Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WiTrici
eminar Report on
ricity - Wireless Electricity
Contents
Acknowledgements iii
Abstract iv
List oI Tables vii
List oI Figures viii
1) Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 History 2
2) WiTricity Technology - The Basics 4
2.1 Basic Terminologies 4
2.1.1 Electricity 4
2.1.2 Magnetism 4
2.1.3 Electromagnetism 4
2.1.4 Magnetic Induction 4
2.1.5 Energy/Power Coupling 5
2.1.6 Resonance 5
2.1.7 Resonant Magnetic Coupling 5
2.1.8 WiTricity Technology 5
2.1.9 Electromagnetic Induction 5
2.2 Basic Concept oI Electromagnetic Induction Ior EMF Generation 6
2.2.1 Resonance 8
2.2.2 Resonators 9
2.2.3 Resonant Energy TransIer 9
2.2.4 Resonant Coupling 10
2.2.5 Energy TransIer and EIIiciency 10
3) Witricity Technology How it Works? 11
3.1 Near Field Techniques 11
3.1.1 Induction Technique (Inductive Coupling) 11
3.1.2 Electrodynamic Induction Technique (Resonant Energy TransIer) 12
3.1.3 Electrostatic Induction Technique (Capacitive Coupling) 13
3.2 Far Field Techniques 13
3.2.1 Radio and Microwave Techniques 14
3.2.2 Laser Techniques 15
3.3 Witricity 15
3.3.1 How Witricity Works? 16
3.3.2 Witricity Principle 17
3.3.3 Experimental Construction 17
3.4 Range and Rate oI Coupling 20
3.5 EIIiciency Curve 21
4) Comparision oI Witricity with Traditional Methods 22
4.1 Witricity Technology v/s Magnetic Induction 22
4.2 Witricity Technology v/s Radiative Power TransIer 22
4.3 Witricity Technology v/s Magnetic Resonance Imaging 23
5) Witricity Technology Features and BeneIits 24
5.1 Highly Resonant Strong Coupling Provides High EIIiciency over Distance 24
5.2 Energy TransIer via Magnetic Field can Penetrate & Wrap around Obstacles 24
5.3 Non-Radiative Energy TransIer is SaIe Ior People and Animals 25
5.4 Scalable Design Enables Solutions Irom mW to KW 26
5.5 Flexible Geometry allows devices to be embedded into OEM Products 26
5.6 Limitations oI Witricity 26
6) Witricity Technology Applications 27
6.1 Consumer Electronics 28
6.2 Industrial Applications 28
6.3 Transportation 28
6.4 Other Applications 28
7) Conclusion 30
8) ReIerences 31
List of Tables
4.1 Showing the amount oI power radiated at a particular Irequency 19
List of Figures
1.1 Nikola Tesla 1
1.2 Nikola Teslas Wardenclyffe Tower (Tesla Tower) 3
2.1 An Electric TransIormer 4
2.2 Figure Showing Magnetic Fields 4
2.3 Flow oI Energy in Witricity 5
2.4 Faradays Law Ior Electromagnetic Induction 6
2.5 EMF generated due to Electromagnetic Induction 7
3.1 Wireless Energy TransIer 11
3.2 Electrostatic Induction using Tesla Coil 12
3.3 Resonant Energy TransIer 12
3.4 Teslas Wireless Bulb 13
3.5 Diagram Ior Microwave Power Transmission 14
3.6 Wireless Energy TransIer using LASER 15
3.7 How Witricity Works 16
3.8 Simple Witricity Implementation 17
3.9 Schematic Diagram oI Coils 17
3.10 Simple Frequency Oscillator 18
3.11 Principle oI Primary Coil 18
3.12 Principle oI Receiving Coil 18
3.13 Actual Experimental Setup at MIT 19
3.14 Coupled Mode Theory 20
3.15 Graph oI Losses versus Distance 21
3.16 EIIiciency Curve 21
5.1 Pros & Cons oI Witricity 24
5.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum 25
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
In this era oI modernization, electricity has become the cup oI liIe. A moment without electricity
makes our thinking go dry. The maior source oI conventional Iorm oI electricity is through
wires. The continuous research and development has brought Iorward a maior breakthrough,
which provides electricity without the medium oI wires. This wonder baby is called
WiTricity|1|.
