BO V CC PHN T CHNH TRONG H THNG IN

PGS.TS L KIM HNG

A. GII THIU CHUNG V MY PHT IN

My pht in (MF) l mt phn t rt quan trng trong h thng in (HT), s lm vic tin cy ca cc MF c nh hng quyt nh n tin cy ca HT. V vy, i vi MF c bit l cc my c cng sut ln, ngi ta t nhiu loi bo v khc nhau chng tt c cc loi s c v cc ch lm vic khng bnh thng xy ra bn trong cc cun dy cng nh bn ngoi MF. thit k tnh ton cc bo v cn thit cho my pht, chng ta phi bit cc dng h hng v cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng ca MF.

I. Cc dng h hng v tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng ca MF

I.1. Cc dng h hng:
kp). (2) Ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun stator. (1) Chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cng 1 pha (i vi cc MF c cun dy Chm t 1 pha trong cun dy stator. (3) Chm t mt im hoc hai im mch kch t. (4)

I.2. Cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng ca MF:

- Dng in tng cao do ngn mch ngoi hoc qu ti. (5) - in p u cc my pht tng cao do mt ti t ngt hoc khi ct ngn mch ngoi. (6) Ngoi ra cn c cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng khc nh: Ti khng i xng, mt kch t, mt ng b, tn s thp, my pht lm vic ch ng c, ...

II. Cc bo v thng dng cho MF

Tu theo chng loi ca my pht (thu in, nhit in, turbine kh, thu in tch nng...), cng sut ca my pht, vai tr ca my pht v s ni dy ca nh my in vi cc phn t khc trong h thng m ngi ta la chn phng thc bo v thch hp. Hin nay khng c phng thc bo v tiu chun i vi MF cng nh i vi cc thit b in khc. Tu theo quan im ca ngi s dng i vi cc yu cu v tin cy, mc d phng, nhy... m chng ta la chn s lng v chng loi rle trong h thng bo v. i vi cc MF cng sut ln, xu th hin nay l lp t hai h thng bo v c lp nhau vi ngun in thao tc ring, mi h thng bao gm mt bo v chnh v mt s bo v d phng c th thc hin y cc chc nng bo v cho my pht. bo v cho MF chng li cc dng s c nu phn I, ngi ta thng dng cc loi bo v sau: - Bo v so lch dc pht hin v x l khi xy ra s c (1). - Bo v so lch ngang cho s c (2). - Bo v chng chm t mt im cun dy stator cho s c (3). - Bo v chng chm t mch kch t cho s c (4). - Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti cho s c (5). - Bo v chng in p u cc my pht tng cao cho s c (6). Ngoi ra c th dng: Bo v khong cch lm bo v d phng cho bo v so lch, bo v chng qu nhit rotor do dng my pht khng cn bng, bo v chng mt ng b, ...

13

B. CC BO V RLE CHO MY PHT IN

I. Bo v so lch dc (87G)
I.1. Nhim v v s nguyn l:
Bo v so lch dc (BVSLD) c nhim v chng ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun dy stator my pht. S thc hin bo v nh hnh 1.1.
Bo tn hiu
+

Bo tn hiu t mch th
+

MC

4Rth

Ct MC

5RT

3RI

1RI

2RI

Rf MF Rf 1BI

52

b) a)

MF

87G

Hnh 1.1: S bo v so lch dc cun stator MF; s tnh ton (a) v theo m s (b)

2BI

Trong : - Rf: dng hn ch dng in khng cn bng (IKCB), nhm nng cao nhy ca bo v. - 1RI, 2RI, 4Rth: pht hin s c v a tn hiu i ct my ct u cc my pht khng thi gian (thc t thng t 0,1 sec). - 3RI, 5RT: bo tn hiu khi xy ra t mch th sau mt thi gian cn thit (thng qua 5RT) trnh hin tng bo nhm khi ngn mch ngoi m tng t mch th. Vng tc ng ca bo v l vng gii hn gia cc BI ni vo mch so lch. C th y l cc cun dy stator ca MF, on thanh dn t u cc MF n my ct.

I.2. Nguyn l lm vic:

BVSLD hot ng theo nguyn tc so snh lch dng in gia hai u cun dy stator, dng vo rle l dng so lch: (1-1) IR = I1T - I2T = ISL Vi I1T, I2T l dng in th cp ca cc BI hai u cun dy. Bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi, dng vo rle 1RI, 2RI l dng khng cn bng IKCB: ISL = I1T - I2T = IKCB < IKR (dng khi ng rle) (1-2) nn bo v khng tc ng (hnh 1.2a). Khi xy ra chm chp gia cc pha trong cun dy stator (hnh 1.2b), dng in vo cc rle 1RI, 2RI:
14

I ISL = I1T - I2T = N > IKR

Trong : - IN: dng in ngn mch. - nI: t s bin dng ca BI Bo v tc ng i ct 1MC ng thi a tn hiu i n b phn t ng dit t (TDT). Trng hp t mch th ca BI, dng vo rle l:

nI

(1-3)
ISL = IKCBT < IKR I1 T I2T I2T I1T ISL

IN > I KR nI

a)

b)

I IR = F nI

(1-4)

Hnh 1.2: th vct ca dng in trong mch BVSLD

a) Bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi b) Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v

Dng in ny c th lm cho bo v tc ng nhm, lc ch c 3RI khi ng bo t mch th vi thi gian chm tr, trnh hin tng bo nhm trong qu trnh qu khi ngn mch ngoi c xung dng ln. s hnh 1.1, cc BI ni theo s sao khuyt nn bo v so lch dc s khng tc ng khi xy ra ngn mch mt pha pha khng t BI. Tuy nhin cc bo v khc s tc ng.

I.3. Tnh cc tham s v chn Rle:

I.3.1. Tnh chn 1RI v 2RI:
Dng in khi ng ca rle 1RI, 2RI c chn phi tho mn hai iu kin sau: iu kin 1: Bo v khng tc ng i vi dng khng cn bng cc i IKCBmax khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v. IKB Kat.IKCBtt (1-5) IKCBtt = Kn.KKCK.fi .INngmax (1-6) Trong : - Kat: h s an ton tnh n sai s ca rle v d tr cn thit. Kat c th ly bng 1,3. - KKCK: h s tnh n s c mt ca thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn mch, KKCK c th ly t 1 n 2 tu theo bin php c s dng nng cao nhy ca bo v. - Kn: h s tnh n s ng nht ca cc BI (Kn = 0,51). - fi: sai s tng i ca BI, fi c th ly bng 0,1 (c k n d tr, v cc my bin dng chn theo ng cong sai s 10%). - INngmax: thnh phn chu k ca dng in chy qua BI ti thi im u khi ngn mch ngoi trc tip 3 pha u cc my pht. iu kin 2: Bo v khng c tc ng khi t mch th BI. Lc dng vo rle 1RI, 2RI: (gi s MF ang lm vic ch nh mc)

I ISL = mF
Dng khi ng ca bo v: IKB =

nI

(1-7)

Nh vy, iu kin chn dng khi ng cho 1RI, 2RI: IKB = max{Kat .IKCBtt; Kat .ImF } Dng in khi ng ca rle: IKR =

K at I mF nI

(1-8) (1-9) (1-10)

K (3) .I KB nI
15

Vi K(3) l h s s . Sau khi tnh c IKR ta s chn c loi rle cn thit. Kim tra nhy Kn ca bo v: Kn =

Vi INmin: dng in ngn mch 2 pha u cc my pht khi my pht lm vic ring l. V bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn yu cu Kn > 2.

I N min I KB

(1-11)

I.3.2. Tnh chn Rle 3RI:

Dng khi ng s cp ca rle 3RI phi ln hn dng khng cn bng cc i khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v. Nhng trong tnh ton th iu kin n nh nhit ca rle l quyt nh. Theo kinh nghim c th chn dng khi ng cho 3RI: IKS(3RI) = 0,2.ImF (1-12) Ta tnh c IKR ca 3RI v chn c loi rle tng ng.

I.3.3. Thi gian lm vic ca 5RT:

Khi xy ra ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, c th xut hin nhng xung dng ln thong qua lm cho bo v tc ng nhm do vy phi chn thi gian tc ng ca 5RT tho mn iu kin: t5RT > tct Nngoi (1-13) t5RT = tctNng + t (1-14) Trong : - tctNng: thi gian ln nht ca cc bo v ni vo thanh gp in p my pht. - t: bc chn lc thi gian, thng t = (0,25 0,5) sec. Nhn xt: - Bo v s tc ng khi ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun dy stator 1BI I1S I1T my pht. - Bo v khng tc ng khi BIH BILV chm chp gia cc vng dy trong Vng bo IH cng 1 pha hoc khi xy ra chm t v 1 im trong cun dy phn tnh. ILV RI tng nhy ca bo v so I2S I2T 2BI lch ngi ta c th s dng rle so lch c hm. Hnh 1.3: Bo v so lch dng in c hm cun dy stator MF

I.4. Bo v so lch c hm:

S bo v nh hnh 1.3. Rle gm c hai cun dy: Cun hm v cun lm vic. Rle lm vic trn nguyn tc so snh dng in gia ILV v IH. - Dng in vo cun lm vic ILV: Dng in hm vo cun hm IH: IH = I1T + I2T (1-16) Khi lm vic bnh thng hay ngn mch ngoi vng bo v: Dng in I1T cng chiu vi dng I2T: I1T I2T ISL = ILV = I1T - I2T = IKCB (1-17) IH = I1T + I2T 2.I1T > ILV (1-18) nn bo v khng tc ng. Khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng bo v: Dng in I1T ngc pha vi I2T: I1T = -I2T IH = I1T - I2T 0 ILV = I1T + I2T 2.I1T > IH (1-19)
16

I LV = I 1T I 2T = I SL

(1-15)

bo v s tc ng. Nhn xt: - Bo v hot ng theo nguyn tc so snh dng in gia ILV v IH, nn nhy ca bo v rt cao v khi xy ra ngn mch th bo v tc ng mt cch chc chn vi thi gian tc ng thng t = (15 20) msec. - Bo v so lch dc dng rle c hm c th ngn chn bo v tc ng nhm do nh hng bo ho ca BI. - i vi cc my pht in c cng sut ln c th s dng s bo v so lch hm tc ng nhanh (hnh 1.4). ch lm vic A bnh thng, dng in th cp I1T v I2T ca cc nhm ILV B bin dng 1BI, 2BI chy qua I1S I2S RL1 in tr hm RH, to nn C CL RLV RL1 in p hm UH, cn hiu ULV dng th cp (dng so lch) BIG ISL chy qua bin dng trung ILV RL2 gian BIG, cu chnh lu CL I2T v in tr lm vic RLV to RL2 I1T D1 D2 BIG nn in p lm vic ULV. IH Gi tr in p UH > ULV, ILV RH/2 n RG bo v khng tc ng.
RH/2 UH u ra

Hnh 1.4: Bo v so lch c hm tc ng nhanh cho MF cng sut ln Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v, in p ULV >> UH, dng in chy qua rle RL1 lm rle ny tc ng ng tip im RL1 li. Dng in lm vic sau khi nn chy qua rle RL2, RL2 ng tip im li, rle ct u ra s c cp ngun thao tc qua hai tip im ni tip RL1 v RL2 i ct my ct u cc my pht. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng rle so lch tng tr cao bo v so lch my pht in (hnh 1.5). Rle so lch RU trong s c tng tr kh ln s tc ng theo in p so lch USL, ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi, cc bin dng 1BI, 2BI (c chn ging nhau) c cng dng in my pht i qua do cc sc in ng E1 v E2 bng nhau v ngc pha nhau, L1 = L2, phn b in p trong mch nh hnh 1.5b.
1BI IN 2BI N E1 USL 1BI a) R1 E1 E1 b) L1 USL R2 RSL USL = 0 E2 L2 E2 E1 E1 L1 c) E1 R1 USL L1 R1 R2 E2=0

USL RSL USL R2 RSL USL L2

E2 E2

d)

Hnh 1.5: Bo v so lch dng rle tng tr cao cho MF a) S nguyn l b) Mch in ng tr v phn b in p trong ch lm vic bnh thng c) nhm 2BI b bo ho khi ngn mch ngoi v hon ton d) khi c ngn mch trong.
17

Tr s in p t ln rle so lch RU ph thuc vo quan h gia cc in tr R1 v R2. in tr R1, R2 gm in tr cun dy th cp v dy dn ph ni gia hai nhm bin dng 1BI v 2BI, vi R1 = R2 USL = 0 Khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng bo v: * Trng hp my pht lm vic bit lp vi h thng: Dng in qua 1BI l dng ca my pht. Dng in qua 2BI bng khng E2 = 0. in p t ln rle so lch RU hnh 1.5c:

Trong : " - I N : tr hiu dng ca dng siu qu khi ngn mch trn u cc my pht. vi:

I "N .(R1 + R 2 ) U SL1 = nI

(v RSL >> R2)

(1-20)

I "N = I(3)Nngmax = I(3)Nu cc MF

- nI: t s bin dng ca BI. - RSL: in tr mch so lch (gm rle v dy ni). * Trng hp my pht ni vi h thng: Khi ti im ngn mch, ngoi dng in do bn thn my pht cung cp I " cn c thm thnh phn dng in do h thng NF v I " . Mch in ng tr v phn b in p nh hnh 1.5d. Gi tr in p t ln rle so NH lch RU:

m bo tnh chn lc, in p khi ng ca rle so lch RU phi chn ln hn min{USL1; USL2}, ngha l:

(I "NF + I "NH ).(R1 + R 2 ) U SL2 = nI

(1-21)

Vi Kat = (1,15 1,2) l h s an ton. Thi gian tc ng ca bo v thng: t = (15 20) msec Nhn xt: - i vi cc MF c cng sut ln, hng s thi gian tt dn ca thnh phn mt chiu trong dng in ngn mch c th t n hng trm msec, gy bo ha mch t ca cc my bin dng v lm chm tc ng ca bo v khi c ngn mch trong vng bo v. V vy cn phi s dng s bo v tc ng nhanh trc khi xy ra bo ha mch t ca my bin dng, tc l: tbh > tbv, vi tbv l thi gian ct ngn mch ca bo v; tbh thi gian bo ho mch t ca BI.

K at .I "N .(R1 + R 2 ) UKR = Kat.USL1 = nI

(1-22)

18

I.5. Bo v khong cch (21):

i vi cc MF cng sut ln ngi ta thng s dng bo v khong cch lm bo v d phng cho BVSL (hnh 1.6a). TG BA BU
U tII jXK R 0 tI = (0,4 0,5) sec t a) b) 0 RK X jX UF ZK

F BI

RZ
I

XB

t
0,7XB

XF

Hnh 1.6: S nguyn l (a); c tnh thi gian (b) v c tuyn khi ng (c) ca bo v khong cch cho MF V khong cch t MBA n my ct cao p kh ngn, trnh tc ng nhm khi ngn mch ngoi MBA, vng th nht ca bo v khong cch c chn bao gm in khng ca MF v khong 70% in khng ca MBA tng p ( bo v hon ton cun h ca MBA), ngha l: I Z k = ZF + 0,7.ZB (1-23) Thi gian lm vic ca vng th nht thng chn tI = (0,4 0,5) sec (hnh 1.6b). Vng th hai thng bao gm phn cn li ca cun dy MBA, thanh dn v ng dy truyn ti ni vi thanh gp lin k. c tuyn khi ng ca rle khong cch c th c dng vng trn vi tm gc to hoc hnh bnh hnh vi nghing ca cnh bn bng nghing ca vct in p UF hnh 1.6c.

II. Bo v so lch ngang (87G)

Cc vng dy ca MF chp nhau thng do nguyn nhn h hng cch in ca dy qun. C th xy ra chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cng mt nhnh (cun dy n) hoc gia cc vng dy thuc hai nhnh khc nhau trong cng mt pha, dng in trong cc vng dy b chm chp c th t n tr s rt ln. i vi my pht in m cun dy stator l cun dy kp, khi c mt s vng dy chm nhau sc in ng cm ng trong hai nhnh s khc nhau to nn dng in cn bng chy qun trong cc mch vng s c v t nng cun dy c th gy ra h hng nghim trng. Trong nhiu trng hp khi xy ra chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cng mt pha nhng BVSLD khng th pht hin c, v vy cn phi t bo v so lch ngang chng dng s c ny.

19

RL R I1S
LV

I*LV Ct MC

R H IH BIH

4 3 ILV = IH

2BI
1BI I2S ILV

I2T I1T b)

2 1 0 1 2 3 ILV = f(IH) 4 I*H

BILV a)

Hnh 1.7: Bo v so lch ngang c hm (a) v c tnh khi ng (b) i vi MF cng sut va v nh ch c cun dy n, lc chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cng mt pha thng km theo chm v, nn bo v chng chm t tc ng (trng hp ny khng cn t bo v so lch ngang). Vi MF cng sut ln, cun dy stator lm bng thanh dn v c qun kp, u ra cc nhnh a ra ngoi nn vic bo v so lch ngang tng i d dng. Ngi ta c th dng s bo v ring hoc chung cho cc pha.

II.1. S bo v ring cho tng pha: (hnh 1.7, 1.8)

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi, sc in ng trong cc nhnh cun dy stator bng nhau nn I1T = I2T. Khi : IH = I1T + I2T = 2.I1T (1-24) ISL =ILV=I1T - I2T = IKCB (1-25) IH > ILV nn bo v khng tc ng 87G 87G 87G Khi xy ra chm chp gia cc vng dy ca hai nhnh khc nhau cng mt pha, gi thit ch my pht cha mang ti, ta c: I1T = -I2T Hnh 1.8: S bo v so lch ngang theo m s IH = I1T - I2T = IKCB ILV = I1T + I2T = 2.I1T (1-26) ILV > IH nn rle tc ng ct my ct u cc my pht.

II.2. S bo v chung cho cc pha: (hnh 1.9)

Trong s BI c t gia hai im ni trung tnh ca 2 nhm nhnh ca cun dy stator, th cp ca BI ni qua b lc sng hi bc ba L3f dng gim dng khng cn bng i vo rle.

20

+ RI Lf3

T 1 2 + RT

Bo tn hiu

a)

Rth Ct 1MC

O1 O2

C -

Hnh 1.9: S bo v so lch ngang cho cc pha MF, s tnh ton (a) v theo m s (b)

b)

BI

87

CN: cu ni, bnh thng CN v tr 1 v bo v tc ng khng thi gian. Khi my pht chm t 1 im mch kch t (khng nguy him), CN c chuyn sang v tr 2 lc bo v s tc ng c thi gian trnh tc ng nhm khi chm t thong qua im th 2 mch kch t.

II.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng:

Bo v hot ng trn nguyn l so snh th V1 v V2 ca trung im O1 v O2 gia 2 nhnh song song ca cun dy. * ch bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi: U12 = V1 - V2 0 (1-27) nn khng c dng qua BI do bo v khng tc ng (cu ni v tr 1). * Khi xy ra chm chp 1 im mch kch t, my pht vn c duy tr vn hnh nhng phi chuyn cu ni sang v tr 2 trnh trng hp bo v tc ng nhm khi ngn mch thong qua im th 2 mch kch t. * Khi s c (chm chp gia cc vng dy): U12 = V1 - V2 0 (1-28) nn c dng qua BI bo v tc ng ct my ct.

II.2.2. Dng khi ng ca rle:

Dng in khi ng ca bo v c xc nh theo cng thc: IKB Kat.IKCBtt (1-29) Thc t vic xc nh dng khng cn bng tnh ton IKCBtt tng i kh, nn thng xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim: IKB = (0,05 0,1).ImF (1-30) IKR =

I KB nI

(1-31)

t c th chn c loi rle cn thit.

II.2.3. Thi gian tc ng ca bo v:

Bnh thng bo v tc ng khng thi gian (cu ni CN v tr 1). Khi chm t im th nht mch kch t th cu ni CN c chuyn sang v tr 2. Thi gian tc ng ca rle RT c xc nh nh sau:

21

tRT = tBV 2 im kt + t (1-32) Trong : - tBV 2 im kt: thi gian tc ng ca bo v chng chm t im th hai mch kch t. - t: bc chn thi gian, thng ly t = 0,5 sec. Nhn xt: - Bo v so lch ngang cng c th lm vic khi ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun dy stator. Tuy nhin n khng th thay th hon ton cho BVSLD c v khi ngn mch trn u cc my pht bo v so lch ngang khng lm vic. - Bo v tc ng khi chm t im th hai mch kch t (nu bo v chng chm t im th hai mch kch t khng tc ng) do s khng i xng ca t trng lm cho V1 V2.

III. Bo v chng chm t trong cun dy stator (50/51n)

Mng in p my pht thng lm vic vi trung tnh cch in vi t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang nn dng chm t khng ln lm. Tuy vy, s c mt im cun dy stator chm li t li thng xy ra, dn n t chy cch in cun dy v lan rng ra cc cun dy bn cnh gy ngn mch nhiu pha.V vy, cn phi t bo v chng chm t mt im cun dy stator. Dng in ti ch chm t khi trung im ca cun dy my pht khng ni t l:

I (1) =
Trong : -

.U p

2 2 rq + X C0

(1-33)

: s phn trm cun dy tnh t trung im n v tr chm t ( 1). Up: in p pha ca my pht. rq: in tr qu ti ch s c. X C0 : dung khng 3 pha ng tr ca tt c cc phn t trong mng in p

my pht. X C0 =

Nu b qua in tr qu ti ch s c (rq = 0), dng chm t bng: (1-34) Khi chm t xy ra ti u cc my pht ( = 1) dng chm t t tr s ln nht: (1-35) Nu dng chm t ln cn phi t cun dp h quang (CDHQ), theo quy nh ca mt s nc, CDHQ cn phi t khi:

1 3. j..C0

I (1) = 3...C0.Up

I (1) max = 3..C0.Up

I (1)max 30 A i vi mng c U = 6 kV I (1)max 20 A i vi mng c U = 10 kV

I (1)max 15 A i vi mng c U = (15 20) kV I (1)max 10 A i vi mng c U = 35 kV (1) Kinh nghim cho thy rng dng in chm t I 5A c kh nng duy tr tia la

in ti ch chm t lm hng cun dy v li thp ti ch s c, v vy bo v cn phi tc ng ct my pht. Phn ln s c cun dy stator l chm t mt pha v cc cun dy cch in nm trong cc rnh li thp. gii hn dng chm t trung tnh my pht thng ni t qua mt tng tr. Cc phng php ni t trung tnh c trnh by trong hnh 1.10. Nu tng tr trung tnh ln dng chm t c th gii hn nh hn dng in nh mc my pht. Khng c cng thc tng qut no cho gi tr ti u ca tng tr gii hn dng. Nu tng tr trung tnh qu cao, dng chm t b lm cho rle khng tc ng. Ngoi ra in tr qu ln s xut hin hin tng cng hng qu gia cc cun dy vi t v ng dy kt ni. trnh hin tng ny khi tnh chn in tr trung tnh cc i
22

1 da vo dung dn gia 3 cun dy stator my pht, thng yu cu: R () 3C (1-36) vi C l in dung ca mi cun dy stator my pht. Nu in tr trung tnh thp, dng in chm t s cao v s gy nguy him cho my pht. Khi in tr trung tnh gim nhy ca rle chng chm t gim do in th th t khng nh. Rle chng chm t s cm nhn in th ging trn in tr ni t do vy gi tr in th ny phi ln m bo nhy ca rle. Hnh 1.10 gii thiu mt s phng n p dng ni t trung tnh my pht. Phng n a: Trung tnh ni t qua in tr cao Rt (hnh1.10a) gii hn dng chm t nh hn 25A. Mt phng n khc cng ni t qua in tr thp cho php dng chm t c th t n 1500A. Phng n b: Trung tnh ni t qua in khng c khng tr b (hnh 1.10b), vi phng n ny cho php dng chm t ln hn khi dng phng n a, gi tr dng chm t khong (25100)% dng ngn mch 3 pha. Phng n c: Trung tnh ni t qua my bin p BA hnh 1.10c, in p ca cun s MBA bng in p my pht, in p ca cun th MBA khong 120V hay 240V. - i vi s c thanh gp cp in p my pht khi I > 5 (A) cn phi ct my pht. - i vi s ni b MFMBA thng I < 5 (A) ch cn t R K BA Rt bo v n gin hn bo tn hiu chm t stator m khng cn ct a) b) c) my pht.
Hnh 1.10: Cc phng n ni t trung tnh MF

III.1. i vi s thanh gp in p my pht:

S hnh 1.11 c dng bo v cun dy stator my pht khi xy ra chm t. Bo v lm vic theo dng th t khng qua bin dng th t khng 7BI0 c kch t ph t ngun xoay chiu ly t 2BU.
1MC + 3RI + 4RI
5RG

Bo tn hiu + RTh + Ct 1MC

6RT

FCO 2BU

T bo v chng nm ngoi

7BI0

MF

Hnh 1.11: S bo v chng chm t 1 im cun stator MF

23

- 3RI: rle chng chm t 2 pha ti hai im khi dng bo v so lch dc t 2 pha (s sao khuyt). - 4RI: rle chng chm t 1 pha cun dy stator. - 5RG: kho bo v khi ngn mch ngoi. - 6RT: to thi gian lm vic cn thit bo v khng tc ng i vi nhng gi tr qu ca dng in dung i qua my pht khi chm t 1 pha trong mng in p my pht. - Rth: rle bo tn hiu.

III.1.1. Nguyn l hot ng:

Tnh trng lm vic bnh thng, dng in qua rle 3RI, 4RI: . . . 1 . 1 . I R = (I A + I B + I C ) = I KCBtt (1-37) nI nI Dng in khng cn bng do cc pha pha s cp ca 7BI0 t khng i xng vi cun th cp v do thnh phn kch t ph gy nn. Dng in khi ng ca rle cn phi chn ln hn dng in khng cn bng trong tnh trng bnh thng ny: IKR >IKCBtt Khi xy ra chm t 1 pha trong vng bo v: Dng qua ch chm t bng: ID = (3...C0HT + 3...C0F).UpF (1-38) Trong : - : phn s vng dy b chc thng k t im trung tnh cun dy stator. - C0F, C0HT: in dung pha i vi t ca my pht v h thng. - UpF: in p pha ca my pht. Dng in vo rle bng: (1-39) I D = 3...C0HT .U pF bo v c th tc ng c cn thc hin iu kin: IKB I I KCBtt (1-40) D n gin, ta gi thit dng chm t i qua bo v v dng khng cn bng tnh ton ngc pha nhau. Khi s vng chm b, dng in chm t I nh v bo v c th c vng cht D gn trung tnh my pht. Khi chm t mt pha ngoi vng bo v, dng in i qua bo v: (1-41) I D = 3...C0F .U pF bo v khng tc ng trong trng hp ny, dng khi ng ca bo v phi c chn: (1-42) I KB > I Dq + I KCBtt y chng ta chn iu kin nng n nht l khi dng in chm t qua bo v v dng khng cn bng c chiu trng nhau, ng thi phi chn gi tr ca dng in chm t bng gi tr qu ln nht v chm t thng l khng n nh. Khi xy ra chm t 2 pha ti hai im, trong c mt im nm trong vng bo v. Bo v s tc ng ct my pht nh rle 3RI. Trong trng hp ny rle 4RI cng khi ng nhng tn hiu t 4RI b tr do 6RT.

III.1.2. Tnh chn Rle:

* Dng khi ng ca rle 3RI: Vic xc nh dng khng cn bng i qua bo v khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v rt phc tp v th ngi ta thng chnh nh vi mt d tr kh ln, theo kinh nghim vn hnh thng chn: IKB3RI = (100 200) (A) (pha s cp) (1-43) * Dng khi ng ca rle 4RI: Dng khi ng ca 4RI c chn theo 2 iu kin: Bo v khng c tc ng khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, khi :

I KB 4RI =

K at (3C0k qU pF + I KCBtt max ) (A) (pha s cp) K tv

(1-44)

24

Theo gi tr dng in s cp b nht tng ng vi dng in khi ng cc tiu ca 4RI (gi tr ny ph thuc vo cu to v nhy ca rle 4RI). i vi cc rle thng gp gi tr ny khong: IKB4RI = (2 3) (A) (pha s cp) (1-45) T hai iu kin trn chng ta s chn c dng in ln hn lm dng in tnh ton. * Thi gian lm vic ca rle 6RT: loi tr nh hng ca nhng gi tr qu ca dng in dung khi chm t mt pha trong mng in p my pht, ngi ta thng chn: t6RT = (1 2) sec (1-46)

III.2. i vi s ni b MF-MBA:
Vi s ni b, khi xy ra chm t mt im cun dy stator dng chm t b v vy bo v ch cn bo tn hiu, y ch cn dng s bo v n gin, lm vic theo in p th t khng nh hnh 1.12. Gi tr khi ng ca RU (UKRU) thng chn theo hai iu kin sau: + iu kin1: UKRU > UKCBmax iu kin2: UKRU chn theo iu + kin n nh nhit ca rle v thng ly RT bng 15V. RU MBA Thng chn theo iu kin 2 l tho iu kin 1. Rle thi gian dng to thi gian tr trnh trng hp bo v tc ng nhm FCO do qu s c bn ngoi. V tRT = tmax (BV ca phn t k cn) + t. (1-47)
BU

III.3. Mt s s khc:
MF ni vi thanh gp in p thng c cng sut b v s bo v thng da trn nguyn l lm vic theo bin hoc hng dng in chm t.

MF

Hnh 1.12: S bo v chm t mt im cun stator b MF-MBA

III.3.1. Phng php bin :

I(1)F C0F I(1)H
51N BA Rt 59 BU 50N Rt

I(1)

C0H

50N

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 1.13: Chm t trong cun dy stator MF

Hnh 1.14: Bo v chm t dy qun stator

Phng php bin thng c s dng khi thnh phn dng in chm t t pha in dung h thng I(1)H ln hn nhiu so vi thnh phn chm t t pha in dung my pht I(1)F ngha l: I(1)H >> I(1)F vi IF = 3.j..C.U

25

V dng chm t I(1) (hnh 1.13) ph thuc vo v tr ca im chm t, nn nu xy ra chm t gn trung tnh ( 0) bo v s khng nhy, v vy phng php ny ch bo v c khong 70% cun dy stator my pht k t u cc my pht. Ngoi s nu phn III.1, sau y chng ta s xt thm mt s s bo v theo phng php bin khc sau: Trung tnh my pht ni t qua in tr cao R: (hnh 1.14a) My bin dng t dy ni trung tnh MF qua in tr ni t R, cun th cp ni vo rle dng ct nhanh (c m s 50N). Tr s dng in t ca rle ly bng 10% gi tr dng in chm t cc i cp in p my pht. y l tr s t nh nht c tnh n an ton khi thnh phn dng in th t khng t h thng cao p truyn qua in dung cun dy MBA ti my pht. nng cao hiu qu ca bo v ngi ta c th t thm bo v dng cc i (51N) c c tnh thi gian ph thuc c tr s dng in t khong 5% gi tr dng chm t cc i Imax cp in p my pht. My pht ni t trung tnh qua MBA: (hnh 1.14b) MBA ni t t trung tnh my pht in, va c chc nng nh mt khng in ni t ca my pht va cung cp ngun cho bo v. Cun th cp ca MBA c ni vi rle qu in p (59) song song vi ti tr Rt nhm n nh s lm vic cho MBA v to gi tr in p t ln rle qu in p. Tr s in p t khong (5,4 20) V. S ch c th bo v c khong 90% cun stator tnh t u cc my pht. Ngi ta cng c th s dng phng n hnh 1.14c bo v chng chm t cun stator my pht. Cun th cp ca MBA c mc thm ti tr Rt, in tr ny lm tng thnh phn tc dng chm t ln khong 10A v trn mch th cp ny t bin dng ni vo rle dng cc i (50N). Gi tr t ca rle ny khong 5% gi tr dng in chm t cc i cp in p my pht. Dng in th cp ca BI chn 1A cn dng in pha s cp ca BI chn bng hoc nh hn dng in i qua cun s cp ca MBA ni t. S s dng in p sng hi bc 3: (hnh 1.15)
N MF F

2BU0 1RU R Z1 a Z2 Lf3 1BU0 a) b) N F 2RU b N UN UN

50%

UF UF F 100% UF UF

c)

50% 50%

F 100% F 100%

d)

N UN UN

Hnh 1.15: S bo v chm t 100% cun stator theo in p hi bc 3 (a); th vct trong ch vn hnh bnh thng (b); khi chm t trung tnh (c) v khi chm t u cc im my pht
26

Cc s bo v m t trn khng bo v c hon ton cun stator my pht khi xy ra chm t mt pha. Vi cc my pht cng sut ln hin i, yu cu phi bo v 100% cun dy stator khi xy ra s c trn, ngha l bo v phi tc ng khi xy ra chm t mt pha bt k v tr no cun dy stator my pht. Mt trong nhng phng php la chn y l s dng in p sng hi bc ba. Do tnh phi tuyn ca mch t my pht nn in p cun dy stator lun cha thnh phn sng hi bc ba, gi tr ca thnh phn in p ny ph thuc vo tr s in khng ca thit b ni vi trung tnh my pht, in dung vi t ca cun stator, in dung ni t ca cc dy dn, thanh dn mch my pht v in dung cun dy MBA ni vi my pht in. Trong iu kin vn hnh bnh thng, nu o in p sng hi bc ba vi t cc im khc nhau trn cun dy stator ta c phn b in p nh trn hnh 1.15b. y k hiu UN, UF l in p hi bc ba khi my pht khng ti v UN, UF khi my pht y ti. Khi xy chm t u cc hoc trung tnh my pht, in p sng hi u cc khng chm t tng ln gn gp hai ln so vi ch tng ng trc khi chm t (hnh 1.15c,d). Nguyn l lm vic ca s bo v l so snh tr s in p hi bc ba trung tnh my pht v tr s in p hi bc ba ly cun tam gic h ca 2BU. Rle le in p 2RU ni qua b lc tn s hi bc ba Lf3 v s tc ng khi c chm t trong cun dy stator. Nh phn tch phn trc, rle in p 1RU ch bo v c khong 90% cun stator tnh t u cc my pht, y rle 2RU cng bo v c khong (70 80) % cun stator tnh t im trung tnh. Nh vy s phi hp lm vic gia 1RU v 2RU c th bo v c ton b cun stator my pht khi xy ra chm t mt pha. Cc tng tr Z1, Z2 c chn sao cho ch lm vic bnh thng in p t ln 2RU bng khng, khi xy ra chm t cun stator in p t ln rle s ln hn nhiu so vi in p t ca 2RU.

III.3.2. Phng php hng dng in chm t: (hnh1.16)

Phng php hng dng in chm t c th m rng vng bo v chng chm t khong 90% cun dy k t u cc my pht.

3U0 IU

K Vng tc ng

R1 BTH1 Ilv

C1 C2 CL1

R2

-I(1)

L Vng hm

t
RI IU IH Ilv

3I0 = I

(1)

BTH2 a)

CL2

b)

HNH 1.16 : bo v c hng chng chm t cun dy stator thanh gp in p mf

27

h :

Rle so snh tng quan gia dng in lm vic ILV v dng in hm IH theo quan I = IH - ILV (1-48)

Trong :

IH = IU + I1 (1-49a) ILV = IU - I1 (1-49b) &1 ly t b lc dng th t khng. Vi IU l dng in ly t ngun in p U0; I D T th vct hnh 1.16b ta c th thy rng, iu kin lm vic ca bo v c xc nh theo du ca I, bo v s tc ng ct MC khi I > 0, ngha l IH >ILV iu ny c tho mn nu chm t xy ra trong vng bo v. ng K-L trn th vct hnh 1.16b l ranh gii gia min tc ng v min hm ca bo v. Nu chuyn mch kho K (hnh 1.16a) u vo in p U0 qua in tr R1 thay cho t in C1 th s c th s dng bo v cho cc my pht c trung tnh ni t qua in tr ln. Khi y thnh phn tc dng ca dng in tc dng s c so snh vi thnh phn phn khng ca dng in khi trung im cun dy my pht khng ni t. Nu thnh phn tc dng v thnh phn phn khng ca dng in chm t gn bng nhau, ngi ta s dng s c tn gi l s 450 khi y kho K s chuyn sang mch R2, C2 vi thng s c la chn thch hp. Mt phng n khc thc hin bo v chng chm t cun dy stator my pht c trung tnh khng ni t hoc ni t qua in tr ln lm vic trc tip vi thanh gp in p my pht trnh by trn hnh 1.17. Trong phng n ny ngi ta s dng thit b to thm ti th t khng. Ti ny c a vo lm vic khi pht hin c chm t v lm tng thnh phn tc dng ca dng in s c ln khong 10A, to iu kin thun li cho vic xc nh hng dng in. Thit b to thm ti bao gm BI0N u vo trung tnh ca my pht, ti R ca BI ny c ng m bng tip im ca rle in p RU0. Khi c chm t, in p U0 xut hin, RU0 ng tc thi tip im ca mnh v duy tr mt khong thi gian t2 cho s lm vic chc chn. T s bin i ca BIG trong mch thit b to thm ti c chn sao cho thnh phn tc dng ca dng in a vo b so snh pha xc nh ng hng s c. Hnh 1.17b,c trnh by s nguyn l v th vct xc nh hng s c khi chm t xy ra bn trong (hnh 1.17b) v bn ngoi (hnh 1.17c) cun dy stator my pht. Khi chm t ngoi vng bo v, dng in tng I a vo b so snh pha: I = IA - I(1)D (1-50) Trong : - IA dng in c to nn bi thit b to thm ti. - I(1)D dng in chm t chy qua bo v. Trong trng hp ny gc pha gia in p th t khng U0 v dng in tng I vt qua tr s gc lm vic gii hn nn s khng c tn hiu ct . Khi chm t trong cun dy stator MF ta c: I = IA + I(1)D v gc pha gia in p th t khng U0 v dng in tng I nm trong min tc ng ca bo v. Rle tc ng ct vi thi gian t1.

28

MC

U0
. (1) I

RU0 a

t2 t1

ng RU0 Ct RU0 Ct MC BI0N

BI0 IA R BIG U0 I(1)

I(1)

BI0
.

Thit b bo v MF RU0 BI0N R

I = IA+ I(1)

IA
BIG Thit b to thm ti

c)

Min hm

Min tc ng I

a)

BI0

I(1)
I

U0
Min hm

IA

BI0N

I = IA - I
(1)

BIG

Min tc ng

c) Hinh 1.17 : S bo v chng chm t cun dy stator MF c thit b to thm ti (a) th vct khi c chm t ngoi (b) v trong (c) vng bo v. S hnh 1.17c th bo v c 90% cun dy. Khi chm t trong vng 10% cn li (gn trung im) bo v khng nhy. Tuy nhin, do in p phn ny ca cun dy khng ln (khng vt qu 10% Up) nn xc xut xy ra hng hc v in (chng hn do cch in b nh thng) rt thp nn cc my pht cng sut b ngi ta thng khng i hi bo v ton b cun dy. i vi cc MF ni b vi MBA, thng thng cun dy MBA pha my pht u tam gic nn chm t pha co p dng th t khng khng nh hng n MF. Vi cc im chm t xy ra trong mng cp in p my pht c th pht hin bng s xut hin U0 u cc tam gic h ca BU t u cc MF, hoc u ra ca MBA u vi trung im ca MF. Vi cc MF cng sut ln, ngi ta yu cu phi bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t ngn nga kh nng chm t vng gn trung im ca cun dy do cc nguyn nhn c hc . Ngy nay bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t, ngi ta thng dng hai phng php sau y: - Theo di s bin thin ca hi bc ba ca sng in p trung im v u cc MF. - a thm mt in p hm tn s thp vo trung im ca cun dy MF. * Phng theo di s bin thin ca sng hi bc ba (xem mc III.3.1) c mt s nhc im: - Khi chm t vng gn gia cun dy, bo v c th khng lm vic v thnh phn sng hi bc ba trong in p qu b. - in p Uab t vo rle s suy gim khi in tr ch s c ln. - S khng pht hin c chm t khi MF khng lm vic.Trong mt s MF, thnh hi bc ba khng ln bo v c th pht hin c.
29

 khc phc nhng nhc im ny ngi ta dng phng php a thm mt in p hm tn s thp vo mch trung tnh ca MF. * Phng php a thm mt in p hm tn s thp vo trung im ca cun dy MF (hnh 1.18): MF MBA - Dng in I t ngun 20Hz sau khi qua b lc 1LF c phn thnh hai thnh phn I chy qua BU0 ni vi trung tnh MF v IB chy qua in tr t RB. Thnh phn I thng qua bin dng trung R C gian BIG v b lc tn s 2LF c nn thnh dng in lm vic. 20Hz 1LF I I - ILV a vo rle so snh vi dng in hm IH cng do ngun 20Hz to IB RB nn thng qua in tr t Rc , dng in BIG hm c tr s khng i. ch lm RC vic bnh thng (R = ) dng in I c xc nh theo in dung ca cun 2LF dy i vi t C nn c tr s b do ILV < IH v rle s khng tc ng. Hm RL Lm vic ILV
Ct

IC=IH

Hnh 1.18: S bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t c a thm in p hm 20Hz vo trung im MF - Khi c chm t, dng I c xc nh ch yu theo in tr chm t R , ILV>IH rle s tc ng ct my pht. - Cc b lc tn s 1LF, 2LF m bo cho s ch lm vic vi thnh phn 20Hz, ngoi ra b lc 1LF bo v cho my pht 20Hz khi b qu ti bi dng in cng nghip khi c chm t xy ra u cc MF. Mt phng n khc thc hin bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t l dng ngun ph 12,5Hz (vi tn s cng nghip l 60Hz ngi ta dng 15Hz) c tn hiu c m ha a vo mch s cp thng qua BU0 u vo mch trung tnh ca MF (hnh 1.19a). Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, dng in I chy qua im trung tnh MF c xc nh theo tr s in dung ng tr ca MF l C (hnh 1.19b). Khi xy ra chm t, in tr chm t R c ghp song song vi C lm tng dng in n tr s I > I (hnh 1.19c). Rle u ra s phn ng theo s tng dng in v theo tn hiu phn hi c m ha. Trn hnh 1.20 trnh by vic m ha tn hiu bng cch thay i thi gian pht tn hiu v thi gian dng .Trong cc khong thi gian ny nhiu php o c tin hnh: M1, M2 v M3 cho khong thi gian truyn tn hiu v P1, P2..P6 cho khong thi gian dng. Phng php ny cho php loi tr c nh hng ca nhiu do dng in pha s cp v php o c tin hnh ring cho tng na chu k dng v m s trnh c nh hng ca nhiu c tn s bi ca 12,5Hz.

