S dng phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s

trong chng minh bt ng thc

L Phi Hng
Trng THPT Nng Khiu H Tnh
Trong cc thi hc sinh gii ca Vit Nam cng nh nhiu nc khc chng
ta gp rt nhiu cc bi ton bt ng thc (BT) c dng nh sau:
Cho s n N* v cc s a1, a2 an D tho mn a1 + a2 + + an = n, vi
D. Chng minh rng f(a1) + f(a2) + + f(an) nf() (hay hon ton tng t l
f(a1) + f(a2) + + f(an) nf()), ng thc xy ra khi a1 = a2 = = an = .
Dng ton ny c tnh cht ni bt: v tri l biu thc i xng i vi cc bin
a1, a2,, an nn thng c nhiu cch gii. Tuy nhin vic tm ra mt phng php
chung c th gii c hng lot bi ton nh th th hon ton khng n gin.
Trong phng php ca bi vit ny chng ta s vn dng gi thit a1 + a2 + +
an = n mt cch linh hot, l ta s tm cc hng s A, B thch hp c nh gi
f(x) Ax + B vi mi x D, ng thc xy ra khi x = . i vi nhiu bi ton, biu
thc y = Ax + B c chn y chnh l phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s
y = f(x) ti x = .
Mt kin thc c bn xin c nhc li y: phng trnh tip tuyn ca th
hm s y = f(x) ti x = l : y = f()(x ) + f() .
Nhn qua phng php ny chng ta s thy n tng t vi phng php s
dng BT Jensen - cn gi l BT hm li. Tht s y phng php ny s tt
hn. Nu s dng BT Jensen c th phng php ny cng s dng c nhng
iu ngc li th c th khng xy ra.
y
Ta c s minh ho bng th:
Hm s y = f(x) khng li trn min
D = [p, q] nhng c th vn nm trn tip
tuyn y = Ax + B ca n ti x = D. Trong
bi ton ny khng th p dng BT hm li
c nhng vn c th dng phng php tip
tuyn gii quyt bi ton.

y = f(x)

O
p

y = Ax + B

Sau y chng ti xin trnh by ng dng

ca phng php gii quyt mt s bi ton c trch dn t mt s thi
Olympic ca nc ta v cc nc trn th gii. Trong mt s bi ton c th chng ta
phi s dng linh hot cc gi thit v tnh cht ca cc biu thc trong bi ton vn
dng phng php mt cch hiu qu nht.
1

Bi ton 1. (Hng Kng, 2005). Cho cc s dng a, b, c, d tho mn a + b + c + d = 1.

Chng minh rng
6(a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + d 3 ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 +

1
8

(1.1)

Li gii
T gi thit ta c a, b, c, d (0, 1) v BT tng ng vi
f(a) + f(b) + f(c) + f(d)

1
8

(1.2)

trong f(x) = 6x3 x2.

Xt f(x) trn (0, 1). Tip tuyn ca th y = f(x) ti x =

1
c phng trnh
4

5
1
5
1
5
1
1
x - . Mt khc f(x) ( x - ) = 6x3 x2 ( x - ) = (4x 1)2(3x + 1) 0
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
1
vi mi x (0, 1) hay f(x) x - vi mi x (0, 1). T suy ra
8
8

y=

f(a) + f(b) + f(c) + f(d)

5
1
1
.(a + b + c + d) 4. = .
8
8
8

Vy BT c chng minh. ng thc xy ra a = b = c = d =

1
.
4

Bi ton 2. (M, 2003). Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng

(2a + b + c ) 2
(2b + c + a ) 2
(2c + a + b ) 2
+
+
8
2a 2 + (b + c ) 2 2b 2 + (c + a ) 2 2c 2 + (a + b ) 2

(2.1)

Li gii
Do tnh ng cp ca cc s hng VT nn ta c th a v xt vi a + b + c = 3.
Khi s hng u tin s l