There are certain small but very useIul discoveries made in history, which changed the world Ior
ever, Newtons gravitational law, Watts steam engine, Thomsons bulb and many more. But a
renaissance occurred with the invention oI Electromagnetic Waves by Maxwell. Sir Jagdish
Chandra Bose successIully generated electromagnetic waves having wavelength in the range oI
5mm to 25mm. ThereaIter an Italian scientist named Marconi succeeded in transmitting
electromagnetic waves up to a distance oI several miles.
And with this there started a new era called WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY.
Today, as we can see the word wireless is common in day to day liIe.
Wireless communication has made the world smaller. Almost each and
everything is wireless or cordless. Cordless mouse, cordless keyboard,
satellite communication, mobiles, cordless microphones and headphones,
wireless internet service i.e. Wi-Fi, etc. And these have deIinitely increased
the standard oI living.
In Iact it dates back to the 19
th
century, when Nikola Tesla|2| used
conduction based systems instead oI resonance magnetic Iields to transIer
wireless power. As it is in Radiative mode, most oI the Power was wasted
and has less eIIiciency. Further, in 2005, Dave Gerding coined the term
WiTricity which is being used by the MIT researchers today.
Moreover, we all are aware oI the use oI electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) which is quite
well known Ior wireless transIer oI inIormation. In addition, lasers have also been used to
transmit energy without wires. However, radio waves are not Ieasible Ior power transmissions
because the nature oI the radiation is such that it spreads across the place, resulting into a large
amount oI radiations being wasted. And in the case oI lasers, apart Irom requirement oI
uninterrupted line oI sight (obstacles hinder the transmission process). It is also very dangerous.
WiTricity is nothing but Wireless Electricity. Transmission oI electrical energy Irom one
obiect to another without the use oI wires is called as WiTricity. WiTricity will ensure that the
cellphones, laptops, iPods and other power hungry devices get charged on their own, eliminating
the need oI plugging them in. Even better, because oI WiTricity some oI the devices won't
require batteries to operate.
Fig-1.1
Nikola Tesla was the Iirst
to experiment with
wireless electricity.
1.2 History
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, at the dawn of the electrification of the modern world,
some scientists and engineers believed that using wires to transIer electricity Irom every place
it was generated to every place that it could be used would be too expensive to be practical.
Nikola Tesla, one oI the most well known oI these scientists, had a vision Ior a wireless world in
which wireless electric power and communications would reach around the world, delivering
inIormation and power to ships at sea, Iactories, and every home on the planet. Tesla contributed
signiIicantly to our understanding oI electricity and electrical systems and is credited with
inventing three-phase AC power systems, induction motors, Iluorescent lamps, radio
transmission, and various modes oI wireless electric power transIer.
In 1902 Nikola Tesla patented a device, he called the device a "high-voltage, air-core, selI-
regenerative resonant transIormer that generates very high voltages at high Irequency": it was a
Tesla coil that transIerred its energy using resonant transIer Irom the bottom coil a Iew Ieet
through air to the top coil. This avoided arcing and permitted very high voltages to be created,
and is one oI the more common types built today.
In the early 1960s resonant inductive wireless energy transIer was used successIully in
implantable medical devices including such devices as pacemakers and artiIicial hearts. While
the early systems used a resonant receiver coil, later systems implemented resonant transmitter
coils as well. These medical devices are designed Ior high eIIiciency using low power
electronics while eIIiciently accommodating some misalignment and dynamic twisting oI the
coils. The separation between the coils in implantable applications is commonly less than 20 cm.
Today resonant inductive energy transIer is regularly used Ior providing electric power in
many commercially available medical implantable devices.
