1

Chuyn hm s

Gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s

1.1

Tm tt l thuyt

nh ngha 1.1 Gi s hm s f xc nh trn tp hp D(D R).

a) Nu tn ti mt im x0 D sao cho f (x) f (x0 ) vi mi x D th s M = f (x0 )
c gi l GTLN ca hm s f trn D, k hiu l M = max f (x).
xD

b) Nu tn ti mt im x0 D sao cho f (x) f (x0 ) vi mi x D th s m = f (x0 )

c gi l GTNN ca hm s f trn D, k hiu l m = min f (x).
xD

Ch 1
1. Mun chng t s M (hoc m) l GTLN (hoc GTNN) ca f trn D, ta
cn ch r:
f (x) M (hoc f (x) m) vi mi x D.

Tn ti t nht mt x0 D sao cho f (x0 ) = M (hoc f (x0 ) = m).

2. Qui c rng khi ni GTLN, GTNN ca hm s m khng ni r trn tp no th

ta hiu l GTLN, GTNN ca hm s trn TX ca n.

V d 1.1 Tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s f (x) = 4 x2 .

Li gii. TX: [2; 2]. Ta c 0 f (x) 2 vi mi x [2; 2]
f (x) = 0 x = 2; f (x) = 2 x = 0.
Do max f (x) = 0 khi x = 2; min f (x) = 2 khi x = 0.
x[2;2]

x[2;2]

nh l 1.1 Mi hm s lin tc trn mt on u t GTLN, GTNN trn on .

Nhn xt 1

Mt hm s lin tc trn mt khong c th khng c GTLN v GTNN

1
khng c GTLN v GTNN trn (0; 1). Tuy
trn khong . Chng hn, f (x) =
x
nhin, cng c nhng hm s c GTLN hoc GTNN trn mt khong nh cc v d
di y.

Mt hm s f c mt cc tr i duy nht (tng ng, mt cc tiu duy nht) trn

(a; b) th gi tr cc i (tng ng, gi tr cc tiu) cng chnh l GTLN (GTNN)
ca hm s trn (a; b).
Phng php tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s
Xt hm s y = f (x) trn tp D. tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
trn D, ta lm nh sau:
a. Phng php chung:
- Lp bng bin thin ca hm s trn D
- Da v bng bin thin (ch n s thay i gi tr ca hm s trn D), ta tm c
cc gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht (nu c) ca hm s trn D.
b. Trng hp c bit:
Khi D = [a; b], ta c qui tc sau:
Trng Hu Ngh T78

KH U T V N TH A N H

Chuyn hm s
-

Tm cc im x1 , x2 , . . . , xn (a; b) ti f 0 (x) = 0 hoc khng xc nh.

Tnh f (x1 ), f (x2 ), ..., f (xn ) v f (a), f (b).
S ln nht trong cc s trn l gi tr ln nht.
S nh nht trong cc s trn l gi tr nh nht.

Ch 2 Trong trng hp hm s c chu k chng ta ch cn tm GTLN, GTNN trn

mt on c di bng chu k.


3
3
V d 1.2 Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s f (x) = x 3x + 3 trn 3; .
2
V d 1.3 Tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s f (x) = x +

1
trn (1; +).
x1

V d 1.4 Cho mt tm nhm hnh vung cnh a. Ngi ta ct bn gc bn hnh

vung bng nhau, ri gp li c mt ci hp khng np. Tnh cnh ca hnh vung
b ct sao cho th tch ca khi hp l ln nht.
. 1.1 Tm GTLN, GTNN ca cc hm s sau:
a) f (x) =

x3
+ 2x2 + 3x 4 trn on [4; 0];
3

b) f (x) = x +
c) f (x) =

1
trn (0; +);
x

2x2 + 5x + 4
trn [0; 1];
x+2

d) f (x) = 2 sin2 x + 2 sin x 1;

e) f (x) = cos2 2x sin x cos x + 4;

f) f (x) = x + 4 x2 ;
g) f (x) = sin4 x + cos2 x + 2.
ng dng GTLN, GTNN gii v bin lun PT, BPT c tham s
Phng php chung gii v bin lun phng trnh c tham s bng PP s bin thin
l:
Bc 1: t n ph (nu cn) t = u(x), t iu kin cht cho t.
Bc 2: T gi thit bi ton bin i v mt trong cc dng sau:
f (t) = g(m); f (t) g(m); f (t) g(m);
f (t) > g(m); f (t) < g(m)
Tc l bin i c lp m v mt v, cn v kia c lp vi m.
Bc 3: Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f (t) trn min gi tr ca t tm c sau bc
1.
Bc 4: T bng bin thin suy ra min gi tr ca f (t). S dng cc kt qu bng bin
thin, tm ra kt lun ca bi ton.
Trng Hu Ngh T78

KH U T V N TH A N H

Chuyn hm s

Ch 3 iu kin cht cho t c ngha l tm cc gi tr ca t phng trnh t = u(x)

c nghim.
Gi s f (x) l mt hm lin tc trn min D v gi thit rng tn ti cc gi tr ln
nht, nh nht ca f (x), xt trn min D (k hiu l: max f (x), min f (x)). Khi ta c
xD

xD

cc nh l sau:
nh l 1.2 Gi s D = [a; b].
Nu nh f (a).f (b) < 0 th phng trnh f (x) = 0 c t nht mt nghim trn (a; b).
nh l 1.3 Phng trnh f (x) = m c nghim khi v ch khi:
min f (x) m max f (x).
xD

xD

Chng minh. = Gi s phng trnh cho c nghim x0 D = f (x0 ) = m.