(a + 3) 2
a 2 + 6a + 9
v hai s hng tng t ta s
=
2a 2 + (3 a ) 2 3a 2 6a + 9

c BT tng ng
a 2 + 6a + 9
b 2 + 6b + 9
c 2 + 6c + 9
+
+
24
a 2 2a + 3
b 2 2b + 3
c 2 2c + 3

Xt hm s f(x) =

(2.2)

x 2 + 6x + 9
trn (0, 3). Phng trnh tip tuyn ca y = f(x) ti
x 2 2x + 3

x 2 + 6x + 9
- (4x + 4) =
x = 1 l y = 4x + 4. Ta xt hiu f(x) - (4x + 4) = 2
x 2x + 3

(x 1)2 (4x + 3)
0 vi mi x (0, 3). T f(x) 4x + 4 mi x (0, 3).
x 2 2x + 3

p dng cho cc s a, b, c (0, 3) ta c f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 4(a + b + c) + 12 = 24.

BT (2.2) c chng minh. ng thc xy ra (2.2) a = b = c = 1. T BT
(2.1) ng v ng thc xy ra a = b = c.
Bi ton 3. (M rng bi ton thi Olympic Ba Lan, 1996 v Olympic 30 - 4, 1999)
Cho cc s thc a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng
a
b
c
9
+
+

2
2
2
10
1+ a
1+ b
1+ c

(3.1)

Li gii
x
. Khi BT (3.1) tr thnh
1+ x 2
9
f(a) + f(b) + f(c)
10
2
x = 1
1 x
, f(x) = 0
Ta c f(x) =
2 2
(1 + x )
x = 1

t f(x) =

(3.2)

1
3

Bng bin thin (ta s a thm vo mt s gi tr nh x = 3, x = , x = 2 v

gi tr ca hm s f(x) ti so snh)
x
-
f(x)
0
f(x)

-3

-1
0

-1/3
+
-3/10

-3/10

1
0
1/2

2/5

-1/2

( trn BBT th f(3) =

3
3
2
1
, f( ) = v f(2) = )
10
10
5
3

Xt cc trng hp xy ra:
Trng hp 1. C mt s, gi s a (-, -3] b + c 4 nn c mt s, gi s
2
1
9
+ = .
5
2
10
1
3
Trng hp 2. C mt s, gi s a (-3, - ]. Khi f(a) + f(b) + f(c) - +
3
10
1
1
7
9
+ =
< .
2
2
10 10
1
Trng hp 3. C ba s a, b, c (- , + ). Khi tip tuyn ca y = f(x) ti
3
1
18
3
18
3
x
18
3
x = c phng trnh y =
x+
. Ta c f(x) - ( x +
)=
-( x+
)
2
3
25
50
25
50
25
50
1+ x
(3x 1) 2 (4x + 3)
1
18
3
1
0 vi mi x > - hay f(x)
x+
vi mi x > - .
=2
3
25
50
3
50(1 + x )

b 2. Khi ta c: f(a) + f(b) + f(c) < 0 +

p dng BT ny cho cc s a, b, c >

1
v a + b + c = 1 ta c f(a) + f(b) + f(c)
3

18
3
9
(a + b + c) + 3.
= .
25
50
10

Vy trong mi trng hp BT (3.2) u ng. Vy bi ton c chng minh,

dng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =

1
.
3

Nhn xt cch gii: y l mt bi ton kh, khng th s dng phng php

hm li gii (ngi c c th xem [2]). Chng ta gii bi ton bng cch phn
1
3

1
3

chia trc s thnh cc khong (-, -3], (-3, - ] v (- , + ) v s dng linh hot gi
thit a + b + c = 1 p dng tnh cht ca hm s f(x) cng vi tip tuyn ca n ti
im x =

1
mt cch nh mong mun.
3

Bi ton 4. (Rumania, 2005). Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 3.

Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+ 2 + 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2
2
a b
c

(4.1)

Li gii
Theo gi thit a, b, c > 0 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 < (a + b + c)2 = 9. T nu c mt
trong ba s, gi s a <

1
1
1
1
2 + 2 + 2 > 9 > a 2 + b 2 + c 2 nn (1) ng.
3
a b
c

Ta xt trng hp a, b, c

1
7
1 7
. V a + b + c = 3 a, b, c . Vy a, b, c , .
3
3
3 3

BT (4.1)
Xt hm s f(x) =

1
1
1
a2 + 2 b 2 + 2 c 2 0
2
a
b
c

(4.2)

1
1 7
x 2 trn , . Tip tuyn ca th y = f(x) ti x = 1 l
2
x
3 3

y = - 4x + 4. Ta c f(x) - (- 4x + 4) =

1
(x 1)2 (x 2 2x 1)
2
(4x
+
4)
=
0

x
x2
x2
2

1 7
1 7
4
vi mi x , (do g(x) = x2 2x 1 = (x 1)2 2 2 < 0 trn , )
3 3
3 3
3
1 7

hay f(x) - 4x + 4 vi mi x , .
3 3
1 7

p dng cho cc s a, b, c , ta c f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 4(a + b + c) +

3 3
4.3 = 0. Vy BT c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
4

Nhn xt cch gii: Tng t bi ton trn, t gi thit bi ton ta mi ch c

iu kin a, b, c (0, 3). Vic xt cc trng hp c bit a v xt trng hp
1 7

a, b, c , v p dng tnh cht ca f(x) trn l ht sc cn thit.

3 3
Bi ton 5. (Trung Quc, 2005). Cho cc s khng m a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 1.
Chng minh rng
10(a 3 + b 3 + c 3 ) 9(a 5 + b 5 + c 5 ) 1

(5.1)

Li gii
t f (x ) = 10x 3 9x 5 . Khi BT (5.1) tr thnh
f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 1

(5.2)

Trng hp 1. Trong ba s a, b, c c mt s, gi s a
9

9
. Khi th
10

a ,1 v b, c 0, . Xt hm s f(x) trn ,1 c f(x) = 30x2 45x4 =

10
10
10
9

15x2(2 3x2) 0 vi mi x ,1 . Vy f(x) nghch bin trn ,1 v t

10
10
9

f(a) f(1) = 1 khi a ,1 . Hn na vi b, c 0, th f(b) = 10b3 9b5 0 v

10
10
f(c) = 10c3 9c5 0 nn f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 1 + 0 + 0 = 1 hay (5.2) ng.

1
9
. Khi tip tuyn ca y = f(x) ti x =

10
3
25
16
25
16
25
16
c phng trnh y =
x. Ta c f(x) ( x ) = 10x3 9x5 ( x )=
9
27
9
27
9
27
1
- (3x 1)2(27x3 + 18x2 21x 16). t g(x) = 27x3 + 18x2 21x 16. Xt hm s
27
7
1
9
g(x) trn 0, . Ta c g(x) = 81x2 + 36x 21, g(x) = 0 x = hoc x = - .
9
3
10
9
Bng bin thin ca g(x) trn 0, :
10
x
0
1/3
9/10
g(x)
0
+

Trng hp 2. Cc s a, b, c 0,

g(x)

T BBT v g(0) = -16, g(

trn 0,

25
16
637
9
9
)= g(x) < 0 trn 0, f(x) ( x )0
10
1000
9
27
10

9
25
16
hay l f(x)
xvi mi x

10
9
27
5

9
0, 10 .

p dng cho cc s a, b, c 0,
f(a) + f(b) + f(c)

9
v a + b + c = 1 ta c
10

25
16
.(a + b + c) 3.
= 1 hay (5.2) ng.
9
27

Vy trong mi trng hp BT ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =

1
3

hoc (a, b, c) l mt hon v bt k ca (1, 0, 0).