Wireless electric energy transIer Ior experimentally powering electric automobiles and buses is a
higher power application (~10 kW) oI resonant inductive energy transIer. High power levels are
required Ior rapid recharging and high energy transIer eIIiciency is required both Ior operational
economy and to avoid negative environmental impact oI the system. An experimental electriIied
roadway test track built about 1990 achieved 80 energy eIIiciency while recharging the battery
oI a prototype bus at a specially equipped bus stop. The bus could be outIitted with a retractable
receiving coil Ior greater coil clearance when moving. The gap between transmit and receive
coils was designed to be less than 10 cm when powered. In addition to buses the use oI wireless
transIer has been investigated Ior recharging electric automobiles in parking spots and garages as
well. In 1995, ProIessor John Boys and ProI Grant Covic, oI The University oI Auckland
in New Zealand, developed systems to transIer large amounts oI energy across small air
gaps.
WiTricity technology Ior power transIer is diIIerent than the technologies proposed by
Tesla, but his work is reIerenced and acknowledged in the scientiIic articles published by
WiTricity Iounding technical team.
In November 2006, Marin Soljai|3| and other researchers at the Massachusetts Institute oI
Technology applied this near Iield behavior, well known in electromagnetic theory, the wireless
power transmission concept based on strongly-coupled resonators. In a theoretical analysis, they
demonstrate that, by designing electromagnetic resonators that suIIer minimal loss due to
radiation and absorption and have a near Iield with mid-range extent (namely a Iew times the
resonator size), mid-range eIIicient wireless energy-transIer is possible.
Fig-1.2
The 187-Ioot Nicolas Teslas WardenclyIIe Tower|2| (Tesla Tower) built
on Long Island, New York in 1903. Tesla wanted to transmit electricity
Irom this Tower to the whole globe without wires using the
Ionosphere. The tower was destroyed in 1917.
The reason is that iI two such resonant circuits tuned to the same Irequency are within a Iraction
oI a wavelength, their near Iields (consisting oI 'evanescent waves') couple by means oI
evanescent wave coupling (which is related to quantum tunneling). Oscillating waves develop
between the inductors, which can allow the energy to transIer Irom one obiect to the other
within times much shorter than all loss times, which were designed to be long, and thus with the
maximum possible energy-transIer eIIiciency. Since the resonant wavelength is much larger than
the resonators, the Iield can circumvent extraneous obiects in the vicinity and thus this mid-range
energy-transIer scheme does not require line-oI-sight. By utilizing in particular the magnetic
Iield to achieve the coupling, this method can be saIe, since magnetic Iields interact weakly with
living organisms.
WiTricity wireless power transIer technology can be applied in a wide variety oI applications
and environments. The ability oI our technology to transIer power saIely, eIIiciently, and over
distance can improve products by making them more convenient, reliable, and environmentally
Iriendly. WiTricity technology can be used to provide:
Direct Wireless Powerwhen all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly, and
no batteries are required. This mode is Ior a device that is always used within range oI its
WiTricity power source.
Automatic Wireless Chargingwhen a device with rechargeable batteries charges
itselI while still in use or at rest, without requiring a power cord or battery replacement.
This mode is Ior a mobile device that may be used both in and out oI range oI its
WiTricity power source.
WiTricity technology is designed for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to embed
directly in their products and systems.
WiTricity technology will make your products:
More Convenient:
No manual recharging or changing batteries.
Eliminate unsightly, unwieldy and costly power cords.
More Reliable:
Never run out oI battery power.
Reduce product failure rates by fixing the weakest link: Ilexing wiring and mechanical
interconnects.
More Environmentally Friendly:
Reduce use oI disposable batteries.
Use efficient electric grid power directly instead of inefficient battery charging.
6.1 Consumer Electronics
Automatic wireless charging oI mobile electronics (phones,
laptops, game controllers, etc.) in home, car, oIIice, Wi-Fi
hotspots while devices are in use and mobile.