30

R C b) I RU0 R S 900 a) R BUG

RU0

C 12,5Hz

R C R0 LF

I
BU0 12,5Hz BIG

IM c)

12,5Hz

Hnh 1.19 : S nguyn l (a) ca bo v 100% cun dy stato MF chng chm t dng bin php bm tn hiu 12,5Hz c m ho v s xc nh dng in chm t I khi lm vic bnh thng (b) v khi chm t (c). Cc s bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t thng c s dng kt hp vi s bo v 90% tng tin cy cho h thng chm t.
A Tn hiu m ho IM 1/ 2 chu k (+) D
M1 M3

E
P1 P3 P5

1/ 2 chu P2 P4 P6 M2 k(-) S chu k 4 3 1 2 3 6 7 1 2 5 12,5Hz ms 0 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 80 160

Hnh 1.20: Biu bm tn hiu 12,5Hz c m ho thc hin bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t. A- chu k hoy ng; B- thi gian pht tn hiu; C- thi gian dng; Thi gian o; E- thi gian kim tra tn hiu phn hi

31

IV. Bo v chng chm t mch kch t ca MF (64)

i vi MF, do ngun kch t l ngun mt chiu nn khi chm t mt im mch kch t cc thng s lm vic ca my pht hu nh thay i khng ng k. Khi chm t im th hai mch kch t, mt phn cun dy kch t s b ni tt, dng in qua ch cch in b nh thng c th rt ln s lm hng cun dy v phn thn rotor. Ngoi ra dng in trong cun rotor tng cao c th lm mch t b bo ho, t trng trong my pht b mo lm cho my pht b rung, ...gy h hng nghim trng my pht. i vi MF cng sut b v trung bnh (my pht nhit in), thng ngi ta t bo v bo tn hiu khi c mt im chm t trong mch kch t v tc ng ct my pht khi xy ra chm t im th hai. i vi MF cng sut ln (my pht thu in), hu qu ca vic chm t im th hai trong mch kch t c th rt nghim trng, v vy khi chm t mt im trong cun dy rotor bo v phi tc ng ct my pht ra khi h thng.

IV.1 Bo v chng chm t mt im mch kch t:

t : C ba phng php c s dng pht hin chng chm t mt im mch kch * Phng php phn th. * Phng php dng ngun ph AC. * Phng php dng ngun ph DC.

IV.1.1 Phng php phn th: (hnh1.21)

Cun kch t

MFkt R 64

Trong s bo v chng chm t cun dy rotor, ngi ta dng in tr mc song song vi cun dy kch t, im gia ca in tr ni HNH 1.21 : Bo v chm t rotor qua rle in p, khi c mt im chm t s bng phng php phn th xut hin mt in th rle in p, in th ny ln nht khi im chm t u cun dy. trnh vng cht khi im chm t gn trung tnh cun dy kch t, ngi ta chuyn nc thay i in u vo rle tc ng.

IV.1.2. Phng php dng ngun in p ph AC:

Bo tn hiu Bo tn hiu

+ +
35RI

+ + +
35RI
36RT

+
36RT 37RG

52N

37RG

52N

34BG

47C 48CC 34BG

47C
Ti trc MF

Ti trc MF Ti mch kch t

U~

48CC

CL

2R

Ti mch kch t

HNH 1.22: S bo v chng chm t 1 im cun rotor dng ngun in ph AC

32

HNH 1.23: S bo v chng chm t 1 im cun rotor dng ngun in ph DC

S bo v c trnh by hnh 1.22. in p ngun ph xoay chiu thng bng in p cun kch t. - 34BG: bin p trung gian, ly in t thanh gp t dng. - 35 RI: rle dng in, pht hin s c. - 36RT: rle thi gian, to thi gian tr trnh trng hp bo v tc ng nhm khi ngn mch thong qua. - 37RG: rle trung gian. - 52N: nt n gii tr t gi. - 47CC: cu ch bo v. - 48C: t in dng cch ly mch kch t mt chiu vi mch xoay chiu. Nguyn l lm vic ca s nh sau: - Bnh thng, pha th cp ca bin p trung gian 34RG h mch do khng c dng qua rle 35RI, bo v khng tc ng. - Khi xy ra chm t mt im mch kch t, th cp ca bin p trung gian khp mch, c dng chy qua rle 35RI lm cho bo v tc ng i bo tn hiu. S c u im l khng c vng cht ngha l chm t bt k im no trong mch kch t bo v u c th tc ng. Tuy nhin do dng ngun xoay chiu nn phi chng s xm nhp in p xoay chiu vo ngun kch t mt chiu.

IV.1.3 . Phng php dng ngun in p ph DC:

Phng php ny khc phc c nhc im ca phng php trn bng s hnh 1.23, nh b chnh lu it m ta c th cch li ngun mt chiu v ngun xoay chiu. Ngun in ph mt chiu cho php loi tr vng cht v thc hin bo v 100% cun dy rotor chng chm t. S c nhc im l s lin h trc tip v in gia thit b bo v v in p kch t UKT c tr s kh ln i vi cc MF c cng sut ln.

IV.2. Mt s s bo v chng chm t mt im trong cc MF hin i:

i vi cc MF c h thng kch t khng chi than vi cc it chnh lu lp trc tip trn thn rotor ca my pht, in dung ca h thng kch t i vi t s tng ln ng k v h thng bo v chng chm t ca cun dy rotor cng tr nn phc tp . Cc s bo v chng chm t mt im trong cun dy rotor ca cc MF hin i thng tc ng ct my pht ( loi tr xy ra chm t im th hai) v da trn mt trong nhng nguyn l sau: - o in dn trong mch kch t (i vi t) bng tn hiu in p xoay chiu tn s 50Hz. - o in tr ca mch kch t (i vi t) bng tn hiu in p mt chiu hoc tn hiu sng ch nht tn s thp. Nguyn l o in dn ca mch kch t i vi t ca MF c h thng kch t khng chi than trnh by trn hnh 1.24.
My kch t Rotor ca my kch t R C S1 LF Ct MC

Cun dy rotor ca my pht in U(50Hz) BUG

S2 R RY

HNH 1.24: bo v chng chm t cun rotor MF c h thng kch t khng chi than vi it chnh lu lp trc tip trn thn rotor theo nguyn l o in dn.

33

Ngun in p ph xoay chiu tn s 50Hz c t vo mch trung tnh ca cun dy my kch thch xoay chiu ba pha v thn rotor ca MF thng qua cc vnh gp v chi than S1, S2. B lc tn s LF ch cho tn s cng nghip chy qua rle o in dn RY loi tr nh hng ca hi bc cao trong php o. in dn m rle RY o c ch yu xc nh theo in tr R v in dung C i vi t ca mch kch t. Trn hnh 1.25 trnh by qu o ca nt vct tng tr Z m rle o c cho hai trng hp: Khi R = const, C = var v khi C = const, R = var. Rle RY c chnh nh vi hai mc tc ng: mc cnh bo vi c tnh khi ng 2 v mc tc ng ct my pht vi c tnh khi ng 1. c tnh 1 bc ly mt phn ca gc phn t th hai v th ba trn mt phng ta m bo cho bo v tc ng mt cch chc chn khi c chm t trc tip (R 0). S bo v hnh 1.24 c mt s nhc im l: s c mt 2 ca chi than S1, S2 lm cho tin cy ca s khng cao v tr 1 s ca in tr tip xc c th R=0 CR= 0 R nh hng n tr s o ca rle. Ngoi ra bn thn h thng kch C= thch mt chiu cng c th nh hng n s lm vic ca bo C= const v khi in dung ca mch kch R=var R / 2 thch i vi t C ln, in tr r R ln nht c th o c 10 k. khc phc nhc im X/ 2 R= const ny ngi ta dng s vi R= X C= Var ngun in ph mt chiu hoc xoay chiu vi tn s thp c dng sng hnh ch nht. jX Hnh 1.25: c tnh bin thin ca tng tr i vi t ca mch kch t v c tnh tc ng ca Rle o in dn chng chm t mch roto MF ng b. 1- c tnh ct; 2- c tnh cnh bo. Trn hnh 1.26 trnh by nguyn l pht hin chm t trong cun dy rotor ca MF c kch thch t ngun in t dng qua b chnh lu Thyristor dng ngun tn hiu sng ch nht c tn s 1Hz. Cc in tr ph R1, R2 c chn c ch s kh ln so vi in tr RM to in p UM t vo b phn o lng M. Dng in do ngun in ph U to ra bng: U I= (1 -51) R + RM + R Trong :

R1.R 2 R1 + R 2 Lu rng RM << R v b qua in tr ca bn thn cun dy rotor, ta c: U.R M UM (1-52) R + R R=

34

+ a) Ngun kch t Thanh gp t dng U(1Hz) Cun dy rotor MF Cp 1 cnh bo _ R1 C R I R2 Uktph (1Hz)

UM

RM

Cp 2 ct MF

R= 5K C= 2F b)

c)

R= 0

Hnh 1.26: S nguyn l pht hin chm t trong cun dy rotor MF dng ngun in p ph 1Hz c dng sng ch nht (a), v dng sng t vo b phn o UM vi cc tr s in tr khc nhau (b v c)

in dung i vi t ca mch kch t C mc song song vi in tr R s lm tc thi tng tr s dng in I v in p UM thi im u ca mi na chu k ca ngun in p U. in tr R c tc dng lm suy gim tr s ca I v UM. R cng b suy gim cng nhanh, trn hnh 1.26b v 1.26c trnh by dng sng UM o c cho hai tr s ca R khc nhau. Bo v c chnh nh tc ng bo hiu khi in tr r R tt di 80k (mc 1) v tc ng ct my pht khi R < 5k (mc 2).

IV.3. Bo v chng chm t im th hai mch kch t:

+ a b c 5N 2RT r1 r1 r2 r2 RI
Ti trc MF

Bo tn hiu hiu

+
4Rth

b) 1RI

3RG 10CN -

BIH

5CC 6N 9CN V Ti trc my pht

Ct 1MC

a)

r3
7PA

r4
Ti mch kch t

Hnh 1.27: S bo v chng chm t th hai mch kch t a) S nguyn l b) S bo v

35

Bo v chng chm t im th hai mch kch t (hnh 1.27) c a vo lm vic sau khi c tn hiu bo chm t mt im mch kch t. Thng bo v c t trn mt bng di ng v c dng chung cho nhiu t my ca nh my. Bo v lm vic da trn nguyn tc cu bn nhnh: Khi chm t mt im mch kch t, ngi ta iu chnh cho cu cn bng nh ng h V. Khi cu cn bng ta c: r1 = r 3 , do khng c dng qua r2 r4 1RI, bo v khng tc ng. Khi chm t im th hai mch kch t s lm cho cu mt cn bng, c dng qua 1RI v 2RT c in, sau mt thi gian 3RG c in i bo tn hiu thng qua 4Rth, ct my ct ng thi ni tt cun dy ca 1RI trnh b h hng v t gi cho 3RG thng qua mch t gi. Cc phn t trong s : - 3RG: rle trung gian, bao gm cc tip im: Tip im a: a tn hiu i ct my pht. Tip im b: bo v RI khng b chy (ni tt RI). Tip im c: tip im t gi. - BIH: ly thnh phn xoay chiu ca nhiu tng cng tc ng hm cho RI. - 9CN: cu ni, dng kho bo v khi sa cha hoc khng mun bo v tc ng. - 6N: nt n, kt hp vi ng h V iu chnh cho cu cn bng khi xy ra chm t im th nht mch kch t. - 5N: nt n, gii t gi sau khi bo v tc ng i ct my ct. - 5CC: cun cn nhm hn ch thnh phn nhiu xoay chiu, trnh lm cho RI tc ng nhm. - 10CN: kho bo v khng cho ct my ct.

V. Bo v chng qu in p (59)
in p u cc my pht c th tng cao qu mc cho php khi c trc trc trong h thng t ng iu chnh kch t hoc khi my pht b mt ti t ngt. Khi mt ti t ngt, in p u cc cc my pht thu in c th t n 200% tr s danh nh l do h thng t ng iu chnh tc quay ca turbine nc c qun tnh ln v kh nng vt tc ca rotor my pht cao hn nhiu so vi my pht turbine hi.
Ct MC Ct kch t

MC BU

59II

59I

MF

n h thng iu chnh U(gim kch t)

Hnh 1.28: Bo v chng qu in p hai cp t MF cc my pht nhit in (turbine hi hoc turbine kh) cc b iu tc lm vic vi tc cao, c qun tnh b hn nn c th khng ch mc vt tc thp hn, ngoi ra cc turbine khi hoc hi cn c trang b cc van STOP ng ngun nng lng a vo turbine trong vng vi msec khi mc vt tc cao hn mc chnh nh. Mt khc, cc my pht thu in nm xa trung tm ph ti v bnh thng phi lm vic vi cc mc in p u cc cao hn in p danh nh b li in p ging trn h thng truyn ti, khi mt ti t ngt mc in p li cng tng cao. Qu in p u cc my pht c th gy tc hi cho cch in ca cun dy, cc thit b u ni u cc my pht, cn i vi cc my pht lm vic hp b vi MBA s lm bo ho mch t ca MBA tng p, ko theo nhiu tc dng xu. Bo v chng qu in p u cc my pht thng gm hai cp hnh 1.28.

36

* Cp 1 (59I ) vi in p khi ng: UK59I = 1,1UFm (in p nh mc MF). Cp 1 lm vic c thi gian v tc ng ln h thng t ng iu chnh kch t gim kch t ca my pht. * Cp 2 (59II) vi in p khi ng: UK59II = (1,31,5)UFm. Cp 2 lm vic tc thi, tc ng ct MC u cc my pht v t ng dit t trng ca my pht.

VI. Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti

Mc ch t bo v: - Chng ngn mch trn cc phn t k (thanh gp my pht, my bin p,...) nu bo v ca cc phn t ny khng lm vic. - Chng qu ti do h thng ct gim mt s ngun cung cp. - Lm d tr cho BVSLD my pht in. thc hin bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti ta c th s dng cc phng thc bo v sau:

VI.1. Bo v qu dng in:

Vi cc my pht b v trung bnh, ngi ta thng s dng bo v qu dng in c kho in p thp (hnh 1.29). Bo v thng c 2 cp thi gian: I Cp 1 (2 ) tc ng ct MC u cc my pht (nu ni vi thanh gp in p my pht) hoc MC ca b MF-MBA. Cp 1 c phi hp vi thi gian tc ng ca bo v d phng ca ng dy v MBA.
MC MBA BU
27

2I

Ct MC

F BI 50

&
2II Dng my pht

Hnh 1.29: Bo v qu dng in c kho in p thp Cp 2 (2 ) tc ng dng my pht nu sau khi ct MC u cc my pht (c thanh gp in p my pht) hoc u hp b (MF-MBA) m dng s c vn tn ti (tc l s c xy ra bn trong hp b hoc my pht). Kha in p thp cho php phn bit ngn mch vi qu ti v cho php bo v lm vic chc chn khi my pht c kch t bng chnh lu ly in t u cc my pht. Trong trng hp ny dng ngn mch s suy gim nhanh chng khi xy ra ngn mch ti u cc my pht. Trong mt s s ngi ta cn dng bin php m bo cho bo v tc ng chc chn l ch ly tn hiu in p thp sau khi rle dng in tr v do s suy gim dng ngn mch. Dng in khi ng ca rle qu dng 50 (khi bo v qu dng c kho in p thp 27):
II

I K 50 =

vi Ilvmax l dng in lm vic ln nht qua cun th cp ca BI.

K at I lv max K tv n I

(1 -53)

37

VI.2. Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti MF:

Qu ti gy pht nng cun dy stator c th do nhiu nguyn nhn nh my pht in vn hnh vi h s cng sut thp, thnh phn cng sut phn khng vt qu mc cho php, c h hng trong h thng lm mt hoc h thng iu chnh in p lm cho my pht b qu kch thch. Cun dy rotor cmg c th b qu ti ngn hn trong qu trnh iu chnh in p khi my pht y ti cng sut tc dng. Thi gian chu ng qu ti ca cc cun dy my pht c gii hn v ph thuc vo mc qu ti, kt cu ca my pht, h thng lm mt v cng sut ca my pht. Thng cc nh ch to cho sn quan h gia mc qu ti (I* = I/Im) vi thi gian qu ti cho php ca tng loi my pht in.
Ct Ct 1MC MCpd

1MC

Bo tn hiu

Bo tn hiu
19RT

18RT

20RT

MF
24RI 25RI 26RI 27RI

BI

32LI2

Hnh 1.30: S bo v chng qu ti v ngn mch ngoi C nhiu nguyn l khc nhau c th c p dng thc hin bo v chng qu ti cho cun dy ca my pht in: theo s o trc tip ca nhit cun dy, nhit ca cht lm mt hoc gin tip qua tr s dng din chy qua cun dy. bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti cho my pht ngi ta c th s dng s hnh 1.30, thc cht y cng l mt bo v qu dng. Trong : - 24RI, 18RT; 25RI, 20RT: chng qu ti v ngn mch i xng. - 26RI, 19RT; 27RI, 20RT: chng qu ti v ngn mch khng i xng. - 32LI2: b lc dng th t nghch ( nng cao nhy cho bo v, thng dng cho cc my pht c cng sut ln).

VI.3.Tnh chn cc thng s ca rle:

VI.3.1. Bo v chng qu ti i xng 24RI, 18RT:
Dng in khi ng ca 24RI: K .I I K 24RI = at mF K tv .n I Thi gian tc ng ca 18RT: t18RT = (7 9) sec (1-54) (1-55)

VI.3.2. Bo v chng ngn mch i xng 25RI, 20RT:

I K 4RI = K at .K mm .I mF K tv .n I
(1-56) (1-57)

t20RT = tmax cc phn t ln cn + t

38

VI.3.3. Bo v chng qu ti khng i xng 26RI, 19RT:

Dng in khi ng cho rle 26RI c chn theo hai iu kin: iu kin 1: IK26RI phi ln hn dng th t nghch lu di cho php I2cp: (1-58) I K26RI = K at .I 2cp - i vi my pht in turbine nc: I2cp = 5%.ImF - i vi my pht in turbine hi: I2cp = 10%.ImF iu kin 2: Rle phi tr v sau khi ct ngn mch ngoi. T hai iu kin trn v theo kinh nghim ngi ta chn: I I K 26RI = 0,1. mF (1-59) nI Thi gian tc ng ca 19RT thng c chn: t19RT = (7 9) sec (1-60)

VI.3.4. Bo v chng ngn mch khng i xng 27RI, 20RT:

Dng khi ng ca 27RI chn theo cc iu kin sau: iu kin 1: Bo v khng c tc ng khi t mt pha trong h thng ni vi nh my. iu kin 2: Bo v phi phi hp nhy vi cc bo v ln cn. Trn thc t tnh ton dng th t nghch kh phc tp, theo kinh nghim ngi ta chn: I I K 26RI = (0,5 0,6) mF (1-61) nI t gi tr dng khi ng tnh c ta c th chn c rle thch hp. Thi gian tc ng ca rle 20RT phi phi hp vi cc bo v ln cn: t20RT = tmax cc phn t ln cn + t (1-62)

VI.3.5. Kim tra nhy ca bo v:

nhy Kn ca bo v c tnh theo cng thc sau: I K n = N min (1-63) I KB Tu vo nhim v ca bo v m gi tr nhy ca bo v phi t yu cu. Khi lm bo v chnh Kn 1,5 v khi ng vai tr lm bo v d tr Kn 1,2.

VI.4. Bo v dng th t nghch: (hnh 1.31)

Dng in th t nghch c th xut hin trong cun dy stator my pht khi xy ra t dy (hoc h mch mt pha), khi ph ti khng i xng hoc ngn mch khng i xng trong h thng. Qu ti khng i xng nguy him hn qu ti i xng rt nhiu v n to nn t thng th t nghch 2 bin thin vi vn tc 2 gp hai ln tc ca rotor, lm cm ng trn thn rotor dng in ln t nng rotor v my pht. Dng th t nghch I2 cng ln th thi gian cho php tn ti cng b, v vy bo v chng dng in th t nghch c thi gian tc ng t ph thuc t l nghch vi dng I2:

t=

K1 I2 K2 2 I mF
2

(1-64)

39

52 Cnh bo Ct MC t1 t1 30 2 51

LI2

51

HNH 1.31: Bo v dng in TTN cho my pht

I*2 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 10 a) 10 10 I*2 t2 0,4 0,3 10 0,1 t (sec) 0 2 b) 4 6 8 IK2 t1 IK1 10 t (sec)

HNH 1.32: C TNH THI GIAN PH THUC (A) V C LP C HAI Trong : -K1, K2 l h s t l, K2 = vi:

I 2cp I mF

- l hng s i vi tng loi rle c th. - I2cp: dng th t nghch cho php vn hnh lu di, n ph thuc vo chng loi my pht, cng sut v h thng lm mt ca cun dy rotor. - ImF: dng in nh mc ca my pht. I*2: dng th t nghch tng i, I*2 =

I2 I mF

Bo v c th c c tnh thi gian ph thuc t l nghch theo quan h t = f(I2) (hnh 1.32a) hoc c tnh thi gian c lp 2 cp (hnh 1.32b): cp 1 cnh bo v cp 2 i ct my ct.

40

VII. BO V CHNG MT KCH T

Trong qu trnh vn hnh my pht in c th xy ra mt kch t do h hng trong mch kch thch (do ngn mch hoc h mch), h hng trong h thng t ng iu chnh in p, thao tc sai ca nhn vin vn hnh... Khi my pht b mt kch t thng dn n mt ng b stator v rotor. Nu h mch kch thch c th gy qu in p trn cun rotor nguy him cho cch in cun dy. ch vn hnh bnh thng, my pht in ng b lm vic vi sc in ng E cao hn in p u cc my pht UF (ch qu kch thch, a cng sut phn khng Q vo h thng, Q > 0). Khi my pht lm vic ch thiu kch thch hoc mt kch thch, sc in ng E thp hn in p UF, my pht nhn cng sut phn khng t h thng (Q < 0) (hnh 1.33a,c). Nh vy khi mt kch t, tng tr o c u cc my pht s thay i t Zpt (tng tr ph ti nhn t pha my pht) nm gc phn t th nht trn mt phng tng tr phc sang ZF (tng tr ca my pht nhn t u cc ca n trong ch Q < 0) nm gc phn t th t trn mt phng tng tr phc (hnh 1.33b).
(II) + jX 0 (IV) (I) Zpt 0,5Xd B Xd (III) - jX A T Min qu kch thch (E > 0, Q > 0) R Min thiu kch thch (E < 0, Q < 0) +Q E I, Q U

H thng

a)

ZF
Gii hn pht nng cun rotor Gii hn pht nng cun stator P (MW)

b)

c) 0
Min lm vic bnh thng

Hnh 1.33: Mt kch t MF a) thay i hng cng sut Q. b) thay i tng tr o c cc my pht. c) gii hn thay i ca cng sut my pht.
-Q

Gii hn pht nng mp li thp stator

Khi xy ra mt kch t, in khng ca my pht s thay i t tr s Xd (in khng ng b) n tr s Xd (in khng qu ) v c tnh cht dung khng. V vy pht hin mt kch t my pht in, chng ta c th s dng mt rle in khng cc tiu c Xd < Xk < Xd vi c tnh vng trn c tm nm trn trc -jX ca mt phng tng tr phc. c tnh khi ng ca rle in khng cc tiu hnh 1.33b c th nhn c t s nguyn l hnh 1.34a. Tn hiu u vo ca rle l in p dy Ubc ly u cc my pht v dng in pha Ib, Ic ly cc pha tng ng. in p s cp UBC c a qua bin p trung gian BUG sao cho in th cp c th ly ra cc i lng a.UBC v b.UBC (vi b > a) tng ng vi cc im A v B trn c tnh in khng khi ng hnh 1.33b. Khi mt kch t, dng in chy vo my pht mang tnh cht dung v vt trc in p pha tng ng mt gc 900. Hiu dng in cc pha B v C thng qua bin dng cm khng BIG to nn in p pha th cp UD vt trc dng in IBC mt gc 900. Nh vy gc lch pha gia hai vct in p UD v UBC l 1800 (hnh 1.34). in p a vo cc b bin i dng sng (hnh sin sang hnh ch nht) S1 v S2 tng ng bng:

U1 = a. U BC U D U 2 = b. U BC U D
. . .

(1-65) (1-66)

41

Gc lch pha gia U 1 v U 2 s c kim tra. ch bnh thng = 00, rle khng lm0 vic. Khi b mt kch t = 1800, rle s tc ng. Gc khi ng c chn khong 90 . Cc h s a, b c chn (bng cch thay i u phn p ca BUG) sao cho cc im A v B trn hnh 1.34b tho mn iu kin:

b. U BC > U D > a. U BC
A B C BU U1 aUBC IB IC BIG
.

(1-67)

BUG

U2

~ ~
bUBC

S1 & S1 -1 S3

S4

Ct RL MF

UD U1

-U1 t U2

a)
UA
. .

IB
.

S1
I BC

IA
.

t
.

UC

U BC
.

UB
.

S2 t S3 = - S1.S2 t S4 = S3
.

IC

I BC

UD

b U BC
.

U BC
c)

b)

a U BC

Tn hiu ct t

HNH 1.34: S bo v chng mt kch t my pht in dng rle in khng cc tiu a) s nguyn l; b) th vct; c) dng sng ca cc i lng Khi mt kch thch, gc pha dng in thay i, gc lch pha c kim tra thng qua di ca tn hiu S3 = - S1.S2. Nu > k (hnh 1.34c) bo v s tc ng i ct my pht trong khong thi gian t (1 2) sec.

VIII. BO V CHNG MT NG B
Bo v chng mt ng b i khi cn c tn gi l bo v chng trt cc t. Khi my pht in ng b b mt kch t, rotor my pht c th b mt ng b vi t trng quay. Vic mt ng b cng c th xy ra khi c dao ng cng sut trng h thng in do s c ko di hoc do ct mt s ng dy trong h thng. Hu qu ca vic mt ng b gy nn s dao ng cng sut trong h thng c th lm mt n nh ko theo s tan r h

42

thng in, ngoi ra n cn to ra cc ng sut c nguy him trn mt s phn t ca my pht. pht hin s c ny c th s dng nguyn l o tng tr u cc my pht. Trn hnh 1.35 trnh by c tnh bin thin ca mt vct tng tr o c trn u cc my pht trong qu trnh s c v xy ra dao ng in trong h thng. ch vn hnh bnh thng, mt vct tng tr nm v tr im A. khi xy ra ngn mch mt vct dch chuyn t A n B, sau khi bo v ct ngn mch vct tng tr nhy t B sang C v nu xy ra dao ng, mt vct chu k u tin s dch chuyn theo qu o 2... Hnh vi ny ca vct tng tr khi c dao ng in c th c pht hin bng mt rle vi c tnh khi ng nh trn hnh 1.36. c tnh khi ng c dng hnh elp hoc thu knh 1 v dng in khng 2 kt hp vi nhau theo nguyn l v. Khi c dao ng nu qu o ca mt vct Z i vo min khi ong im M v ra khi min khi ng im N di c tuyn 2 (hnh 1.37) c ngha l tm dao ng (tm in) nm trong min tng tr ca b MF-MBA, bo v s tc ng ct my pht ngay trong chu k dao ng u tin.
Dao ng in 1 2 Z 0 +jX B (ngn mch) C (ct ngn mch) A (bnh thng) R

HNH 1.35: Hnh trnh ca vct tng tr Z khi xy ra s c v dao ng Nu tm dao ng nm pha h thng qu o ca mt vct Z s nm cao hn c tuyn 2, khi y bo v s tc ng ct sau mt s chu k nh trc. Trn hnh 1.37 trnh by s nguyn l ca bo v chng trt cc t, bo v gm b phn o khong cch vi c tuyn thu knh1 kt hp vi b phnhn ch theo in khng 2 gii hn min tc ng t pha h thng, b phn m chu k dao ng 3 ct my pht khi s chu k t tr s t trc. pha cao p ca MBA tng c t thm b phn nh hng cng sut 4 thc hin chc nng ging nh b phn 2 v lm nhim v d phng cho b phn ny. Thay v c tuyn tng tr kt hp 1 v2 trn hnh 1.36 ngi ta c th s dng c tuyn hnh ch nht nh trn hnh 1.38 pht hin dao ng in.
2BU +jX X XH 2 N

4 2BI

P
Ct

BA
R 1BU

MC

&

1 -ZF

F
1BI

U Z<

IC
X<

HNH 1.36: c tnh khi ng hnh thu knh pht hin dao ng in

HNH 1.37: S nguyn l ca bo v chng trt cc t (dao ng in)

43

+jX 0,9XB R 0 XdF

I* 2,5 2 1,5 1

2 (cun dy stator)

1 (cun dy rotor)

10

300 t (sec)

HNH 1.38: c tnh khi ng hnh ch nht pht hin dao ng in

HNH 1.39: Quan h gia mc qu ti v thi gian qu ti cho php ca cc cun dy my pht

IX. bo v chng lung cng sut ngc

Cng sut s i chiu t h thng vo my pht nu vic cung cp nng lng cho Turbine (du, kh, hi nc hoc dng nc...) b gin on. Khi my pht in s lm vic nh mt ng c tiu th cng sut t h thng. Nguy him ca ch ny i vi cc my pht nhit in l Turbine s lm vic ch my nn, nn lng hi tha trong Turbine lm cho cnh Turbine c th pht nng qu mc cho php. i vi cc my pht diezen ch ny c th lm n my. bo v chng ch cng sut ngc, ngi ta kim tra hng cng sut tc dng ca my pht. Yu cu rle hng cng sut phi c nhy cao pht hin c lung cng sut ngc vi tr s kh b (thng ch b p li tn tht c ca my pht trong ch ny). Vi cc my pht in Turbine hi, cng sut khi ng Pk bng: Pk = (0,01 0,03)Pm (1-68) Vi cc my pht thu in v Turbine kh: (1-69) Pk = (0,03 0,05)Pm m bo nhy ca bo v cho cc my pht cng sut ln, mch dng in ca bo v thng c u vo li o BU Cp 2 lng ca my bin dng (thay cho li bo v thng 92 2II dng cho cc thit b khc). Ct Bo v chng cng sut Cp 1 ngc thng c hai cp tc ng: cp 1 vi thi 2I & gian khong (2 5) sec sau khi van STOP khn cp lm F
BI Van STOP

vic v cp th 2 vi thi gian ct my khong vi chc giy khng qua tip im ca van STOP (hnh 1.40).

HNH 1.40: S nguyn l ca bo v chng cng sut ngc

44

X. Mt s s bo v my pht in dng rle s

X.1.S bo v my pht in cng sut trung bnh ( 1MW):
Phng n 1: S s dng cc bo v sau: - 51: bo v qu dng c thi gian. - 51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t c thi - 46: bo v dng th t nghch. - 49: rle nhit . Phng n 2: hnh 1.42 - 51: bo v qu dng c thi gian. - 51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t c thi 46: bo v dng th t nghch. 64: bo v chng chm t cun dy
52

gian.

gian. rotor.

Hnh 1.41

- 32: rle nh hng cng sut. - 40: rle pht hin mt kch t my pht in.

X..2.S bo v my pht in cng sut ln (> 1MW): (hnh 1.43)

S s dng cc bo v sau: - 51: bo v qu dng c thi gian. - 51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t c thi gian. - 46: bo v dng th t nghch. - 32: rle nh hng cng sut. - 40: rle pht hin mt kch t my pht in. - 49: rle nhit . - 87,87N: rle so lch chng chm pha v chm t. - 27: rle in p thp. - 59: rle qu in p. - 81: rle tn s. - 64F: chng chm t cun dy rotor.

64

51

32

46

40

51N

Hnh 1.42

X.3. S bo v b MF-MBA:
Phng n 1: hnh 1.44 - 87U: bo v so lch dc chung cho my pht v MBA tng p v MBA t dng. - 87T: bo v so lch dc MBA tng p v MBA t dng. - 51: bo v qu dng c chnh nh thi gian. - 51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t c thi gian. - 63: rle p sut dng cho MBA. - 71: rle hi dng cho MBA. - 64R, 64R2: bo v chng chm t 1 im v 2 im mch kch t. - 51N, 59N: bo v chng chm t cun dy rotor. - 87G: bo v so lch chng chm pha trong my pht. - 49S: bo v qu nhit cun dy stator. - 59: rle qu in p. - 81N: rle tn s. - 24: rle qu t. 78: rle kim tra ng b. - 40: rle pht hin mt kch t my pht in. - 21: rle khong cch - 32: rle nh hng cng sut..
45

Phng n 2: hnh 1.45

52 27 87
87N

27 81

64F 51 32 46

59 40 49

51N

Hnh 1.43

63
87T
51N

71

87U 59 49S 78
87G

24
81N

51

40 32

87T

63
21 71

51N

64R2

64R

46

59N

51N

HNH 1.44: S bo v b my pht v my bin p .

46

MC 220kV CSV 51N T1 63 50 51 87T

87T 63

Kim tra cch in MC li

6,3kV

MC

Mch t ng kch thch

21 TU

59 87G

G 50 51 TE1 64 46

40

50

51

81

ng h o lng

HNH 1.45: S BO V B MY PHT V MY

47

48

A. GII THIU CHUNG

I. MC CH T BO V
Trong h thng in, my bin p l mt trong nhng phn t quan trng nht lin kt h thng sn xut, truyn ti v phn phi. V vy, vic nghin cu cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng, s c... xy ra vi MBA l rt cn thit. bo v cho MBA lm vic an ton cn phi tnh y cc h hng bn trong MBA v cc yu t bn ngoi nh hng n s lm vic bnh thng ca my bin p. T ra cc phng n bo v tt nht, loi tr cc h hng v ngn nga cc yu t bn ngoi nh hng n s lm vic ca MBA.

II. CC H HNG V TNH TRNG LM VIC KHNG BNH THNG XY RA VI MBA

II.1. S c bn trong MBA:
S c bn trong c chia lm hai nhm s c trc tip v s c gin tip. 1. S c trc tip l ngn mch cc cun dy, h hng cch in lm thay i t ngt cc thng s in. 2. S c gin tip din ra t t nhng s tr thnh s c trc tip nu khng pht hin v x l kp thi (nh qu nhit bn trong MBA, p sut du tng cao...). V vy yu cu bo v s c trc A B C A C tip phi nhanh chng cch ly MBA b s A B C c ra khi h thng in gim nh hng n h thng. S c gin tip khng i hi phi cch ly MBA nhng phi c pht hin, c tn hiu bo cho nhn vin vn hnh bit x l. Sau y phn tch mt s s c bn trong thng gp. II.1.1. Ngn mch gia cc pha trong MBA ba pha: Dng ngn mch ny (hnh 2.1) rt him khi xy ra, nhng nu xy ra dng ngn mch s rt ln so vi dng mt pha.

a/

b/

c/

Hnh 2.1: Ngan mch nhieu pha trong cuon day MBA

53

II.1.2. Ngn mch mt pha:

100 80 60
Z Ix % ca dong I1 max x Dong chm

I
IS Dong s cap Khong cach t trung tnh en iem chm (% cuon day)

40 20 0 20 40

IS

60

80

100

Hnh 2.2: Ngan mch mot pha chm at

Hnh 2.3: Dong ien chm at mot pha ca MBA noi at qua tong tr

C th l chm v hoc chm li thp MBA. Dng ngn mch mt pha ln hay nh ph thuc ch lm vic ca im trung tnh MBA i vi t v t l vo khong cch t im chm t n im trung tnh. Di y l th quan h dng in s c theo v tr im ngn mch (hnh 2.3). T th ta thy khi im s c dch chuyn xa im trung tnh ti u cc MBA, dng in s c cng tng. II.1.3. Ngn mch gia cc vng dy ca cng mt pha: Khong (7080)% h hng MBA l t chm chp gia cc vng dy cng 1 pha bn trong MBA (hnh 2.4). Trng hp ny dng in ti ch ngn mch rt ln v mt s vng dy b ni ngn mch, dng in ny pht nng t chy cch in cun dy v du bin p, nhng dng in t ngun ti my bin p IS c th Hnh 2.4: Ngan mch gia cac vong vn nh (v t s MBA rt ln so vi s t day trong cung mot pha vng dy b ngn mch) khng cho bo v rle tc ng. Ngoi ra cn c cc s c nh h thng du, h s dn, h b phn iu chnh u phn p ...

II.2. Dng in t ho tng vt khi ng MBA khng ti:

Hin tng dng in t ho tng vt c th xut hin vo thi im ng MBA khng ti. Dng in ny ch xut hin trong cun s cp MBA. Nhng y khng phi l dng in ngn mch do yu cu bo v khng c tc ng.

II.3. S c bn ngoi nh hng n tnh trng lm vic ca MBA:

3. Dng in tng cao do ngn mch ngoi v qu ti. 4. Mc du b h thp do nhit khng kh xung quanh MBA gim t ngt. 5. Qu in p khi ngn mch mt pha trong h thng in...

54

B. CC LOI BO V THNG S DNG BO V MBA

I. BO V CHNG S C TRC TIP BN TRONG MBA
I.1. Bo v qu dng in:
I.1.1. Cu ch: Vi MBA phn phi nh thng c bo v ch bng cu ch (hnh2.5). Trong trng hp my ct khng c dng th cu ch lm nhim v ct s c t ng, cu ch l phn t bo v qu dng in v chu c dng in lm vic cc i ca MBA. Cu ch khng c t trong thi gian qu ti ngn nh ng c khi ng, dng t ho nhy vt khi ng MBA khng ti...

CC

I.1.2. Rle qu dng in: My bin p ln vi cng sut (1000-1600)KVA hai dy qun, in p n 35KV, c trang b my ct, bo v qu dng in c dng lm bo v chnh, MBA c cng sut ln hn bo v Hnh 2.5 qu dng c dng lm bo v d tr. nng cao nhy cho bo v ngi ta dng bo v qu dng c kim tra p (BVQIKU). i khi bo v ct nhanh c th c thm vo v to thnh bo v qu dng c hai cp (hnh 2.6). Vi MBA 2 cun dy dng mt b bo v t pha ngun cung cp. Vi MBA nhiu cun dy thng mi pha t mt b.
IS
+ RI RI RT en rle tha hanh chung

Hnh 2.6: S nguyn l bo v qu dng ct nhanh v c thi gian

I.2. Bo v so lch dc:

i vi MBA cng sut ln lm vic li cao p, bo v so lch (87T) c dng lm bo v chnh. Nhim v 87T chng ngn mch trong cc cun dy v u ra ca MBA. Bo v lm vic da trn nguyn tc so snh trc tip dng in hai u phn t c bo v. Bo v s tc ng a tn hiu i ct my ct khi s c xy ra trong vng bo v (vng bo v l vng gii hn gia cc BI mc vo mch so lch).

