay
3 2
2 1 3 x x + tng t
3 2
2 1 3 y y + ,
3 2
2 1 3 z z +
Do ,
( ) ( )
3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3
9
2 3 3 6 3
2
x y z x y z x y z S + + + + = + +
Du bng xy ra 1 x y z = = =

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Cho 3 s thc dng , , x y z . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2 2 2
(2 3 )(2 3 ) (2 3 )(2 3 ) (2 3 )(2 3 )
M
x y z
y z z y z x x z x y y x
= + +
+ + + + + +
.

Gii :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
13 25
(2 3 )(2 3 ) 6 13 6
2 2
y z z y y z yz y z y z y z = + + = + + + + + +
2 2
2 2
2
(2 3 )(2 3 ) 25( )
x x
y z z y y z

+ + +

Tng t :
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
,
(2 3 )(2 3 ) (2 3 )(2 3 ) 25( ) 25( )
y y z z
z x x z x y y x z x x y

+ + + + + +
.
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 1
; ; min
25 25 25( ) 25( ) 25( )
M
x y z
M f x y z
y z z x x y
+ + =
+ + +
.

Vi , , x y z l s dng v . . 1 x y z .Chng minh rng:
3
2
x y z
x yz y zx z xy
+ +
+ + +

Hng dn.
t , , a x b y c z = = =
Bi ton tr thnh : , , a b c l s dng v . . 1 a b c . Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
2
a b c
a bc b ac c ab
+ +
+ + +

D thy :
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
*
a b c
a b c
a bc b ac c ab a bc b ac c ab
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + + +

Bnh phng hai v bt ng thc:
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 4
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
*
a b c a b c
VT
a bc b ac c ab
a bc b ac c ab

+ + + +

=

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2
3( )
3 3 3 3
a b c a b c a b c
a b c ab bc ac
a b c ab bc ac a b c
+ + + + + +

+ + + + +
+ + + + + +

( V
( ) ( )
2 2
3
3 3 t 9 ab bc ac abc a b c + + = + + )
Ta c:
( )
2
2
3 15 3 3 3.9 15 3 3 9 9
2 . *
3( 3) 12 12 3 12 12 3 2 2
t t t t
VT
t t t
+ +
= + + + =

Du bng xy ra khi 1 x y z = = = iu phi chng minh
Tng qut : ta c bi ton sau: vi
( )
1 2
, ,..., 2
n
x x x n l s dng v
1 2
. ... 1
n
x x x
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Cmr:
1 2
1 2 3 2 3 4 1 2 1
...
2
. ... . ... . ...
n
n n n n
x x x
n
x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ + +
+ + +
.

. a
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 4 4 4 a b b c c a a b c
+ + + +
+ + +
.
. b
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 4 4 4 a b c b c a c a b a b c
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
.
. c
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 a b c
a b a c b c b a c a c b
| |
|
\
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
.
. d 0
a d b b b c c a
d b b c c a a d

+ + +
+ + + +

Cho | | 0;1 ; ; x y z . Chng minh rng :
( )
1 1 1 81
2 2 2
2 2 2 8
x y z
x y z
| |
|
\
+ + + + <
Gii :
t | | 1; 2 2 , 2 , 2 , ,
x y z
a b c a b c = = =
Bi ton tr thnh : Cho | | 1; 2 , , a b c . Chng minh rng :
( )
1 1 1 81
8
a b c
a b c
| |
|
\
+ + + + < .
Tht vy :
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 81 2 2 2 81 2 2 2 9
8 4 2
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
| | | | | |
| | |
\ \ \
+ + + + < + + + + < + + + + <
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 2 1 2 0 3 2 0 2 3 3 a a a a a a a a
a
+ + +
Tng t :
2 2
3, 3 b c
b c
+ +
( ) ( )
2 2 2
9 1 a b c
a b c
| |
|
\
+ + + + +
p dng bt ng thc trung bnh cng trung bnh nhn :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 a b c a b c
a b c a b c
| | | |
| |
\ \
+ + + + + + + + +
T ( ) 1 v ( ) 2 suy ra
( ) ( ) ( )
4
2 2 2 2 2 2 81
2 9 3 a b c a b c
a b c a b c
| | | |
| |
\ \
+ + + + + + + +
ng thc khng xy ra .
( ) ( )
1 1 1 81
3
8
a b c
a b c
| |
|
\
+ + + + < (pcm).