Direct wireless powering oI
stationary devices (Ilat
screen TVs, digital picture
Irames, home theater
accessories, wireless loud
speakers, etc.) eliminating
expensive custom wiring,
unsightly cables and wall-wart power supplies.
Direct wireless powering oI desktop PC peripherals:
wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, speakers, display,
etc eliminating disposable batteries and awkward cabling.
6.2 Industrial Applications
Direct wireless power and communication interconnections across rotating and moving
joints (robots, packaging machinery, assembly machinery, machine tools)
eliminating costly and Iailure-prone wiring.
Direct wireless power and communication interconnections at
points oI use in harsh environments (drilling, mining,
underwater, etc.) where it is impractical or impossible to
run wires.
Direct wireless power Ior wireless sensors and actuators,
eliminating the need Ior expensive power wiring or battery
replacement and disposal.
6.3 Transportation
Automatic wireless charging Ior existing electric vehicle
classes: golI carts, industrial vehicles.
Automatic wireless charging Ior Iuture hybrid and all-electric
passenger and commercial vehicles, at home, in parking
garages, at Ileet depots, and at remote kiosks.
Direct wireless power interconnections to replace costly vehicle
wiring harnesses and slip rings.
6.4 Other Applications
Direct wireless power interconnections and automatic wireless charging Ior implantable
medical devices (ventricular assist devices, pacemaker, deIibrilator, etc.).
Automatic wireless charging and Ior high tech military systems (battery powered mobile
devices, covert sensors, unmanned mobile robots and aircraIt, etc.).
Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging oI smart cards.
Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging oI consumer appliances,
mobile robots, etc.
Conclusion
The transmission oI power without wires is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality.
The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance.
Many researchers have established in numerous observations, experiments and measurements,
qualitative and quantitative. Dr.N.Tesla is the pioneer oI this invention. Wireless transmission oI
electricity have tremendous merits like high transmission integrity and Low Loss (90 97
eIIicient) and can be transmitted to anywhere in the globe and eliminate the need Ior an
ineIIicient, costly, and capital intensive grid oI cables, towers, and substations. The system
would reduce the cost oI electrical energy used by the consumer and get rid oI the landscape oI
wires, cables, and transmission towers. It has negligible demerits like reactive power which was
Iound insigniIicant and biologically compatible. It has a tremendous economic impact to human
society.
References
1. http://www.WiTricity.com
2. "Nikola Tesla, 1856 - 1943". IEEE History Center, IEEE, 2003. Lecture-demonstration
St. Louis.
3. http://www.mit.edu/~soliacic/wirelesspower.html
4. http://www.pcti.pctiltd.com/download/articals/WiTricity.pdI
5. http://web.mit.edu/newsoIIice/2007/wireless-0607.html
6. http://www.iuliantrubin.com/encyclopedia/electricity/witricity.html
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiTricity
8. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1143254
9. An article published in the Science Magazine as Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly
Coupled Magnetic Resonances by Andre kurs, Science 317, 83(2007):
Dol:10.1126/science.1143254.
10. http://electron9.phys.utk.edu/optics507/modules/m6/coupledresonators.htm
11. Efficient Non-Radiative Midrange Energy Transfer by Aristeidies karalis, Marlin
Soliacic.
12. Nikola Tesla, Mv Inventions. Ben Johnston. Ea.. Austin. Hart Brothers, p. 91, 1982.
13. Thomas F. Valone, Tesla s Wireless Energy... For the 21
st
Century!!! One Step Beyond
Direct TV!!! Extra Orainarv Technologv. 1. no. 4. Oct / Nov / Dec 2003.
14. James O. McSpadden, Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration, Texas A&M
University, June, 1997.
15. Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), System and method for wireless electrical power
transmission, Patent No. 6.798.716. September 28, 2004.
16. Joe T. Howell, et. al , Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless
power transmission5th. Wireless transmission conference. pp 1-8. Garanaa. Spain.
2004.