55

+ + RI RI RI

Th

Rth

en rle tha hanh chung

Hnh 2.7: S o nguyen l bo ve so lech MBA 2 cuon day

Khc vi bo v so lch cc phn t khc (nh my pht...), dng in s cp hai (hoc nhiu) pha ca MBA thng khc nhau v tr s (theo t s bin p) v v gc pha (theo t u dy). V vy t s, s BI c chn phi thch hp cn bng dng th cp v b s lch pha gia cc dng in cc pha MBA. Dng khng cn bng chy trong bo v so lch MBA khi xy ra ngn mch ngoi ln hn nhiu ln i vi bo v so lch cc phn t khc. Cc yu t nh hng nhiu n dng khng cn bng trong bo v so lch MBA khi ngn mch ngoi l: 6. Do s thay i u phn p MBA. 7. S khc nhau gia t s MBA, t s BI, nc chnh rle. 8. Sai s khc nhau gia cc BI cc pha MBA. V vy, bo v so lch MBA thng RI dng rle thng qua my bin dng bo ho trung gian (loi rle in c in hnh I IIT WN WN nh rle PHT ca Lin X) hoc rle so IS WlvT WlvS lch tc ng c hm (nh loi ZT ca WcbI Lin X). WcbII Hnh 2.8 cho s nguyn l mt pha ca bo v so lch c dng my bin dng bo ha trung gian. Trong my bin dng bo ha trung gian c hai nhim I IIS IIIT v chnh: 9. Cn bng cc sc t ng do dng in trong cc nhnh gy nn tnh trng bnh thng v ngn mch ngoi Hnh 2.8: S o nguyen li bo ve so lech theo phng trnh: co dung may bien dong bao hoa trung gian 10. Nh hin tng bo ha ca mch t lm gim nh hng ca dng in khng cn bng Ikcb (c cha phn ln dng khng chu k).
IIT(WcbI + WlvS) + IIIT(WcbII + WlvS) = 0

56

I.3. Bo v MBA ba cun dy dng rle so lch c hm:

Nu MBA ba cun dy ch c cung cp ngun t mt pha, hai pha kia ni vi ti c cc cp in p khc nhau, rle so lch c dng nh bo v MBA hai cun dy (hnh 2.9a). Tng dng in th cp hai BI pha ti s cn bng vi dng in th cp BI pha ngun trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng. Khi MBA c hn mt ngun cung cp, rle so lch dng hai cun hm ring bit b tr nh hnh 2.9b.
Nguon Nguon ti a/ c ham c lviec c ham co the co nguon

87

b/

c lviec

87

Hinh 2.9: S o bo ve so lech co ham MBA ba cuon day

I.4. Bo v chng chm t cun dy MBA:
i vi MBA c trung tnh ni t, bo v chng chm t mt im trong cun dy MBA c th c thc hin bi rle qu dng in hay so lch th t khng. Phng n c chn tu thuc vo loi, c, t u dy MBA. Khi dng bo v qu dng th t khng bo v ni vo BI t trung tnh MBA, hoc b lc dng th t khng gm ba BI t pha in p c trung tnh ni t trc tip (hnh 2.10). i vi trng hp trung tnh cun dy ni sao ni qua tng tr ni t bo v qu dng in thng khng nhy, khi ngi ta dng rle so lch nh hnh 2.12a. Bo v ny so snh dng chy dy ni t IN v tng dng in 3 pha (IO). Chn IN l thnh phn lm vic v n xut hin khi c chm t trong vng bo v. Khi chm t ngoi vng bo v dng th t khng (IO tng dng cc pha) c tr s bng nhng ngc pha vi dng qua dy trung tnh IN.
+ RI + RT +

RI IN

Hnh 2.10: S nguyn l bo v chng chm t MBA bng bo v qu dng in

57

Cc i lng lm vic v hm nh sau: I lv = & N I (2-1) & & & & & & I h1 = I N + I o ; I h2 = I N I o (2-2) Cc dng in hm c phi hp vi nhau v ln to nn tc dng hm theo quan h: I h = k( & N & 0 & N + & 0 ) I I I I (2-3) I I I I I Vi & N : dng dy ni t; & o & A + & B + & C; k: hng s t l. Kho st cch lm vic ca rle so lch th t khng: Khi chm t bn ngoi: & o ngc pha vi & N v bng nhau v I I & & tr s: I o = I N . Gi thit chn k=1, lc & I h2 & & & & & & I lv = I N , I h = I N + I N I N I N = 2 I N , I & Io H2 I h = 2I lv . & I h1 Khi chm t bn trong, ch &N I & c thnh phn qua trung tnh: I 0 = 0 ; H1 & lv = I N ; & I Cuon lviec & I lv & N 0 I N + 0 = 0. & Ih = I Hnh 2.11: S o nguyen ly bo ve so lechth t khong co ham Qua phn tch trn ta thy, khi chm t bn trong thnh phn hm khng xut hin. Nh th ch cn dng chm t nh xut hin khi chm t trong vng bo v (vng gii hn gia cc BI), bo v s cho tn hiu tc ng. Ngc li khi chm t bn ngoi tc ng hm rt mnh. Nu cun sao MBA ni t qua tng tr cao, rle so lch 87N c th khng nhy tc ng, ngi ta c th thay bng rle so lch chng chm t tng tr cao 64N (hnh 2.12b). Rle so lch tng tr cao c mc song song vi in tr R c tr s kh ln. Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hay ngn mch ngoi vng bo v (vng gii hn gia cc BI), ta c: & o = & o & N I I I (2-4) Nu b qua sai s ca BI, ta c dng in th cp chy qua in tr R bng khng v in p t ln rle cng bng khng, rle s khng tc ng. Khi chm t trong vng bo v, lc I0 = 0 nn I0 = IN ton b dng chm t s chy qua in tr R to nn in p rt ln t trn rle, rle s tc ng.
IA IB IC IN Z a/ IO
Rle so lech th t khong

IO 87N Z b/ IN
R

64N RL

Hnh 2.12: S o nguyen ly bo ve so lech th t khong

58

I.5. Bo v MBA t ngu:

Bo v chnh MBA t ngu cng l bo v so lch. Bo v da trn c s nh lut Kirchoff, l tng vect dng in vo ra cc nhnh ca i tng bo v bng khng (ngoi tr trng hp s s).
A B C
a b T c

a/
87

b/

87

87

87

Hnh 2.13: Bo ve so lech MBA t ngau

Bo v so snh dng in thuc hai nhm: nhm BI ni vo u cc MBA v nhm BI ni vo trung tnh MBA. Nu bo v ch dng mt bin dng t trung tnh MBA, cc BI t u cc MBA c ni thnh b lc th t khng v ni n mt rle, khi to thnh bo v so lch chng chm t bn trong MBA t ngu (hnh 2.13a). Trong trng hp cun th ba (cun tam gic) khng ni vi ti, my bin p t ngu dng lin kt h thng siu cao p v cao p. S bo v c th thc hin nh hnh 13b, cc BI c phi hp trn mi pha gn trung tnh (im cui ca cun dy MBA) v dng 3 rle, lc bo v p ng chng ngn mch nhiu 87T pha v mt pha bn trong cun dy chnh MBA t ngu. S ny khng p ng khi s c cun dy th ba, bo v cho cun dy th ba Hnh 2.14: S o nguyen ly bo trong trng hp ny ngi ta thng dng bo ve so lech MBA t ngau v qu dng in. Bo v tt c cc cun dy MBA t ngu tng t nh bo v cho MBA ba cun dy (hnh 2.14).

II. BO V CHNG S C GIN TIP BN TRONG MBA

C cc loi bo v sau: Rle kh (BUCHHOLZ). Bo v qu nhit. Rle pht hin tc tng, gim p sut du. Bo v dng du b iu p. S dng loi no l tu quan im ca nh sn xut v tu tng c my. Thng c dng ph bin l rle kh (hnh 2.15).

59

II.1. Rle kh Buchholz (96B):

Rle hot ng da vo s bc hi ca du my bin p khi b s c v mc h thp du qu mc cho php.

Bnh du ph Phao 1

96B T thng du MBA n bnh du ph

Phao 2

Thng MBA

a)

b)

Hnh 2.15: Nguyn l cu to (a) v v tr b tr trn MBA ca rle hi

Rle kh c t trn on ng ni t thng du n bnh dn du ca MBA. Rle c hai cp tc ng gm c hai phao bng kim loi mang bu thu tinh c tip im thu ngn hay tip im t. ch lm vic bnh thng trong bnh y du, cc phao ni l lng trong du, tip im rle trng thi h. Khi kh bc ra yu (v d v du nng do qu ti), kh tp trung ln pha trn ca bnh rle y phao s 1 xung, rle gi tn hiu cp 1 cnh bo. Nu kh bc ra mnh (chng hn do ngn mch cun dy MBA t trong thng du) lung kh di chuyn t thng du ln bnh dn du y phao s 2 xung gi tn hiu i ct my ct ca MBA. Mt van th c lp trn rle: Khi th nghim rle, lp my bm khng kh nn vo u van th. M kha van, khng kh nn bn trong rle cho n khi phao h xung ng tip im. Mt nt nhn th kim tra s lm vic ca 2 phao. Khi nhn nt th n na hnh trnh, s tc ng c kh cho phao trn h xung (lc ny c 2 phao ang nng ln v rle cha y du) ng tip im bo hiu (cp 1) ca phao trn. Tip tc nhn nt th n cui hnh trnh, s tc ng c kh cho phao di cng b h xung (do phao trn h xung ri) ng tip im m my ct (cp 2) ca phao di. Da vo thnh phn v khi lng hi sinh ra ngi ta c th xc nh c tnh cht v mc s c. Do trn rle hi cn c thm van ly hn hp kh sinh ra nhm phc v cho vic phn tch s c. Rle hi tc ng chm thi gian lm vic ti thiu l 0,1s; trung bnh l 0,2s.

II.2. Rle bo v qu nhit cun dy MBA (26W):

Nhit nh mc my bin p ph thuc ch yu vo dng in ti chy qua cun dy MBA v nhit ca mi trng xung quanh. Tu theo tng loi cng nh cng sut nh mc ca MBA m di nhito cho php ca chng c th thay i, thng thng nhit ca cun dy di 95 C c xem l bnh thng. Thit b ch th nhit cun dy c trnh by nh hnh 2.39 (tng t thit b ch th nhit du).

60

 o nhit cun dy MBA ngi ta thng dng thit b loi AKM 35, y l thit b s dng in tr nhit c phn t t nng c cp in t bin dng pha cao v h my bin p. Rle nhit cun dy gm bn b tip im (mi b c mt tip im thng m, mt tip im thng ng vi cc chung) lp bn trong mt nhit k c kim ch th.
Thit b ch th nhit cun dy

Hnh 2.40: Thit b ch th nhit cun dy

C cu rle gm: ch th quay ghi s o, mt b phn cm bin nhit, mt ng mao dn ni b phn cm bin nhit vi c cu ch th. Bn trong ng mao dn l cht lng c nn li. S co gin ca cht lng trong ng mao dn thay i theo nhit m b cm bin nhn c, tc ng ln c cu ch th v bn b tip im. ng thi, tc ng ln c cu ch th v cc tip im, cn c mt in tr t nng. Cun dy th cp ca mt my bin dng in t ti chn s my bin p c ni vi in tr t nng. chnh nh cho phn t t nng, ngi ta s dng mt bin tr t t iu khin cnh my bin p. Tc dng ca in tr t nng (ty theo dng in qua cun dy my bin p) v b cm bin nhit ln c cu o cng cc b tip im s tng ng vi nhit im nng, nhit ca cun y. C 4 vt iu chnh nhit t tr s tc ng cho 4 b tip im. Ty theo thit k, cc tip im rle nhit c th c ni vo cc mch, bo hiu s c nhit cun dy cao, mch t ng m my ct c lp my bin p, mch t ng khi ng v ngng cc qut lm mt my bin p. Rle nhit cun dy hot ng 2 cp: Cp 1: Khi nhit cun dy MBA 115oC s bo ng bng tn hiu n ci. Cp 2: Khi nhit cun dy MBA l 120oC th bo ng bng tn hiu n ci v tc ng i ct my ct c lp my bin p ra khi li. Ngoi ra, rle nhit cun dy MBA cn c tc dng a cc tn hiu i iu khin h thng lm mt cho MBA. V d i vi MBA lm mt bng qut thi th h thng qut mt s lm vic khi nhit cun dy MBA t n mt trong cc gi tr 750C cun cao, 800C cun h v 600C i vi nhit du. H thng ny s dng khi nhit cun dy v du MBA gim 100C di cc gi tr khi ng trn.

II.3. Rle nhit du (26Q):

o nhit lp du trn s dng hai ng h. Mt ng h nhit du bo tn hiu 800C v mt ng h nhit du tc ng ct my ct 900C. Cc ng h ny s dng nguyn l cm ng nhit . Phn t cm ng nhit c b trong hp nh v c t gn nh ca thng du ca my bin p.

61

Dng ti

nh my bin p

Tn hiu ra

Phn t sinh nhit

Phn t cm ng nhit

Hnh 2.38: Cch lp rle nhit trong my bin p

Rle nhit du gm c c cu ch th quay ghi s o, mt b phn cm bin nhit, mt ng mao dn ni b phn cm bin nhit vi c cu ch th. Bn trong ng mao dn l cht lng (dung dch hu c) c nn li. S co gin ca cht lng (trong ng mao dn) thay i theo nhit m b phn cm bin nhit nhn c, s tc ng c cu ch th v cc tip im. Cc tip im s i trng thi m thnh ng, ng thnh m khi nhit cao hn tr s t trc. B phn cm bin nhit c lp trong l tr bc kn, pha trn np my bin p, bao quanh l tr l du, o nhit lp du trn cng ca my bin p. Thng dng nhit k c 2 (hoc 4) vt iu chnh nhit c th t sn 2 (hoc 4) tr s tc ng cho 2 (hoc 4) b tip im ring r lp trong nhit k. Khi nhit cao hn tr s lp t cp 1, rle s ng tip im cp 1 bo tn hiu s c nhit du cao ca my bin p. Khi nhit tip tc cao hn tr s cp 2, rle s ng thm tip im cp 2 t ng ct my ct, ct in my bin p, ng thi cng c mch i bo hiu s c ct do nhit du cao (B phn ch th nhit nh hnh 2.39). Trong : 1. B phn cm bin nhit. 2. ng mao dn (capillary tubo). 3. Kim ch th nhit . 4. Hai vt iu chnh nhit hai b tip im . 5. Hai b tip im rle nhit du . Nhit mi trng s dng : -100C n 700 C. Thang o : -200C 0 +1300C. Thang iu chnh : -200C 0 +1300C. Sai s ca tr s o c : + 30C. Khong sai bit tc ng ca tip im : 10-14.

II.4. Cu to rle mc du ti my bin p (33):

Thit b ch th mc du b i nc Thit b ch th mc du thn my du ng du ni n thn my ng th c bnh silicagel

ng du ni n b i nc

Hnh 2.41: V tr lp rle mc du ti my bin p

62

Rle mc du gm hai b tip im lp bn trong thit b ch th mc du, my bin p c b i nc in p c ti (b iu p di ti) th thng gin n du c chia lm hai ngn (hnh 2.41). Ngn c th tch chim phn ln thng gin n, c ni ng lin thng du qua rle hi n thng chnh my bin p ( c th tch gin n du cho my bin p). Ngn c th tch chim phn nh hn nhiu ca thng gin n, s c ni ng lin du n thng cha b iu p di ti. Thng chnh my bin p v thng b i nc c thit k ring r, khng c lin thng du vi nhau. V vy, c hai thit b ch mc du lp ti hai u thng gin n o mc du ca hai ngn thit b ch th mc du my bin p v thit b ch th mc du b iu p di ti.
1 2 4 9 8 5 3 7 Hnh 2.42: Cu to ca thit b ch th mc du 1. V my. 6. Kim ch th. 2. Vng m . 7. Mt ch th. 3. Phao. 8. Thanh quay. 4. Nam chm vnh cu. 9. Trc quay. 5. Nam chm vnh cu. 6

C cu ca thit b ch th mc du gm hai b phn (hnh 2.42): B phn iu khin v b phn ch th. B phn iu khin c mt phao (3), thanh quay (8) trc quay (9) c lp nam chm vnh cu (4). B phn iu khin lp trn v my (u thng gin n) c vng m. B phn ch th gm kim ch (6) lp trn trc mang mt nam chm vnh cu (5). B phn ch th c lm bng nhm trnh b nh hng t trng nam chm v chng nh hng ca nc. Khi mc du nng h th phao (3) nng h theo. Chuyn ng nng h ca phao c chuyn thnh chuyn ng quay ca trc (9) nh thanh quay (8). Khi quay t trng do nam chm (4) s iu khin cho nam chm (5) quay sao cho hai cc khc tn (N v S) ca hai nam chm i din nhau (hai cc cng tn c lc y, hai cc khc tn c lc ht nhau). Do vy kim ch th quay theo nam chm (5), ghi c mc du trn mt ch th. B phn ch th cng tc ng ng m cc tip im rle mc du a tn hiu vo mch bo ng hoc mch ct ty theo tng thit k.

II.5. Bo v p sut tng cao trong my bin p (63):

Rle bo v d phng cho my bin th lc, ch danh vn hnh l R.63. Khi c s c trong my bin p, h quang in lm du si v bc hi ngay, to nn p sut rt ln trong my bin p. Thit b an ton p sut lp trn np thng chnh my bin p s m rt nhanh (m ht van khong 2ms) thot kh du t thng chnh MBA ra mi trng ngoi, p sut trong thng chnh s gim. Trong thit b an ton p sut c gn rle p sut.

63

 S khi ca bo v R.63 ti trm:

Tn hiu t BI Ct my ct

Hnh 2.43: S khi bo v R.63

tnh trng lm vic bnh thng, van a b nn bi l xo nn lm kn thng chnh my bin p. Khi c s c bn trong thng chnh my bin p th p sut trong thng chnh tng cao s ln hn p lc nn ca l xo, van a s chuyn ng thng ln, lm h thnh khe h xung quanh chu vi van a. Kh s thot ra ti khe h vng m, lm gim p sut trong thng. Khi van a di chuyn ln th cng tc ng ln ci ch th c kh bung ln, ng thi tc ng tip im rle p sut gi tn hiu ti mch bo ng v t ng ct my ct c lp my bin p ra khi li in. Khi p sut tr li bnh thng, mun ti lp li MBA th phi nhn ci ch th c kh ( b bung ln) v v tr c, ng thi t li rle p sut bng nt nhn.

II.6. Bo v p sut tng cao trong b i nc my bin p (R.63 OLTC):

Rle bo v tc ng theo p sut thng iu p di ti my bin p lc, l bo v d phng cho my bin p. Ch danh vn hnh trn s bo v l R.63 OLTC (On Load Tap Changer). Cu to v nguyn l vn hnh ca rle tng t nh R.63 ni trn. Khi c s c bn trong thng i nc my bin p th rle s tc ng v t ng ct my ct c lp MBA ra khi li in. S khi ca bo v R.63 OLTC ti trm:
Tn hiu t BI Ct my ct

R.63
Hnh 2.44: S khi bo v R63 OLTC

R86.

Mun ti lp li MBA sau khi rle tc ng phi t li Rle kha trung gian

II.7. Rle kha trung gian (86): Rle kha trung gian R.86 thng c dng l loi kiu MVAJ-21 nh ch to GEC ALSTOM. c im v ng dng ca rle nh sau: Thit b ny dng ngt mch in vi an ton cao, c bit chng c th dng ngt mch in hoc iu khin cc hot ng ng ngt do tn hiu c gi ti t cc rle khc. Rle ny c th hot ng hai ch tc thi hoc c thi gian tr hon. Rle MVAJ c kh nng dp tt c s phng in do in dung. Rle MVAJ l loi thit b bo v dng gim st s hot ng ca cc loi rle bo v khc. Rle MVAJ-21 ch hot ng khi cc rle khc (c lin quan) lm vic. Khi rle bo v chnh ca thit b hot ng th cng ng thi tc ng rle R.86
Nguyn tc hot ng:

64

lm vic. R.86 hot ng s c lp ngun iu khin ca cc rle iu khin khc. Mun ti lp li s lm vic bnh thng ca mch iu khin cc thit b th phi t li R.86.
+
RI

Nguon

+
RT

Th

Hnh 2.17: S o nguyen ly bo ve qua ti

III. BO V CHNG NGN MCH NGOI V QU TI

III.1. Bo v qu ti (BVQT):
C chc nng bo tn hiu qu ti MBA. Dng bo v qu dng in. MBA hai dy qun bo v c b tr pha ngun (hnh 2.17), my bin p ba dy qun bo v qu ti c th b tr hai hoc c ba dy qun. Bo v qu ti ch b tr mt pha v i bo tn hiu sau mt thi gian nh trc. Tuy nhin rle dng in khng th phn nh c ch mang ti ca MBA trc khi xy ra qu ti. V vy i vi MBA cng sut ln ngi ta s dng nguyn l hnh nh nhit thc hin bo v chng qu ti. Bo v loi ny phn nh mc tng nhit nhng thi im kim tra khc nhau trong my bin p v tu theo mc tng nhit m c nhiu cp tc ng khc nhau: cnh bo, khi ng cc mc lm mt bng tng tc tun hon ca khng kh hoc du, gim ti my bin p. Nu cc cp tc ng ny khng mang li hiu qu v nhit my bin p vn vt qu gii hn cho php v ko di qu thi gian quy nh th my bin p s c ct ra khi h thng.

III.2. Bo v dng in tng cao do ngn mch ngoi:

Thng thng ngi ta dng bo v qu dng in. V nguyn tc vi MBA ba cun dy khi c ba cp in p u c th c ngun cung cp nn t mi cp in p mt b.

65

Vi MBA ba cun dy v MBA t ngu mt trong cc b bo v dng in cc i thng l bo v c hng ( m bo tnh chn lc gia cc bo v). nng cao nhy ngi ta dng bo v dng in th t nghch (BVI2) km theo mt rle dng in c kim tra p. Cc bo v chng dng in tng cao do ngn mch ngoi dng lm bo v d tr cho bo v TA CA chnh ca MBA khi ngn mch nhiu pha + MBA, n cn lm RU T BU noi bo v d tr cho vao thanh bo v ca cc phn + + RT gop TA + t ln cn nu iu kin nhy cho + RI RW php. RW RI Hnh 2.18 cho s nguyn l bo LI2 LU2 v chng ngn mch ngoi cho my bin p t ngu. Trong + rle nh hng T BU noi vao cng sut (RW) ch + + thanh gop CA tc ng khi hng RT cng sut ngn mch RI RI RU truyn t my bin p n thanh gp cao LI2 p, cn theo chiu ngc li th khng T BU noi vao thanh gop TA tc ng.
HA Hnh 2.18: S o nguyen ly bo ve chong ngan mch ngoai

C. TNH TON BO V RLE CHO MBA

C s tnh chn bo v rle cho MBA: Cn phi bit cc thng s ca MBA do nh ch to cung cp trn nhn my hoc trong cc catalogue: V d vi MBA ba pha hai cun dy: Loi MBA C iu chnh in p SBm Thng s sn xut Um cun Un(%) Pn Po dy Uc Uh Io(%)

Dng ngn mch ln nht, nh nht xut hin trong cc dng ngn mch. Cc thng s, c tnh ca my bin dng in, bin in p. Cc yu cu bo v rle ca MBA.

66

U1

SHT

51

50 N2

U2

N1

I. BO V QU DNG IN
I.1. Cu ch:
Cu ch c chn theo iu kin sau: Icc Kat.Im (2-5)

Vi Im: dng lm vic nh mc pha t cu ch; Kat h s an ton ly bng 1,2.

S liu tham kho t cu ch cho MBA cp in p 11 Kv Cng sut MBA Cu ch S (KVA) I (A) Im tct (s) 100 5,25 16 3 200 10,5 25 3 300 15,8 36 10 500 26,2 50 20 1000 52,5 90 30

I.2. Bo v qu dng in:

Chn my bin dng in cho bo v. nh mc th cp ca BI c tiu chun ho l 5A hoc 1A. BI c chn c dng nh mc s cp bng hay ln hn dng nh mc cun dy MBA m n c t. i vi MBA hai cun dy dng nh mc s cp v th cp MBA ph thuc cng sut nh mc ca MBA v t l nghch vi in p. i vi MBA ba cun dy dng nh mc ph thuc vo cun dy tng ng. SBm I lv m = (2-6) 3U Bm
Vi SBm: cng sut nh mc ca my bin p. UBm: in p nh mc ca MBA.

67

I.2.1. Bo v ct nhanh: Xc nh dng ngn mch s cp cc i chy qua ch t bo v khi ngn mch ngoi (INngmax) ti im N1 trong hnh. U1 I Nngmax = I (3) = (2-7) xht N1 3(x B + x ht )
Trong : xB: in khng ca MBA, x B = xht: in khng ca h thng.

U N %.U2 m B 100.S m B

xB N1
(3)

Dng in khi ng bo v: I k = K at .I Nngmax

(2-8)

vi Kat l h s an ton, Kat = (1,3-1,4)

Dng khi ng th cp ca rle :

I kR =
(3) K at .K s .I Nngmax

nI

(2-9)

K (3) : h s k n s ni dy ca BI. s Kim tra nhy ca bo v ng vi tnh trng ngn mch hai pha trn cc MBA pha ni vi ngun trong ch lm vic cc tiu ca h thng (imN2). I (2-10) K n = Nmin 2 I K Thi gian bo v: t = 0sec.
I.2.2. Bo v qu dng c thi gian: Xc nh dng khi ng ca bo v: K .K (2-11) I k = at mm .I lv max K tv y dng Ilv max dng lm vic max qua ch t bo v. Trong trng hp khng bit c th ly Ilv max = IBm . Vi MBA ba cun dy dng Ilv max ly tng ng ca tng cun.
Kat: h s an ton (1,1 - 1,2). Kmm: h s m my (1,3 - 1,8). Ktv: h s tr v (0,85 - 0,9).

Dng khi ng ca rle: Kim tra nhy ca bo v:

I kR =

K (3) .I k s I N1min I k nI

(2-12) (2-13)

Kn =

y IN1min dng ngn mch nh nht qua bo v khi ngn mch trc tip cui vng bo v (im N1). Dng ngn mch tinh ton l dng ngn mch hai pha nn: U1 I (2) = N1 3.(x1 + x 2 )

Yu cu K n 1,5 : khi lm bo v chnh.

68

- x1 :in khng th t thun tng n im ngn mch, x1 = x1B + x1ht. - x2 : in khng th t nghch tng n im ngn mch, x2 = x2B + x2ht. Yu cu K n 1,2: khi lm bo v d tr (ngn mch cui vng d tr). Nu nhy khng t yu cu, phi dng bo v qu dng c kim tra p (BVQIKU). Lc dng khi ng ca bo v c tnh: K (2-14) I k = at .I lv max K tv Khng k n Kmm v sau khi ct ngn mch ngoi cc ng c t khi ng nhng khng lm in p gim nhiu v bo v khng th tc ng. in p khi ng ca RU< : U (2-15) U k = lv min K at .K tv Thi gian lm vic thng c phn thnh 2 cp: Cp th nht ct my ct th cp: tc1 = t(2) + t vi - t(2): thi gian tc ng ln nht ca bo v k n. - t: bc chn lc v thi gian (0,3 - 0,5)sec. Cp thi gian th hai ct tt c cc my ct ca MBA: tc2 = tc1 + t
Kat =1,2, Ktv =1,15, Ulv min: in p ti ch t bo v trong iu kin t khi ng ca ng c sau khi ct ngn mch ngoi. Thng thng c th ly (0,7-0,75) Um .

Trong :

(2-16)

(2-17)

I.3. Bo v dng th t nghch:

tng nhy cho BVQIKU, ngi ta s dng kt hp vi BVI2 (hnh 2.19). Khi , bo v qu dng ch b tr mt pha chng ngn mch ba pha v nhy c kim tra theo dng ngn mch ba pha th cp:

I (3) K n = N1min 1.5 I k Dng khi ng ca BVI2: K I 2k = at .I Bm . Vi Kat = 1,2; Ktv = 0,85 K tv
1MC + 2MC N1

(2-18)

(2-19)

Ct 1 v 2 MC Ct 2MC

RI

RU

RI

RT

LI2
t BU thanh gop

Hnh 2.19: S o nguyen l bo ve qua dong co kiem tra ap ket hp BVI2 tac ong co thi gian
69

U1

51N

(n) N1

U2

Hnh 2.20: S o nguyen ly bo ve chong chm at MBA bang bo ve qua dong ien

II. Bo v qu ti
Dng khi ng ca bo v qu ti : Dng khi ng ca rle :
I k = K at .I Bm K tv K (3) .I k I kR = s nI

(2-20) (2-21)

Kat = 1,05; Ktv = 0,85 IBm: dng nh mc pha t bo v tnh theo cng sut nh mc MBA.

tbv max : thi gian ln nht ca bo v ln cn.

Thi gian t ca bo v: t = tbv max + t

(2-22)

III. BO V DNG TH T KHNG (BVI0) CA MBA TRONG MNG C DNG CHM T LN

III.1. Bo v I0 MBA mt pha ni t:
Dng khi ng s cp BVIO c chn theo hai iu kin : Theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng khng cn bng khi ngn mch I k > I kcbmax (2-23) ngoi: Theo iu kin phi hp v nhy vi cc bo v ng dy ni vo thanh gp ca trm: I k K at .3I ott (2-24)
Trong : K at : h s an ton khi phi hp c th chn Kat = (1,1-1,2). I ott : dng th t khng (TTK) ti ch t bo v, ng vi dng ngn mch no gy ra dng TTK ln nht.

Khi chn I k theo iu kin (2-24) th iu kin (2-23) cng c tho mn, v vy thng ch tnh theo iu kin (2-24).

70

 nhy ca bo v: Khi lm bo v chnh: 3I (2-25) K n = 0min 1,5 I K Ly (3I0min ) khi ngn mch trn thanh gp ca trm. Khi lm bo v d tr: Kn 1,2. Lc dng 3I0min l dng b nht khi ngn mch cui vng d tr. in khng TTK ca MBA Vi MBA hai dy qun in khng th t thun (TTT) bng in khng th t nghch (TTN) bng in khng th t khng X1B = X2B = X0B . MBA ba pha ba dy qun ni /Yo/Y loi ny thng c s dng vi cun ni vi my pht in, cun Yo ni vi thanh ci cao p, cun Y l trung p 35KV thng trung tnh khng ni t. Do vy tng tr TTK ca loi ny bng tng tr TTT ca cun Yo. Nu t ni dy /Yo/Yo, vi cun c ti, in khng TTK ca mi cun chnh bng TTT, MBA t ngu in khng TTK ca mi cun chnh bng in khng TTT. Up (n) I1 = (2-26) (x1 + z(n) ) Dng ngn mch (n)
n Z

In 0

NM 1 pha(A) 1 NM 2 pha chm t (B,C) 1,1

x2 + x0 x 2 .x 0 x2 + x0

I1
x2 I1 x2 + x 0

Trong : - n: dng ngn mch. x1 x1 - Io: dng in th t khng. x2 x2 x0 - z(n) : Tng tr s c thm vo. - x1: in khng th t thun ti im ngn mch. x0 - x2: in khng th t nghch ti im ngn mch. (1,1) (1) N1 N1 - x0: in khng th t khng ti im ngn mch. V d ta c s thay th tnh ton MBA hai cun dy ca hnh 2.20. Xc nh dng th t khng khi ngn mch mt pha v dng th t khng khi ngn mch hai pha chm t trn thanh gp (im N1 khi bo v lm nhim v bo v chnh). Chn gi tr ln hn lm gi tr tnh ton dng khi ng, gi tr nh hn dng kim tra nhy ca bo v. Khi bo v lm nhim v d tr dng 3I0min ly cui vng bo v (cui ng dy di nht ni n thanh ci MBA t bo v).

III.2. Bo v I0 my bin p c hai pha ni t dng rle qu dng in:

MBA c hai dy qun ni t trc tip (hnh 2.21), dng 3I0 i nh hnh v. Trong : IoN2(1-2): dng 3Io do ngun I cung cp khi ngn mch chm t ti N2. IoN1(2-1): dng 3Io do ngun II cung cp khi ngn mch chm t ti N1. IoN1(1-1): dng th t khng tng cung cp n im ngn mch N1. IoN2(2-2): dng th t khng tng cung cp n im ngn mch N2. V th, cn t BVI0 c hng, thng c 2-3 cp tc ng.

71

Cp I: L BVI0 ct nhanh, phi hp vi BVI0 ng dy ni n thanh ci pha t bo v: (2-27) I k I = K atK fm I k Iz max Trong : Kat: h s an ton, Kat = 1,1. I Kfm: h s phn mch I0, K fm = 0 bve. I 0 day I0 bv: dng I0 qua ch t bo v. I0 dy: dng I0 qua ng dy c Ik Iz max. IkIz max: dng chnh nh cp 1 ca BVI0 ng dy c tr s ln nht trong tt c cc ng dy ni n thanh ci MBA c bo v. Thi gian chnh nh: (2-28) tI = tIzmax+t tIzmax: thi gian tc ng ca bo v ng dy c Ik Iz max. Cp II: Chn phi hp vi cp 2 ca BVI0 ng dy, tnh tng t nh cp I trn, thay k hiu I bng k hiu II. nhy cp I v cp II: N1 N2 I 3I 0min II (2-29) KnI = 1,5 I K I I0N1(1-1) I0N1(2-1) 3I 0min (2-30) K n II = 1,5 I K II I0N2(2-2) trong 3I0min ly vi ngn mch ngay trn thanh gp ca trm. Cp III: L bo v qu dng in v III hng, tnh nh BVI0 ca MBA c mt pha ni Hnh 2.21: Dong ngan mch vi at t.
MBA co hai day quan noi at

IV. TNH TON CC BO V SO LCH

IV.1. Bin dng cho bo v so lch:
Nh ni trn vi bo v so lch MBA s u dy BI c chn c th b s lch pha gia dng in cc pha MBA do t u dy MBA gy ra. V d MBA c t u dy /Y-11 th dng th cp lch 300 so vi dng s cp. dng in th cp MBA khng lch pha nhau, ngi ta ni mch th cp ca BI ngc li, ngha l pha ni sao ca MBA ngi ta ni BI theo kiu v ngc li. Mc ch l trnh dng khng cn bng qu ln chy qua bo v so lch trong trng thi lm vic bnh thng cng nh khi ngn mch ngoi c th lm cho bo v tc ng nhm. S u dy BI theo cc cch u cc cun dy MBA khc nhau nh hnh 2.22. * V d cch chn my bin dng: my bin p hai cun dy Sm= 20 MVA, Um =110 Kv/ 6 Kv, t ni dy MBA Y/ -11. + Chn my bin dng cp in p 110 Kv, mch th cp BI ni nn dng in cun dy bng dng in pha. Do vy dng in tnh ton chn BI pha cao p bng: 3 3.S m 3.20.10 I sC = = = 181,8A 3.U m 3.110 Chn loi bin dng 200/5 A.

72

+ Chn bin dng pha h 6 kV. Mch th cp BI ni sao. Dng in tnh ton chn BI pha h p bng: Sm 20.103 I sH = = = 1937A 3.U m 3.6 Chn bin dng loi 2000/5 A. Dng in th cp BI hai pha tng ng bng: I I tC = sC . 3 = 4,55A nI
I sH = 4,84A nI chnh lch dng in th cp hai pha bng : I tC I tH 4,55 4,84 .100 = .100 = 6.4% I tC 4,55 I tH =

Gn y, trong rle so lch hin i ngi ta thc hin vic cn bng pha v tr s dng in th cp cc pha ca MBA ngay trong rle so lch.
/Y-1
A
B

/Y-11
A
B

a b c

a b c

C A B C N A

C A B C N 11

a b c
B

a b c
b
B

a/

c
C

a b

b/

a
C

Y/-11 Y/-1
A
B

a b c n a b

a b c
A B C

B C

a b c

d/

11

c/
C

a
B

a
C

b c

73

Y/Y-0
A
B

Y/Y-6 a b c
A C A B C

a b c
A

C A B C

a b c
B

a b c c
B

e/

a b

f/
C

b a

Hnh 2.22: S o noi day mch th cap may bien dong phu hp vi to noi day MBA: A, B, C: vect dong ien s cap pha A, B, C ca MBA. a, b, c: vect dong ien th cap pha a, b, c ca MBA.

IV.2. Bo v so lch dng in c s dng bin dng bo ha trung gian:(Loi PHT)

Trnh t tnh ton: 1. Xc nh dng s cp tt c cc pha ca MBA hoc bin p t ngu c bo v. Dng ny c xc nh tng ng cng sut nh mc (cng sut nh mc ca cun dy khe nht) cn i vi MBA t ngu th tng ng vi cng sut truyn qua ca n. Xc nh t s bin dng da vo dng in s cp va tnh trn. Theo cc t s bin i ca t my bin dng tnh cc dng th cp tng ng trong cc nhnh ca bo v : I IT , I IIT , I IIIT i khi ngi ta chn t s bin dng ln hn gi tr tnh ton ca n c th chn s vng dy ca BIG gn vi gi tr tnh ton ca n hn, do lm tng nhy ca bo v. Lp bng gi cc tr tnh ton trn: STT 1 2 3 4 Tn gi cc i lng Dng s cp cc pha ca MBA tng ng vi cng sut nh mc H s bin i ca BI T ni dy ca BI Dng th cp trong cc nhnh ca bo v tng ng vi cng sut nh mc Gi tr bng s cho pha UC UT UH

Chn pha c gi tr dng in s cp ln nht lm pha c bn. 2. Xc nh dng ngn mch s cp cc i chy qua MBA khi ngn mch ngoi trong ch lm vic cc i tt c cc pha ca MBA. 3. Tnh ton dng in khng cn bng s cp cha k n thnh phn I "' kcbtt do chn s vng dy khng chnh xc gy ra.