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Cho , , a b c l 3 s dng tho mn 3 ab bc ca abc + + = . Chng minh rng:
3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2
3
4
ab bc ca
a b a c b c b c b a c a c a c b a b
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +

Trch http://www.maths.vn

Gii :
1 1 1
3 3 ab bc ca abc
a b c
+ + = + + =
Vi , 0 a b > ta lun c
( )
3 3
,
1 1 1 1
.
4
a b ab a b
a b a b
| |
|
\
+ + +
+

v vi mi , a b ta lun c
2 2
2 a b ab + .
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ab ab ab
ab a b a b a c b c ab a b a b c a b c
| |
|
|
\
+
+ + + + + + + +

2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
4 4 2 ( ) ( ) ( )
ab ab
a b a b c ab a b a b c a b c
| |
| |
+ +
| |
+ + \ + + + +
\

( )
3 3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
. 1
16 8
ab
a b c a b a c b c
| |
+ +
|
\ + + +

Tng t :
( )
3 3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
. 2
16 8
bc
b c a b c b a c a
| |
+ +
|
\ + + +

( )
3 3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
. 3
16 8
ca
c a b c a c b a b
| |
|
\
+ +
+ + +

Cng v theo v ng thc ( ) 1 , ( ) 2 v( ) 3 ta c pcm. Du ng thc xy ra khi 1 a b c = = = .

Cho tam gic ABC c 3 cnh : , , AB c BC a AC b = = = tho mn
3 3 3
a b c = + .Chng minh rng :
A l gc nhn v tho :
0 0
60 90 A < < .

Gii :
2
3
2
2
3
3
3 3 3
2
3
0 1 , , 0
0
0
0 1
b b
b
a b c
b a
b c b c a a
a
c
a a a a c a
a b c
c c
a
a a
| | | |

| |

| | | |
| | | | \ \
| |
| |
\ \
\ \

| | | |

| |
\ \
<
< < >
< <
+ < +
< <
= +
< <
<

0
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3 2 2
0
2
1 cos 90
bc
b c b c b c b c a
a b c A A
a a a
+ + + +
< < < + = > <
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c b c b bc c a b bc c a b bc c = + = + + > + > +
0
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2 2
1 cos 60
bc bc
b c a b c a
A A
+ +
< = < >
Vy
0 0
60 90 A < < .
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Cho cc s thc dng , , a b c tha mn iu kin :
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
15 10 2007
ab bc ca a b c
| | | |
+ + = + + +
| |
\ \

Tm gi tr ln nht ca
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
5 2 2 5 2 2 5 2 2
P
a ab b b bc c c ca a
= + +
+ + + + + +

p dng ng thc :
1 1 1 9
x y z x y z
+ +
+ +
. ng thc xy ra khi x y z = = .
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
5 2 2 (2 ) ( ) (2 )
2 9
5 2 2
a ab b a b a b a b
a b a a b
a ab b
| |
+ + = + + + + +
|
+
\ + +
.
ng thc xy ra khi a b =
Tng t :
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 9
5 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 9
5 2 2
b c b b c
b bc c
c a c c a
c ca a
| |
+ +
|
+
\ + +
| |
+ +
|
+
\ + +

Do
1 1 1 1
3
P
a b c
| |
+ +
|
\

Mt khc :
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3
a b c a b c
ab bc ca a b c
| |
+ + + +
|
| |
+ + + +
|
\

M gi thit :
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
15 10 2007
ab bc ca a b c
| | | |
+ + = + + +
| |
\ \

Do :
1 1 1 6021
5 a b c
+ +
ng thc xy ra khi :
1 6021
1 1 1 6021
3 5
5
a b c
a b c
a b c
= =
= = =
+ + =

Vy max
1 6021
3 5
P = , khi
1 6021
3 5
a b c = = =

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BDT Cauchy Mathvn - Com Full2

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Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt . http//:www.maths.

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt . http//:www.maths.vn

. H v nghim. ng thc khng xy ra , do khng tn ti minP .

h v nghim ngha l khng tn ti

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt . http//:www.maths.vn

. Bt ng thc cn chng minh

vi , , 0 a b c > . Bt ng thc cn chng minh

vi , , 0 a b c > . Bt ng thc cn chng minh

vi , , 0 x y z > . Bt ng thc cn chng minh

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt . http//:www.maths.vn

. Chng minh rng :

. Chng minh rng :

. H v nghim. ng thc khng xy ra , do khng tn ti minP .

. Chng minh rng :

. Chng minh rng :

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