Ta c:
min f (x) f (x0 ) max f (x).
xD

xD

hay:
min f (x) m max f (x).
xD

xD

= Gi s min f (x) m max f (x).

xD

xD

Do f (x) lin tc nn n nhn mi gi tr t min f (x) ti max f (x) do n nhn gi tr m,

xD

xD

tc l x0 D sao cho f (x0 ) = m. iu ny c ngha l phng trnh f (x) = m, x D

c nghim.
nh l 1.4 a) Bt phng trnh f (x) m, x D c nghim khi v ch khi: max f (x)
xD
m.
b) Bt phng trnh f (x) m ng x D khi v ch khi min f (x) m.
xD

Chng minh. a)
=/ Gi s bt phng trnh f (x) m, x D c nghim = x0 D sao cho
f (x0 ) m.
R rng:
max f (x) f (x0 ) m.
xD

=/ Gi s max f (x) m.
xD

Phn chng rng bt phng trnh cho v nghim, tc l f (x) < m, x D =

max f (x) < m iu ny mu thun vi gi thit.T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
xD

b) Chng minh tng t nh phn a).

nh l 1.5 a) Bt phng trnh f (x) m, x D c nghim khi v ch khi: min f (x)
xD
m.
b) Bt phng trnh f (x) m ng x D khi v ch khi max f (x) m.
xD

Trng Hu Ngh T78

KH U T V N TH A N H

Chuyn hm s

nh l 1.6 Cho phng trnh f (x) = g(x) vi x D.

Gi s trn min D hm f (x) lun ng bin, cn hm g(x) lun nghch bin. Khi nu
phng trnh trn c nghim th nghim l duy nht.
nh l 1.7 Xt bt phng trnh f (x) g(x) trn min D. Nu max f (x) min g(x)
xD

xD

th bt phng trnh trn tho mn x D.

Ch : max f (x) min g(x) ch l iu kin f (x) g(x), x D ch khng phi
xD

xD

l iu kin cn v .
Gi s

D = [a; b], , R, < .

max f (x) = > = min g(x)

x[a;b]

x[a;b]

Nhng f (x) < g(x), x D.

V d 1.5 Tm m phng trnh 1 + x + 1 x + 1 x2 = m c nghim.

x [1; 1]
Li gii. t t = 1 + x + 1 x vi
1
1
1x 1+x
x

t0 =

=

=

2
2
2 1+x 2 1x
2 1
x
1 x ( 1 x + 1 + x)
T BBT ca t suy ra tn ti x t [ 2; 2]

t2 2
t2
t2 1
nn PT tr thnh t +
=m +t1 =m
Khi 1 x2 =
2
2
2

t2
Xt f (t) = + t 1 vi t [ 2; 2]
2

f (t) = f (2) = 3; min

f (t) = f ( 2) = 2
C f 0 (t) = t + 1 Suy ra max

t[ 2;2]
t[ 2;2]

Vy PT c nghim khi v ch khi 2 m 3.

1
V d 1.6 Tm m hm s y = x3 + (m 1)x2 + (m + 3)x 4 ng bin trn (0; 3).
3

Li gii. y 0 = x2 + 2(m 1)x + (m + 3)

Hm s B trn (0; 3) y 0 0, x (0; 3) (1)
Do y 0 lin tc ti x = 0 v x = 3 nn (1) y 0 0, x [0; 3]
x2 + 2x 3
m(2x + 1) x2 + 2x 3, x [0; 3] g(x) =
m, x [0; 3]
2x + 1
max g(x) m
x[0;3]

Ta c g 0 (x) =
Vy m

12
.
7

2x2 + 2x + 8
12
>
0,
x

[0;
3]

max
g(x)
=
g(3)
=
.
x[0;3]
(2x + 1)2
7

V d 1.7 Tm m hm s y =
[2; +).

m 3
1
x (m 1)x2 + 3(m 2)x + ng bin trn
3
3

2x + 6
Li gii. Hm s B trn [2; +) g(x) = 2
m, x 2.
x 2x + 3

2(x2 6x + 3)
g 0(x) =
= 0 x = 3 6; x = 3 + 6; lim g(x) = 0
2
x+
x 2x + 3
Trng Hu Ngh T78

KH U T V N TH A N H

Chuyn hm s

T BBT suy ra max g(x) = g(2) =

x2

2
Vy m .
3
V d 1.8 Tm m y =

2
3

mx2 + (6m + 5)x 2(1 3m)

nghch bin trn [1; +).
x+1

mx2 + 2mx + 7
0, x 1
Li gii. Hm s NB trn [1; +) y =
(x + 1)2
mx2 + 2mx + 7 0, x 1 m(x2 + 2x) 7, x 1
7
g(x) = 2
m, x 1 min g(x) m
x1
x + 2x
7
7(2x
+
2)
> 0, x 1 min g(x) = g(1) =
g 0(x) = 2
2
x1
(x + 2x)
3
7
Vy m
.
3
0

Trng Hu Ngh T78

KH U T V N TH A N H