74

Dng khng cn bng s cp ton phn tnh theo cng thc sau: ' I kcbtt = I 'kcbtt + I 'kcbtt + I "' kcbtt
Vi:

(2-31)

- I 'kcbtt : thnh phn do sai s ca my bin dng gy nn:

I 'kcbtt = K kck .K n.fi .I Nng max

(2-32)

Kkck: h s k n thnh phn khng chu k trong qu trnh qu . i vi rle PHT c my bin dng bo ha vi cun dy ngn mch, h s ny ly bng 1. Kn: h s ng nht ca cc my bin dng, i vi bo v MBA thng ly bng 1. fI: sai s cc i cho php ca BI, fI max= 10%. I Nngmax : thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch chy qua MBA khi ngn mch ba pha trc tip ngoi vng bo v. I" kcbtt : thnh phn do vic iu chnh in p ca MBA c bo v gy nn.
' I 'kcbtt = U I Nng max + U I Nng max

(2-33)

Trong o : U, U: sai so tng oi do viec ieu chnh ien ap cac pha ca MBA c bo ve lay bang na khong ieu chnh cho tng pha tng ng. ong thi khi tnh so vong day ca may bien dong bao hoa trung gian phi lay gia tr trung bnh ca ien ap pha co ieu chnh. I Nng max va INng max: thanh phan chu ky ca dong chy qua pha co ieu chnh ien ap ca MBA khi ngan mch ngoai tnh toan. I "' kcbtt : thanh phan do viec chn so vong day cac pha khong c bn khong phu hp vi gia tr tnh toan ca chung gay nen: WItt WI W WII (2-34) I "' .I INng max + IItt .I IINng max kcbtt = WItt WIItt WItt, WIItt: s vng tnh ton ca cc cun dy my bin dng bo ha trung gian i vi cc pha khng c bn xc nh theo yu cu cn bng sc t ng khi ngn mch ngoi v lm vic bnh thng. I cbT.Wcb = I IT .WItt = I IIT .WIItt (2-35) WI ,WII: cc s vng c chp nhn (s nguyn) ca cun dy my bin dng bo ha trung gian cc pha khng c bn tng ng . Biu thc (2-33) v (2-34) vit cho MBA ba pha v MBA t ngu. i vi MBA hai cun dy cn b bt s hng th hai v phi ca cc biu thc ny. 4. Xc nh s b gi tr dng khi ng ca bo v Ik cha k n thnh "' phn I kcbtt . Theo iu kin chnh nh khi gi tr tnh ton ln nht ca dng khng cn bng tnh ton:
Trong :

I k K at .I kcbtt
(2-36) Vi Kat: h s an ton k n sai s ca rle v d tr, c th ly bng 1,3. Theo iu kin chnh nh khi gi tr nhy vt ca dng in t ho khi ng MBA khng ti :

75

I k K.I mB (2-37) Trong : ImB l dng in nh mc tng ng vi cng sut nh mc ca MBA (ca cun dy c cng sut ln nht) v vi cng sut mu ca MBA t ngu cha k n h s nhit i ho, ly theo pha c bn. K: l h s chnh nh chn trong khong 1,0 - 1,3 khi tnh ton bo v my bin dng bo ha trung gian. Theo hai iu kin (a) v (b) ta chn gi tr ln nht lm gi tr tnh ton. 5. S b kim tra nhy c th xc nh xem c th dng rle PHT c hay khng hay phi dng rle c c tnh hm loi ZT. s b kim tra nhy cn xc nh dng ngn mch trc tip khi h hng xy ra trn cc cc MBA trong tnh trng tnh ton. Tnh trng tnh ton y cn cp n c ch lm vic ca MBA v c ch lm vic ca h thng. H s nhy ca bo v xc nh theo cng thc: I (2-38) K n = R I kR Trong IR l dng trong cun dy rle. Dng ny ph thuc vo dng ngn mch v s ni dy ca my bin dng. Trn hnh 2.23 v s phn b dng in trong mch bo v so lch ca MBA 3 cun dy i vi mt s trng hp ngn mch khc nhau. n gin, h s nhy c xc nh vi gi thit l ton b dng ngn mch ch chy t mt pha n. IkR: dng khi ng ca rle tng ng vi s vng pha c dng IR chy qua. Nu h s nhy tnh c ln hn 2 th s tip tc tnh ton cho rle PHT theo trnh t tip theo di y cn khng th c th khng cn tnh thnh phn Ikcbtt do iu chnh in p gy nn vi gi thit l khi thay i u phn p ta cng s thay i i lng t ca bo v. Trong nhng trng hp khi khng tnh n thnh phn Ikcbtt m bo v vn khng m bo c nhy cn thit hoc l phi bt buc k n thnh phn khng cn bng th nn dng cc bo v c c tnh hm loi ZT (xem mc 3). i vi nhng trng hp ng th MBA vo mt pha in p no hoc khi MBA ba cun dy (hay t ngu) lm vic trong tnh trng mt my ct pha no ct ra th c th cho php ta h thp yu cu v nhy ca bo v so lch. Trong nhng trng hp ny nu bo v khng nhy th cc bo v khc nh bo v rle hi, hay bo v d tr ca MBA s tc ng ct MBA. 6. Xc nh s vng cun c bn ca bin dng bo ha trung gian, tng ng vi dng khi ng ca bo v (pha c bn l pha c dng in th cp BI ln nht). F (2-39) Wcbtt = kR I kRcb
Trong : IkRcb l dng khi ng ca rle tnh qui i v pha c bn. N bng t s gia dng khi ng s cp vi h s bin i ca BI pha c bn c tnh n s ni dy, IkRcb = Ks.(Ik / nI). Gi tr nI theo pha c bn. FkR: Sc t ng (A-Vng) khi ng ca rle

Loi PHT-562 FkR = 60AV Loi PHT-565 FkR = 100AV V dng in pha c bn l ln nht nn s vng cun c bn ca bin dng bo ha trung gian l b nht. Ch thch hnh 2.23: S phn b dng trong MBA ba cun dy v rle so lch khi: a: ngn mch 2 pha pha ngun.
76

b: ngn mch 1 pha pha ngun. c: ngn mch 2 pha pha cun sao. d: ngn mch 3 pha cun tam gic. e: ngn mch 2 pha pha cun tam gic.
Nguon A
n BI
(2) IN

B
(2) IN

C
(2) IN

nBI

n BI
(2) IN

(2) IN

wI
k=
3w I

n BI
(2) IN
(2) IN

w III

=1

w II

n BI

n BI

w III

nBII

nBIII
a b
Nguon

a/

B
I (1) N nBI

I (1) N

wI
wI

= w II
w III nBIII
a b c

w II nBII

(1) IN

w III = 3w I

nBI

b/

77

Nguon

B
(2) IN

C
n BI
(2) IN

nBI
wI
wI

n BI
(2) IN

IN

(2)

(2) IN

n BI
(2) IN

= w II
3w I

w III =

w II

(2) IN

(2) IN

(2) IN

n BI

n BI

w III

nBII

nBIII
a b
Nguon

c/

A
n BI
(3) IN

B
nBI
(3) IN

C
(3) IN

nBI

n BI
(3) 3I N

wI
k=
3w I

(3) IN

(3) IN

(3) IN

n BI
(3) 3I N

w III

=1

(3) IN

(3) IN

(3) IN

w II

n BI

(3) 3I N

n BI

w III

nBII

nBIII
a b c a b c d/

78

Nguon A
IN
(2)

B
I 2.N
(2)

C
IN
(2)

n BI =

nBI 3

nBI 3

nBI 3

wI

(2) IN

2I N

(2)

3
(2) IN

(2) IN

(2) IN

3
(2)

k=

3w I

w III

=1
w III

2 .I N

3
(2) IN

(2) IN

w II

(2) IN

nBII

nBIII = 1
a b c a b c
e/

Hnh 2.23: S o phan bo dong trong MBA va mch th cap BI khi xy ra ngan mch trong vung bo ve

7. S vng ca cc cun dy cc pha khc, xc nh t iu kin cn bng sc t ng trong my bin dng bo ha trung gian khi MBA lm vic bnh thng v khi c ngn mch ngoi theo biu thc (2-35): I cbT .Wcb = I IT .WItt = I IIT .WIItt S vng tnh ton pha I: I (2-40) WItt = Wcb. cbT I IT S vng tnh ton pha II: I (2-41) WII tt = Wcb. cbT I IIT Wcb: s vng cun c bn ca BIG sau khi ly trn (v pha s nguyn gn nht) tng ng vi s vng tnh ton thc t c c ca BIG. Nu s vng tnh ton WItt , WIItt tnh theo (2-40) v (2-41) ra nhng s l th ly v s nguyn gn nht pha ln hn hoc b hn, sao cho dng in khng cn bng tng Ikcb c k n thnh phn I "' (do vic chn s vng dy WI v WII khng kcb ph hp vi gi tr tnh ton ca chng gy nn) trong mi trng hp ngn mch ngoi s khng lm cho bo v tc ng nhm. Cn ch rng i vi loi rle FkR= 100A th sai s do vic ly trn s vng dy gy nn (thnh phn I "' ) ni chung s b hn l i vi loi rle c FkR= 60A. kcb

79

i vi MBA ba cun dy khi s vng chp nhn ca ba pha khc nhau th pha c bn s ni vo cun dy so lch ca BIG cn cc pha kia s ni vo cun dy cn bng. i vi MBA ba cun dy khi s vng chp nhn hai pha no ging nhau v vi MBA hai cun dy th pha c bn s ni vo mt cun dy cn bng no (hoc mt phn ca cun dy cn bng v mt phn ca cun dy so lch) cn pha kia s ni vo cun dy cn bng cn li. Cch ni ny cho php ta chn s vng dy pha c bn gn vi gi tr tnh ton ca n hn. 8. Xc nh gi tr chnh xc ca dng khng cn bng s cp ca bo v c k n thnh phn I " ' theo cng thc (2-31) v (2-34): kcbtt
I "' kcbtt = W WII WItt WI .I IINng max .I INng max + IItt WIItt WItt

' I kcbtt = I 'kcbtt + I 'kcbtt + I "' kcbtt

Cuon can bang I 21 1 28 14 7 0

0 1234 0 1234 3 2 4

Cuon so lech
3 2 1 0 8 16 24 12 20
11 12 6

Cuon can bang II

5

RI

RI

Hnh 2.24.a: S o noi day rle PHT 565 e thc hien bo ve so lech MBA
Cuon can bang 21 1 28 14 7 0
01 234 01234 3 2 4

Cuon so lech
3 2 1 0 8 16 24 12 20
11 12 6

Cuon can bang II

5

RI

RI

Hnh 2.24.b: S o noi day rle PHT 565 e thc hien bo ve so lech MBA

9. Xc nh gi tr chnh xc ca dng khi ng s cp ca bo v theo gi tr chnh xc ca dng khng cn bng, tnh theo biu thc (2-36). Tnh i dng khi ng ny sang pha th cp ca BI pha c bn. Nu nh dng tnh i ny ln hn dng khi ng ca rle tng ng vi s vng c chp nhn pha c bn th phi chn li s vng pha c bn v
80

pha b hn gn nht. Sau li tnh li s vng ca cc cun dy ca BIG cc pha cn li tng ng vi s vng pha c bn va c chp nhn Wcb theo cc cng thc (2-40), (2-41). C nh vy tnh cho n khi no dng khi ng ca bo v c k n thnh phn I " ' kcbtt bng hoc b hn dng khi ng ca bo v c chp nhn mi thi. 10. Xc nh cc dng ngn mch s cp v nhng dng th cp tng ng ca BI, ri tnh h s nhy theo cng thc (2-38) hoc cng thc sau: I .W Kn = R (2-42) Fk R IR: dng th cp mi pha ca bo v c k n du ca n dng ngn mch ang kho st. W: s vng ca cun dy BIG pha tng ng. H s nhy Kn phi tnh cho tt c cc trng hp lm vic khc nhau ca MBA c bo v cng nh ca h thng v mng in cung cp, khi c nhng dng ngn mch khc nhau xy ra trn cc MBA c bo v. Khi dng cng thc (2-42) cn phi tnh s phn b ca dng s c v dng cc pha ca mch bo v. Khi dng cng thc (2-38) cn xc nh dng trong my bin dng BIG ca rle vi gi thit l ton b dng ngn mch ch chy mt pha cung cp dng s c ln nht dng ngn mch ang kho st. Nu tnh ton s b th dng cng thc (2-38) tin hn. Nu nh nhy ti thiu nhn c trong tnh trng tnh ton b hn gi tr cho php, ng thi gi tr tnh ton ca dng khi ng ca bo v li chn theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng khng cn bng khi ngn mch ngoi th phi tnh ton li bo v vi rle c c tnh hm loi ZT.
Bng tng hp gi tr tnh ton:

STT Tn i lng tnh ton 1

K hiu v cng thc tnh

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Dng khi ng ca rle pha I I kRcb = K s k (Ik khi cha c bn nI "' k n I kcb ) S vng tnh ton ca cun dy F my bin dng bo ha trung Wcbtt = kR . I kRcb gian pha c bn S vng pha c bn s b Wcb c chp nhn FkR Dng khi ng ca rle pha I kRcb = c bn tng ng Wcb S vng tnh ton ca cun dy I my bin dng bo ha trung WItt = Wcb cbT . I IT gian pha I S b chn s vng pha I WI S vng tnh ton ca cun dy I my bin dng bo ha trung WIItt = Wcb cbT . I IIT gian pha II S b chn s vng pha II WII Thnh phn dng khng cn WItt WI .I INngmax bng s cp do vic chn s I "' kcbtt = WItt vng pha I khc vi gi tr tnh ton ca n gy nn trong trng
81

Gi tr bng s

10 11 12 13

hp ngn mch tnh ton Dng khng cn bng tnh ton pha s cp c k n thnh "' phn I kcbtt Gi tr chnh xc dng khi ng ca s cp ca bo v Gi tr chnh xc dng khi ng ca s cp ca rle pha c bn S vng ca cc cun dy ca my bin dng bo ha cui cng c chp nhn

' I kcbtt = I 'kcbtt + I 'kcbtt

+ I "' kcbtt

I kRcb K at .I kcbtt
I k nI Pha c bn Wcb Pha I WI Pha II WII I kRcb = K s

IV.3. Bo v so lch dng BIG c c tnh hm ZT:

Ch dn chung: 1. Rle loi ZT c mt cun hm nm trong my bin dng bo ho trung gian cho php ta hm cc bo v bng dng in ly t my bin dng t pha no . c tnh khi ng ca rle khi c hm Flv = f(Fh) ph thuc vo gc gia dng lm vic Ilv v dng hm Ih. Trn (hnh 2.25) v c tnh gii hn tng ng ca cc gi tr hm ln nht v b nht. 2. S ni cc cun dy trong rle v s bo v my bin p hai v ba cun dy bng rle loi ZT trnh by trn hnh 2.26a, 2.26b trong cun hm c ni ti pha c dng ngn mch ln hn.

1300 1100 900 800 600 400 200 0

Flv (A-V)

Vung khi ong

Vung ham

200

400

600 800

Fh (A-V)

Hnh 2.25: ac tnh khi ong ca rle loi ZT

3. Dng rle so lch c cun hm cho php ta khng cn chnh nh dng khi ng theo dng khng cn bng khi ngn mch ngoi. Khi sc t ng do cun hm sinh ra s m bo cho bo v rle khng tc ng. V th bo v dng rle c cun hm thng c nhy cao hn so vi cc bo v khng c cun hm (loi PHT). Bo v dng rle ZT -1 thng dng trong trng hp sau y: - My bin p hai hoc ba cun dy c my ct trong mch t dng. - My bin p hai hoc ba cun dy (hay bin p t ngu), ni vo h thng c cng sut ln qua hai my ct. - My bin p ba cun dy trong mt cun ni vi pha khng c ngun.

82

Cuon ham
2

6 1 3 5 7 9 11

Cuon can bang 4I

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3

Cuon so lech
9 8 8 16 24 12 20 11
12

3210
3

Cuon can bang II

5

RI

RI

Cuon th cap

Hnh 2.26a: S o noi day rle ZT - 1

4. bo v khng tc ng khi ngn mch ngoi trong trng hp cun hm khng lm vic (v d my ct ni vo cun hm ct ra) hoc khi ng MBA khng ti, cn phi chn dng in khi ng theo cc iu kin nh i vi bo v PHT: * Theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng khng cn bng tnh ton ln nht khi ngn mch ngoi:
I k K at .I kcbtt
trong : h s an ton Kat = 1,5.

(2-43)

Dng khng cn bng tnh ton Ikcbtt chn dng khi ng Ikmin c xc nh nh rle PHT.
' I kcbtt = I 'kcbtt + I 'kcbtt + I " ' kcbtt

I 'kcbtt = K kck .K n.fi .I Nng max

' I 'kcbtt = U I Nng max + U I Nng max

ti:

WItt WI W WII .I INng max + IItt .I IINng max WItt WIItt * Theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng t ho nhy vt khi ng MBA khng I "' kcbtt =
I k K.I mT
trong : h s K = 1,2 -1,5

(2-44)

* Theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch sau MBA t dng (hoc khng in t dng). Nu trong mch t dng khng t bin dng cho bo v so lch. Thng thng iu kin ny khng phi l iu kin tnh ton.

83

Trong hai iu kin (a), (b) h s an ton ly cao hn i vi loi rle PHT v trong rle so lch loi ZT khng c cun dy ngn mch, nh hng ca dng qu s ln hn. 5. S vng ca cun dy lm vic ca my bin dng bo ha (cun cn bng v cun so lch) tng ng vi dng Ikmin xc nh tng t nh i vi bo v dng rle PHT. Theo cng thc (2-39), (2-40), v (2-41): F I I Wcbtt = kR ; WItt = Wcb . cbT ; WIItt = Wcb . cbT I kRcb I IT I IIT 6. Cun hm ca rle ZT nn ni vo t my bin dng no m bo c nhy ca bo v ni chung cao nht. Mun vy phi lm sao cho: Dng khi ng ca bo v cng b cng tt. Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v (trong nhng trng hp kim tra nhy) tc ng hm cng b cng tt. Thc t chn c pha ni vi cun hm mt cch hp l cn phi xem xt mt cch c th. V d i vi cc s ni vi my tng p (hnh 2.27) c th chn t my bin dng ni vi cun hm nh sau:
I II I II

a/ en cuo n ham

b/ en cuo n ham

III

TD

III

TD

II I en cuo n ham

II

en cuo n ham

c/

d/

III

TD

III

TD

Hnh 2.27: S o noi day cac MBA tang ap 3 cuon day (t ngau) dung rle so lech co cuon ham

84

* i vi my bin p tng p hai v ba cun dy (hoc MBA t ngu) cc cp in p u c ngun, trong mch t dng c t my ct cn trong mch my pht khng t my ct th cun hm ca my bin dng nn ni vo t my bin dng t t dng (hnh 2.27a). * i vi MBA tng p ba cun dy c ba cp in p u c ngun cung cp, trong mch my pht v mch t dng u c t my ct th cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo tng dng in ca hai nhnh my pht v t dng (hai t my bin dng ca hai nhnh ni song song) khi phi chnh nh dng khi ng ti thiu ca bo v theo dng khng cn bng khi h hng trong my pht in (hnh 2.27b). * i vi my bin p tng p hai hoc ba cun dy ni vi h thng cng sut ln qua hai my ct th cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t trong mch ca mt trong hai my ct ( hnh 2.27c). * i vi MBA tng p ba cun y lm vic theo s b, pha in p trung khng c ngun cung cp, trong mch t dng v mch my pht khng t my ct th cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t pha cp in p trung (hnh 2.27d). Sau y chng ta kho st mt s v d v cch ni cun hm trong bo v ca my bin p gim p (hnh 2.28):
I II I en cuo n ham b/ II

en cuo n ham a/

III I II II

III

I en cuo n ham

c/

d/

e/ en cuo n ham

III

III

II

Hnh 2.28: S o noi day cac MBA gim ap 2, 3 cuon day (hoac t ngau) dung rle so lech co cuon ham

85

* i vi cc MBA gim ni vi h thng c cng sut ln qua hai my ct th cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t trong mch ca mt trong hai my ct (hnh 2.28a). * i vi cc my bin p gim, ba cun dy ch ni vi mt ngun cung cp (hnh 2.28b) khi c iu p di ti v dng khi ng ca bo v tnh theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng khng cn bng khi ngn mch ngoi ( c hai pha khng c ngun) ln hn dng khi ng tnh theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng t ho nhy vt th cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t trong mch ni vi ngun. Nu khi ngn mch ngoi mt pha no dng khng cn bng rt ln v dng khi ng ca bo v tnh theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng khng cn bng pha ny ln hn l dng khi ng ca bo v tnh theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng t ho nhy vt, cn khi ngn mch pha kia dng khi ng ca bo v tnh theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng khng cn bng b hn dng khi ng ca bo v tnh theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng t ho nhy vt th cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t pha c dng khng cn bng ln hn. Cch ni ny cho php ta chn dng khi ng ca bo v theo iu kin chnh nh khi dng t ho nhy vt. * i vi MBA t ngu gim p ni vi hai ngun cung cp (hnh 2.28c) cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t mt trong hai mch ni vi ngun. * i vi MBA gim ba cun dy c hai ngun cung cp (hnh 2.28d) khi cun dy in p trung hoc cun dy in p thp c in tr bng khng (r = 0) th cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t pha c in tr bng khng. Tuy nhin trong trng hp khi cng sut ca ngun pha no b hn so vi pha kia th nn chn cch ni cun hm theo nhng ch dn mc trn. * i vi cc MBA gim hai cun dy (hnh 2.28e) cun hm ca rle so lch nn ni vo t my bin dng t pha khng ngun ca MBA. Cch ni ny lm tng nhy ca bo v khi c ngn mch trong MBA v khi y cun hm s khng lm vic. Trong trng hp chung c th chn cch ni cun hm mt cch hp l c th lm nh sau: Ln lt t cun hm tt c cc pha ca MBA c bo v vi gi thit l my ct t pha ny ct ra, xc nh dng khng cn bng tnh ton cc i Ikcbttmax khi cun hm khng lm vic v dng khi ng ti thiu tng ng Ikmin ca bo v i vi tt c cc phng n t cun hm khc nhau. Phng n no c dng khi ng ti thiu Ikmin b nht s c dng v khi y nhy ca bo v s cao nht. Nu nh hai phng n no cho gi tr Ikmin gn nh nhau hoc hon ton ging nhau (khi iu kin tnh ton l iu kin chnh nh khi dng t ho nhy vt) th nn chn phng n c tc ng hm t hn khi ngn mch trong vng bo v tng nhy ca bo v. Cn ch rng c th c trng hp nu ni cun hm vi pha m khi ngn mch ngoi pha dng khng cn bng tnh ton khng phi l ln nht th phi chn s vng ca cun hm qu ln v khi ngn mch trong vng bo v nhy ca bo v qu thp, trong nhng trng hp nh vy phi tnh ton li vi phng n ni cun hm vo pha khc. 7. Khi cun hm lm vic nu c ngn mch ngoi bo v s khng tc ng. kim tra tnh khng tc ng ca bo v (c hm) phi dng c tnh khi ng tng ng vi tc ng hm b nht (ng cong II trn hnh 2.25) tnh ton c n gin hn ngi ta c th thay th ng cong bng tip tuyn ca n i qua gc to , khi ta thay th nh vy th d tr khng tc ng ca bo v khi ngn mch ngoi s cao hn. R rng rng bo v chc chn s khng tc ng nu nh khi ngn mch ngoi, im biu din quan h Flv, Fh nm thp hn ng tip tuyn ny, ngha l: I .W K at lvT lvtt tg (2-45) I hT .Wh

86

 IlvT v IhT: dng lm vic v hm th cp tnh i v pha th cp ca t my bin dng ni vi cun hm ca rle so lch. Wh: s vng ca cun hm c s dng. Wlvtt: s vng tnh ton ca cun lm vic pha c ni vi cun hm. tg: tg ca gc ca ng tip tuyn vi c tnh khi ng thp nht qua rle (theo s liu ca nh ch to tg 0,83) Kat: h s an ton Kat = 1,5. Mt khc ta li c : I lvT I lv = I hT Ih V khi ngn mch ngoi I lv = I kcbtt nn t (45) c th tm c s vng cn thit ca cun hm:
Wh K at .I kcbtt Wlvtt . Ih tg

Trong :

(2-46)

Dng ngn mch tnh ton chn s vng cun hm theo biu thc (2-46) l ngn mch ba pha xy ra trong ch khi I ln nht: K .I (2-47) I = at kcbtt Ih xc nh gi tr ln nht ca I cn phi kho st nhng trng hp ngn mch pha do tc ng ca cun hm bo v s khng lm vic. ng thi trong trng hp chung tin hnh tnh ton cho nhng phng n lm vic khc nhau ca MBA v ca h thng in. Khi sc t ng lm vic do dng khng cn bng gy nn ln hn 100A c th dng biu thc (2-46) v thay ng c tuyn khi ng bng tip tuyn ca n (tg = 0,85). Khi sc t ng b hn 100A c tuyn khi ng thc t khc nhiu so vi ng tip tuyn ca n, v vy nu tnh theo ng tip tuyn th s vng cun hm nhn c s cao hn gi tr cn thit ca n. Mt khc vic xc nh tnh trng tnh ton s dng ng cong thc t s gp kh khn v khi tng t s I theo (2-47) i vi c tnh thc t th tg cng tng theo. 8. nhy ca bo v khi h hng xy ra trong vng bo v trong nhng ch khi cun hm khng lm vic c th c trng bng h s nhy tnh theo cc cng thc: IR Kn = I kR
Fk R Cc ch lm vic v dng ngn mch tnh ton cng nh h s nhy ti thiu cho php cng chn tng t nh l i vi cc bo v rle PHT. 9. nhy ca bo v trong nhng trng hp cun hm lm vic (c dng chy qua cun hm) h s nhy trong trng hp ny tnh theo cng thc: Flv (2-48) Kn = Flvk.R

Trong : I kcbtt v Ih : dng khng cn bng s cp tnh ton xc nh theo (2-31) v dng hm s cp dng ngn mch tnh ton chn s vng ca cun hm ca rle so lch.

hoc

Kn =

I R .W

87

 Flv: sc t ng lm vic ca rle khi ngn mch trc tip. FlvkR: sc t ng lm vic khi ng ca rle trong iu kin khi bo v gii hn ca min khi ng trong trng hp ngn mch kho st, nhng khng phi ngn mch trc tip m qua in tr qu . Sc t ng lm vic ca rle so lch xc nh theo biu thc : (2-49) Flv = I lvT .Wlv IlvT: dng th cp cc pha khc nhau c k n du ca chng dng ngn mch trc tip kho st. Wlv: s vng ca cun lm vic tng pha tng ng. Khi c mt ngun cung cp, hoc tnh ton n gin ngay c khi c nhiu ngun cung cp c th xc nh sc t ng lm vic theo biu thc sau: Flv = I lvT .Wlvc (2-50) Trong : - IlvT: dng trong cun lm vic ca rle khi ngn mch trc tip (nu c nhiu ngun cung cp th gi thit dng ch chy theo pha cung cp ch yu). - Wlvc: s vng cun lm vic ca rle so lch pha c ngun cung cp (khi c nhiu ngun cung cp ly pha c ngun cung cp ch yu). Cc dng trong cc cun lm vic IlvT v IlvT trong cc biu thc (249) v (2-50) cn phi xc nh c k n dng ngn mch v s ni my bin dng ca bo v. Sc t ng lm vic khi ng ca rle FlvkR trong biu thc (248) xc nh theo c tnh khi ng ca rle khi tc ng hm ln nht theo trnh t sau:
Xc nh sc t ng hm ca rle so lch Fh khi ngn mch theo biu thc: Fh = I hT .Wh (2-51)
Trong :

Trong :

IhT: dng trong cun hm ca rle so lch dng ngn mch ang kho st c k n s ni dy ca BI. Wh: s vng dy ca cun hm. Trn mt phng Flv, Fh v im biu din tng ng vi Flv, tnh theo (2-49) v (2-50) v Fh tnh theo (2-51) cho trng hp ngn mch kho st. V ng thng OA, ng thng ny l qu tch nhng im tng ng vi dng Flv (A-V) 1300 ngn mch kho st qua cc in tr trung gian khc nhau, bi v 1100 khi ngn vi nhng in tr trung Vung tac gian khc nhau s phn b dng ong 900 in v quan h gia cc dng lm vic v hm s khng thay 800 i. im ct nhau gia ng Flvtt thng ny vi ng cong khi 600 ng ca rle tng ng vi tc A ng hm ln nht (im A trn 400 hnh 2.29) s l im biu din Vung ham gii hn tc ng ca rle, do 200 sc t ng lm vic tng ng vi im ny s l im lm vic Flh FlvkR khi ng FlvkR dng ngn 0 200 400 600 800 (A-V) mch ang kho st c in tr trung gian.
Hnh 2.29: Xac nh sc t ong lam viec khi ong ca rle theo ac tnh khi ong khi o ham ln nhat.
88

Trong :

 xc nh nhy ca bo v cn phi chn ng tnh trng lm vic ca h thng, ca nh my in hoc trm v ca bn thn my bin p c bo v sao cho dng in qua cun hm l ln nht. H s nhy ti thiu Kn(hmmin = 2. i vi trng hp ng th MBA hoc khi MBA ba cun dy (hay t ngu) lm vic trong tnh trng mt my ct pha no ct ra th h s nhy ti thiu c th cho php ly thp hn. Cn ch rng khi xc nh nhy ca bo v nn k n sai s ca rle v bo v c th tc ng chc chn im lm vic tng ng vi dng ngn mch kho st phi nm cao hn ng c tnh khi ng t nht l 10% so vi tung ca n.

IV.4. My bin dng ph cho bo v so lch:

Ngoi BI chnh ngi ta c th dng BI ph b lch pha, v hiu chnh dng khng cn bng vo rle do cc u phn p do khc t s bin i gia MBA v BI chnh. i vi MBA hai cun dy my bin dng ph c phi hp vi iu kin dng ph ti ln nht ca MBA (hnh 2.30). Vi MBA ba cun dy, chn BI theo cun dy c cng sut nh mc ln nht (hnh 2.31). V d: Cho bng vng dy theo u ni v s u dy my bin dng ph ca rle so lch MBA ca hng GEC. Hy chn t s BI ph, s vng dy ca cun BI ph trong bo v so lch MBA. My bin p 3 pha: S = 30MV, 11/66KV, /Y. 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 x-7 7-8 8-9 S1-S2 u ni S T s bin 5 5 5 5 125 25 25 25 215 vng i 1 /1 A

Bien dong ph C.ham

87 87
C.lam viec

Hnh 2.30: Bo ve so lech co dung BI ph

89

S cap BI ph P1 P2 5 Bien dong ph

3
Bien dong ph

C.ham

Gii:
S1

87

C.lam viec S2 87 au ra ti rle

87

Hnh 2.31: Bo ve so lech MBA ba cuon day co dung BI ph

30.103 = 1574,6A Dng nh mc pha 11 KV: 3.11 Cun dy MBA pha 11KV ni, BI ni Y, dng th cp vo rle (chn BI chnh 1600 /1): 1574,6.1 = 0,984A I TI = 1600 30.103 = 262,4 A 3.66 Cun dy MBA pha 66KV ni Y, BI ni Y, dng th cp a vo rle (chn BI chnh 300 /1): 262,43.1 I TII = = 0,875A 300 b lch pha BU ph u Y/. T s (66KV / 11KV) = 0,875 / 0,984 = 0,899. Cun dy th cp S1-S2 l 215 vng. S vng ca cun s cp BI ph nI c tnh: 0,984.215 0,984.215 0,875.n = ; n1 = = 139,6 140 von 1 3 3.0,875 Chn hai u ni cun s cp BI ph l 2 v 6 (5 + 5 + 5 + 125) = 140 vng.

Dng nh mc pha 66 KV:

90

Kt hp bo v so lch v bo v chm t cun dy MBA:

C th lin kt bo v so lch th t khng cun dy MBA v bo v so lch dc MBA. T hnh 2.32 ta thy nu trung tnh cun sao ni t qua in tr 1 n v tng i, h thng bo v so lch dc c tr s t 20% s pht hin chm ch 42% cun dy tnh t u ng dy. Yu cu s ca hai b BI cho hai h thng so lch khc nhau, BI ca bo v so lch TTK ni sao, trong khi BI ca h thng bo v so lch dc th ni pha cun dy ni sao MBA, dng hai b BI th tn km, c th dng mt b BI cho hai h thng so lch theo cc cch sau: Dng my bin dng ph tng. Dng my bin dng ph Y/. Phng php sau c dng rng ri hn v c th iu chnh dng khng cn bng cho bo v so lch dc.

Im 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60

(%)

Bo ve chm at

B.ve so lech 40 20 0

% Cuon day c bo ve

Hnh 2.32: Vung bo ve cuon day MBA theo dong khi ong s cap

a) S BI ph tng: BI ph tong co bon cuon day s cap giong nhau noi ti cac BI chnh nh hnh 2.33. Cac BI noi oi vi he thong so lech dc, dong a vao rle so lech dc la hieu dong hai pha. oi vi BI ph tong dong vao rle van la dong tng pha, tong cac dong la 0 khi ieu kien can bang cuon th t ca BI ph la dong t trung tnh MBA, rle at cuon th BI ph se bo ve chm at cuon day noi sao MBA, nh the s o nay bo ve so lech dc va bo ve so lech th t khong lam viec theo ac tnh rieng ca mnh. b) S BI ph Y/: Khi BI chnh ni Y pha cun cao MBA th t BI ph ni Y/ hiu chnh gc pha nh hnh 2.34. Rle chng chm t c ni t pha s BI ph. Lu trong cc s kt hp trn rle lm vic ng, khi chn BI chnh phi tnh n ti ca BI chnh, BI ph v cc rle.
V. BO V SO LCH KHI C DNG T HO NHY VT, HIN TNG QU KCH T MBA

Khi ng MBA khng ti dng in t ho nhy vt pha ngun, tng cc dng ny khng phn bit vi dng ngn mch bn trong MBA. trnh tc ng nhm trong trng hp ny c cc phng php sau: Tc ng chm: Dng t ho l dng qu , tt nhanh nn c th trnh bng cch cho rle tc ng c thi gian. Vi cc bo v hin i ngi ta thc hic bin php hm ho tn bc 2. Dng in t ho c th phn tch ra cc thnh phn bc 2, 3, 4, ... nhng trong thnh phn bc 2 ln hn c. Hn na trong dng in ngn mch dng in bc 2 khng c nn thnh phn bc 2 c s dng n nh bo v chng li hin tng qu xung kch t ha khi ng MBA khng ti, khi thnh phn bc 2 ln hn gi tr t, bo v s b kho. Cn khi xut hin qu kch t MBA, c thnh phn sng hi bc 5 chim phn ln, thnh phn bc 5 ny c dng cho mc ch n nh bo v. Bo v s b kho khi thnh phn sng hi bc 5 ln hn gi tr t.

91

C.ham 87 C.lam viec 87

64

Hnh 2.33: S o so lech dung BI ph tong VI. MT S S BO V TIU BIU CHO MBA
Cc k hiu trn s :
50/51: Bo v qu dng in 2 cp 50/51N: Bo v qu dng th t khng 2 cp 51N : Bo v qu dng th t khng 27 : Bo v in p thp 81 : Rle t ng sa thi ph ti 96B: Bo v hi ca dng du MBA 74 : Rle kim tra cun ct my ct 96P : Bo v hi ca dng du ca b CA 26Q: Bo v nhit du MBA tng cao 2 cp 66 : Bo v p sut tng cao trong MBA 26W : Bo v nhit cun dy MBA - 2 cp 66 OLTC: Bo v p sut tng cao trong b A 33 : Bo v mc du MBA gim thp - 2 A, V : Ampemet, Vnmet cp Wh : My m in nng tc dng W: Oatmet Varh : My m in nng phn khng Var :Varmet

92

DK 110kV N-01 TBA 500Kv Nng

74

50/51

WH

VARH 96P
1

A 87 63 63 OLTC

T1
96B 1 2 26Q 1 2 51N 33
1 2

26W 1 2
1 2

A 90 WH VARH VAR W V

F-24kV 50A

74

81

27

LI IN PHN PHI 22KV

Hnh 2.34: S bo v MBA 2 cun dy tiu biu

93

A. GII THIU CHUNG

I. T VN
S c xy ra vi thanh gp rt t, nhng v thanh gp l u mi lin h ca nhiu phn t trong h thng nn khi xy ra ngn mch trn thanh gp nu khng c loi tr mt cch nhanh chng v tin cy th c th gy ra nhng hu qu nghim trng v lm tan r h thng. Vi thanh gp c th khng cn xt n bo v qu ti v kh nng qu ti ca thanh gp l rt ln. Bo v thanh gp cn tho mn nhng i hi rt cao v chn lc, kh nng tc ng nhanh v tin cy.

II. NGUYN NHN GY S C TRN THANH GP

Cc nguyn nhn gy ra s c trn thanh gp c th l: H hng cch in do gi ci vt liu. Qu in p. My ct h do s c ngoi thanh gp. Thao tc nhm. S c ngu nhin do vt dng ri chm thanh gp. i vi h thng thanh gp phn on hay h thng nhiu thanh gp cn cch ly thanh gp b s c ra khi h thng cng nhanh cng tt. Cc dng h thng thanh gp thng gp nh hnh 3.1. Mi s h thng thanh gp c chc nng v tnh linh hot lm vic khc nhau i hi h thng bo v rle phi tho mn c cc yu cu . Cc dng h thng bo v thanh gp nh sau: Kt hp bo v thanh gp vi bo v cc phn t ni vi thanh gp. Bo v so lch thanh gp. Bo v so snh pha. Bo v c kho c hng. Trong loi 1, 2 ph hp cho cc trm va v nh 3, 4 dng cho cc trm ln.

a) S mt thanh gp

b) S mt thanh gp phn on bng MC

d/ He thong hai thanh gop co thanh gop vong c/ He thong hai thanh gop

95

e) He thong hai thanh gop li f) S mt ri

B. CC DNG BO V THANH GP
I. BO V THANH GP BNG CC PHN T NI KT VI THANH GP
H thng bo v ny bao gm bo v qu dng in hoc bo v khong cch ca cc phn t ni vo thanh gp, n c vng bo v bao ph c thanh gp. Khi ngn mch trn thanh gp s c c cch ly bng bo v ca cc phn t lin kt qua thi gian ca cp th hai.

I.1. S bo v dng in:

H thng bo v dng cc bo v dng in ca MBA, ng dy v bo v dng in t thanh gp (hnh 3.2). Khi ngn mch trn thanh gp cn thc hin ct my ct phn on trc sau mt thi gian tr cc my ct ngun ni vi thanh gp s c c ct ra. Bo v t trn thanh gp cn phi hp vi thi gian ca bo v ng dy ni vi thanh gp. Phi hp vi bo v ng dy: t I = t Iz+ t MC
I vi t z l thi gian ct nhanh ng dy. Cp thi gian th hai d tr cho cp th hai ca ng dy: II t II = t z + t, MC Thi gian ca bo v dng cc i ca phn t c ngun phi ln hn thi gian ca my ct: t MBA = t II + t. MC gim thi gian loi tr s c trn thanh gp xung mc thp nht, cn kho bo v ca phn t ni vi ngun

51
Bo ve ng day

51

51

Hnh 3.2: Bo v dng in thanh ci

96

bng cc rle ca cc l ra cp in cho ph ti.

51

tTG tH
&
Khoa

t1
51

t2
51

Hnh 3.3: Bo ve dong ien thanh cai co tac ong lien hp

I.2. Nguyn tc thc hin kho rle dng (hnh 3.3):

Cc phn t ngun c bo v dng cc i c hai cp thi gian tc ng tH v tTG. Cp thi gian tH c chn phi hp vi bo v cc phn t khc trong h thng, cn cp thi gian tTG loi tr s c trn thanh gp, b hn nhiu so vi tH. Khi s c trn ng dy ra, bo v qu dng ca cc l ny gi tn hiu kho mch ct vi thi gian tTG ca my ct ngun, ng thi a tn hiu tc ng ct my ct thuc ng dy b s c. Thng thng s c trn ng dy ra s c ct vi thi gian t1, t2 tu theo v tr im ngn mch. Nu cc bo v hoc my ct tng ng t chi tc ng th sau thi gian tH bo v qu dng phn t pha ngun s tc ng ct my ct pha ngun. Khi ngn mch trn thanh gp bo v cc xut tuyn ra khng khi ng nn khng gi tn hiu kho my ct pha ngun v thanh gp s c c ct ra vi thi gian tTG.

I.3. Dng rle nh hng cng sut kho bo v nhnh c ngun ni vi thanh ci:
Nguyn tc thc hin kho bng rle nh hng cng sut khi cc phn t ni vi thanh gp c ngun cung cp t hai pha. Rle kho tc ng khi hng cng sut ngn mch ra khi thanh gp. Khi ngn mch trn mt nhnh c ngun phn t nh hng cng sut trn nhnh khi ng. Khi ngn mch trn thanh gp rle nh hng cng sut khng khi ng v thanh gp c ct ra khi ngun.
1 2
1RI1 2RI1 1RI2 2RI2 1RW 1RI 2RW 2RI 1RW 2RW RG RG

Hnh 3.4: Bo ve dong ien thanh gop dung RW khoa cac tac ong
97

II. BO V SO LCH THANH GP

II.1. Cc yu cu khi bo v so lch thanh gp:
S s lch thanh gp cn tho mn cc yu t sau: Phn bit vng tc ng (tnh chn lc). Kim tra tnh lm vic tin cy. Kim tra mch nh th BI.
Vung I Vung II

II.1.1. Phn bit vng tc ng: Mt h thng thanh gp gm c hai hay nhiu Vung III thanh gp khc nhau, khi c s c trn thanh gp no h thng bo v rle phi ct tt c cc my ct ni ti thanh gp . thc hin yu cu ny, mch th cp ca tt c cc BI ca mt thanh gp ni song Hnh 3.5: Vung bo ve he thong hai thanh gop song v ni vi dy dn ph, t a vo rle bo v thanh gp , khi nhnh no c ni vi thanh gp no th BI ca n s c ni vi dy dn ph ca thanh gp bng tip im ph ca dao cch ly. m bo, tt c cc im trn thanh gp nm trong vng bo v c gii hn bi cc BI. II.1.2. Kim tra mch th cp BI: Khi dy dn mch BI b t hay chm chp s gy ra dng khng cn bng chy vo rle so lch c th rle hiu nhm a tn hiu i ct cc my ct. i vi bo v thanh gp trong thc t vn hnh xc sut xy ra h hng mch th cp ln nn h thng bo v thanh gp cn c b phn pht hin h hng mch th cp BI.
87B

87B

87B

95

Hnh 3.6: S o phat hien t mch

Mt trong nhng mch n gin pht hin t mch th cp l dng rle pht hin t mch th BI (rle 95 hnh 3.7) t ni tip hay song song vi mch bo v thanh gp (87B).

98

87B

87B

87B

95

Hnh 3.7: S o phat hien t mch th dung rle noi song song
II.1.3. Kim tra tnh lm vic tin cy: Bo v thanh gp lm vic nhm s gy thit hi to ln nn hot ng ca s phi lun c kim tra. H thng kim tra phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: - H thng kim tra phi thc hin bng rle khc lm vic c lp vi rle chnh (rle K hnh 3.8a) - Tc ng nhanh nh bo v chnh. - Ngun cung cp ca rle kim tra phi khc vi ngun cung cp cho bo v chnh. - N cho tc ng khi ngn mch trong vng bo v v khng tc ng khi c ngn mch ngoi.
I

C1

II

C2

A
C1 C2

B Day dan ph
C1

C1

C2

C2

V I II

Kiem tra V I II K

I II V

Hnh 3.8a: Bo ve so lech he thong 2 thanh gop co thanh gop vong

99

Trong s trn c 3 vng bo v ring bit. Mi mch ni vi 1 b bin dng to thnh vng bo v I, II v V. Mch iu khin my ct gm cc tip im ca rle phn bit vng bo v ghp ni tip vi tip im ca rle kim tra.V d khi xy ra ngn mch trn thanh gp I, lc ng thi tip im ca rle bo v cho thanh gp I v tip im ca rle kim tra ng mi a ngun iu khin ct cc my ct ni vi thanh gp I.

C1

K Cat C

II

C1 C2 C2

Cat B

Cat E Cat A Cat D

Hnh 3.8b: S o mch ieu khien

II.2. Bo v so lch thanh gp dng rle dng in:
Nguyn l so lch cn bng dng hay p thng c dng bo v thanh gp. Bo v loi cn bng p (hnh 3.9): Cc cun th cp BI c ni sao cho khi ngn mch ngoi v lm vic bnh thng, sc in ng ca chng ngc chiu nhau trong mch, rle c mc ni tip trong mch dy dn ph. - Khi ngn mch ngoi, cng nh khi lm vic bnh thng c dng ph ti & & & & chy qua, cc s ETI , ETII bng nhau. V d I TI = I TII v n I = n II nn: & & & R = ETI ETII I Z trong Z l tng tr ton mch vng. & & - Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v cc s ETI , ETII cng nhau v to thnh dng trong rle lm bo v tc ng.
IR=0 IR0

ETI

ETII

ETI

ETII

N a/ b/

Hnh 3.9: S o so lech loi can bang ap

100

S nguyn l bo v so lch dng thanh gp c hai mch nh hnh 3.10. RI RI RI Vng bo v c gii hn gia cc BI. Dng in khng cn bng khi ngn mch ngoi trong s ny thng rt ln do: Dng t ho BI khc nhau. Ti mch th cp BI khc nhau. Hnh 3.10: S o bo ve so lech dung rle dong Mc bo ho ca BI do ien thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn mch gy ra khc nhau. Thi gian suy gim ca thnh phn khng chu k c nh gi bng hng s thi gian tu thuc vo loi phn t ni kt vi thanh gp b s c. Mt vi tr s tiu biu nh sau: My pht cc li c cun cm: 0,15sec. My pht cc li khng c cun cm: 0,3sec. My bin p: 0,04sec. ng dy: 0,04sec. T cc s liu trn ta nhn thy nu c my pht ni vi thanh gp, thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn mch s tn ti lu hn v BI b bo ho nhiu hn. Vi bo v so lch dng rle dng in nn s dng c tnh thi gian ph thuc phi hp vi thi gian gim dn ca thnh phn khng chu k dng ngn mch. khng b nh hng bi hin tng bo ho li thp ca BI khi ngn mch ngoi, ngi ta dng BI vi li khng phi l st t (BI tuyn tnh, li khng kh). u im ca BI ny l: - Khng b bo ho. - p ng nhanh v khng b qu . - Tin cy, d chnh nh. R - Khng nguy him khi h mch th cp. Tuy nhin khuyt im ca loi ny l cng sut u ra th cp thp v gi thnh rt t. S dng BI tuyn tnh thng l s so lch cn bng p (hnh 3.11). Khi ngn mch ngoi tng dng bng khng v in th a vo rle bng khng. Khi ngn mch trong vng Hnh 3.11: S o so lech can bo v, hiu in th sut hin qua rle tng tr v lm rle tc ng. bang ap

II.3. Bo v so lch thanh gp dng rle dng in c hm:

khc phc dng khng cn bng ln ca bo v so lch thanh gp khi dng rle dng in ngi ta cng c th dng rle so lch c hm. Loi rle ny cung cp mt i lng hm thch hp khng ch dng khng cn bng khi ngn mch ngoi c dng khng cn bng ln. Dng in so lch Isl (dng lm vic) : &sl = & lv = & TI & TII I I I I (3-1) Dng in hm IH: & I H = K( & TI + & TII ) I I (3-2) ITI ITII Vi K l h s hm, K < 1. Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, hay 87B Cuon lviec khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, dng in Cuon ham
Hnh 3.12: S o nguyen ly bo ve so lech co ham
101

lm vic s b hn nhiu so vi dng in hm nn rle so lch khng lm vic. Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v (v d ch c mt ngun cung cp n thanh gp), lc ny: & lv = & TI > & H I I I (3-3) nn rle so lch s lm vic.