Nhn xt cch gii: y l bi ton rt kh v c bit l ng thc xy ra ti
a=b=c=

1
hoc (a, b, c) l mt hon v bt k ca (1, 0, 0). Hn na hm s xut
3

hin trong bi ton cng l mt hm a thc bc cao (bc 5). gii bi ton ny
chng ta phi chia min gi tr ca cc bin mt cch cht ch. Trong cch gii trn

vic chia tp [0, 1] thnh 0,

9
9
v
10 ,1 l mt cch chia hp l.
10

Bi ton 6. (Moldova, 2005). Cho cc s dng a, b, c tho mn a 4 + b 4 + c 4 = 3 .

Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
1
4 ab
4 bc
4 ca

(6.1)

Li gii
V ab

a2 + b 2
1
2
nn

do
2
2
4 ab
8 (a + b 2 )

1
1
1
2
2
2
+
+

+
+
2
2
2
2
4 ab
4 bc
4 ca
8 (a + b )
8 (b + c )
8 (c 2 + a 2 )

vn dng gi thit a 4 + b 4 + c 4 = 3 ta t x = (b2 + c2)2, y = (c2 + a2)2,

z = (a2 + b2)2 th ta c x, y, z > 0 v x + y + z = (b2 + c2)2 + (c2 + a2)2 + (a2 + b2)2
4(a4 + b4 + c4) = 12. T 0 < x, y, z < 12.
Ta s chng minh
Xt hm s f(t) =

1
8 x
1
8 t

1
8 y

1
8 z

1
2

(6.2)

trn (0, 12). Phng trnh tip tuyn ca th y = f(t)

1
1
5
1
5
t+
. Hn na ta c :
(
t+
)=
144
36
144
36
8 t
1
1
5
t+
vi mi t (0, 12).

( t 2) 2 ( 4 t ) 0 vi mi t (0, 12). Vy f(t)

144
144
36

ti t = 4 c phng trnh y =

T : f(x) + f(y ) + f(z)

1
5
1
15
1
(x + y + z)+ 3

.12 +
= .
144
36
144
36
2

Vy BT c chng minh. ng thc xy ra x = y = z = 4 a = b = c = 1.

6

T mt s v d c chn, chng ti t gii minh ho c tinh thn

chnh ca phng php. Ngi c c th so snh phng php ny vi vic gii cc
bi ton trn bng nhng phng php khc. Tuy nhin vi nhng hn ch nht nh
ca ngi vit v khun kh bi vit chng ti khng th a ra nhiu hn na cc bi
ton khc. Vic m rng kt qu ca nhng bi ton trn theo nhiu hung hay a
thm cc bi tp v lng gic chc chn s thu c nhiu kt qu th v. Chng ti
rt mong ngi c ng gp nhng kin v b sung nhiu bi tp cho bi vit
ny c y hn. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n! Cui cng l mt s bi tp
cc bn c th rn luyn vic vn dng phng php ny.
Bi ton 7. (Nht Bn, 1997). Cho cc s dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng
3
(b + c a ) 2
(c + a b) 2
(a + b c) 2
+
+

5
(b + c ) 2 + a 2
(c + a ) 2 + b 2
( a + b) 2 + c 2

Bi ton 8. (D b Olympic 30 - 4, 2006). Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c, d tho mn

a + b + c + d 4. Chng minh rng
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
1
2
2
2
(1 + a )
(1 + b)
(1 + c )
(1 + d ) 2

Bi ton 9. (Vasile Cirtoaje). Cho cc s khng m a, b, c tho mn a + b + c 3.

Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
1
b +c+a
c +a+b
a +b+c
2

Bi ton 10. (Trung Quc, 2003).

Cho cc s x1, x2, , x5 0 v

1
= 1 . Chng minh rng

i =1 1 + xi

xi

4+ x
i =1

2
i

1.

Thng 5 nm 2007

Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr.
[2]. Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 4, mn Ton ln th 5, NXB Gio dc, 1999.
[3]. Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 4, mn Ton ln th 12, NXB Gio dc, 2006.
[4]. thi Olympic Ton cc nc tham kho t Internet.