II.4. Bo v so lch thanh gp dng rle tng tr cao (khng hm):

Rle so lch tng tr cao c mc song song vi in tr R c tr s kh N1 ln. Trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v (im Rle tong tr cao N2), ta c: & = & TI & TII = 0 I I I (3-4) ITI RL R ITII Nu b qua sai s ca my bin dng, th dng in th cp ca BI chy qua in tr R c th xem bng khng. N2 Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v Hnh 3.13: Bo ve thanh gop bang (im N1) ton b dng ngn mch s rle so lech tong tr cao chy qua in tr R to nn in p t trn rle rt ln, rle s tc ng. S (hnh 3.14) trnh by phng n thc hin bo v rle tng tr cao i vi thanh gp. n gin, ta xt trng hp s thanh gp ch c hai phn t (G, H) v my bin dng c H G thng s ging nhau. Rle c mc ni RBIH RlH RlG tip vi mt in tr n nh RR, vic mc ni tip mt in tr n nh RR s INMT RBIG xH RR lm tng tng tr mch rle nn phn xG ln dng khng cn bng (do s bo ho RL khng ging nhau gia cc BI khi ngn mch ngoi) s chy trong mch BI b bo ha c tng tr thp hn, ngha l N2 RR c tc dng phn dng qua rle. Hnh 3.14: S o thay the mch th cap BI Nu xem cc my bin dnghon ton ging nhau th RBIG = RBIH (in tr th cp BI), dy dn ph c c trng bi R1H v R1G (hnh 3.14) v in khng mch t ha xH, xG. ch ngn mch ngoi, nu cc my bin dng khng b bo ha th xH v xG c tr s kh ln nn dng in t ha c th b qua, dng in ra vo nt cn bng nhau (nh lut 1 Kirchoff) do pha th cp BI khng c dng chy qua rle, rle khng tc ng. Trng hp ti t nht l my bin dng t trn phn t c s c bo ha hon ton, gi thit ngn mch ngoi nhnh H lm BI nhnh H b bo ha hon ton (xH = 0) ngha l bin dng H khng c tn hiu u ra, tnh trng ny c biu th bng cch ni tt xH (hnh 3.14). My bin dng G cho tn hiu u ra ln hn, khng b bo ha. Dng in ngn mch pha th cp ( INMT) phn b qua cc tng tr nhnh gm RlH, RBIH v nhnh rle: Dng in qua rle: I NMT (RlH + RBIH) (3-5) IR = RR + RlH + RBIH

102

Nu RR c gi tr nh, IR s gn bng INMT, iu ny l khng cho php. Mt khc, nu RR ln khi IR gim. Phng trnh (3-5) c th vit gn ng vi sai s cho php nh sau: I NMT (RlH + RBIH ) IR = (3-6) RR (3-7) U R = I R .RR = I NMT .(RlH + RBIH ) Mun tng nhy ca bo v cn chn BI c in tr cun th RBI b v gim n mc thp nht in tr ca dy dn ni t BI n rle. Khi ngn mch trn thanh gp tt c cc dng in pha s cp u chy vo thanh gp, pha th cp tt c cc dng in u chy vo rle, c th gy qu in p trn cc ca rle. chng qu p cho rle c th mc song song 1 in tr phi tuyn vi rle. Nhng yu cu c bn khi s dng s ny l: - T s BI ca tt c cc nhnh ging nhau. - in th th cp BI ln. - in tr cun dy th cp BI nh. - Ti dy dn ph nh.

III. BO V SO SNH PHA

Bo v so snh pha dng in i vo v i ra khi phn t c bo v, v vy nn c tn l bo v so snh pha. Pha ca dng in c truyn qua knh truyn so snh vi nhau (hnh 3.14). lch pha: (3-8) = 1 + 2 = trong : 1, 2 l gc A B ISI ISII pha tng ng ca dng ~ ~ in i vo v i ra khi phn t c bo v. ITI 1 ITII 2 ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn T T mch ngoi gc pha ca Kenh F F dng in hai u gn nh nhau nn 00. Khi ngn mch trong vng T.hieu cat bo v, dng in hai T.hieu cat pha ngc nhau nn Hnh 15: S o nguyen ly bo ve so sanh pha dong ien 1200. Trn thc t do nh hng ca in dung phn b ca phn t c bo v nn trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi 1800, trnh bo v tc ng nhm phi chn gc khi ng k ln hn mt gii hn no , thng khong (300-600). TG N1 S nguyn l bo v so snh pha dng in ca MC bo v thanh gp hnh 3.16. IS1 IT1 Khi ngn mch trn thanh IR1 gp (im N1) dng in s IT2 IR2 & tc Ct MC cp v th cp BI tt c cc IT3 N2 IS2 phn t c pha ging nhau IS3 IR3 (hnh 3.17a), thi gian trng D1 D2 D3 hp tn hiu tc cho na chu k
103

Hnh 3.16: S nguyn l so snh pha dng in thc hin bo v thanh gp

(dng hoc m) ln (i vi h thng c f=50 Hz), thi gian tCmax = 10ms) cho bo v tc ng (tC t).
a) iT1 iT2 iT3 iR1 iR2 iR3
Tn hieu cat

b) iT1 iT2 iT3 t iR1 iR2 iR3

Tn hieu cat

tC = 0

t t tC Hnh 17: Pha dong ien khi ngan mch ben trong (a) va ngan mch ben ngoai (b)

Khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v thanh gp (im N2), dng in chy qua BI ca phn t b s c c pha ngc vi dng in trong cc my bin dngca phn t khng b s c, thi gian trng tn hiu bng khng, bo v s khng lm vic (hnh 3.17b).

IV. BO V D PHNG MY CT HNG

My ct l phn t tha hnh cui cng trong h thng bo v c nhim v ct phn t ang mang in b s c ra khi h thng. V my ct kh t tin nn khng th tng cng tin cy bng cch t thm my ct d phng lm vic song song vi my ct chnh c. Nu my ct t chi tc ng th h thng bo v d phng phi tc ng ct tt c nhng my ct ln cn vi ch h hng nhm loi tr dng ngn mch n ch s c. Khi xy ra s c, nu bo v chnh phn t b h hng gi tn hiu i ct my ct, nhng sau mt khong thi gian no dng in s c vn cn tn ti, c ngha l my ct t chi tc ng.
cat
MC1 MC2 MC3

cat Z< BIG

N

~ ~ ~
LF

&
I>

RG

D1

D2 D3

Bo ve d phong may cat hong

PLC

Ti ba

en MC au kia

Hnh 18: S o nguyen ly bo ve d phong may cat hong

104

T hnh 3.18 ta nhn thy, khi s c xy ra trn ng dy D3 nu my ct MC3 lm vic bnh thng th sau khi nhn c tn hiu ct t bo v th my ct MC3 s ct v dng in u vo ca bo v d phng s c my ct bng khng, mch bo v d phng s khng khi ng. Nu my ct MC3 hng, t chi tc ng th dng in s c s lin tc a vo mch bo v d phng, rle qu dng in c gi trng thi tc ng, sau mt khong thi gian t no bo v d phng hng MC s gi tn hiu i ct tt c cc my ct ni trc tip vi phn on thanh gp c my ct hng, cng nh my ct u i din ng dy b s c D3.

V. TM HIU VI S BO V THANH GP TIU BIU

V.1. S h thng hai thanh gp:
RI

a/
tBV

RI tCMC

Cat ngan mch t

Thi gian loi tr s co

Thi gian tr ve ca rle dong ien Thi gian d phong (di an toan) Thi gian truyen tn hieu (qua PLC)

0
b/ tBV tCMC

tCMC tCMC

Cat MC au oi dien ngan mch t

Bo ve d phong MC hong khi ong

Cat MC ti cho ngan mch

Tong thi gian loi tr s co hong MC

Hnh 3.19: Bieu o thi gian loi tr s co khi may cat lam viec bnh thng (a) va khi hong may cat (b)

S bo v hnh 3.20. Bo v gm hai b phn chnh. + B khi ng: C nhim v khi ng bo v khi xy ra s c trn thanh gp v a tn hiu n b phn chn lc. + B chn lc s c: phn bit ngn mch trong v ngn mch ngoi. Trong R: rle khi ng, xc nh tng dng vo v ra ca thanh gp, phn bit ngn mch trong vng bo v hay ngn mch ngoi. R1: rle chn lc thanh gp I. R2: rle chn lc thanh gp II. K: rle kim tra t mch th. * V d cch phn b dng trong bo v so lch h thng hai thanh gp. Trong F1, D1 lm vic vi thanh gp I, F2, D2 lm vic vi thanh gp II. + Dng phn b pha th cp BI khi ngn mch ngoi hnh 3.20a, khi ngn mch trn thanh gp I hnh 3.20b v khi t mch th BI hnh 3.20c.

105

F1

~
5 6

D1

~
R1 R K I 4 3 II R1 R K

I II 1 2
R2

F2

R2
D2

Hnh 20: S o bo ve so lech he thong hai thanh gop

~ ~

Hnh 20a: S o phan bo dong th cap BI khi ngan mch ngoai

~
R1 R I II N K I II

R1 R K

R2

~
Hnh 20b: S o phan bo dong th cap BI khi ngan mch tren thanh gop I

~
Hnh 20c: S o phan bo dong th cap BI khi t day dan th cap BI

V.2. S h thng hai thanh gp c thanh gp vng:

1RI: So lch thanh gp, ct my ct ni thanh gp I. 2RI: So lch thanh gp, ct my ct ni thanh gp II. 3RI: So lch chung h thng thanh gp dng khi ng bo v. RIK: Rle kim tra t mch th BI. (Bnh thng th cp bin dng 6BI c ni tc bng hp ni M5 v c th c ni ti h thng bo v thanh gp I hay thanh gp II qua M3 v M4) H: Con ni. RG: Rle trung gian. RT: Rle thi gian. Th: Rle tn hiu.
106

6RG: Rle trung gian iu khin my ct MC6. 7RG: Rle trung gian iu khin my ct MC7. 3RG: Rle trung gian iu khin my ct ni ti thanh gp I. 4RG: Rle trung gian iu khin my ct ni ti thanh gp II. Khi ngn mch thuc thanh gp I, b phn khi ng 3RI tc ng lm cho tip im 3RI1 mch iu khin ng. V ngn mch thuc thanh gp I nn b phn chn lc thanh gp I (1RI) tc ng nn tip im 1RI1 ng. Tip im 3RI1, 1RI1 ng dn n 3RG c in s iu khin ct tt c cc my ct ni vo thanh gp I. Mch kim tra t mch th my bin dng (RIK): Khi mch th BI b t RIK tc ng dn n tip im KRI1 mch iu khin ng lm cho 1RT c in nn tip im 1RT1 ng, 1RG c in nn tip im 1RG1 ng (tip im t gi), tip im 1RG2 m do s kho b phn bo v so lch khng cho tc ng, ng thi bo tn hiu t mch th BI. Mch kho bo v khi ng th my ct vng: ch lm vic bnh thng ch c hai thanh gp I v II lm vic, thanh gp vng ch d phng. Trong trng hp no (v d my ct mch ng dy cn sa cha) th thanh gp vng kt hp vi my ct vng MC6 s thay th cho my ct ca mch bt k. Sau khi kim tra bng mt, ngi ta phi ng in th xem my ct vng v thanh gp vng c kh nng lm vic c hay khng. iu ny t ra yu cu l khi ng th my ct vng nu s c th ch c php ct my ct vng m khng c php ct cc my ct thuc thanh gp I v II. Khi a tn hiu ng my ct vng MC6 th 6RG mch iu khin c in, tip im 6RG1 ng, a tn hiu ng my ct MC6. Tip im 6RG3 m cch li b phn chn lc thanh gp I, II khng cho tc ng khi xy ra s c khi ng th my ct vng (v rle trung gian iu khin my ct ni vi thanh gp I, II b cch li bng tip im 6RG3). Nu c ngn mch xy ra trn thanh gp vng b phn khi ng rle 3RI tc ng, tip im 3RI1 ng lm cho 2RG c in, tip im 2RG2 ca n ng a tn hiu i ct my ct 6MC ( v tip im 6RG2 c ng trc ). Mch kho bo v khi ng th my ct ni MC5: tng t nh trn.

107

1RI

M1 1 I II 4 M3 3 6 M2 2RI 2

3RI

RIK

M5

M4

M1 KRI1 1RT1 1RG1 H1 1RG2 1RT 1RG

M2

T khoa ieu khien MC6

6RG1

6RG

ong MC6
2RG2 M3 Th M4 H8

6RG2 2RG 1RI1 3RG 5RG1 5RG2 2RG1 W 5RI1 7RG1 4RG 2RT 5RG 7RG2 3RG4 4RG4 3RG3 4RG3

Cat MC6

3RI1 6RG3 7RG3 H2 H3 2RT

MC5

7RG

ong MC5
2RG3 Th H9

Cat MC5

3RG1 3RG2

H4 H5

Cat MC1 Cat MC2

4RG1 4RG2

H6 H7

Cat MC3 Cat MC4

Hnh 3.21: S bo v h thng hai thanh gp c thanh gp vng

108

V.3. Bo v so lch khng ton phn thanh gp in p my pht:

Cc my bin dng ch t trn cc phn t ni thanh gp vi ngun (mch my pht in, my bin p, my ct phn on, my ct ni cc thanh gp). Thc cht bo v so lch khng ton phn l mt dng ca bo v qu dng in c nhiu cp thi gian (thng l hai cp). V.3.1. Cp th nht ca bo v: L cp ch o bo v chng ngn mch trn thanh gp v trn cc on ni gia cc phn t ni vi thanh gp. Khi cp th nht ca bo v tc ng cho xung i ct cc my ct ni vi h thng 1MC v my ct phn on 2MC, my ct my pht in 3MC (vi my ct 3MC c BATD th ct hoc khng). i khi ngi ta khng cho ct 3MC v sau khi 1MC ct 1MC v 2MC th ngn mch s tiu tan + v 3MC li s gi + cung cp cho cc ph ti in p my pht. RI RI RT 2MC 3MC Nu ngn mch tn ti lu cp th hai s lm vic v ct 3MC. V.3.2. Cp th hai ca bo v: en phan en phan Cp th hai ca on I on III ~ bo v l bo v dng F2 cc i c thi gian, lm nhim v d phng chng ngn mch trn cc phn t ni vi Hnh 22: Bo ve thanh gop ien ap may phat thanh gp khng c bo v so lch bc ly khi bo v chnh ca phn t ny khng tc ng.

C. TNH TON BO V THANH GP

I. TNH TON BO V SO LCH DNG IN CHO CC THANH GP CA NH MY IN V TRM BIN P
Vic tnh ton bo v so lch dng in cho cc thanh gp trnh by di y p dng cho trng hp dng my bin dng c cng h s bin i. My bin dng dng cho bo v thanh gp phi tho mn ng cong sai s 10%. Vic th li theo iu kin ny cn tin hnh cho my bin dng ca phn t no m khi ngn mch ngoi c dng in ngn mch ln nht chy qua. Dng khi ng ca bo v chn theo hai iu kin: iu kin 1: Theo dng khng cn bng cc i khi ngn mch ngoi: (3-9) I k K at .I kcbtt Trong :

109

 Kat: h s an ton xt n sai s ca rle v d tr cn thit c th ly Kat = 1,5. Dng in khng cn bng c tnh ton nh sau: I kcbtt = K n.K kck .fi .I Nngmax (3-10) Kkck: h s k n nh hng ca thanh phn khng chu k trong dng in ngn mch. Khi dng rle c bin dng bo ho trung gian (PHT - 562, PHT - 564) th ly Kkck= 1. fi: l sai s tng i ln nht cho php ca bin dng ly bng 1. INngmax: thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch ln nht c th, i qua bin dng ca phn t tnh ton khi c ngn mch ngoi. iu kin 2: Theo dng ph ti cc i khi t mch th my bin dng: I k K at .I ptmax (3-11) thng chn Kat = 1,2. Khi t s bin dng ca cc s bo v chn nh nhau th Iptmax l dng in i qua phn t mang ti ln nht vi gi thit l mch th cp ca my bin dng b t. Trong hai iu kin trn, iu kin no cho dng in khi ng khi ng ln hn th chn lm dng khi ng tnh ton. Khi dng h thng hai thanh gp th dng in khi ng ca b phn khi ng chung chn theo biu thc (3-9) v (3-11). Dng khi ng ca b chn lc chn theo iu kin dng khng cn bng ln nht khi ngn mch ngoi (dng chy qua my ct ni khi ngn mch trn thanh gp bn cnh). Trong thc t c th chn dng khi ng ca b phn chn lc bng dng khi ng ca b phn khi ng chung. Dng khi ng ca rle kim tra mch th my bin dng c chn theo dng khng cn bng ch lm vic khi ph ti cc i: IkK Kat . Kn . fi . Iptmax (3-12) Nu bo v thc hin theo s ni vo dng in pha th nhy c th c kim tra theo biu thc sau: I K n = Nmin 2 (3-13) I k vi INmin l thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch nh nht i qua bo v khi ngn mch trn thanh gp. nhy ca bo v chng t mch th c kim tra theo iu kin ph ti cc tiu. (3-14) Ipt min IkK

II. BO V SO LCH KHNG TON PHN cho thanh gp cp in p my pht.

S bo v hnh 3.23, bo v c hai cp thi gian: cp I l bo v dng in ct nhanh khng thi gian, cp hai l bo v dng in cc i c thi gian.
BATD

+
RI RI

+
RT

II.1. Bo v cp I:
Bo v ct nhanh tc ng khi ngn mch xy ra trn thanh gp v cc on
EN PHAN ON I

F2

EN PHAN

Hnh 3.23: Bo ve thanh gop ien ap may phat

110

ni cc phn t vi thanh gp. Dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh chn theo dng ngn mch sau khng in ng dy hoc bin p t dng c tnh n vic tng dng ph ti ca phn on c bo v do mt phn on no bn cnh ngh lm vic, hay do thit b TD t ng chuyn mt phn ph ti ca phn on khc sang. (3-15) I I = K at [ I Nmax + K pt (I pt + I 'pt )] k Trong : Kat = 1,2 : h s an ton. INmax: dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch sau khng in ng dy hoc MBA t dng. I pt :dng ph ti tng ca phn on c bo v. I 'pt : dng in ph ti tng thm ca phn on c bo v do phn on khc ngh lm vic hoc TD chuyn mt phn ph ti ca phn on khc sang. Kpt: h s tnh n kh nng tng dng ph ti trn thanh gp khi ngn mch sau khng in ng dy hay MBA t dng. nhy ca bo v cp I c xc nh bng h s nhy khi c ngn mch trn thanh gp c bo v:
Kn = I (2) N min II k 1,5

(3-16)

I (2) : dng ngn mch trc tip hai pha trn thanh gp trong ch ph ti N min cc tiu.

II.2. Bo v cp II:
Bo v cp II lm nhim v d tr cho bo v cp I v bo v ca cc phn t ni vi thanh gp khi bo v chnh ca cc phn t ny khng tc ng. Dng in khi ng ca bo v cp II chn theo 2 iu kin: iu kin 1: Bo v phi tr v sau khi ct ngn mch sau khng in ng dy ni vo phn on bo v, c tnh n trng hp ph ti phn on c bo v tng ln khi mt phn on no ngh vic. K at .K pt I II = (I pt + I 'pt ) (3-17) KB K tv iu kin 2: Bo v khng c tc ng trong trng hp thit b TD t ng chuyn ph ti ca phn on b s c sang phn on c bo v. I II = K at (I pt + K mm I 'pt ) (3-18) KB Trong : Ktv: h s tr v ly bng 0,85. Kmm: h s t m my ca ng c, ly bng (1,2 -1,3). Kpt: h s ph ti ly bng (1,2 -1,3). Dng in khi ng ca bo v c chn theo gi tr dng in tnh ton ln nht t hai iu kin trn. nhy ca bo v cp II c xc nh bng h s nhy khi ngn mch hai pha trc tip sau khng in ng dy.
Kn = I (2) N min I II k

(3-19)

111

Khi bo v ch lm nhim v d tr th yu cu nhy Kn 1,2. Trong trng hp my ct t sau khng in ng dy v lm nhim v bo v chnh yu cu nhy ca bo v Kn 1,5.

III. BO V SO LCH KHNG HON TON THANH GP IN P MY PHT, DNG BO V CT NHANH PHI HP GIA DNG IN V IN P
Bo v cp I l bo v ct nhanh phi hp gia dng v p, cn bo v cp II l bo v qu dng cc i.

BATD

+
RI RU

+
RI

+
RT

F2 Hnh3.24: Bo ve thanh gop ien ap may phat Bo v cp I: Dng khi ng ca bo v cp I c xc nh theo iu kin m bo nhy khi ngn mch trc tip gia hai pha ca thanh gp c bo v trong ch lm vic vi ph ti cc tiu. I (2) (3-20) I KB = Nmin K nI Trong : I (2) : dng ngn mch khi ngn mch trc tip gia 2 pha thanh gp trong Nmin ch ph ti cc tiu. KnI: h s nhy ca bo v cp I, KnI = 1,5. ngn nga bo v tc ng nhm khi t mch bo v in p, dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh trong trng hp ny chn ln hn dng ph ti lu di cho php ca phn on (I pt + I 'pt ) . Ipt: dng ph ti chnh ca phn on c bo v. I 'pt : dng ph ti tng thm ca phn on khi TD chuyn ph ti ca phn on khc sang.
112

en phan on I

en phan on III

T BU noi vi TG

in p khi ng ca rle p chn theo p cc tiu thanh gp khi ngn mch sau khng in ng dy m dng qua bo v bng dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh.
U KB = 3.I KB .x k K at

(3-21) Trong : IKB: dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh. xk: in khng ca khng in ng dy. Kat: h s an ton ly bng 1,3. Ngoi ra theo iu kin n nh nhit khi dng loi rle PH -520 (ca Lin X) v iu kin chnh nh theo in p ch lm vic mang ti, in p khi ng ca bo v cn phi tho mn iu kin sau:
0,2Um U k 0,7Um

(3-22) vi: Uml in p nh mc ca thanh gp. Nu UKB 0,2Um th khng dng c rle loi PH -520. Cn nu U KB 0,7Um th phi ly bng 0,7Um v dng khi ng bo v ct nhanh cn phi gim bt theo biu thc (3-21). nhy ca rle in p c xc nh bng h s nhy khi c ngn mch qua in tr qu Rq.
K nU = U KB 2 UR

(3-23) vi UR l in p ln nht c th c trn in tr qu khi ngn mch trn thanh gp, in p ny c th xc nh nh sau:

U R = 1,05.l

(3-24)

vi l l chiu di h quang tnh bng m. Khi mi xut hin h quang di ny bng khong cch gia cc phn dn in. * Bo v cp II: Dng khi ng v nhy ca bo v cp II tnh tng t nh bo v cp II mc 2 ca phn II.

113

V. s bo v h thng hai thanh gp tiu biu.

I II

87BI 52 52 52

R I
II

87B

95

87BII

52

52

Hnh 3.25: S o bo ve he thong hai thanh gop

114

A. Gii thiu chung v bo v ng dy

Phng php v chng loi thit b bo v cc ng dy (Z) ti in ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: Z trn khng hay Z cp, chiu di Z, phng thc ni t ca h thng, cng sut truyn ti v v tr ca Z trong cu hnh ca h thng, cp in p ca Z...

I. Phn loi cc ng dy.

Hin nay c nhiu cch phn loi cc Z, theo cp in p ngi ta c th phn Z h p (low voltage: LV) tng ng vi cp in p U < 1 kV. Z trung p (medium voltage: MV): 1 kV U 35 kV. Z cao p (high voltage: HV): 60 kV U 220 kV. Z siu cao p (extra high voltage: EHV): 330 kV U 1000 kV. Z cc cao p (ultra high voltage: UHV): U > 1000 kV. Thng thng cc Z c cp in p danh nh t 110 kV tr ln c gi l Z truyn ti v di 110 kV tr xung gi l Z phn phi. Theo cch b tr Z c: Z trn khng (overhead line), Z cp (cable line), Z n (single line), Z kp (double line)... bit:

II. Cc dng s c v bo v bo v ng dy ti in.

Nhng s c thng gp i vi Z ti in l ngn mch (mt pha hoc nhiu pha), chm t mt pha (trong li in c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang), qu in p (kh quyn hoc ni b), t dy v qu ti. chng cc dng ngn mch trong li h p thng ngi ta dng cu chy (fuse) hoc aptomat . bo v cc Z trung p chng ngn mch, ngi ta dng cc loi bo v: Qu dng ct nhanh hoc c thi gian vi c tnh thi gian c lp hoc ph thuc. Qu dng c hng. Bo v khong cch. Bo v so lch s dng cp chuyn dng. i vi Z cao p v siu cao p, ngi ta thng dng cc bo v: So lch dng in. Bo v khong cch. So snh bin , so snh pha. So snh hng cng sut hoc dng in. Sau y chng ta s i xt c th cc bo v thng c dng bo v Z trong h thng in.

114

B. Cc loi bo v thng dng bo v ng dy

I. Bo v qu dng
I.1. Bo v qu dng c thi gian (51):
Bo v qu dng c th lm vic theo c tnh thi gian c lp (ng 1) hoc ph thuc (ng 2) hoc hn hp (ng 3;4). Thi gian lm vic ca bo v c c tnh thi gian c lp khng ph thuc vo tr s dng ngn mch hay v tr ngn mch, cn i vi bo v c c tnh thi gian ph thuc th thi gian tc ng t l nghch vi dng in chy qua bo v, dng ngn mch cng ln th thi gian tc ng cng b.

I.1.1. Bo v qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian c lp:

u im ca dng bo v ny l cch tnh ton v ci t ca bo v kh n gin v d p dng. Thi gian t ca cc bo v phi c phi hp vi nhau sao cho c th ct ngn mch mt cch nhanh nht m vn m bo c tnh chn lc ca cc bo v. Hin nay thng dng 3 phng php phi hp gia cc bo v qu dng lin k l phng php theo thi gian, theo dng in v phng php hn hp gia thi gian v dng in.

t (4)

(3) (1) (2) 0 IK I

Hnh 4.1: c tnh thi gian ca bo v qu dng c lp (1), ph thuc (2) v hn hp (3, 4)

I.1.1.1. Phi hp cc bo v theo thi gian:

y l phng php ph bin nht thng c cp trong cc ti liu bo v rle hin hnh. Nguyn tc phi hp ny l nguyn tc bc thang, ngha l chn thi gian ca bo v sao cho ln hn mt khong thi gian an ton t so vi thi gian tc ng ln nht ca cp bo v lin k trc n (tnh t pha ph ti v ngun). tn = t(n-1)max + t (4-1) Trong : tn: thi gian t ca cp bo v th n ang xt. t(n-1)max: thi gian tc ng cc i ca cc bo v ca cp bo v ng trc n (th n). t: bc chn lc v thi gian c xc nh bi cng thc: t = ER.10-2.[t(n-1)max + tn] + tMC(n-1) + tdp 2.10-2.ER.t(n-1)max + tMC (n-1) + tqt + tdp (4-2) Vi:

115

 ER: sai s thi gian tng i ca chc nng qu dng cp ang xt (c th gy tc ng sm hn) v cp bo v trc (ko di thi gian tc ng ca bo v), i vi rle s thng ER = ( 3 5)% tu tng rle. tMC (n-1): thi gian ct ca my ct cp bo v trc, thng c gi tr ly bng (0,1 0,2) sec i vi MC khng kh, (0,06 0,08) sec vi MC chn khng v (0,04 0,05) sec vi MC kh SF6. tqt: thi gian sai s do qun tnh khin cho rle vn trng thi tc ng mc d ngn mch b ct, vi rle s tqt thng nh hn 0,05 sec. tdp: thi gian d phng. i vi rle in c bc chn lc v thi gian t thng c chn bng 0,5 sec, rle tnh khong 0,4 sec cn i vi rle s t = (0,2 0,3) sec ty theo loi my ct c s dng. Gi tr dng in khi ng ca bo v IKB trong trng hp ny c xc nh bi:

I KB =

K at .K mm .I lv max K tv

(4-3)

Trong : Kat: h s an ton m bo cho bo v khng ct nhm khi c ngn mch ngoi do sai s khi tnh dng ngn mch (k n ng cong sai s 10% ca BI v 20% do tng tr ngun b bin ng). Kmm: h s m my, c th ly Kmm= (1.5 2,5). Ktv: h s tr v ca chc nng bo v qu dng, c th ly trong khong (0,85 0,95). S d phi s dng h s Ktv y xut pht t yu cu m bo s lm vic n nh ca bo v khi c cc nhiu lon ngn (hin tng t m my ca cc ng c sau khi TL ng thnh cng) trong h thng m bo v khng c tc ng. Gi tr dng khi ng ca bo v cn phi tho mn iu kin: Ilvmax < IKB < IN min (4-4) Vi: Ilv max: dng in cc i qua i tng c bo v, thng xc nh trong ch cc i ca h thng, thng thng: Ilv max = (1,05 1,2).Im (4-5) Trong trng hp khng tho mn iu kin (4-4) th phi s dng bo v qu dng c kim tra p. IN min: dng ngn mch nh nht khi ngn mch trong vng bo v. Khi yu cu phi ci t gi tr dng khi ng cho rle, gi tr ny s c tnh theo cng thc:

I KR =

(3 K s) .I KB

nI

(4-6)

Trong : nI: t s bin i ca BI. K(3)s:

( 3) h s s , ph thuc vo cch mc s BI K s

sao hon ton hoc sao khuyt th K s

(3)

I (3) T (3) = 1, cn s s 8 th K s = 3 .

I (3) R

. i vi s

I.1.1.2. Phi hp cc bo v theo dng in:

Thng thng ngn mch cng gn ngun th dng ngn mch cng ln v dng ngn mch ny s gim dn khi v tr im ngn mch cng xa ngun. Yu cu t ra y l phi phi hp cc bo v tc ng theo dng ngn mch sao cho rle gn im ngn mch nht s tc ng ct my ct m thi gian tc ng gia cc bo v vn chn theo c

116

Phng php ny tnh theo dng ngn mch pha v la chn gi tr t ca bo v sao cho rle gn im s c nht s tc ng. Gi s xt ngn mch 3 pha N(3) ti im N2 trn hnh 4.3, gi tr dng ngn mch ti N2 c xc nh theo cng thc:

I N2 =

c.U ngun 3(Z ngun+ Z AB )

(4-7)

Trong : Ungun: in p dy ca ngun. c: h s thay i in p ngun, c th ly c = 1,1. Zngun: tng tr ngun, c xc nh bng:

Z ngun=

U2 ngun SNM

(4-8)

vi SNM l cng sut ngn mch ca ngun. HT A 51 1 t 5 B N2 2 51 C N1 7 3 8 t3 t2 t1 t

Vng cht

Zngun

ZAB

ZBC

51

ZCD

D 4

51 PT

l Hnh 4.3: c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng trong li in hnh tia cho trng hp phi hp theo dng in Chng ta nhn thy cc dng ngn mch pha sau im N2 (tnh v pha ti) s c gi tr nh hn IN2(b qua trng hp ngn mch qua mt tng tr ln) do gi tr t ca dng in cho bo v t ti A c th chn ln hn dng IN2. Trong trng hp tng qut, gi tr ca dng in cp th n (tnh v pha ph ti) chn theo phng php phi hp dng in s c tnh theo cng thc:

I Kn =

K at .c.U ngun 3(Z ngun + Z ( n1) max

n=1 m

(4-9)

117

Trong :

Z ( n1) : tng tr Z tnh t ngun n cp bo v th (n -1).

m: s cp bo v ca ton Z. Kat = (1,1 1,3): h s an ton m bo khng ct nhm khi c ngn mch ngoi do sai s tnh dng ngn mch (k n ng cong sai s 10% ca BI v 20% do tng tr ngun b bin ng). Chng ta thy do c h s an ton Kat > 1 nn bo v s tn ti vng cht khi xy ra ngn mch ti cc thanh gp. u im ca phng php ny l ngn mch cng gn ngun th thi gian ct ngn mch cng nh.
n=1

I.1.2. Bo v qu dng cc i vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc:

Bo v qu dng c c tuyn thi gian c lp trong nhiu trng hp kh thc hin c kh nng phi hp vi cc bo v lin k m vn m bo c tnh tc ng nhanh ca bo v. Mt trong nhng phng php khc phc l ngi ta s dng bo v qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc. Hin nay cc phng thc tnh ton chnh nh rle qu dng s vi c tnh thi gian ph thuc do a dng v chng loi v tiu chun nn trn thc t vn cha c thng nht v mt l thuyt iu ny gy kh khn cho vic thm k v kim nh cc gi tr t.
HT A Zngun 51 1 t 5 BV1 t5 ZAB N1 B 51 2 6 ZBC N2 7 t6 C 3 8 BV2 51 ZCD D 51 4 9 BV3 t8 PT

t
t7

t BV4
t9 l

Hnh 4.4: Phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng trong li in hnh tia cho trng hp c tuyn ph thuc Rle qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc c s dng cho cc Z c dng s c bin thin mnh khi thay i v tr ngn mch. Trong trng hp ny nu s dng c tuyn c lp th nhiu khi khng am bo cc iu kin k thut: thi gian ct s c, n nh ca h thng... Hin nay ngi ta c xu hng p dng chc nng bo v qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc nh mt bo v thng thng thay th cho cc rle c c tuyn c lp. i vi cc rle qu dng c c tuyn thi gian ph thuc c gii hn loi in c ca Lin X (c) khng c cc ng c tuyn tiu chun thng nht, n thay i theo cc rle. Trong tt c cc rle qu dng s hin nay ca SIEMENS, ALSTOM, SEL, ABB..., u tch hp c hai c tuyn c lp v ph thuc. Gi tr t dng ph thuc thi gian c th c xc nh bng mt trong ba cch sau: Di dng cc bng gi tr s dng - thi gian. Di dng cc th logarit c s 10 (lg). Di dng cc cng thc i s. Hin nay trn thc t tn ti nhiu tiu chun ng cong c tuyn thi gian ph thuc ca bo v qu dng s nh: tiu chun ca U ban k thut in quc t (IEC), ca

118

t t = TD

K m 1
n

; t tv = TD

K1 m2 1

(4-10)

Trong : tt, ttv: tng ng l thi gian tc ng v thi gian tr v ca bo v ng vi bi s dng m. Gi tr m c xc nh bng cng thc: m =

IN I KB

vi IN: gi tr dng ngn mch chy qua bo v. IKB: dng in khi ng ca bo v c xc nh theo gi tr dng in ti, c th tnh theo biu thc:

I KB = (1,1 1,5)

Pdd 3.U. cos

(4-11)

Trong : Pdd: l cng sut tc dng danh nh ca ti chy qua i tng c bo v. U: in p dy danh nh ca li in. TD: h s thi gian (Time Dial) ca mi ng cong trong b ng cong tiu chun v l gi tr t khi ta chn ng cong trong b nh ca rle. K, K1, n: cc gi tr ph thuc vo loi ng cong c tuyn c dc khc nhau. V d tng ng vi cc tiu chun ta c cc gi tr sau: IEC255-3A: K = 0,14, K1 = 1,08, n = 0,02; IEC255-3B: K = 13,5, K1 = - 13,5, n = 1; IEC255-3B: K = 80, K1 = - 80, n = 2. Di y s gii thiu mt s ng cong c tuyn theo tiu chun IEC255: ng cong dc chun SIT (standard inverse time): hnh 4.5.

t t = TD

0,14 m 0,02 1

; t tv = TD

1,08 m2 1
tt (sec) 100

(4-12)

ng cong rt dc VIT (very inverse time) IEC255-3B: hnh 4.6

t t = TD

ng cong cc dc EIT (extremely inverse time): hnh 4.7

13,5 13,5 ; t tv = TD m 1 m2 1 80
;

(4-13)

t t = TD t t

Cn ch l cc h s thi gian t TD thng ch dao ng trong khong (0,05 3), trn th cc c tuyn c cho vi gi tr TD bng (0,1 1). Ngoi ra tiu chun IEC255 cn c cc h c tuyn khc nh h ng cong siu dc UIT, ng cong tc ng nhanh ST (short time)... nhng t c s dng.

m2 1 80 = TD 2 m 1

(4-14)

10

0,03 1 5

TD 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 10 (m) 0,1

Hnh 4.5: ng cong dc chun (SIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3A

119

tt (sec) 100

tt (sec) 100

10 10 1 TD 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 10 (m)0,1 TD 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 10 (m)

0,1

0,1 1

Hnh 4.6: ng cong rt dc (VIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3B

Hnh 4.7: ng cong cc dc (EIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3C

I.2. Bo v qu dng ct nhanh (50):

Chng ta nhn thy rng i vi bo v qu dng thng thng cng gn ngun thi gian ct ngn mch cng ln, thc t cho thy ngn mch gn ngun thng th mc nguy him cao hn v cn loi tr cng nhanh cng tt. bo v cc Z trong trng hp ny ngi ta dng bo v qu dng ct nhanh (50), bo v ct nhanh c kh nng lm vic chn lc trong li c cu hnh bt k vi mt ngun (hnh 4.8) hay nhiu ngun (hnh 4.9) cung cp. u im ca n l c th cch ly nhanh s c vi cng sut ngn mch ln gn ngun. Tuy nhin vng bo v khng bao trm c hon ton Z cn bo v, y chnh l nhc im ln nht ca loi bo v ny. m bo tnh chn lc, gi tr t ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh phi c chn sao cho ln hn dng ngn mch cc i ( y l dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip) i qua ch t rle khi c ngn mch ngoi vng bo v. Sau y chng ta s i tnh ton gi tr t ca bo v cho mt s mng in thng gp.

I.2.1. Mng in hnh tia mt ngun cung cp:

i vi mng in hnh tia mt ngun cung cp (hnh 4.8), gi tr dng in khi ng ca bo v t ti thanh gp A c xc nh theo cng thc: A I K 50 = Kat.INngoi max (4-15) Trong : Kat: h s an ton, tnh n nh hng ca cc sai s do tnh ton ngn mch, do cu to ca rle, thnh phn khng chu k trong dng ngn mch v ca cc bin dng. Vi rle in c Kat = (1,2 1,3), cn vi rle s Kat = 1,15. INngoi max: dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ln nht qua bo v khi ngn ngoi vng bo v. y l dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp B.

120

HT

A 1 I 2

50 N

I(3)N = f(l) It 50

lCN

Hnh 4.8: Bo v dng in ct nhanh Z mt ngun cung cp

I.2.2. Z c hai ngun cung cp:

Xt Z c hai ngun cung cp nh hnh 4.9, m bo cho bo v 1 (t ti thanh gp A) v bo v 2 (t ti thanh gp B) tc ng ng th gi tr dng in khi ng ca A B hai bo v ny ( I K 50 , I K 50 ) phi c chn theo iu kin:
A I K 50 = I B 50 = K at .Max{ I A max; I B K Nngoai Nngoai max}

(4-16)

Trong : IA Nngoai max : gi tr dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp B do ngun HT1 cung cp. IB Nngoai max : gi tr dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp A do ngun HT2 cung cp.
HT1 A 50 50 B HT2 N2

N1

I(3)NA = f(l) IAK

IB Nngoai max

I(3)NB = f(l) lCNA lCNB

IA Nngoai max

Hnh 4.9: Bo v dng in ct nhanh Z c hai ngun cung cp Nhc im ca cch chn dng in t trong trng hp ny l khi c s chnh lch cng sut kh ln gia hai ngun A v B th vng tc ng ca bo v t ngun c cng sut b hn s b thu hp li rt b thm ch c th tin ti 0. khc phc ngi ta c

121

A I K 50 = K at .I A max Nngoai

(4-17) (4-18)

I B 50 = K at .I B K Nngoai max

T hnh 4.10 chng ta thy chiu di vng ct nhanh ca bo v t ti thanh gp B c m rng ra rt nhiu. Bo v ct nhanh l bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i ngha l n ch tc ng khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng m n bo v nn khi tnh ton gi tr dng in khi ng, trong biu thc khng c mt ca h s tr v Ktv. V l thuyt, thi gian tc ng ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh c th bng 0 sec. Tuy nhin trn thc t ngn chn bo v c th lm vic sai khi c st nh vo Z gy ngn mch tm thi do van chng st hot ng hoc khi ong MBA khng ti (dng t ho khng ti ca MBA c th vt qu tr s t ca bo v ct nhanh) hoc trong cc ch nhiu lon thnh phn sng hi khc vi sng hi c tn s 50Hz ln, thng thng ngi ta cho bo v lm vic vi thi gian tr khong (0,05 0,08) sec i vi rle c v (0,03 0,05) sec vi rle s.
A HT1 N1 B 50 50 HT2 N2

(3) B I t I NB = f(l) 50

A I t 50

IB Nngoai max

IA Nngoai max
l lCNB

lCNA

Hnh 4.10: Bo v dng in ct nhanh c hng Z c hai ngun cung cp Do vng tc ng ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh khng bao trm c hon ton Z cn bo v nn n khng th lm bo v chnh hoc bo v duy nht. Trong mt s trng hp, v d trong mng hnh tia cung cp cho mt MBA (hnh 4.11a) lm vic hp b (Z-MBA), c th dng bo v qu dng ct nhanh bo v ton b chiu di Z nu ta cho n tc ng khi c s c bn trong MBA. Dng in t ca bo v c chn theo dng ngn mch ba pha cc i khi ngn mch sau MBA (hnh 4.11a). i vi rle qu dng ct nhanh s c tch hp c chc nng ca bo v qu dng thng thng (khi ngi ta gi chc nng ct nhanh l ngng cao cn chc nng qu dng thng thng l ngng thp) nn c th phi hp hai chc nng ny bo v cho Z nh hnh 4.11b.

122

HT

MBA N

HT

INM

INM t It INngoi max l l It tCN

Hnh 4.11: Bo v qu dng ct nhanh cho s hp b Z-MBA (a) v kt hp vi chc nng bo v qu dng thng thng theo thi gian ph thuc (b) trong rle s

Trn thc t bo v qu dng ct nhanh c th kt hp vi cc thit b t ng ng lp li TL va c th ct nhanh s c va tng kh nng t ng ho trong h thng in, m bo yu cu cung cp in. Mt nhc im c bn khc ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh l n khng p dng c nu dng s c qua bo v khi c ngn mch u Z pha ngun (v d ngun HT1 trn hnh 4.9 trong ch cc tiu nh hn dng s c khi ngn mch cui Z trong ch cc i, ngha l: I N1 min < I N 2 max . Khi ta c:

I N 1 max I N 2 max

I N 1 min I N 2 min

<

I N 2 max I N 2 min

(4-19)

iu ny c ngha l bo v khng p dng c nu t s dng ngn mch khi c s c hai u Z trong ch cc i nh hn t s dng u xa ngun trong ch cc i (ng vi Zngun max) v ch cc tiu, tc l: Nh vy, khi ngun in h thng bin ng mnh hay c dao ng in ln trong h thng do ngn mch ngoi, bo v qu dng ct nhanh hoc s khng th tc ng hoc s tc ng khng chn lc tu theo gi tr ci t ca n trong ch lm vic no. Trong trng hp Z qu ngn, nu gi tr dng in khi ng IK 50 theo cng thc (4-15) ln hn dng ngn mch cc i trong Z, tc l: I N1 max I K = K at .I Nngoai (4-20) max vi I N1 max l dng ngn mch cc i ti N1 do ngun HT1 cung cp khi c ngn mch ba pha trn thanh gp A. Khi chc nng qu dng ct nhanh s khng bo v c Z. Nh vy khi s dng cp ct nhanh cn kim tra iu kin (4-19), nu khng tho mn iu kin trn th ch nn t cp qu dng ngng thp (qu dng thng thng) vi c tnh thi gian ph thuc. Vic p dng cc cng thc trn cn ph thuc vo Z c cung cp t mt hay hai ngun v bo v thuc loi c hng hay v hng. Nu gia hai ngun cung cp (hnh 4.9) ngoi Z lin lc chnh cn c Z lin lc ph khc (mch vng) th sau khi bo v mt u tc ng ct my ct, dng ngn mch qua bo v u cn li c th tng ln v bo v s tc ng, ngha l vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh u ny c th c m rng ra (hin tng khi ng khng ng thi).

123

I.3. Bo v qu dng c kim tra p:

Trong nhiu trng hp bo v qu dng c thi gian c th khng nhy v dng lm vic cc i chy qua phn t c bo v c tr s qu ln, chng hn khi tch mch vng ca li in, ct mt s Z hoc MBA lm vic song song, khi xy ra qu ti... Trong mt s li in c ngun cng sut ngn mch yu, nu xc nh gi tr dng in khi ng cho bo v theo cng thc:

HT 52 TG BU

BI 51

&
27

Hnh 4.12: Bo v qu dng c kim tra p

I KB =

K at .K mm .I lv max K tv

(4-21)

nhiu khi khng th m bo iu kin v nhy. Khi nng cao nhy ca bo v qu dng c thi gian ng thi m bo cho bo v c th phn bit c ngn mch v qu ti ngi ta thm vo bo v b phn kho in p thp (hnh 4.12). B phn kho in p s dng rle in p gim 27 s phi hp vi b phn qu dng 51 theo lgic V. Khi c ngn mch, dng in chy qua ch t bo v tng cao ng thi in p ti thanh gp b gim thp lm cho u ra ca b tng hp V c tn hiu, bo v s tc ng. Cn khi qu ti, dng in chy qua i tng c bo v c th gi tr tc ng ca rle tuy nhin gi tr in p ti thanh gp t bo v gim khng ln do rle in p gim 27 khng tc ng, bo v s khng tc ng. Nh vy khi dng bo v qu dng c kim tra p, dng in khi ng cho bo v c xc nh theo cng thc:

I KB =

K at .I lv max K tv

(4-22)

r rng khi nhy ca bo v tng ln do trong biu thc IKB khng cn h s Kmm in p khi ng ca b kho in p thp UKR< chn theo iu kin:

U N max U < U KRU < < lv min nU nU

(4-23)

Trong : Ulvmin: in p lm vic ti thiu cho php ti ch t bo v. UNmax: in p d ln nht ti ch t bo v khi c ngn mch cui vng bo v ca bo v qu dng. nU: t s bin i ca my bin in p BU. Thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng c kim tra p chn nh i vi bo v qu dng thng thng.

I.4. Bo v qu dng c hng 67:

i vi mt s cu hnh li in nh mng vng, mnh hnh tia c nhiu ngun cung cp..., bo v qu dng in vi thi gian lm vic chn theo nguyn tc bc thang khng m bo c tnh chn lc hoc thi gian tc ng ca cc bo v gn ngun qu ln khng cho php. khc phc ngi ta dng bo v qu dng c hng. Thc cht y cng l mt bo v qu dng thng thng nhng c thm b phn nh hng cng sut pht hin chiu cng sut qua i tng c bo v. Bo v s tc ng khi dng in qua bo v ln hn dng in khi ng IK v hng cng sut ngn mch i t thanh gp vo ng dy. S nguyn l ca bo v qu dng c hng c trnh by trn hnh 4.13a.

124

Ngy nay hu ht cc rle qu dng c hng s c tch hp thm nhiu chc nng nh: chc nng ct nhanh, qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian c lp v ph thuc, nh mt s rle qu dng c hng c c tnh chn lc tuyt i v tng i, ngha l c th va m bo chc nng ct nhanh va ng vai tr nh mt bo v d tr. Mt trong nhng rle va nu trn l rle qu dng c hng ba cp tc ng. hiu r hn v loi rle ny chng ta s i phn tch chn thi gian lm vic v dng in khi ng ca bo v qu dng c hng ba cp tc ng cho mt s mng in in hnh trong h thng in.

I.4.1. Mng in hnh tia c hai ngun cung cp:

Chng ta s xt tng cp tc ng cho s mng in hnh 4.13.

I.4.1.1. Bo v qu dng c hng cp I:

Bo v dng in c hng cp I lm vic nh mt bo v qu dng ct nhanh c hng, do dng in khi ng IK 67 ca bo v rle cho cp ny c xc nh theo cng thc: IK 67 = Kat.INngoi max (4- 24) V bo v cp I c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn thi gian tc ng ca bo v (tIt) c th chn 0 sec. Tuy nhin trnh trng hp bo v c th tc ng nhm khi c st nh vo Z gy ngn mch tm thi hoc ngn mch ngoi vng bo v c xung dng ln ngi ta cho bo v tc ng c thi gian tr khong (0,01 0,05) sec.

I.4.1.2. Bo v qu dng c hng cp II:

Vng bo v cp II ng vai tr d tr cho bo v cp I. Dng in t ca rle IIIt c chn theo s phi hp vi dng khi ng cp I ca bo v k tip (lin k) thng qua h s phn dng Kpd.
HT1 A 1 7 t1 t t8 t7 t t7 t2 t8 t t9 t9 t4 t t6 t3 t t10 t5 t t11 t11 8 B 2 3 9 C 4 5 10 6 D HT2 11

t10

Hnh 4.13: Phi hp thi gian cc bo v qu dng c hng theo c tuyn thi gian c lp cho trng hp Z c hai ngun cung cp. Xt bo v 1 t ti thanh gp A. Dng in khi ng cp II ca bo v ti thanh gp A c chn ph thuc vo s phn b dng in ti thanh gp B.

125

Trng hp ti thanh gp B c r nhnh, dng in khi ng cp II ca bo v 1 xc nh theo cng thc:

I II 67 = K at .K pd .I NT K

(4-25)

Trong : Kpd: h s phn dng. INT: dng ngn mch khi ngn mch sau MBA ti nhnh r thanh gp B. Trng hp ti thanh gp B c ngun cng sut ni vo, dng in khi ng lc c xc nh theo cng thc:

I II 67 = K at .K pdF.I IK ( 3) K
ngun my pht ni vo thanh gp B cung cp. Thi gian tc ng cp II c chn theo iu kin:
II I t tBVi= t tBVi+ t

(4-26)

I vi I t3) : dng in t cp I ca bo v 3 ti thanh gp B; KpdF: h s phn dng do (

(4-27)

Thng thng thi gian t cp II bo v c chn trong khong (0,3 0,5) sec.

I.4.1.3. Bo v qu dng c hng cp III:

Thc cht vng ny bo v lm vic nh mt bo v qu dng cc i c hng d tr cho cp I v cp II. Dng in khi ng cp bo v ny c chn theo cng thc:

I III 67 = K

K at .K mm .I lv max K tv

(4-28)

Vi mng in hnh 4.13. chn thi gian lm vic ca vng bo v cp III, theo hng tc ng chng ta chia ra lm hai nhm: Nhm 1: gm cc bo v c hng tc ng t tri sang phi: 1, 3, 5. Nhm 2: gm cc bo v c hng tc ng t phi sang tri: 2, 4, 6.Thi gian lm vic ca mi nhm c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang ging nh vi mt bo v qu dng thng thng, ngha l thi gian lm vic ca bo v th n c xc nh theo cng thc (4-1).
III t t= t ( n 1) max + t

(4-29)

Trong : III t t : thi gian t ca bo v th n ang xt. t(n-1) max: thi gian lm vic ln nht ca cc bo v lin k trcbo v ang xt. t: bc chn lc v thi gian, vi rle s t = (0,2 0,3) sec. i vi rle s thng tch hp c hai chc nng ca qu dng c thi gian c lp v ph thuc nn tu vo tng trng hp v tng ch vn hnh m chng ta s dng mt trong hai hoc kt hp c hai c tuyn trn cho hp l. Trn hnh 4.13 trnh by phng n phi hp thi gian tc ng cp III cho cc bo v theo c tuyn thi gian c lp.

I.4.2. Mng in vng c mt ngun cung cp:

i vi mng in vng mt ngun cung cp (hnh 4.14) chng ta chn thi gian cho bo v nh vi mng hnh tia hai ngun cung cp, nhng y thi gian tc ng ca bo v 2 v 5 (t2, t5) khng cn phi phi hp thi gian vi bt k bo v khc v khi ngn mch nhnh ngun (nhnh 7) th khng c dng ngn mch chy trong mch vng.

126

Dng in khi ng ca bo v trong trng hp ny phi phi hp vi nhau gia cc bo v cng hng trnh trng hp bo v c th tc ng nhm. V d vi mng in hnh 4.14, dng in khi ng ca cc bo v phi tho mn iu kin: It 1 > It 3 > It 5 It 6 > It 4 > It 2 (4-30) Khi ngn mch xy ra gn thanh gp ngun th c th xy ra hin 8 9 tng khi ng khng ng thi, hin tng ny s lm cho thi gian ct s 2 3 c tng ln. V bo v s dng b phn nh hng cng sut nn tn ti vng cht m khi ngn mch ti gi tr 1 in p a vo bo v thp hn N1 HT ngng in khi ng ti thiu v khi 7 N2 bo v s khng th tc ng. Khi tnh ton dng in khi ng cho bo 6 v trong mng vng phi ch n cc trng hp khi c bt k mt my ct no m, mng s tr thnh s hnh tia mt ngun cung cp, lc s phn 5 4 b cng sut trong mng s khc v bo v c th tc ng nhm. 11 10 Hnh 4.14: Bo v qu dng c hng cho mng in vng mt ngun cung cp

I.4.3. ng dy song song:

A Khi cc bo v c trang b b phn nh hng cng sut vi chiu HT tc ng ng vi lung cng sut i t thanh gp vo Z th khng cn phi hp thi gian tc ng gia bo v 2 v 4 vi bo v 5 (hnh 4.15), v khi ngn mch trn Z D3 (im N3) cc bo v 2 v 4 khng lm vic. Trong trng hp ny bo v 1 v 3 s phi hp thi gian trc tip vi bo v 5: (4-31) t1 = t3 = t5 + t 1

51

67 B N1 2 5 PT 4

3 51 t1 = t3 t2 = t 4 N2 67

t5 l

Hnh 4.15: Bo v qu dng c hng cho Z kp v phi hp thi gian cho cc bo v Ch cn t b nh hng cng sut cho bo v 2 v 4, thi gian tc ng ca bo v 2 v 4 c th chn nh tu (nhng yu cu t2, t4 phi nh hn t1 v t3). Dng in khi ng ca cc bo v c chn phi am bo sao cho khi ct mt Z th dng in lm vic ln nht qua cc bo v ca Z cn li khng lm bo v tc ng, ngha l: IK > Ilv max hay IK = Kat.Ilv max (4-32)

127

Trong : Ilvmax: dng in lm vic ln nht qua bo v khi ch vn hnh mt nhnh Z song song. Kat: h s an ton, Kat = 1,2 1,3.

I.5. Bo v qu dng chm t (50/51N):

ln ca dng chm t ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh h thng in. Trong li in c trung tnh cch in vi t, dng chn t thng khng vt qu vi chc ampe (thng 30 A). Cn trong li c im trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang (cun Peterson), dng chm t c gim i rt nhiu. S nguy him ca tnh trng chm t ca li c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang l in p hai pha cn li khng chm t tng ln bng in p dy v c th chuyn thnh s c ngn mch nhiu pha ti nhng ch c vn v cch in trn Z. Tuy nhin li ny khi xy ra chm t ngi ta vn cho php vn hnh nhng bo v phi bo tn hiu nhn vin vn hnh tm bin php khc phc. V dng chm t ca mng c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang c gi tr kh nh nn i hi bo v dng th t khng phi c nhy kh cao. Trong h thng c trung tnh trc tip ni t, khi xy ra chm t mt pha cng chnh l ngn mch mt pha, dng th t khng (TTK) phn ln n t im trung tnh ca hai trm hai u Z, cn t cc trm khc th kh b. iu ny cho php m bo s phi hp tt theo dng ca bo v TTK. Cc bo v trong trng hp ny thng c phi hp theo nguyn tc phn cp nh i vi bo v qu dng pha. Trong rle s tn ti ba dng s s dng bin dng i vi bo v qu dng chng s c chm t. l cc bin dng pha mc theo s tng ba pha, bin dng TTK cho bo v chng dng chm t ln v bin dng TTK c nhy cao. S th nht thng dng cho li c trung tnh ni t trc tip hay qua tng tr thp, khi dng chm t qua cc pha c gi tr ln nn gi l bo v dng TTK cho li c dng chm t ln. Khi rle thng c ni vi tng cc dng pha t ba bin dng ring bit nn c chnh xc thp. Bo v dng bin dng TTK thng c s dng cho mi trng hp c s c chm t, c bit s dng trong cc li c dng chm t b (li c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang). Bin dng TTK nhy cao pht hin dng chm t thng c gi tr danh nh nh hn nhiu so vi bin dng TTK cho bo v c dng chm t ln v c ni vi rle s theo cc u vo ring bit. Trong rle s ngoi cc bin dng ngi ta c th s dng thm cc bin in p vi cc s khc nhau. S bin in p kiu Y0-Y0 thng xc nh chiu cng sut ca dng ngn mch dng trong bo v c hng. Cn s tam gic h l xc nh in p TTK, n thng lm vic kt hp vi chc nng qu dng chm t nhy cao trong li c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua mt tng tr. Dng TTK (I0) ch c th chy t im trung tnh ni t ca MBA pha ngun ti im c s c chm t. Gi tr ca dng chm t c th xc nh theo biu thc:

I0 =

E Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2

(4-33)

vi: Z0, Z1, Z2: tng ng l tng tr TTK, th t thun (TTT) v th t nghch (TTN) nhn t im s c. V dng TTK khng th i qua cun tam gic ca MBA nn vic phi hp gia cc bo v theo dng TTK s n gin hn rt nhiu so vi qu dng pha. Nu chn dng in khi ng khng chnh xc th bo v qu dng TTK c th tc ng nhm nu s dng s

128

 Vit Nam, trc y li c trung tnh cch t thng l li phn phi trung p nh hn 35 kV nhng vi vic a li 22 kV c trung tnh ni t trc tip vo vn hnh s lm cho cc loi bo v chng chm t li ny s a dng hn. Tuy nhin trong cc rle s hin nay cc chc nng bo v ny c tch hp sn nn khng gy kh khn cho vic s dng. Trong cc s bo v Z cao p t 110 kV tr ln dng rle in c v rle tnh ca Lin X c, ngi ta hay s dng bo v qu dng TTK bn cp vi c tuyn thi gian c lp nh mt bo v chnh. Trong : Cp I l cp ngng cao ct nhanh, c xc nh theo iu kin chm t cui Z hay ch khng ton pha ca my ct Z ang bo v. Cp II v III l cp ngng cao c thi gian, xc nh theo iu kin phi hp vi cp mt ca Z ln cn, theo dng chm t sau MBA hoc theo ch khng ton pha ca my ct Z ln cn cng nh cc iu kin bt thng khc nh dao ng in, s khng ng b... Cp IV l cp ngng thp c thi gian xc nh theo iu kin dng khng cn bng trong dy trung tnh BI khi c ngn mch ba pha sau MBA hay cp in p thp MBA t ngu. Vic s dng nhiu cp bo v TTK theo trng phi Lin X c nh trn xut pht t mt thc t l trong s bo v khng c kiu c tuyn ph thuc vi thi gian tc ng khc nhau cho cc dng chm t khc nhau. Do vy, kiu bn cp s cho c tuyn dng bc thang c cht lng bo v tt hn so vi loi hai cp c tuyn c lp, nhng vn khng t c cht lng nh ca loi bo v qu dng TTK vi c tuyn ph thuc. Mt khc, do trong cc bo v Z rle s thng c km theo chc nng pht hin cc s c chm t nn bo v qu dng TTK bn cp ch ng vai tr nh bo v d phng hoc c th thay n bng mt bo v qu dng TTK hai ngng. Chc nng qu dng chm t trong rle s thng c hai ngng l ngng cao v ngng thp. Ngng cao ct nhanh thng c xc nh tng t nh cc rle c in. gim thiu xc xut ct nhm do cc cc my ct khng ng thi, ngi ta thng gii hn thi gian tc ng ca cp ct nhanh khong di hai chu k tn s cng nghip i vi cc my ct mt pha. Cn cp ngng thp cng c th c dng c tuyn c lp hay ph thuc, trong nn s dng loi c tuyn th hai tng kh nng bo v. Khi s dng chc nng qu dng chng chm t trong rle s, ta cn phi phn bit hai loi bo v vi cc gi tr t c xc nh xut pht t nhng c s lp lun khc nhau. Bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t ln thng c hiu chnh theo dng khng cn bng cc i v dng th t khng i qua ch t bo v. Cn bo v dng TTK cho li c dng chm t b thng xc nh theo dng in dung. Sau y chng ta s ln lt xt cc loi bo v ny.

I.5.1. Bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t ln: I.5.1.1. c tuyn c lp hai cp:
Cc rle qu dng s do c ng dng a nng nn thng c tch hp c hai cp bo v l ngng cao v ngng thp. iu ny c th thy r trong cc loi rle do Chu u sn xut. Trong ch ti bnh thng v khi c ngn mch ngoi, trong dng tng ba pha th cp ( I T = I a + I b + I c ) chy qua rle thng cha thnh phn TTK v dng khng cn bng c trng bi s khng ng nht ca cc bin dng pha v do ti bt i xng:
. . . .

129

I T
Trong :
. . .

(I A + I B + I C ) (I A + I B + I C ) 3. I 0 . = = I KCBT nI nI

(4-34)

nI: t s bin i ca bin dng BI.

.

I A , I B , I C : dng in ba pha s cp chy qua i tng c bo v.

I KCBT : dng in khng cn bng th cp, ph thuc vo thnh phn sng hi c trong dng ngn mch, s khng ng nht v sai s ca BI. Dng khng cn bng th c th c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

I KCBT =

. 1 .K n .K KCK .f i . I Nngoai max nI

(4-35)

KKCK gi l h s khng chu k. fi: h s sai s (mc t ho) ca cc bin dng (fi = 0,05 0,1). Kn: h s ng nht gia cc bin dng Kn (Kn = 0,5 1).

I Nngoai : thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch ngoi ln nht. max

1. Gi tr t ca bo v ngng thp (I0>) c chn theo 3 iu kin sau: I0> = Khc.(3.I0 - k.fi.I1) (4-36) Trong : Khc: h s hiu chnh, Khc = (1,5 2). k: h s c ci t trong rle s tnh n thnh phn sai s cc i do dng th t thun I1 qua rle trong ch ti bt i xng. Dng in t th cp ca bo v cn phi chn ln hn dng IKCBT ni trn. 2. Khng c tc ng i vi dng lm vic ln nht chy trn Z do ti bt i xng, ngha l: 3. Phi tc ng khi c chm t cui Z lin k vi nhy va (bng 1,12 i vi rle s) m bo vic d phng xa. V d rle t ti thanh gp (TG) A phi tc ng khi c chm t mt pha ti TG C (hnh 4.16), tc l gi tr dng in khi ng ca n phi tho mn iu kin: HT

3.I 0C 1,15 I 0> A 3.I 0C I 0> A 1,15

MBA D

(4-37)

t pha TTK

Gi tr dng in t cp l ngng thp c chn theo gi tr ln Hnh 4.16: Phn cp thi gian tc ng ca bo nht tho mn 3 iu kin trn v v qu dng pha v qu dng TTK. thng c ly trong khong (0,2 0,8) dng danh nh ca bin dng. Thi gian tc ng tt cp bo v ny c phi hp nh i vi bo v qu dng pha. Tuy nhin nh ni phn u, bo v TTK thng xt bt u t MBA c cun tam gic hoc cun sao khng ni t, nn bo v qu dng TTK cp ngng thp trc MBA ( y l trm C hnh 4.16) c th t loi ct nhanh. Do vy bo v TTK vi c tuyn c lp thng c thi gian tc ng nh hn so vi bo v qu dng pha t trn cng mt trm, tuy vy iu ny c th s khng ng i vi MBA t ngu. Gi tr t dng ngng cao (I0>>) c chn theo cc iu kin sau: 1. Theo iu kin dng TTK cc i khi c chm t ngoi vng bo v: I0>> = Khc.3.I0ngoi max (4-38) H s hiu chnh Khc c cho bng (1,15 1,2) i vi rle s.

130

2. Theo iu kin khng ton pha (KTP) tm thi do my ct ng mch khng ng nhp hay do trnh t TL mt pha ca bo v trn Z ang xt: I0>> = Khc.3.I0KTP (4-39) Vi I0KTP l dng TTK cc i qua bo v trong ch khng ton pha. Gi tr dng ngng cao c chn theo gi tr ln nht t hai iu kin trn. Thi gian ct nhanh ca bo v ngng cao thng chn bng 0,05 sec.

I.5.1.2. Bo v qu dng chm t ba hay bn cp:

Trong mt s loi rle theo trng phi M, c bit l cc loi rle bo v tng hp Z nh SEL-321 (SEL) hay ALPS (GE Multilin), cc chc nng bo v qu dng TTK vi c tuyn c lp nh mt bo v d phng c th c ti ba hay bn cp c hng. Tuy nhin khc vi rle ca Lin X, chng cn c tch hp thm c tnh ph thuc. iu ny cho php rle bo v Z vi cc thi gian tc ng khc nhau tu theo cu hnh ca li v v tr s c m loi bo v hai cp vi thi gian c lp khng thc hin c. Cc cp I v IV thng c chn ging nh cp ngng cao v thp cp trn. Sau y chng ta s xt k hn cc cp II v III l loi bo v qu dng ngng cao tc ng c thi gian v ch gii hn vi dng c tuyn c lp. Cp II: dng khi ng cp II ca trm B (hnh 4.17) c chn theo cc iu kin sau: 1. Suy ra t dng tng ba pha qua bo v khi c chm t sau MBA t ngu ca bo v lin k v pha ti ( cp in p thp hn), tc l ti im N1: III0> B = Khc.3.I0N1 (4-40) y h s Khc c th ly bng 1,15 i vi rle s. 2. T iu kin phi hp vi cp mt ca bo v lin k: III0> B = Khc.3.I0Btt (4-41) Trong : Khc c th ly bng 1,1. I0Btt: dng TTK tnh ton, c xc nh theo dng TTK qua rle B khi c chm t ti im tnh ton N2 trn Z lin k CD, N2 l im m dng tng ba pha qua rle C bng gi tr dng in t ca n (hnh 4.17). 3. Theo iu kin hiu chnh t dng tng ba pha ca ch khng ton pha trong Z lin k, hay dng KCB khi c dao ng hay s mt ng b cc my pht (trong trng hp thi gian tc ng ca bo v ln hn 1 sec). Cp III: c s dng khi cp II t ra khng nhy (yu cu Kn 1,2) khi c chm t mt im hay chm t kp ti cc v tr nhy cm cp III, c chn ging nh cp II, ngoi ra cn c iu kin tnh ton theo dng KCB trong dy trung tnh cc bin dng khi c ngn mch ba pha sau MBA thng hoc MBA t ngu ni vo TG ca cc trm hai u Z c bo v.
HT A B C N2 D

3.IB 3.I0B

N1 3.I0C 3.II 0>C

3.II 0>B

3.I0B

Hnh 4.17: Cc cch tnh vng II ca bo v qu dng TTK 4 cp

131

Thi gian tc ng ca bo v c phi hp ging nh i vi bo v qu dng pha thng thng. I.5.1.3. c tuyn ph thuc: Phng php phi hp cc bo v qu dng TTK theo c tuyn thi gian ph thuc tng t nh i vi bo v qu dng pha. Tuy nhin cn ch l i vi bo v qu dng TTK cn c mt s loi c tuyn ph thuc ch c cho bo v chm t nh c tuyn thi gian tc ng lu, c tuyn kiu RI...

I.5.2. Bo v qu dng th t khng cho li c dng chm t b:

Cc dng t ca bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t b thng c gi tr nh v chng khng chu nh hng ca cc dng in ti m chu tc ng ca cc dng in dung. hiu r hn v bn cht ca dng chm t lin quan n dng in dung, sau y chng ta s xem xt ch s c ca h thng in c trung tnh cch t khi chm t ti mt im.

EA

IA

UA IB 90
0

EB

EC CA CB CC

B C

IA UC

900 IC UB

900

Hnh 4.18: Cc dng dung khng trong li trung tnh cch t (a) v vct dng v p (b) trong iu kin bnh thng Trong li in xoay chiu vi ch lm vic bnh thng, trn cc pha ngoi cc dng ti cn c cc dng in dung xc nh bi in dung i vi t phn b theo dc chiu di Z. Nu khng c dng ti, in p ca tt c cc im trn li c th coi l bng nhau v dng dung khng ny rt nh do vy s st p do chng gy ra c th b qua. Khi in p cc pha so vi t tng ng s bng in p pha UA, UB, UC v cc in dung phn tn ca cc pha c th thay bng cc in dung tp trung CA= CB= CC = C (hnh 4.18a). Cc vct dng IA, IB, IC v p s c dng i xng nh trn hnh 4.18b. Nh vy, tng cc vct dng v p s bng khng v khng c dng chy qua t. Khi c mt pha no chm t, in p cc pha so vi t s thay i. V d khi pha A chm t trc tip, in p UA ca n s gim xung 0, cn in p hai pha kia s tng ln ti in p dy UBA v UCA. V in p dy khng thay i nn in p cc pha B, C so vi t s tng ln 3 ln, cn in p im trung tnh N ca h thng so vi t s bng - UA. Dng chm t ti im s c khi s bng: (hnh 4.19)

I D = ( I B + I C ) = 3..C. U pha

. (1)

. (1)

. (1)

(4-42)

Khi tnh ton dng ny ngi ta thng xt n in dung (C) ca li theo in dung n v c (F/km) i vi tng loi dy dn, do cng thc (4-42) c th vit thnh:

I D = 3..c.l . U pha .106 = a.l

Trong :

. (1)

(4-43)

132

 l: tng chiu di ca li in ni vi nhau trc tip khng qua MBA (li c cng cp in p). a=3CUpha10-6 v in dung n v c ph thuc vo loi dy dn trn khng hay cp ngm... thng dao ng trong khong rng. Tuy nhin, khi tnh ton s b chng ta c th ly gi tr trung bnh no . Nu thay = 2..50 rad/sec vo (4-43) th c th tnh gn ng: i vi Z trn khng: i vi Z cp: Vi U l in p dy ca li ang xt.

ID =
. (1)

. (1)

ID

U.l (A) 350 U.l = (A) 10

(4-44) (4-45)

Id(1) EA A U(1) C EB EC CA CB CC B C UC U(1) C+ U(1) B UA

IB(1) IC(1)

IA(1)

(1) UN(1) UB

UB

a)

b)

Hnh 4.19: Cc dng dung khng trong li trung tnh cch t (a) v vct dng v p (b) khi c s c chm t Khi tnh dng dung khng chnh nh gi tr t cho rle cn phi ch l dng dung khng ca Z c bo v s chy qun bn trong phm vi Z ny m khng qua ch t rle (hnh 4.20). Do cc cng thc (4-43), (4-44), (4-45), trong gi tr tng di ng dy l khng c tnh n chiu di Z c bo v. iu ny cng c ngha l, nu xut tuyn ca MBA hay my pht ch c mt Z th y khng c php t bo v qu dng TTK c nhy cao. tnh ton gi tr chnh nh cho bo v TTK v d ng dy AB (hnh 4.17), ta c th xut pht t dng dung khng tng cc tiu IC min ca cc Z bn ngoi cng ni vo trm t rle khi c chm t ti im N1 theo cng thc:

I 0> =

I C min a.(l l AB ) = K hc K hc

(4-46)

Trong : khc = (1,2 1,5). l: di tng ca li ni vi nhau trc tip khng qua MBA cung cp cho TG trm trong cu hnh ngn nht ca li. Ngoi ra, nu rle l loi v hng th n khng c php tc ng khi c chm t ngoi Z c bo v (im N2), tc l khi c dng dung khng t hng Z c bo v chy qua rle theo chiu ngc li. V vy gi tr t ca rle phi tho mn iu kin: I0> = Kat.a.lAB (4-47) vi Kat = (2 2,5).

133

3 C03 C02 C01 I03(1) I02(1) I01(1) N1

2 1 N2

Hnh 4.20: ng i ca cc dng dung khng khi c ngn mch bn trong Z Nu y l mt xut tuyn, th di lAB phi c coi l tng cc on Z cng cp in p v pha ti so vi im t rle, khi Kat c th chn nh hn t (1,5 2). Tuy nhin, nu rle l loi c hng th khng phi kim tra iu kin (4-47).

II. bo v so lch dng in (87)

II.1. Gii thiu chung:
Ngy nay Vit Nam bo v I2S I1S HT1 HT2 so lch dng in khng ch s dng bo v my pht, my bin p m n c s dng kh ph bin bo v li truyn ti. nng cao I2T nhy ca bo v so lch dng in I1T ILV cc hng ch to rle s pht minh ra loi rle so lch dng in c hm, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca IH h thng truyn tn hiu m loi rle 87L ny dn khc phc c cc nhc im c bn ca mnh bng Hnh 4.21: S nguyn l ca bo v so phng php so snh tn hiu dng lch c hm in hai u Z thng qua cc thit b truyn tin thay cho vic dng dy dn ph. iu ny khng nhng nng cao tin cy m cn nng cao nhy ca bo v. Trn thc t c nhiu m hnh s nguyn l ca rle so lch c hm, mi hng c th a ra mt m hnh khc nhau sao cho t h c th ch to ra phn cng v chng trnh ho c cc thut ton logic ci t vo b nh ca rle. Trn hnh 4.21 trnh by mt trong cc dng s nguyn l ca bo v so lch dng in c hm. y chng ta khng i su vo cu to ca rle so lch dng in m ch t nguyn l lm vic ca n chng ta s ng dng bo v Z trong h thng in. T s nguyn l trn hnh 4.21 ta c: Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi: Dng in so lch ISL (chnh l dng lm vic) ca bo v c xc nh theo cng thc:

134

I SL = I = I 1T I 2T = I LV

. . . 1 . .[( I 1S I 2S ) (I 1 I 2 )] nI

. . . 1 . = .(I 1S I 2S ) I KCBT I KCBT nI

(4-48)

Dng in hm:

I H = I 1T + I 2T =

. . . 1 . .[( I 1S + I 2S ) ( I 1 + I 2 )] nI

(4-49)

Trong : IKCBT: dng khng cn bng th cp BI, gi tr ca dng ny ph thuc vo sai lch gia cc BI v thnh phn khng chu k trong dng in chy qua i tng c bo v. Dng khng cn bng th cp c th c xc nh theo biu thc sau:

I KCBT = K n .K KCK .f i . I Nngoai max

BI.

(4-50)

I1S, I2S, I1T, I2T, I1, I2: ln lt l dng in s cp, th cp v dng t ho ca

nI: h s bin i ca cc BI. Trong ch ny dng in vo cun hm IH ln hn dng vo cun lm vic ILV nn bo v khng tc ng (hnh 4.22a). Khi c ngn mch trong vng bo v: Trng hp Z c mt ngun cung cp: gi s HT2 trn hnh 4.21 c ct ra. Khi :

I LV = I 1S =

. 1 . .(I 1S I 1 ) nI

(4- 51)

bo v c th lm vic ng trong trng hp ny th gi tr dng in khi ng ca bo v ILV phi chn ln hn gi tr dng in hm IH, ngha l: ILV = IH/KH (4- 52) Vi KH l h s hm, thng chn KH = (0,2 0,5). Gii hn di ca h s hm c chn cho min c dng ngn mch b nng cao nhy ca bo v, cn min c dng ngn mch ln thng chn h s KH cao ngn chn bo v c th tc ng nhm. Trng hp Z c hai ngun cung cp: (hnh 4.21) Dng in I 1S ngc hng vi I 2S nn I 1T cng s ngc hng vi I 2T . Khi :
. . . .
. . . . 1 . .[( I 1S + I 2S ) (I 1 + I 2 )] nI . . . 1 . .[( I 1S I 2S ) (I 1 I 2 )] nI

I SL = IH =
.

(4-53) (4-54)

135

ng.

Nh vy, trong trng hp ny dng ISL >> IH (hnh 4.22b) do bo v s tc

IH I1T I1T ILV IH ILV

nhy ca bo v c xc nh theo cng thc:

Kn =

Bo v so lch dng in c tnh chn lc tuyt i do yu cu nhy I2T ca bo v Kn 2. i vi rle in c m bo c yu cu v nhy ngi ta phi s dng cc bin php nhm hn ch thnh phn dng khng a) b) cn bng nh mc ni tip vi cun dy rle mt in tr ph, s dng my bin Hnh 4.22: th vct dng in khi c ngn dng bo ho trung gian... Cn vi rle mch ngoi (a) v trong (b) vng bo v s do c trang b b lc s c th lc nhanh c thnh phn sng hi khc tn s c bn 50 Hz trong dng s c kt hp vi chc nng kho khi c sng hi nn rle so lch s c nhy kh cao. Nh ni trn, bo v so lch c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn thi gian tc ng ca bo v khng cn phi phi hp vi cc bo v khc, tc l v nguyn tc bo v c th tc ng khng thi gian. Sau y chng ta s xt mt s phng n ng dng nguyn l so lch bo v cho mt s Z trong h thng in.

I N min I t 87

(4-55)

II.2. Bo v so lch dc cho Z n:

bo v Z n mt hoc hai ngun cung cp ngi ta thng s dng bo v so lch dc c hm. T nguyn l so lch chng ta nhn thy: c th so snh dng in hai u Z th ngoi Z truyn ti chnh ra phi b tr thm Z dn ph truyn tn hiu dng in gia hai u Z cho bo v so lch dc. Ngy nay, i vi rle s ngi ta thng thay th dy dn ph bng vic truyn tn hiu thng qua ng dy thng tin, iu ny khng nhng nng cao tin cy, nhy ca bo v m cn tng kh nng t ng ho trong h thng in c bit l khi h thng SCADA c a vo s dng. Trn hnh 4.23 trnh by nguyn l bo v Z dng rle so lch c hm truyn tn hiu dng thit b truyn tin.
HT1 A I1S ILV I1T B B thu thu pht Knh pht tn tn tin hiu hiu (A) (B) ILV I2S B HT2

IH

IH

I2T

Hnh 4.23: Bo v so lch dng c hm truyn tn hiu hai u bo v bng phng php truyn tin

136

i vi cc Z c chiu di ngn (< 25 km) ngi ta vn s dng dy dn ph truyn tn hiu dng in gia hai u ng dy (hnh 4.21). Khi gim bt s lng dy dn ph dng trong s ba pha ngi ta dng phng php cng dng in pha thng qua cc my bin dng cng (hnh 4.24). H s bin i pha trong my bin dng cng phi c chn sao cho dng in u ra khng b trit tiu i vi bt k mt dng ngn mch no. Chng hn vi s hnh 4.24, t s vng dy gia cc cun l: W1 : W2 : W3 = 2 : 1 : 3 v dng in u ra ca my bin dng l:

I ra = 2. I a + I c + 3. I N
vi I N l dng in chy trong dy trung tnh ca t my bin dng u hnh sao.
.

(4-56)

II.3. Bo v so lch Z song song:

Bo v so lch ngang c hng c dng bo v cho Z song song ni vo thanh gp qua cc my ct ring (hnh 4.25). Bo v so lch ngang c hng lm vic da theo nguyn tc so snh dng in trn hai ng dy song song. Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi (gi s ti N1), cc dng in chy trn hai nhnh Z cng chiu v c gi tr gn bng nhau nn dng in vo rle: B pha thanh gp A:

A Ia Ib Ic W1 W2 W3 W4 ILV B C IH
Dy dn ph

Hnh 4.24: Cng dng in gim bt dy dn ph trong s bo v so lch dng in

I SL =

. . . . 1 . .[( I 1S I 2S ) (I 1 I 2 )] I KCBT < IKR nI

(4-57)

bo v khng tc ng trong trng hp ny. B pha thanh gp B: s b kho do chiu dng in i t Z vo thanh gp. Nh vy bo v khng tc ng trong trng hp ny.
A HT 87L 3 N3 (II) BU 87L 4 1 BI N2 (I) N4 BI 2 B

N1

BU

Hnh 4.25: S nguyn l bo v so lch ngang c hng Khi xy ra ngn mch ti N2 (gi s pha ph ti khng c ngun truyn ngc v), dng ngn mch ti im N2 c cung cp t hai pha: dng cung cp trc tip theo ng A1N2 v dng v theo ng vng A34B2N2 (thng dng ngn mch do nhnh A1N2 c gi tr ln hn so vi dng do nhnh kia cung cp do tng tr mch vng thng ln). Dng ngn mch trn i qua hai b bo v so lch hai u thanh gp. B pha thanh gp A: Chiu dng in i t thanh gp vo ng dy s lm cho chc nng nh hng cng sut ca rle lm vic xc nh im ngn mch nm trn
137

I SL =

. . . 1 . .[( I 1S I 2S ) (I 1 I 2 )] > I KR nI

(4-58)

Cc d liu trn s c tng hp v so snh vi cc gi tr ci t. Trong trng hp ny b pha A s a tn hiu i ct my ct 1. B pha thanh gp B: Dng in chy trn hai nhnh I1S v I2S c chiu ngc nhau. Khi dng in so lch c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

I SL =

. . . 1 . .[( I 1S + I 2S ) (I 1 + I 2 )] > I KR nI

(4-59)

Cc s liu thu c s c b pha thanh gp B tng hp v a tn hiu i ct my ct 2 (dng I2S c chiu hng t ng dy II vo thanh gp B, cn dng I1S hng t thanh gp B ra ng dy I). Nh vy s c s c ct bi bo v so lch hai pha thanh gp v nhnh ng dy cn li tip tc vn hnh nhng khi chc nng so lch s b kho trnh bo v c th tc ng nhm khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v v lc bo v so lch ngang tr thnh bo v qu dng c hng. Khi xy ra ngn mch ti N3 (gn thanh gp A), do tng tr on t thanh gp A n im ngn mch nh hn rt nhiu so vi tng tr mch vng dn n dng ngn mch hu nh dn hon ton qua nhnh A3N3 lm cho bo v pha A tc ng ct my ct 3 cn dng trong mch vng rt nh nn bo v pha B khng tc ng. Ch khi my ct 3 b ct ra, dng ngn mch dn v nhnh vng v khi bo v pha B mi tc ng ct my ct 4. Trng hp ny c gi l hin tng khi ng khng ng thi, hin tng ny s lm tng thi gian ct ngn mch ln gy nh hng n tnh tc ng nhanh ca bo v. Trong trng hp xy ra t dy km theo chm t mt nhnh ng dy th bo v so lch ngang c hng s tc ng khng ng ct c hai nhnh ng dy. y chnh l mt nhc im rt ln ca bo v so lch ngang c hng. khc phc ngi ta da vo khong thi gian t lc t dy n khi chm t kho chc nng so lch ca bo v.

III. Bo v khong cch

Vo nhng nm u th k 20, bo v khong cch c xem nh loi bo v hon ho nht bo v cc ng dy ti in. Tri qua gn mt th k cc rle khong cch c nghin cu rt rng ri v khng ngng c ci tin qua cc th h rle in c, rle tnh n cc rle s ngy nay. Tnh nng ca rle khong cch nht l nhng hp b bo v khong cch s dng k thut s hin i c m rng v a dng hn rt nhiu so vi cc rle trc y. Ngy nay cc rle khong cch s nh P441, P442, P444 (Alstom); 7SA511, 7SA513 (Siemens); SEL321 (SEL) ngoi chc nng bo v khong cch n cn c tch hp nhiu chc nng khc na nh cc chc nng: qu dng ct nhanh, qu dng c thi gian (50/51), chng chm t (50/51N), in p gim (27), qu in p (59), t ng ng tr li TL (79), kim tra ng b (25) v cc chc nng truyn thng khc. Bo v khong cch l chc nng chnh ca rle. N gm mt h thng d tm s c, mt h thng o khong cch v mt h thng xc nh hng cng sut (dng in) s c. Tu vo mi loi rle ca tng hng ch to m cc rle khong cch c cc phng php d tm pht hin s c v a ra nhng phng thc x l khc nhau nhng nhn chung u da trn nguyn l c bn l da vo gi tr dng in v in p o c t tnh ton gi tr tng tr o ri so snh vi gi tr t vng cng vi hng cng sut trn ng dy tng hp a ra quyt nh thao tc.

138

 m bo tc ng chn lc trong mng phc tp, ngi ta dng bo v khong cch c hng, ch tc ng khi hng cng sut ngn mch i t thanh gp vo ng dy. Rle khong cch dng bo v ng dy ti in thng c nhiu vng tc ng tng ng vi cc cp thi gian tc ng khc nhau. Hin nay tn ti nhiu phng thc tnh ton gi tr t cho bo v khong cch, phm vi ng dng ca mi phng thc tu thuc vo tng ng dng c th. Ngoi ra bo v khong cch c th c s dng kt hp vi TL, cc s ct lin ng dng knh truyn tin gim thi gian ct s c. Sau y chng ta s i phn tch cch tnh ton cc vng ca rle khong cch.

III.1. Phn tch cc vng tc ng ca bo v khong cch:

n gin y chng ta ch xt vi rle khong cch ba cp (three step distance protection) ti thanh gp A (hnh 4.26). y l dng bo v khng cc b c dng kh ph bin trn thc t. Bo v c ba vng tc ng:

III.1.1. Vng I:
Chc nng ca vng I l ct cng nhanh cng tt cc s c bn trong ng dy I c bo v (on AB) do thi gian t tr ca vng ny thng chn bng t A = 0 (sec). Cn phn bit thi gian t cho rle vi thi gian ct s c thc t tc: tc = trlmin + tt + tt + tMC (4-60) Trong : trlmin: thi gian tnh ton v ra quyt nh thao tc nh nht ca rle khong cch. Thi gian ny tu thuc vo tng loi rle. V d rle 7SA511 c trlmin =25 msec, 7SA513 c trlmin 18 msec. tt: thi gian t cho rle. tt: thi gian truyn tn hiu bn ngoi rle, thi gian ny c th b ph thuc bi bus truyn... tMC: thi gian thao tc ca my ct, tu thuc vo loi my ct c s dng.
A B N1 N2 N3 C D

a)

t III A tI B t II B

tI A
b)

t II A

t III B

Z IA
tI A

Z II A
E t

ZI B
t II A
F t III t I A

tB

c)

Z IA

ZI B Z II A Z III A

t G

t II B

t III B

Z II B Z IA

Hnh 4.26: Xc nh cc vng khong cch ca bo v khong d) cch ba cp (a), (b), (c) v s logic ct (d).

Z II A
Z III A

t II A t III A

0 0

OR

Ct

139

Do vng I l vng bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn ch cn s c xy ra trong vng ny bo v s tc ng m khng cn phi hp vi cc bo v khc. Gi tr tng tr t vng I ph thuc vo tng trng hp tng ng vi tng loi rle c th. Trng hp ti thanh gp B khng c ngun trc tip ni vo cng nh khng c nhnh r qua my bin p v sai lch gia cc BI, BU khng ln hoc vi cc rle s hin i c b lc s tc cao (7SA513). n gin ngi ta thng xc nh tng tr t vng I ( Z IA ) bng 85% tng tr ca ng dy AB (ZlAB): (4-61) Trng hp c k n cc sai s ca cc phn t khong cch, cc bin dng BI, bin in p BU cng nh sai s v thng s tng tr o c, ngn mch qua in tr h quang, nh hng bi chiu di ng dy..., c th lm cho rle tc ng nhm khi s c thc t nm ngoi vng I (v d ngn mch trn on BC). Khi ngi ta c th s dng cng thc:

Z IA = 0,85.Z lAB

Z IA =

1 Z lAB 1+ +

(4-62)

Vi 0,05 l h s tnh n sai s ca rle khong cch (tu vo tng loi m c th c cc gi tr khc nhau); = 0,1 l h s tnh n sai s ca cc bin dng BI, bin in p o lng BU v khong d phng ca rle. Khi thay cc gi tr trn vo cng thc (4-62) gi tr Z IA s dao ng trong khong (0,8 0,9) di thc ng dy AB, do n cng ph hp vi cng thc (4-61). Trn thc t khng phi bt c loi rle khong cch no cng c gi tr t trc tip l tng tr Z (P44X ca Alstom (Php), Sel321 ca Sel (M)). V d nh 7SA513 ca Siemens (c), gi tr t ca rle ny c th l cc gi tr in khng v in tr (khi xt n s c chm t) v chng c xc nh bng 85% chiu di ng dy.

X IAprim = 0,85.X lAB

X IA seco = N ct I I .X Aprim . n N vt A

(4-63a) (4-63b) (4-64a) (4-64b)

1 R IAprim = R lAB + .R arc 2 N I R IA seco = ct .R IAprim . n N vt A

Trong : X IAprim , X IA seco : gi tr in khng s v th cp cn xc nh. R IAprim , R IA seco : gi tr in tr s v th cp. Nct, Nvt: ln lt l t s bin dng BI v bin p BU.

Rarc: gi tr in tr h quang do ngn mch gy ra (b chia u cho hai pha khc nhau), Rarc c xc nh theo cng thc C. Warrington i vi s c pha-pha:

In : dng danh nh ca rle c tnh bng dng th cp ca BI. A

R arc =

28700 D + v.t c ) .( I 1,4 N

(4-65)

vi D l khong cch tng ng gia cc pha (m), i vi ng dy cp ba pha trn khng: D = 3 D AB .D AC .D BC ; v l vn tc gi (m/sec); tc l thi gian ct ngn mch ca h

140

thng bo v (sec); IN dng ngn mch tng theo hai pha ng dy n im ngn mch (i vi ng dy c hai ngun cung cp t hai u). Trn thc t gi tr ny xc nh nh tnh ton theo cc chng trnh tnh ngn mch trn my tnh. RlAB, XlAB: gi tr in tr v in khng ca on ng dy AB (). Ch cc gi tr xc nh theo cc cng thc trn cha tnh n trng hp s dng chc nng t ng ng lp li TL (auto recloser) ca bo v khong cch.

III.1.2. Vng II:

Chc nng ca vng ny l bo v on cui ng dy AB (khong (15 20)% on ng dy AB tnh t thanh gp B) ngoi khu vc vng I ca rle khong cch t ti A v yu cu bt buc l n phi bao trm hon ton thanh gp trm B sao cho tt c cc s c xy ra trong on ny v ton b vng I phi nm trong vng II, ngoi ra n cn c th lm nhim v d phng mt phn cho bo v vng I t ti thanh gp B. Thi gian tc ng ca vng II i vi tt c cc rle cc trm thng c t bng nhau tr mt s trng c bit, gi tr thi gian t ny c chn ln hn thi gian t vng I ca on sau lin k cng nh ca cc bo v ct nhanh ca cc my bin p ni vo thanh gp trm B mt bc chn lc l t, thng tIIA 0,5 sec. Cng nh vng I tng tr t ca vng II c chn tu thuc vo tng trng hp c th. Trng hp ti thanh gp B khng c ngun trc tip ni vo cng nh khng c r nhnh qua my bin p v s sai lch gia cc BI, BU khng ln hoc s dng cc rle c b lc s tc cao th gi tr ci t tng tr c th xc nh theo cng thc:

Z II = 0,8.(Z lAB + 0,85.Z lBC ) A

Vi 7SA513 ca Siemens th gi tr ci t vng II c xc nh:

(4-66) (4-67a) (4-67b)

X II Aprim = 0,8.(X lAB + 0,85.X lBC ) ()

X II seco = A N ct II I X Aprim n () N vt A

Vi P441, P442, P444 ca Alstoms:

Z II Aprim = Z lAB + 0,3.Z lBC ()

Z II seco = A N ct II Z Aprim () N vt

(4-68a) (4-68b)

Trng hp ti thanh gp trm B c ngun dng khc bm vo hoc c r nhnh cng nh khi tnh ton c th k n cc sai s ca BI, BU v ca bn thn rle..., khi gi tr tng tr t ca rle c th chn theo cng thc:

Z II A

1 1 I (Z lAB + ZB ) 1+ + K pdBC

(4-69)

Trong : = 0,1: h s tnh n khong ng bin an ton vng II ca bo v khong cch ti A khng ln sang vng II ca bo v khong cch ti B. A B D KpdBC: h s phn dng ca C ng dy BC ti thanh gp B, c gi N Kpd <1 tr bng t s gia dng qua rle (ti A) v dng qua im ngn mch ti N1 (hnh 4.26). C A B Theo cng thc (4-69) th di N Kpd>1 vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti Hnh 4.27: Anh hng ca Kpd n hin tng ht vng (kpd<1) v vt vng (kpd>1)
B B B B B B

141

Khi Kpd < 1 (hnh 4.27) ngha l gi tr tng tr o c ln hn tng tr thc t, trng hp ny ngi ta gi l hin tng ht vng (underreach). Lc rle ch c th pht hin c nhng s c v tr gn hn so vi v tr c gi tr ci t tng tr vng. Nu iu ny xy ra i vi vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti A th c ngha l vng bo v d phng cho vng I ca rle khong cch t ti B s gim i v nh vy thi gian ct d phng cho vng I ca bo v ti B s tng ln n tIIIA, lm gim hiu qu d phng ca bo v A. Vic p dng cng thc (4-69) s gy rt nhiu kh khn cho kh nng phi hp cp II ca bo v ti A vi cp I ca bo v ti B nu gi tr Kpd dao ng trong khong rng. khc phc iu ny, ngi ta c hai hng gii quyt: th nht l chn gi tr Kpd cc i tnh ton, th hai l tnh ton cc gi tr chnh nh khc nhau trong ch cc i v cc tiu ci t vo rle. iu ny rt d dng vi cc rle s v b nh ca chng cho php cha nhiu b tham s chnh nh khc nhau. Khi h s Kpd > 1 (hnh 4.27) s xy ra hin tng vt vng (overreach). Khi gi tr tng tr o c s nh hn tng tr thc t ci t vng v rle s ct c cc ngn mch xa hn so vi gi tr vng ci t, ni cch khc l gii hn vng bo v s tng ln. iu ny cha chc tt v khi vng II ca bo v t ti A c th s b ln sang vng II ca bo v ti B v nh vy cc bo v c th tc ng khng chn lc. Trng hp ti thanh gp trm B c my bin p phn nhnh ni vo, khi di vng II ca rle khong cch ti A khng c php bao trm my bin p trn m thi gian ct nhanh nht ca bo v my bin p ln hn thi gian tc ng ca vng II (tII). Thc vy, gi s nu xy ra ngn mch ti N3 (hnh 4.26) sau my bin p c loi bo v nh trn, nu N3 nm trong vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti A th rle khong cch ti A c th s tc ng ct my ct ti thanh gp A trc khi my ct bo v my bin p tc ng, iu ny l khng cho php. trnh trng hp ny th tng tr t vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti A phi c chn theo cng thc:

Z II A

1 1 (Z lAB + Z MBA min ) 1+ + K pdMBA

(4-70)

Trong : KpdMBA: h s phn dng qua my bin p. ZMBAmin: tng tr tng ng nh nht ca mt trong s cc my bin p ni vo thanh ci trm B. Thng thng gi tr tng tr t vng II ca bo v ti A c chn theo gi tr nh nht ca biu thc (4-69) v (4-70). Theo cc lp lun trn y th cc cng thc (4-66) n (4-68) thng ch p dng cho cc li hnh tia mt ngun cung cp (c trng ca li phn phi) cn i vi mng in vng th phi p dng cc cng thc c tnh n h s phn dng.

142

Nu t thanh gp trm B c nhiu ng dy ra th ng dy no c chiu di nh nht s c chn phi hp vi tng tr vng II ca bo v t ti A.

III.1.3. Vng III:

Hin nay cch tnh di vng III ca bo v khong cch ba cp vn cha thng nht. Tu vo tng trng hp, mc ch s dng vng ny m gi tr tng tr t vng III s c xc nh theo cc cng thc hp l. Trn thc t Vit Nam mt s ni vng III khng c s dng. Nu xem vng III ca rle khong cch t ti A thun tu d phng cho vng II rle A v n phi phi hp tt vi vng II ca rle t ti B th c th p dng cng thc (4-71) cho trng hp n gin:

Z III = 0,8[ Z lAB + 0,8(Z lBC + 0,85Z lCD )] A

Z III = K tc .(Z lAB + A 1 II ZB ) K pd

(4-71)

v cng thc (4-72) cho trng hp phi hp vi vng II ca bo v pha sau k n (ti B): (4-72)

vi Ktc l h s tin cy, Ktc = 1,2. i vi rle 7SA513 ca Siemens, gi tr t vng III c xc nh theo gi tr in khng nh sau:

X III = 0,8.[ X lAB + 0,8.(X lBC + 0,85.X lCD )] Aprim

X IIIseco = A N ct III I n () X Aprim N vt A

(4-73a) (4-73b)

Tuy nhin, khi p dng cc cng thc ny i vi li mch vng th khng phi lc no cng c th m bo c s phi hp tt gia cc bo v. Gi s xt mng in nh hnh 4.28, trong on ng dy BC c tng tr ln hn tng tr on BMC (gi s do cc ng dy ny c tit din dy ln,...). khi c ngn mch ti N, nu theo mch thng ABCN th im s c nm vng III ca bo v khong cch t ti A v l vng II ca bo v ti B. Tuy nhin nu xt theo mch vng ABMCN th tng tr ngn mch o c ti A nh hn nn c th ri vo vng II ca bo v t ti A. Khi bo v t ti A v B c th tc ng khng chn lc. Nh vy, cc cng thc M (4-71); (4-72) ch nn p dng B C cho li hnh tia mt ngun A N cung cp. i vi mng in vng do nh hng ca ca h s phn dng nn gi tr tng tr o c vng III c th bin Hnh 4.28: S khng phi hp gia bo v trm A v B thin trong di kh rng v khi vic tnh ton gi tr ci t vng III rt phc tp v phi tnh ton nhiu gi tr t trong nhng trng hp vn hnh khc nhau ci t vo b nh ca rle. Thi gian t vng III ca bo v ti A trong trng hp ny c th phi hp vi thi gian t vng II ca n theo cng thc sau: t III = t II + t (4-74) A A Nu xem vng III ca bo v khong cch ti A khng nhng d phng cho vng cho vng II ca n m cn dng d phng xa cho bo v ng dy lin k (BC) v khng n yu cu phi hp vng III ny vi vng III ca bo v t ti B. Khi , gi tr t vng III ca bo v khong cch ti A c ly bng tng ng dy c bo v (AB) vi ng dy lin k di nht (BC) v 25% ng dy th ba (CD) hoc bng 120% tng ng dy c bo v vi ng dy lin k di nht. iu ny cho php rle A c th ct
143

c cc ngn mch trn ng dy lin k (BC) khi ton b bo v ca on ng dy lin k ny khng lm vic. V d vi rle khong cch s P44X ca Alstoms, gi tr tng tr t vng III c xc nh nh sau: Z III = (Z lAB + Z lBC ).1,2 () (4-75a) Aprim

Z IIIseco = Z III A Aprim Z III Z lAB + A

Hoc cng c th xc nh theo cng thc :

N ct () N vt

(4-75b)

vi IR, IF tng ng l dng qua rle v dng i vo im s c ti thanh gp trung gian trong ch dng vo cc i. Thi gian t ca vng III trong trng hp ny c phi hp vi thi gian t vng II ca bo v lin k (ti B): t III = t II + t (4-77) A B Ngoi ra cng c mt phng n xut xc nh tng tr t vng III theo tng tr lm vic nh nht ca ti theo cng thc:

IR + IF Z lBC IF

(4-76)

Z III = A

Z lv min K tc .K mm .K tv

(4-78)

vi tng tr lm vic nh nht c tnh theo cng thc:

Z lv min =

U lv min 3.I lv max

X III II I

(4-79)

Trong : Kmm: h s m my, Kmm = 1,3. Ktv: h s tr v ca rle, Ktv = (1,05 1,1). Tuy nhin cng thc ny cha hp l lm khi p dng cho rle s v i vi li truyn ti, gc ca ti thng nh hn (20 30)0 so vi trc R (hnh 4.29) trong khi gc tng tr ng dy thng ln hn 600 v cc rle khong cch thng c xc nh hng theo gc ny hoc theo hng in khng ch khng theo trc R. Hn na trong cc rle s thng ci t thm chc nng kho rle trong vng ln ca ti (load encroachment), do cc gi tr t ca rle cng khng ph thuc vo cc ch ca ti.

Tng tr Z

Tng tr R ti

Hnh 4.29: Hng t ca bo v khong cch v v tr tng tr ti

III.2. Cc s ct lin ng trong bo v khong cch:

Trong h thng in, c bit i vi li truyn ti, yu cu v chn lc cng nh tc khc phc s c ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic nng cao tin cy cung cp in cng nh tnh n nh ca h thng. Khi cp in p v cng sut truyn ti tng ln, cc yu cu ni trn cng tr nn ngt ngho m trong nhiu trng hp cc bo v dng nguyn l phn cp ba vng khong cch thng thng xt t ra khng p ng c. khc phc iu ny, hin nay ngoi vic s dng cc rle cng nh cc thit b ng ct cht lng cao, ngi ta p dng cc loi s khong cch khc nhau trong s

144

Chng ta nhn thy rng vng I ca bo v khong cch (ti thanh gp A) ch c th bo v ct tc thi c khong 80% chiu di on ng dy AB, 20% on cn li s c loi tr ngn mch vi thi gian cp II (tII). c th loi tr nhanh s c trn 100% on AB ngi ta dng cc s ct lin ng truyn ct tn hiu cho php hoc kho gia hai bo v khong cch t hai u on ng dy AB. Cc ng truyn thng tin lin lc dng trong bo v rle c th l cc ng thng tin hu tuyn kiu dy dn tn hiu (pilot wire) hay knh dn tn hiu (pilot chanel), knh ti ba PLC (power line carrier), cc knh v tuyn chuyn tip hay vi ba (microwave) v cc ng truyn cp quang... Chc nng ca chng l truyn thng tin t mt u ca ng dy c bo v n u kia to cc tn hiu ct lin ng (transfer trip) trc tip, tn hiu cho php, tn hiu kho hay tn hiu gii kho... Cc tn hiu ny thng dng s, c th l mt bit thng tin ring l kiu ng - m (ON - OFF) hoc dy cc tn hiu s gi l thng bo. Di y s trnh by s lc cc s bo v lin ng:

III.2.1. Cc s ct lin ng trc tip DTT (Direct Transfer Trip):

Theo s ny, rle mi u khi pht hin s c v ct my ct ca n s truyn tn hiu ti rle u i din qua mt trong nhng cng truyn thng s output. Rle pha u nhn s nhn c tn hiu ny qua cng vo s input. Gi tr gn u vo ny c th l mt bin (variable) hay mt hm (function) c kh nng pht tn hiu ct trc tip u ra ca rle (nhn tn hiu) ti my ct ca n m khng cn kim tra bt c iu kin no. Trong s ct lin ng trc tip DTT, tn hiu ct s c pht i ct my ct ng thi chuyn thnh tn hiu lin ng kiu trc tip cho rle pha i din. Rle pha i din v mt nguyn l cng phi c ci t ging rle ny.
1

N1 N2 Z IA II I Z A Z Amr Z III A

2 N3

2
AND

Z IAmr

Z IA

OR

ZI B II ZB ZI Bmr III ZB
a) b)

Z II A

t II 0 A
t III 0 A

OR

Ct

Z III A

Hnh 4.30 : S vng I m rng khi c ngn mch trong v ngoi ng dy (a) v logic ct ca rle s (b)

145

Trn hnh 4.30 ta gi s rle khong DT M2PT MTU cch B1 l rle pht tn hiu, rle khong cch OR Z2GT A2 l rle thu tn hiu pht t B1 khi c s c ti N2 thuc vng ct nhanh (tI) ca B1. Nu s 3PT dng s khong cch thng thng th rle OR A2 s ct my ct vi thi gian tr ca vng II (tIIA2), thi gian ny i khi qu ln (300 600 msec) i vi mt s ng dy truyn ti cao KEY OR p v siu cao p. Khi s ct lin ng dng ng truyn thng tin cho php gim ng k thi gian ct ca rle A2. Thc vy, Hnh 4.31a: S logic ct lin ng khi rle B1 s a tn hiu ct my ct tc DUTT bn trong rle SEL-321 thi (30 msec), ng thi pht tn hiu lin ng trc tip ca n ra u ra s output v thng qua ng truyn tin (i mt ti a 20 msec) ti u vo s input ca rle A2. Rle A2 s ct ngay my ct ca n khi nhn c tn hiu trc tip ny. Thi gian cch ly s c (k c thi gian thao tc my ct (40 50) msec) trong trng hp ny ch cn khong (90 100) msec r rng l nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian tIIA2. Rle B1 cng c gi tr t v thao tc tng t nh rle A2 khi s c gn u trm A. Nh vy, vic s dng ng truyn tn hiu lin ng ni chung s gim thi gian ct s c trn 100% di on ng dy c bo v (AB). iu ny c ngha rt ln i vi n nh ng ca ton b h thng, c bit i vi cc li lin kt cao p hoc siu cao p.
DT M1P Z1G M2PT Z2GT DTA DTB DTC M1P Z1G 3PT

OR

MTU

OR OR

MTU

M2PT
Z2GT

OR

TPA KEY

a)

KEY

b)

OR OR

TPB KEY TPC KEY

Hnh 4.31b: S logic ct lin ng trc tip DTT ng thi 3 pha (a) v c lp tng pha

Mt s k hiu trn s : M1P: tng tr pha vng 1 theo c tuyn MHO. M2PT: tng tr pha vng 2 theo c tuyn MHO tc ng c thi gian. Z1P: tng tr pha vng 1 theo c tuyn t gic pha. Z1G: tng tr vng 1 theo c tuyn t gic pha-t. Z2GT: tng tr vng 2 theo c tuyn t gic pha-t tc ng c thi gian. KEY: tn hiu lin ng u ra. Trong trng hp s dng my ct n pha cn phi to ra ba tn hiu ct tng pha TPA (trip phase A), TPB v TPC. Cc tn hiu ny c th dng lm tn hiu lin ng trc tip gi i. Pha u rle i din chng c a vo cc u vo khc nhau gn thnh cc bin DTA (Direct tripping A), DTB v DTC. Cc bin ny c t trong bin ct v iu kin MTU gi ti my ct. Nu phn t pht tn hiu trc tip ca rle u pht l phn t ni tuyn (vng I khong cch) th s c gi l ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu trc tip DUTT (Direct Underreaching Transfer Trip) (hnh 4.31). Cn nu phn t pht tn hiu

146

Cc s ct lin ng trc tip c u im l n gin nhng tin cy khng cao. Nu ng truyn v nguyn nhn no nh b nhiu, pht tn hiu sai... th rle c th ct my ct nhm gy mt in khng ng c.

III.2.2. Cc s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT:

Do nhng nhc im va nu trn y ca cc s ct lin ng trc tip DTT, trn thc t ngi ta hay s dng loi s truyn tn hiu cho php PTT (Permissive Transfer Trip) c tin cy cao hn. Thc cht ca loi s ny l khi rle nhn c tn ct lin ng t pha i din gi ti, n khng gi tn hiu ct ngay m cn kim tra xem iu kin no c tho mn khng, nu c th mi pht tn hiu i ct my ct. iu kin ny c th l khi rle pha u nhn pht hin s c bi cc vng khong cch, phn t nh hng hay phn t pht hin s c tc ng. Nh vy tn hiu lin ng khng phi l tn hiu trc tip DTT m ch l tn hiu cho php PTT, i khi n cn c vit tt l PIT (Transmissive Intertrip). Cng tng t nh trn, nu phn t pht tn hiu cho php ca rle u pht l phn t ni tuyn (vng I khong cch) th s c gi l ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php PUTT (Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip). Cn nu phn t pht tn hiu cho php ca rle u pht l phn t vt tuyn (vng I m rng, vng II, III khong cch, phn t pht hin s c, phn t nh hng) th s c gi l ct lin ng do phn t vt tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php POTT (Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip). Vi 7SA513, c th dng cng mt lc c hai kiu truyn POTT v PUTT c lp qua cc ng ni sng mang ring bit. Khi kiu truyn PUTT hot ng trong vng I cn kiu truyn POTT hot ng trong vng m rng hoc vi vng pht hin s c. Trn thc t ngi ta c th phn bit cc s POTT thun tu (dng bo v khong cch ba cp kt hp vi ct lin ng, cn gi l POTT1) v s c thm vng III khong cch hng ngc c chc nng kho (POTT2). Loi s sau lm vic tng t nh s thun tu i vi cc s c bn trong ng dy. Cn i vi cc s c bn ngoi, vng III hng ngc ny s kho ton b bo v khong cch li. Nu mt h hng xy ra trong thit b nhn tn hiu hay trong ng truyn, logic nhn ca b giao tip vin thng a nng c th b kho bi u vo nh phn v iu ny s khng nh hng n chc nng bo v khong cch thng thng. Khi vic iu khin khong o vng m rng s c chuyn n chc nng TL nu chc nng ny cha b kho. Vng I Trn hnh 4.32 trnh by (ni tuyn) PUTT Tn hiu lin ng ti u i din s khi tng th ca logic ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php Cc vng POTT Ct T PTT dng chung cho c hai kiu OR vt tuyn Quyt 0 PUTT v POTT. Vic chuyn t nh ct s ny sang s kia c thc hin bng chuyn mch 0 AND Tr logic (mch lt,...) m y ta ch th hin nh mt tip im Tn hiu lin ng t u i din c kh thng thng. Trn s ny chng ta nhn thy logic PUTT v POTT Hnh 4.32: S khi ca chc nng ct lin ng khc nhau nhng im c bn dng tn hiu cho php PTT sau:

147

Trong s PUTT, phn t khi pht tn hiu lin ng cho bo v khong cch i din khi thao tc ct my ct ti ch l vng I, trong khi s kia l cc phn t c gii hn vng vt ra ngoi vng I nh vng I m rng, vng II, III khong cch, phn t pht hin s c, phn t nh hng... Trong s PUTT c th ch cn phi dng mt ng truyn tn hiu theo hai chiu cho cc tn hiu lin ng, v khi c cc s c cui ng dy (v d im N2 trn ng dy c bo v AB, hnh 4.26), ch c mt phn t pht tn hiu lin ng lm vic (ca rle B1). Cn khi ngn mch v tr giao nhau ca vng I ca cc rle hai u (ti N1), s ct lin ng li khng cn thit v s c nm trong vng I ca c hai bo v nn s c s c loi tr vi thi gian tI 0 sec. Ngc li trong s POTT, vi mi v tr ngn mch trong ng dy, hai phn t pht tn hiu lin ng hai u u lm vic nn y cn phi c hai ng tn hiu ring r truyn tn hiu theo hai chiu khc nhau, hoc mt ng truyn tin lm vic trong ch phn chia thi gian kiu song cng (duplex). i vi ng dy ngn, s PUTT ch nn s dng vi c tuyn t gic trnh hin tng ht vng v vng I khong cch vi c tuyn ny khi bao trm c in tr s c (thng ln hn so vi in tr ng dy). Nh minh ho trn hnh 4.33a, vi vic s dng c tuyn MHO, in tr s c (do h quang, in tr tip xc...) s lm gim vng I l thuyt AC xung cn thnh on AD trn thc t, on ny c th gim xung thp hn 50% chiu di ng dy AB v s c gia ng dy vi in tr h quang ln s nm ngoi gii hn vng I ca c hai u. Nu s dng s POTT th c th dng c tuyn MHO v vng II khong cch khi c khong ph theo trc in tr ln hn nhiu so vi vng I.
X
Vng II MHO B Vng t gic Hng Z Phn t quyt nh ct Phn t pht tn hiu lin ng POTT PUTT

Vng I MHO

C D

Rsc

A
V hng C hng

N1 85

B N2

A a)

R b)

Hnh 4.33: Anh hng ca in tr s c n vng I khong cch MHO trong s PUTT (a) v vai tr ca phn t ra quyt nh ct trong cc s PTT (b).

i vi tn hiu lin ng c truyn i thng c cc yu cu sau: Trong s PUTT, phn t quyt nh ct c th l phn t v hng hoc c hng. Cn trong s POTT, n phi l phn t c hng v hng v pha ng dy. Thc vy, gi s nu trong s ny dng phn t ra quyt nh ct thuc loi v hng (biu din bi ng nt lin di cng nh trn hnh 4.33b), th khi c ngn mch ti im N2 ngoi ng dy AB nhng trong vng II ca rle A, rle ny s pht tn hiu cho php n rle B. V phn t ra quyt nh ct v hng ca rle B cng nhn ra s c ny trong gii hn vng ca n nn rle B vn tc ng, ngha l gy ct nhm. Tn hiu lin ng u pht c th c lm tr (sn trc) c lp vi thi gian tr ca phn t khi pht tn hiu. Tn hiu lin ng sau khi qua giao din truyn tin ca rle pht cn phi c ko di sn sau khong thi gian so vi tn hiu pht ca phn t khi pht tn hiu lin ng.

148

iu ny nhm m bo tn hiu lin ng n c vi u thu mt cch ton vn ngay c trong trng hp phn t khi pht b ngt t ngt hay ng dy truyn tin qu di. i vi rle pha u nhn cng vy, sn sau ca tn hiu thu cng phi c ko di mt khon thi gian l Tr (hnh 4.32). cn ch l phn t thi gian Tr ny thng c s dng trong cc s kiu PUTT, cn trong s POTT t c dng. i vi cc ng dng ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php s dng knh cao tn thng thng bng ng dy ti in (ti ba) PLC, tin cy truyn tin khng cao do tn hiu truyn lin ng phi i qua im s c trn ng dy ti in nn hay b nghn v suy hao ln (ti 20 30 dB). Trong trng hp khng c thit b khuch i cng sut tn hiu c th vt qua im nghn th phi dng loi knh truyn khc cng s dng ng dy ti in nh knh m chuyn tn (SFK). Knh ny c chng nhiu cao hn v c th c dng to tn hiu ca s gii kho cho chc nng ct lin ng trong cc s gii kho. Trn hnh 4.34 trnh by s ni dy ca h thng bo v ng dy ALPS ca hng GE-Multilin (M) theo logic POTT vi giao din truyn tin. Tn hiu cho php t pha xa gi n s khp mch tip im u ra ca u thu v kch hot u vo s ti cc chn D2-D18. Cn khi rle ny pht tn hiu cho php gi i, n s khp mch rle tn hiu u ra ti cc chn B5-B21 v kch hot u pht ca giao din truyn tn hiu lin lc.
Giao din NS40A Thu Cc dng chuyn mch
2 1 24 25 60

TB1

- c qui
B5 D2 Tn hiu thu D18

Trong cc s ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php 12 B21 PUTT giai on u, ngi ta thng s Rle Pht dng vng I khong cch va lm phn t ALPS khi pht tn hiu lin ng i xa, va lm 11 phn t ra quyt nh ct khi nhn c tn 59 Cc m hiu cho php t xa gi ti. S nh vy chuyn mch c th khng cho php ct nhanh cc s c cui ng dy c bo v. Gi s khi c ngn mch ti im N1 (hnh 4.33b), rle A khi nhn c tn hiu cho php t rle B Hnh 4.34: S ni dy theo logic POTT vn khng th thao tc ct c v s c s dng giao din di m tn NS40A v nm ngoi vng I. khc phc tnh trng rle khong cch ALPS ca GEC-Multilin ny, ngi ta phi s dng vng II lm phn t ra quyt nh ct. Tuy nhin khi do nhng hn ch v cng ngh, vng I v vng II thng vn phi dng chung mch so snh, nn thc t hai vng ny vn khng th ng thi c kch hot v vng II thng phi ra quyt nh ct sau mt khong thi gian tr. Trong cc rle khong cch kiu khng chuyn mch (non-swiched relay), c bit l rle s hin nay, vn ny c gii quyt v vic s dng s PUTT khng gy ra kh khn no.

III.3. S kho lin ng (Blocking scheme):

Khc vi s dng tn hiu cho php, s dng tn hiu kho s dng ng dy truyn tin truyn tn hiu kho khi rle pht hin thy s c vng ngc (hng v pha thanh gp), bn ngoi ng dy c bo v. S khi ca logic ct dng tn kho lin ng c trnh by trn hnh 4.35a. Gi s khi c ngn mch ti im N1 trong on ng dy AB trn hnh 4.35b, cc vng khong cch I hoc II thng thng s tc ng. Cn khi c ngn mch ti im N2 cc vng khong cch I m rng hoc vng II thng thng s pht tn hiu ct khng c thi gian tr cho my ct nu chng khng nhn c tn hiu kho lin ng t pha u B gi n. Tn hiu kho ny l ca phn t no ca bo v khong cch c hng ngc

149

hng v pha sau rle, tc l pha thanh gp trm B. N c th l vng III hng ngc hoc l s kt hp ca phn t pht hin s c v hng vi mt phn t nh hng thun (forwards) nh trn hnh 4.35c.
Cc vng c hng ngc Cc vng KC thng thng Quyt nh ng truyn tt ct Vng I MR hay vng II

85
OR

Z3A Z2A Z1A Ct A 85 Z1B Z2B N1 N2 85 Z3B B N3

AND

a)

Tn hiu kho

Tr

85

b)
Phn t pht hin s c Phn t nh hng thun

Hnh 4.35: S khi ca chc nng ct lin ng dng tn hiu kho trong rle c) c hai u ng dy c bo v

AND

Tn hiu kho lin ng

Khi c s c im N3 pha sau rle B nhng trong vng II khong cch ca rle A, cc vng c hng ngc ny s pht tn hiu kho ti rle A n khng b ct nhm. Cn khi c ngn mch bn trong ng dy, chng s khng pht tn hiu kho lin ng. Nh vy gi tr t ca vng hng ngc (vng II hng ngc, phn offset ca phn t pht hin s c...) phi bao trm phn vt tuyn ca vng II khong cch m bo mi s c ngoi ng dy nhng trong vng II phi c pht hin bi vng hng ngc ny. b sai s c th ly gi tr t bng 1,2 ln phn vt tuyn vng II ca rle u i din. Do c s khc bit v thi im tc ng ca cc rle hai u nn thi gian tr T c dng kho bo v u A trnh cho bo v tc ng nhm khi c s c thong qua, ng thi i tn hiu kho t u B gi n. Khi c ngn mch ti N3, bo v ng dy lin k thng ct nhanh s c ny. V thi gian gii tr tn hiu kho lin ng ca vng ngc c th rt ngn, khin cho tn hiu kho ny ti u nhn c th b gii tr trc khi thi gian T tri qua. Do , thi gian tr (sn sau tn hiu) u nhn Tn c s dng b p s thiu ht thi gian ca tn hiu kho. Trong trng hp c hin tng o dng, thi gian tr Tr cn c dng kho phn t vt tuyn ca rle A trong sut thi gian o dng khi c ngn mch pha sau rle B. Tm li, cc gi tr t thi gian ca s dng tn hiu kho phi c tnh ton chnh xc i vi mi ch lm vic ca i tng bo v rle lun lun nhn c tn hiu kho trong mi trng hp cn thit. Knh truyn tin dng trong s kho lin ng c th dng loi mt ng truyn kiu n cng. Trong trng hp dng h thng ti ba PLC, tn hiu cao tn c th ch lm vic trn mt tn s. Nu s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT, tn hiu cho php cao tn phi truyn qua im s c trn ng dy n u bn kia th bo v pha i din mi ct my ct, cn vi s ang xt nu bo v pha i din khng nhn c tn hiu kho th n s pht lnh ct my ct nh vy th mc an ton c cao hn nhng c th gy ra ct nhm. Ni chung i vi s kho lin ng yu cu v cht lng ca ng truyn rt cao trnh tc ng nhm. Khi knh truyn hoc b phn pht nhn tn hiu b h hng th s lin ng phi b kho v khi bo v thc hin cc chc nng ca mt bo v khong cch thng thng hoc kt hp vi TL. So vi s dng tn hiu cho php PTT, s dng tn hiu kho lin ng lm vic tt hn trong trng hp ngn mch trong ng dy c mt u l ngun yu. Khi

150

Nh ta thy phn trn, s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT c tc thao tc nhanh hn cc s kho lin ng do khng cn phi c thi gian tr ch tn hiu lin ng t pha i din. Thi gian nhn tn hiu ny li thay i trong mt khong rng tu theo tng trng hp s c nn khong thi gian tr phi c t ln nht d phng. Tuy nhin trong trng hp ng truyn tn hiu b trc trc lm cho tn hiu cho php khng n c ni nhn, vic s dng s PTT c th khin cho s c trong ng dy khng b cch ly, gy nh hng n tin cy ca bo v. Trong khi vic mt tn hiu kho trong s kho lin ng do li ng truyn ch c th lm cho bo v tc ng nhm khi c ngn mch ngoi, tc l lm gim tnh chn lc ca bo v. S u vit ca s kho cng th hin r trong cc logic kt hp vi chc nng TL. Khi c s c bn trong ng dy dng s bo v kiu PTT, vic khng c tn hiu cho php c th lm cho bo v hai u tc ng khng ng thi, trong trng hp ny TL c thi gian cht ngn u dy ct ra trc s lun lun thc hin khng thnh cng do phi ng vo im c s c. khc phc nhc im tc ng chm ca s kho lin ng v tin cy ca s ct lin ng (PTT) ngi ta thng dng s gii kho (unblocking scheme).

III.4. S gii kho (unblocking scheme):

y l logic bo v tng t vi chc nng ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php (PTT) nhng c tin cy cao hn, s gii kho khng hn l s ngc vi s kho xt. Trong trng hp s c ng truyn, vic t ng gii kho c t ng thc hin mt ln u nhn ch khng phi do tn hiu t xa gi ti. Tn hiu gii kho v tn hiu cho php l hai dng khc nhau ca tn hiu ho gii (release) thng dng trong cc s lin ng. i vi s ct lin ng s dng ng truyn tin bng h thng ti ba PLC, tn hiu cho php c th b nghn do s c bn trong ng dy gy ra. Trong trng hp s PTT c kch hot, khi khng c tn hiu cho php gi n trong mt khong thi gian no khi rle pht hin ra s c trong hng tc ng ca mnh, logic bo v ca n s kho chc nng PTT li v chuyn quyn kim sot sang cc vng khong cch thng thng. iu ny c ngha l s c s b cch ly chm hn so vi cc s ct lin ng. S gi kho c kh nng gii vic kho chc nng PTT trong cc trng hp nghn ng truyn nu trn bng cch khng dng tn hiu cao tn PLC thng thng m dng loi m chuyn tn SFK (frequency shifp keying). M ny c hai tn s sng mang: tn s th nht ng vi trng thi khng c tn hiu lin ng gi l tn s gim st (guard), tn s th hai khc vi tn s u ng vi trng thi c tn hiu lin ng gi l tn s lm vic hay tn s gii kho (unblock frequency). Tn s th nht f1 dng xc nh ng truyn vn thng mch v thng c gn mc logic 0. Tn s th hai f2 thng c gn mc logic 1 tng ng vi trng thi c iu kin. Vic chuyn phng thc bin iu t bin sang bin iu tn s c gii tn hp lm tng kh nng chng nhiu AND OR ca tn hiu lin ng i vi cc s c 1 AND R ngn mch trn ng truyn PLC. 2 100ms 20ms AND Trn hnh 4.36 trnh by s to 0 0 tn hiu gii kho R ti u nhn ca knh cao tn PLC. Khi rle pha xa pht tn hiu f1 f AND f2 cho php, trong trng hp lm vic bnh U thng ca ng truyn tin, khng c li Hnh 4.36: S logic gii kho in hnh to tn hiu cho php
151

Nh vy s gii kho thc cht l bin th ca s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT. Vic p dng logic gii kho lm tng tin cy ca cc s POTT tiu chun. Ngoi ra trn thc t ngi ta cn c th dng cc s khong cch hn hp gia cc s cho php v s kho lin ng.

III.5. Phi hp bo v khong cch vi t ng ng lp li:

III.5.1. Gii thiu:
Theo thng k thc t cho thy cc s c thong qua xy ra trong h thng in chim ti 80%. nng cao tin cy ca h thng cng nh kh nng cung cp in lin tc cho cc ph ti ngi ta thng s dng cc s t ng ng lp li. Nguyn l hot ng ca s t ng ng lp li c th gii thch nh sau: Cc s bo v c s dng sao cho khi s c xy ra c th ct nhanh cc my ct lin quan, sau mt khong thi gian tng i ngn s t ng ng lp li s ng cc my ct va ct ra. Nu s c l thong qua th li in tip tc vn hnh cn nu s c duy tr th my ct s c ct ra tr li. Tu vo kt cu cng nh ch vn hnh ca tng li in m s ln ng lp li c th khc nhau, thng thng l di 3 ln. i vi li in ca Vit Nam trc y do tn ti nhiu ngun diezen nn vic s dng cc s t ng ng lp li s khng m bo tnh n nh ca h thng in. Hin nay, cc ngun pht diezen hu nh c loi b v cc s t ng ng lp li c a vo vn hnh v ang mang li hiu qu rt ln. Trong phn ny ch trnh by s phi hp bo v khong cch vi t ng ng lp li. S phi hp n gin nht gia bo v khong cch v t ng ng lp li l s tng tc bo v sau t ng ng lp li. Cc r le khong cch (21) loi vi x l hin nay thng c ch to c km theo chc nng t ng ng lp li (79) v mch tng tc bo v sau khi t ng ng lp li (TOR - Trip On Reclose). Mch TOR thng c thit k loi b nhanh s c duy tr ngay sau khi my ct c ng lp li. Ngoi ra, cc r le khong cch loi k thut s hin nay cn c thit k vi s vng 1 m rng, thc cht n l mt mch tng tc bo v trc t ng ng lp li vi mc ch thay th cho cc s bo v khong cch kt hp vi knh truyn tin khi knh truyn tin ang trong thi gian sa cha hoc bo dng. S ny s c cp chi tit trong cc mc (III.5.2). Ngoi hai s tng tc nu trn, mt s tng tc cng thng gp l s tng tc theo th t. Trong mc (III.5.3) s cp s tng tc ny vi bo v khong cch, c th l dng vng 1 m rng tng tc. Mc (III.5.4) s gii thiu thm mt s phi hp

152

 RAR (Rapid Auto-reclosing: T ng ng lp li nhanh) l s t ng ng lp li c thi gian cht nh. DAR (Delayed Autoreclosing: T ng ng lp li c thi gian duy tr) l s t ng ng lp li c thi gian cht tng i ln.

III.5.2. S bo v vi vng 1 m rng:

y l mt s phi hp gia bo v khong cch vi thit b t ng ng lp li. phn u chng ta cp, b phn o lng vng 1 ca r le khong cch c hai gi tr t c th iu khin c. Gi tr t th nht c chnh nh nh s khong cch thng thng, tc l khong 80-90% chiu di ng dy c bo v v gi l gi tr t c bn, k hiu l Z1. Gi tr t th hai c chnh nh khong 125% chiu di ng dy c bo v gi l vng 1 m rng, k hiu Z1E. Bnh thng r le khong cch lm vic theo gi tr t ca vng 1 m rng Z1E v khi nhn c tn hiu t r le t ng ng lp li s t ng chuyn v gi tr t c bn.

a/ S LOGIC

E F G

b/ C TNH KHONG CCH-THI GIAN

Hnh 4.37: S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng

Khi c mt s c xut hin mt im bt k bn trong vng 1 m rng, r le s thao tc vi thi gian ca vng 1, ct my ct v khi ng r le t ng ng lp li. Mt tip im (lnh) t r le t ng ng lp li s c s dng chuyn gi tr t ca rle khong cch tr v vng 1 c bn. Tip im ca r le t ng ng lp li c s dng cho mc ch ny s thao tc trc khi xung ng c a ti my ct v ch tr v vo cui thi gian phc hi ca mch ARC (xem biu thi gian trn hnh 4.43). S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng c trnh by trn hnh 4.37. Khi s c xut hin im bt k trn ng dy c bo v, chng hn ngn mch ti 1 im bt k trn ng dy BC, cc my ct B2 v C1 s c ct nhanh bng vng 1 m rng (Z1E) v sau s c t ng ng lp li. Nu s c l thong qua, my ct s c ng li thnh cng. Nu s c l duy tr, my ct s ct li ln na vi thi gian ca vng 1 hoc vng 2 thng thng m bo tnh chn lc. Nh vy, vi vng 1 m rng s dng kt hp vi chc nng t ng ng lp li (ARC) th mi s c thong qua trn ton b ng
153

Nu thanh ci cui ng dy c bo v cng c nhiu ng dy ni vo th s ln ct khng chn lc trc t ng ng lp li ca cc my ct cng ln, chng hn my ct C2 s ct khng chn lc khi s c xut hin trn cc ng dy DE, DF, DG v gn thanh ci D (N4, N5 N6). Mt khc khi ngn mch xut hin trn mt ng dy bt k v gn thanh ci th cc my ct u i din vi thanh ci ca cc ng dy cn li cng s ct khng chn lc, v d khi ngn mch xut hin ti N3 trn ng dy CD gn thanh ci D, th cc my ct E1, F1 v G1 i din vi thanh ci D cng s b ct khng chn lc. Phn tch s hot ng ca s : Khi ng dy c ngun cung cp t hai pha b s c, hai my ct hai u ng dy s ct ra. Nu cc my ct ny c trang b thit b t ng ng lp li mt ln, thng thng chng s ln lt c ng li theo s phi hp nh sau: My ct u th nht ca ng dy c ng lp li trc theo iu kin in p ng dy khng tn ti: UL = 0 My ct u cn li ca ng dy c ng lp li sau theo iu kin tn ti in p ng dy UL = 1, nhng phi thm mt trong hai iu kin sau: in p ng dy ng b vi in p thanh ci: S = 1. in p thanh ci khng tn ti: UB = 0. Theo iu kin phi hp tc ng ca cc mch t ng ng lp li nu trn, th my ct c ng li theo iu kin UL = 0, s c s ln ng ct nhiu hn. cn bng s ln ng ct my ct sau mt thi gian vn hnh c nh trc, iu kin tc ng ca thit b t ng ng lp li hai u ng dy c i ngc li. Thao tc ny c thc hin bi kho chuyn mch K4 v K5 (hnh 4.37a) v thc ra i vi r le s n l mt mch lt bng vi mch. Cn kho K3 ch s dng i vi li in c ngun cung cp t mt pha. S phi hp trn khi p dng trong cc s bo v r le bnh thng hoc trong s tng tc bo v r le sau khi t ng ng lp li th khng c vn g, bi v khi c s c xut hin trn mt ng dy th ch c hai my ct hai u ng dy s c b ct ra. Tuy nhin i vi s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng, nh phn trn nu c nhng v tr ngn mch c th c ba hoc nhiu my ct cng ct. V vy vn y l s phi hp ca vic thc hin ng lp li ba my ct tr ln, nhng mi my ct ch c th ng lp li theo mt trong hai iu kin nu trn v v nguyn tc th hai my ct ca mt ng dy cng phi c phi hp nh trn. Mt vn cng cn lu l khi cn thit, my ct mt u ng dy c th cho php t ng ng lp li theo c hai iu kin nu trn l UL = 0 hoc UL = 1 (kho K4 v K5 cng kn mch) nhng my ct u ngc li ch c thc hin t ng ng lp li theo iu kin UL = 1 (kho K4 phi h mch). c c s la chn s phi hp ca vic ng lp ca nhiu my ct (trn 2 my ct), di y ta s phn tch s hot ng ca s theo phng thc ci t iu kin tc ng ca s t ng ng lp li cc my ct ca li in trn hnh (4.37b) nh sau:

154

 Phng thc th nht: cc mch ARC ca cc my ct c ci t ging nhau theo thanh ci. Phng thc th hai: cc mch ARC ca cc my ct c ci t ging nhau theo chiu ng dy. Phng thc th nht:
A B C D E F G a/

E F G

b/

Hnh 4.38: Ci t phng thc hot ng ca mch ARC theo thanh ci

Theo phng thc ny cc my ct cng u ni vo mt thanh ci c iu kin tc ng ca s t ng ng lp li c chn ging nhau. Khi thanh ci th nht c cc my ct c t ng ng lp li khi UL = 0 th cc my ct ca thanh ci tip theo s c t ng ng lp li khi UL= 1 (km theo S = 1 hoc UB = 0). Phng thc phi hp ny hp ny c trnh by trn hnh (4.38a) v sau thi gian vn hnh theo nh k, cc my ct c th thay i phng thc vn hnh ngc li nh trn hnh (4.38b). Di y ta xt s hot ng ca s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng nhng v tr ngn mch in hnh l N1 v N2 2 u ca ng dy BC theo phng thc ci t nh trn hnh (4.38a). Sau ta s thm s hot ng ca s ti im ngn mch N3 gn thanh ci D (thanh ci c nhiu xut tuyn) theo c hai phng thc hot ng ARC nh trn hnh (4.38a) v (4.38b). Ngn mch ti N1: Gi thit N1 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti A2 v khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1. Khi s c ba my ct cng ct ngn mch do vng 1 m rng tc ng l A2, B2 v C1. Sau cc my ct A2 v C1 c iu kin ng li l UL = 0 s ng li trc. Nu s c cn tn ti th my ct C1 s ct ra li bng vng 2 vi thi gian tr t2, cn my ct A2 s khng ct ra bi v my ct B2 cha ng li nn khng c dng s c chy qua my ct ny. My ct B2 trong trng hp ny cng khng ng li c do khng tho mn iu kin ng li (khng c tn hiu in p ng dy). Nu s c l thong qua, my ct A2 v C1 s ng li thnh cng, lc ny ti my ct B2 c tn hiu UL = 1 v n s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra ng b (S =1). Nu N1 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1 (do ng dy CD qu di so vi ng dy BC), trong trng hp ny c bn my ct cng ct l A2, B2, C1 v D1. Sau ch c my ct A2 v C1 ng li theo iu kin UL = 0, nhng c hai ng dy BC v CD vn khng c in do hai my ct B2, D1 ang h mch v hai my ct ny cng khng ng li c do iu kin ng li ca n l UL = 1 khng tho mn. Kt qu l thanh ci C b mt in khng chn lc.
B

155

Ngn mch ti N2: Gi thit N2 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1. Khi s c cc my ct cng ct ngn mch bi vng 1 m rng l B2, C1 v D1 (c th my ct A2 cng ct). Sau ch my ct C1 (A2) ng li theo iu kin UL = 0 nhng ng dy BC v DC vn khng c in, do my ct B2 v D1 cng khng ng li c v thanh ci C b mt in khng chn lc. Ngn mch ti N3: Trng hp th nht: Gi s phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c ci t nh trn hnh 4.38a v N3 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1. Lc cc my ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng 1 m rng. Sau cc my ct C2, E1, F1, D1 s cng ng li theo iu kin UL = 0 nu nh cc mch ARC ca cc my ct ny c cng thi gian tc ng. iu ny ch cho php khi cc my ct nu trn c ng lp li nhanh cho cc ngun t thanh ci E, F v G c th t ng b vi nhau sau khi ng li. Nu thi gian ng lp li ca cc my ct trn khng p ng cho cc ngun t ng b th cc my ct E1, F1, G1 v k c my C2 phi c mch ARC c ci t c th t ng ng li theo c hai iu UL = 0 hoc c in p ng dy UL = 1 (km theo S = 1 hoc UB = 0), ng thi chng phi c thi gian tc ng khc nhau (iu ny hon ton cho php v mch ARC ca cc my ct i din vi cc my ct ny ch tc ng theo iu kin UL = 1): Nu s c l thong qua th cc my ct C2, E1, F1 v G1 s cng lc hoc ln lt ng li thnh cng v sau my ct D1 cng s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b (UL = 1 v S = 1). Nu s c l duy tr th C2 s ct ra bng vng 2 vi thi gian tr l t2, cn cc my ct E1, F1, v G1 cng s ln lt ng li thnh cng. Ring my ct D1 khng ng li c do khng c tn hiu in p ng dy (do C2 ang h mch). Trong trng hp N3 khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti mt trong nhng my ct E1, F1 v G1. Gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, lc cc my ct F1, G1 i hi phi c kh nng ng li theo iu kin kim tra b (UL = 1, S = 1) mi c th ng li c v thanh ci D trong trng hp ny vn c in v ng dy ca cc my ct F1 v G1 vn tn ti tn hiu in p (iu kin ny cng i hi phi p dng cho c my ct E1 v C2). Ring mch ARC ca my ct D1 c tc ng hay khng ph thuc vo s ng li thnh cng hay khng ca my ct C2, tc ph thuc vo s c c tnh thong qua hay duy tr. Trng hp th hai: Xt trng hp ngn mch ti N3 m phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c ci t nh trn hnh 4.38b. Gi s N3 nm trong vng tc ng ca ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1 lc cc my ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng 1 m rng Z1E. Sau ch c my ct D1 ng li. Cn cc my ct C2, E1, F1, G1 khng ng li c do khng c tn hiu in p ng dy (UL = 0). Thanh ci D s mt in khng chn lc. Gi s N3 nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca E1 th cc my ct F1 v G1 s ln ng li thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra in p ng b khi m thanh ci E c ni vi ngun cung cp. Nu s c l thong qua th D1 s ng li thnh cng v my ct C2 cng s ng li khi in p ng dy v in p thanh ci ca n cn ng b vi nhau. Nu s c duy tr th my ct D1 s ct nhanh tr li v my ct C2 s khng ng li.

156

Nh vy theo phng thc ci t ny, s tn ti cc v tr s c (gn thanh ci c iu kin ng lp li ca my ct l UL = 0) m tt c cc my ct xung quanh v tr s c c iu kin ng lp li l UL = 1 b ct ra cng lc. iu ny lm cho cc my ct ni trn sau khi ct ra s khng c my ct no c tn hiu in p ng dy thc hin chu trnh t ng ng lp li v cui cng cc ng dy ca cc my ct ni trn u b mt in khng chn lc d cho s c c th l s c thong qua. Phng thc th hai: Theo phng thc ny cc my ct cng chiu (chiu tc ng ca r le bo v) trn ng dy c iu kin tc ng ca s t ng ng lp li c chn ging nhau. C th trn hnh 4.39a, cc my ct c nh s 1 s t ng ng li khi UL = 0. Cc my ct theo chiu ngc li c nh s 2 c iu kin t ng ng lp li khi UL = 1. Sau thi gian vn hnh theo nh k, cc my ct c th thay i phng thc vn hnh ngc li nh trn hnh 4.39b. Di y ta xt s hot ng ca s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng nhng v tr ngn mch in hnh l N1 v N2 2 u ca ng dy BC theo phng thc ci t nh trn hnh 4.39a. Sau ta s thm s hot ng ca s ti im ngn mch N3 gn thanh ci D (thanh ci c nhiu xut tuyn) theo c hai phng thc hot ng ARC nh trn hnh 4.39a v 4.39b.
A B C D E F G a/

E F G

b/

Hnh 4.39: Ci t phng thc hot ng ca mch ARC theo chiu ng dy

Ngn mch ti N1: Gi thit N1 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct A2 v khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1. Khi s c ba my ct cng ct ngn mch bi vng 1 m rng l A2, B2 v C1. Sau my ct C1 s ng li trc theo iu kin in p ng dy khng tn ti (UL = 0). Nu s c cn duy tr th my ct C1 s ct ra tr li bi vng 2 vi thi gian tr l t2, ng dy AB v BC lc u khng c in p nn cc my ct A2 v B2 khng khng tho mn iu kin t ng ng lp li. iu ny dn n thanh ci B b mt in khng chn lc. Nu s c l thong qua, my ct C1 s ng li thnh cng. Sau my ct B2 s ng li c theo iu kin (UL = 1, UB = 0) v tip theo my ct A2 cng s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin (UL = 1, S = 1). Trong trng hp ny ta thy nu khng ci t thm iu kin ng lp li (UL = 1, UB = 0) cho cc my ct A2 v B2 th my ct B2 s khng t ng ng li c do in p thanh ci khng tn ti nn khng c tn hiu ng b v my ct A2 cng khng ng li c do in p ng dy khng tn ti nn cng khng c tn hiu ng b. iu ny dn n thanh ci B b mt in khng chn lc.

157

Ngn mch ti N2: Gi thit N2 nm trong phm vi vng 1 m rng ca bo v khong cch ti D1 v khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti A2. Khi s c ba my ct cng ct ngn mch bi vng 1 m rng l B2, C1 v D1. Sau my ct C1 v D1 s cng ng li theo iu kin UL = 0 (theo hnh 4.38a): Nu s c cn duy tr, my ct C1 s ct vi vng 1, cn my ct D1 s khng b ct ra do vng 1 m rng b chuyn v vng 1 c bn. Trong trng hp ny my ct B2 cng s khng ng li v in p ng dy khng tn ti nn khng tho mn iu kin ng lp li. Nu s c l thong qua, C1 v D1 s ng li thnh cng v tip theo n my ct B2 cng s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin (UL = 1, S = 1). Nu N4 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct A2 (ng dy AB qu di so vi ng dy BC), th thanh ci B cng s mt in khng chn lc khi s c duy tr (tng t nh trng hp ngn mch ti N1). Ngn mch ti N3: Trng hp th nht: Gi s phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c ci t nh trn hnh (4.39a) v N3 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1. Lc cc my ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng 1 m rng Z1E. Sau cc my ct D1, E1, F1, D1 s cng ng li theo iu kin mt p ng dy (UL = 0) nu nh thi gian cht ca mch ARC ca my ct ny ging nhau. iu ny ch cho php khi cc my ct nu trn c ng lp li nhanh cho cc ngun t thanh ci E, F v G c th t ng b vi nhau sau khi ng li. Nu thi gian ng lp li ca cc my ct trn khng p ng cho cc ngun t ng b th cc my ct E1, F1, G1 v k c my C2 phi c mch ARC c ci t c th t ng ng li theo c hai iu UL = 0 hoc c in p ng dy UL = 1 (km theo S = 1 hoc UB = 0), ng thi chng phi c thi gian tc ng khc nhau (iu ny hon ton cho php v mch ARC ca cc my ct i din vi cc my ct ny ch tc ng theo iu kin UL = 1): Nu s c thong qua th cc my ct D1, E1, F1 v G1 s cng lc hoc ln lt ng li thnh cng v sau my ct C2 cng s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b. Nu s c duy tr th cc my ct D1, E1, F1 v G1 s cng lc hoc ln lt c ng lp li. Ring my ct D1 s b ct ra tr li v ko theo my ct C2 khng ng li c do khng c tn hiu in p ng dy. Trong trng hp N3 khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti mt trong nhng my ct E1, F1 v G1. Gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, lc cc my ct F1, G1 i hi phi c kh nng ng li theo iu kin kim tra b (UL = 1, S = 1) mi c th ng li c v thanh ci D trong trng hp ny vn c in v ng dy ca cc my ct F1 v G1 vn tn ti tn hiu in p (iu kin ny cng i hi phi p dng cho c my ct E1 v C2). Ring mch ARC ca my ct C2 c tc ng hay khng ph thuc vo s ng li thnh cng hay khng ca my ct D1, tc ph thuc vo s c c tnh thong qua hay duy tr.

158

Trng hp th hai: Xt trng hp ngn mch ti N3 m phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c ci t nh trn hnh (4.39b). Gi s N3 nm trong vng tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1 lc cc my ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng Z1E. Sau ch c my ct C2 c ng li theo iu kin UL = 0: Nu s c thong qua, my ct C2 ng li thnh cng, sau my ct D1 s ng li theo iu kin (UL = 1 v UB = 0) cn cc my ct E1, F1, G1 s ln lt ng li theo iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b (UL = 1 v S = 1). Nu s c duy tr, my ct C2 s ct ra li v lc cc my ct D1, E1, F1, G1 s khng ng li c v iu kin ng li khng tho mn (UL = 0). iu ny dn n thanh ci D mt in mt cch khng chn lc. Gi s N3 nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca E1 th cc my ct F1 v G1 s ln ng li thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra in p ng b (khi m thanh ci E c ni vi ngun cung cp). Nu s c l thong qua th C2 s ng li thnh cng v my ct D1 cng s ng li khi in p ng dy v in p thanh ci ca n cn ng b vi nhau. Nu s c duy tr th my ct C2 s ct nhanh tr li v my ct D1 cng khng ng li. Theo phng thc ci t ny s tn ti cc v tr s c gn my ct c iu kin ng lp li UL = 1 m cc my ct k pha trc (cng c iu kin ng lp li l UL = 1) u b ct ra. Nu s c l duy tr th khng c my ct no ng li c do khng tn ti in p ng dy. iu ny lm cho cc ng dy lin k pha trc ng dy s c s b mt in khng chn lc. Nhn xt S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng ch m bo ct nhanh cc s c thong qua, cn i vi cc s c duy tr th tu theo v tr ngn mch n c th b loi b vi thi gian tr ca vng 2. Mt khc c hai phng thc ci t iu kin tc ng ca cc mch t ng ng lp li ARC ca cc my ct u tn ti mt s s c dn n mt thanh ci mt in khng chn lc do cc ng dy ni vo thanh ci khng iu kin thc hin chu trnh t ng ng lp li. Tuy nhin theo phng thc th nht, s mt in thanh ci xut hin khi cc s c c tnh duy tr hoc thong qua, cn theo phng thc th hai, s mt in ch xy ra khi cc s c c tnh duy tr.

III.5.3. S tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng:

S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng hot ng theo nguyn tc nu trong mc (III.5.2) ch loi b nhanh cc s c thong qua, cn cc s c duy tr vn c loi b vi thi gian ca cc vng khong cch c bn. c th loi b nhanh khng nhng cc s c thong qua ln s c duy tr th tn hiu iu khin vng 1 m rng Z1E tr v vng 1 c bn Z1 cn phi c mt thi gian tr tK n loi b nhanh s c mt ln na bng vng Z1E trong trng hp s c duy tr xut hin cui ng dy c bo v. Tuy nhin m bo tnh chn lc khi s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng hot ng theo nguyn tc ny, th my ct pha trc phi ng li chm hn my ct pha sau (theo chiu tc ng ca bo v) mt bc thi gian t tn hiu vng 1 m rng ti my ct ang xt tr v gi tr vng 1 c bn. S ny chnh l s tng tc theo th t trong vng 1 m rng l bo v khng chn lc cn vng 1, vng 2 v vng 3 c bn chnh l cc bo v chn lc.

159

a/ S O GIC LO
A B C D E F G

b/ LIE E I N PHA TCH N

Hnh 4.40: S tng tc bo v theo th t bng vng 1 m rng

Trn hnh 4.40a trnh by s lgic ca s tng tc bo v theo th t bng vng 1 m rng ca bo v khong cch v hnh 4.40b th hin cc bc thi gian tr ca mch t ng ng lp li ARC ca cc my ct in trn li in khi h thng bo v r le hot ng theo nguyn tc ny. Theo nguyn tc tc ng ca s ta thy mi my ct khi ct khng chn lc (ct s c u ca on ng dy lin k) u phi c ng li trc my ct cng chiu ng dy s c. thc hin c iu ny mi mch ARC ca tt c cc my ct phi c th tc ng ng lp li theo iu kin UL = 0. iu ny i hi thi gian tr ca mch ARC ca cc my ct trn mt ng dy hoc ca cc my ct c kh nng cng ct khng chn lc c ci t khc nhau trnh ngun t hai pha cng ng li mt lc. Khi ngn mch trn mt ng dy, chng hn ngn mch ng dy BC. Hai my ct hai u ng dy l B2 v C1 s ct ra. V c hai my ct u c th ng li theo iu kin UL = 0, nn my ct c thi gian tr ca mch ARC nh hn s ng li trc (gi s my ct B2). Nu B2 ng li thnh cng (s c l thong qua) th my ct u cn li l C1 c thi gian tr ca mch ARC ln hn phi c thm kh nng t ng ng li theo iu kin kim tra ng b (UL = 1, S = 1) mi c th ng li c khi phc li s lm vic ca ng dy BC. Nu B2 ng li khng thnh cng (s c duy tr hoc bn duy tr), sau my ct C1 vn tip tc ng li theo iu kin UL = 0. Nu s c l duy tr th C1 ng li khng thnh cng. Cn nu s c l bn duy tr th C1 s ng li thnh cng. Tuy nhin s ng li thnh cng ca my ct C1 lc ny khng c ngha, bi v mch ARC ca my ct B2 b kho. iu ny c ngha s ng li ng dy ln th hai ca my ct C1 ch lm tng chi ph bo dng my ct. Nhn xt: u im c bn ca s ny l khng nhng loi b nhanh cc s c thong qua m k c cc s c duy tr. Tuy nhin s c mt s khuyt im l cc my ct cng xa ngun (xt theo tng chiu mt) c thi gian ng li my ct cng ln. iu ny nh hng n tc khi phc s cung cp in i vi li in c ngun cung cp t mt pha th cc s c thong qua cng gn ngun, thi gian khi phc li s mang in ca cc phn t cng nhanh. i vi li in c ngun cung cp t hai pha vn tng i khc. Khi s c thong qua cc on ng dy gia th thi gian khi phc li s lm vic ca on ng dy tng i ln. Nhng khi s c thong qua cc on cng gn ngun (k c hai pha) th thi gian khi phc li s mang in ca n cng chm. Bi v i vi cc on ng dy ny mt my ct c xt theo ngun ny cng gn bao nhiu v c thi gian

160

Khi s c thong qua, cc my ct c thi gian tr ln c ng li theo iu kin ho ng b. Khi thi gian tr cng ln cng nh hng n s ng li ca my ct ny v khi kh nng mt ng b gia hai ngun tng ln. Chi ph bo dng ca cc my ct trong s ny ln hn so vi s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng mc (III.5.2). Nguyn nhn ca n l khi s c c tnh duy tr hoc bn duy tr th ng dy c ng li 2 ln. Nhng vic ng li ng dy ln th hai khng c ngha khi phc li s lm vic ca ng dy d s c l bn duy tr. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do ng dy c ng li hai ln bng hai my ct hai u ng dy v mi u ch c kh nng ng lp li mt ln. C th p dng phng thc ci t thi gian tr v iu kin tc ng nu trn cho s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng. Gii php ny s khc phc c hin tng mt in khng chn lc ca mt s thanh ci i vi mt s ngn mch nh nu trong mc (III.5.2). Tuy nhin lc s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng gp phi nhng khuyt im tng t nh nu trn ca s tng tc theo tun t bng vng 1 m rng, ngoi ra n cn km hn s tng tc theo tun t bng vng 1 m rng l khng loi b nhanh c cc s c duy tr. Nu s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng trang b thm mch TOR ct nhanh cc ngn mch duy tr th n chnh l s tng tc theo th t v mch tr v chm ca vng 1 m rng cng chnh l mt mch TOR.

III.5.4. S tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR:

Trong mc (III.5.3) ta thy khi s c xut hin on u ca cc ng dy th cc my ct ca n v my ct ca ng dy lin k pha trc u c ct bng vng 1 m rng. Do sau khi ct ln th nht vn khng bit c s c ang ng dy no, v vy thm d v tr s c buc phi ng li cc my ct theo th t my ct gn ngun c ng lp li trc. Chnh v iu ny nn cc my ct cng xa ngun c thi gian tr ca chu trnh t ng ng lp li cng ln. Trong trng hp nu trn, nu ta dng vng 2 tng tc bo v th my ct gn v tr s c s ct bng vng 1, cn my ct ca ng dy lin k pha trc s ct bng vng 2 v vng 1 ca n khng tc ng. Li dng c im ny ca s bo v khong cch pht hin v tr s c sau ln ct th nht bng cch trang b mi my ct hai b t ng ng lp li: b th nht t ng ng lp li nhanh RAR c thi gian cht nh c khi ng theo tn hiu vng 2 v b kho khi c tn hiu vng 1, b th hai t ng ng lp li chm DAR c thi gian cht ln hn chu trnh RAR mt cp v c khi ng theo tn hiu vng 1 v/hoc vng 2. Vi gii php nu trn, ta thy my ct ng dy lin k vi ng dy s c b ct bng vng 2 tng tc s c ng li trc bng chu trnh RAR (do vng 1 ca n khng lm vic), ng thi mch tng tc ca n cng c mch t ng ng lp li kho li sau mt thi gian tr no ( my ct c th ct nhanh tr li khi s c xut hin cui ng dy). My ct trn ng dy s c c ct bng vng 1 s c ng li sau bng chu trnh DAR. Gii php ny cho php cc my ct ci t thi gian cht ca cc chu trnh ng lp li nh nhau, ngoi ra vi vic trang b mi my ct hai b t ng ng lp li cng cho php khi phc li s lm vic ca ng dy i vi cc s c bn duy tr. S nu trn c th gi l s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR v c trnh by trn hnh trn hnh 4.41.

161

a/ S O G IC LO

E F G

b/ LIE E I N PHA TCH N

Hnh 4.41: S tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR

Nguyn l tc ng: Theo s trn hnh 4.41a, mi my ct u mi ng dy c trang b: 1 b bo v khong cch 3 cp, 1 b t ng ng lp li nhanh RAR c thi gian cht l tRAR v 1 b t ng ng lp li chm c thi gian cht tDAR > tRAR. Bo v khong cch 3 cp c vng 1 (Z1) tc ng tc thi, vng 2 ( tc ng vi thi gian tr t2 v vng 3 (Z3) tc ng vi thi gian tr t3 theo ng s bo v khong cch 3 cp thng thng. Ngoi ra vng 2 cn c tn hiu i ct tc thi my ct (kho K1 v K2 trn hnh 4.41a kn mch) hoc vi thi gian tr nh (kho K1 kn mch cn K2 h mch) v n b s kho li sau khi my ct c ng lp li ln u vi thi gian tr l tK m bo vng 2 ct nhanh li my ct mt ln na nu s c duy tr xut hin cui ng dy ca n. Mch tng tc vng 2 b kha trong khong thi gian tDT m bo n khng hot ng nu s c vn cn duy tr sau khi my ct ca ng dy b s c c ng li bng chu trnh DAR. Mch RAR: Mch RAR c khi ng khi s c nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 v ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1, tc Z2 = 1 v Z1 = 0. Mc d s RAR c khi ng v duy tr theo tn hiu trn nhng mch to thi gian tr (tRAR) ca n ch lm vic khi c tn hiu in p thanh ci UB (khi khng cn thit th ni tt mch ny li). Khi my ct c ct bng mch tng tc vng 2, n s c ng lp li nhanh theo chu trnh RAR khi iu kin ng li sau y ca n c tho mn (hnh 4.41a): ng trc tip sau khi khi ng (kho K5 kn mch). Tn ti in p thanh ci UB = 1 nhng khng tn ti in p ng dy UL = 0 (kho K6 kn mch). Tn i in p ng dy UL = 1 v ng b vi in p thanh ci S = 1 (kho K7 kn mch). Cc iu kin tc ng ca mch RAR c p dng nh sau:
B

162

 i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 1 pha p dng iu kin 1 cho mch RAR , tc l K5 kn mch, cn K6 v K7 h mch. Tuy nhin cng c th p dng iu kin 2, tc K6 kn mch cn K5 v K7 h mch. i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 2 pha, mch RAR lun ng trc mch DAR, do phi p dng iu kin 2, tc K6 kn mch, K5 v K7 h mch. i vi cc my ct i din vi thanh ci c ba xut tuyn tr ln (thanh ci D trn hnh 4.41b), thi khi ngn mch ngoi, n c th b ct ra bi vng 2 v mch RAR khi ng, tuy nhin do thanh ci i din c th vn c in (do tn ti mt ng dy ni vo thanh ci ny khng b ct) v nh vy ng dy c my ct ang xt vn c in, trong trng hp ny mch RAR s tc ng theo iu kin 3, tc K6 v K7 phi kn mch. Mch DAR: Mch DAR khi ng theo tn hiu khi ng ca vng 1 (Z1 = 1) hoc/v vng 2 (Z2 = 1) thng qua v tr kn mch ca kho K3 hoc/v K4. Mch DAR cng c cc iu kin tc ng nh sau: ng trc tip sau khi khi ng (kho K8 kn mch). Tn ti in p thanh ci UB = 1 nhng khng tn ti in p ng dy UL = 0 (kho K9 kn mch) Tn ti in p ng dy UL = 1 v ng b vi in p thanh ci S = 1 (kho K7 kn mch). Cc iu kin tc ng ca mch DAR c p dng nh sau: - i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 1 pha p dng iu kin 1, tc l K8 kn mch, cn K9 v K10 h mch. Tuy nhin cng c th p dng iu kin 2, tc K9 kn mch cn K8 v K10 h mch. - i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 2 pha, v mt u c kh nng c ng li bi mch RAR, nn mch DAR lun phi kim tra theo iu kin 3, tc K10 lun tnh trng kn mch. Tuy nhin khi ngn mch on gia ng dy th vng 1 c 2 u u tc ng, do mch RAR khng lm vic, nh vy cn phi c 1 u ng li my ct theo iu kin 2, tc u ny phi c K9 v K10 kn mch. Phn tch s hot ng ca s : Di dy ta s phn tch s hot ng ca s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR nhng v tr ngn mch in hnh trn li in c m t trn hnh 4.41b. Ngn mch ti N1: Khi ngn mch ti v tr N1 on gia ca ng dy BC, hai my ct B2 v C1 c ct nhanh bng vng 1. Trong trng hp ny, mch RAR khng lm vic nn cc my ct B2 v C1 ch c th t ng ng lp li theo chu trnh DAR. Gi thit my ct C1 c kha K9 trong s DAR ang kn mch, n s c ng lp li trc theo iu kin kim tra mt in p ng dy (UB = 1 v UL = 0). Nu s c thong qua C1 ng li thnh cng, sau my ct B2 s c ng li theo iu kin kim tra ng b (UL = 1 v S = 1). Nu s c duy tr th my ct C1 sau khi ng lp li s b ct mt ln na (bng vng 1) v my ct B2 cng khng ng li c do khng c tnh hiu ng b. Trong trng hp ny, c mch RAR ca hai my ct C1 v B2 khng tham gia lm vic nn khng ng lp li ln th hai c. Nu v tr ngn mch ti N, nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti cc my ct A2 v D1, th hai my ct ny cng c ct ra cng vi my ct B2 v C1. Nhng hai my ct ny s ng li thnh cng bng chu trnh RAR theo iu kin kim tra mt p ng dy (UB = 1 v UL = 0). Tip theo hai my ct B2 v C1 s c ng li bng chu trnh DAR nh nu trn. Ngn mch ti N2: Khi s c xut hin ti v tr N2 on cui ca ng dy BC v gi thit n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ca s bo v ti u my ct B2. Ti v tr ngn mch ny, my ct C1 s ct nhanh bng vng 1 v my ct B2 s c ct nhanh bng vng 2 tng tc. Sau , my ct B2 s c ng li theo chu trnh RAR vi iu kin kim tra mt p ng dy (UB = 1 v UL = 0). Nu s c thong qua th my ct B2 s ng li thnh

163

 Nu chu trnh DAR ti my ct C1 ang c ci t theo iu kin kim tra s ng b (kho K10 kn mch v K9 h mch) th my ct C1 s khng ng li. Lc kho K9 ti my ct B2 ang kn mch v nu kho K3 ca s ti my ct B2 cng kn mch th my ct B2 s ng li ln th hai (t ng ng li hai ln) theo chu trnh DAR vi iu kin (UB = 1, UL = 0). Nu B2 ng li thnh cng th s ko theo my ct C1 ng li thnh cng. Nu s c cn duy tr th my ct B2 s c ct nhanh bng mch TOR. Mch TOR c khi ng theo chu trnh DAR v nu khng c mch ny th B2 s ct vi thi gian tr t2 ca vng 2 c bn (v vng 2 ct nhanh lc ny b kho). Nu chu trnh DAR ti my ct C1 ang c ci t theo iu kin kim tra s mt in p ng dy (kho K9 kn mch) th mc d my ct B2 b ct ra ln th hai nhng my ct C1 vn c ng tr li theo chu trnh DAR. Sau khi my ct C1 ng li nu s c vn cn duy tr th my ct C1 s c ct nhanh mt ln na bng vng 1 v mch TOR (nu c). Nu my ct C1 ng li thnh cng th my ct B2 cng s ng li thnh cng bng mch DAR (nu K3 v tr kn mch) theo iu kin kim tra s ng b. Trong trng hp ny, ta thy vng 2 tc thi ca bo v khong cch ti my ct D1 cng c th tc ng i ct D1. Sau khi my ct D1 ct ra th n s c ng li thnh cng theo chu trnh ca mch RAR v vng 2 tc thi ca bo v ti y b kho trc khi my ct C1 ng li theo chu trnh ca mch DAR. Mt vn cn quan tm trong trng hp ny l gi thit ng dy AB di so vi CD n ni N2 cng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti my ct A2. Lc ny c hai my ct A2 v B2 u c ct bi vng 2 tc thi. Tuy nhin ch c my ct A2 s c ng li thnh cng trc bng chu trnh RAR cn chu trnh RAR ca my ct B2 tuy c tn hiu khi ng (Z2 = 1 v Z1 = 0) nhng b to thi gian tr ca n vn khng lm vic v tn hiu in p UB = 0 (xem hnh 4.41a). Sau khi my ct A2 ng li thnh cng, th mch to thi gian tr tRAR ca my ct B2 mi c khi ng (lc ny UB = 1) v tc ng vi thi gian tr l tRAR vng 2 tc thi ti my ct A2 c kho li. Thc vy, i vi li in 110kV v 220kV thng chn tRAR = (0,25 - 0,5s), cn thi gian cn kho vng 2 tc thi ti my ct A2 lc ny ch yu cu ln hn tng thi gian lm vic ca vng 2 tc thi (khong 30ms) vi thi gian ct ca my ct (khong 40-50ms). Sau khi my ct B2 c ng li bng chu trnh RAR, nu thnh cng th my ct C1 s c ng lp li thnh cng theo chu trnh DAR v nu khng thnh cng th my ct B2 s c ct nhanh mt ln na bng vng 2 tc thi v sau ng dy BC s c ng li ln th hai bng chu trnh DAR nh nu trn. y ch ch trng hp kho K9 ca my ct B2 ang kn mch th chu trnh DAR ca my ct B2 s ng li ng dy BC trc. Nu s c vn cn duy tr v cc my ct khng c trang b mch TOR th my ct B2 v A2 s b ct ra ng thi bng vng 2 c bn vi thi gian tr l t2 v thanh ci B s b mt in khng chn lc. trnh trng hp ny th my ct B2 khng c kho K9 v tr kn mch hoc phi trang b mch TOR ct nhanh s c ln th ba. Nu my ct A2 cng c trang b mch TOR th mch TOR ca n trong trng hp ny khng khi ng v chu trnh DAR ca n khng lm vic. Nhn xt: Trong trng hp trn, nu mch RAR ca my ct B2 ch khi ng theo tn hiu vng 2 v tn hiu ph nh ca vng 1 c bn (Z2 = 1 v Z1 = 0) m khng s dng tn hiu in p thanh ci UB khi ng mch to thi gian tr, lc c hai my ct A2 v B2 cng ng li mt lc theo chu trnh RAR v sau khi ng li th c hai my ct A2 v B2 s li cng ct ra mt lc bi vng 2 tc thi nu s c cn duy tr. Sau ng dy BC v my ct A2 c ng li ln th hai theo chu trnh DAR nh sau: Nu kho K9 ca my ct A2 ang kn mch th my ct A2 s ng li theo chu trnh DAR cng lc vi mt trong hai my ct B2 hoc C1 (my ct c kho K9 ang kn mch). Nu A2 c ng li cng vi C1, m s c cn duy tr th ch c my ct C1 ct nhanh bng vng 1 (A2 khng ct v B2 ang h mch). Nu A2 c ng li cng vi B2

164

v s c vn cn duy tr th c hai my ct A2 v B2 u b ct ra tr li bng mch TOR (hoc vng 2 c bn) v nh vy thanh ci B s mt in khng chn lc. Nu kho K9 ca my ct A2 ang v tr h mch th mt trong hai my ct B2 hoc C1 s ng li trc cho ng dy BC. Nu B2 ng li trc th A2 v C1 cng khng ng li c v khng c tn hiu in p ng dy v iu ny lm cho ng dy AB, BC v thanh ci B mt in mc d s c c th l bn duy tr. Nu C1 ng li trc v thnh cng (s c bn duy tr) th B2 s ng li theo iu kin (UL = 1 v UB = 0) tip theo A2 s ng li theo iu kin (UL = 1 v S = 1). Nu C1 ng li khng thnh cng th A2 v B2 cng khng ng li c v thanh ci B s mt in khng chn lc. Nh vy trong trng hp phm vi vng 2 ti my ct A2 bao ph ln vng 2 ca my ct B2, nu khng s dng tn hiu UB = 1 khi ng mch to thi gian tr ca s RAR, ta nn kho K9 ca my ct A2 v C1 v tr kn mch cn kho K9 ca my ct B2 v tr h mch. Nhc im ca gii php ny l my ct A2 phi ct v ng lp li hai ln, mc du s c xut hin trn ng dy BC. Nhng xc sut ca trng hp ny nh, v ch c nhng s c nm trong phm vi vng 2 ca A2 v nm ngoi phm vi vng 1 ca B2.
B

Ngn mch ti N3: Khi ngn mch ti N3, gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ti my ct D1, v nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti my ct B2.Trong trng hp ny c ba my ct cng ct l B2, C2 v D1, sau qu trnh thao tc ng lp li din ra tng t nh nu trong trng hp ngn mch ti N4. Vn t ra y l gi s N3 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ca mt trong nhng bo v ti cc my ct i din trc tip vi thanh ci D (E1, F1, G1) v gi s l ti my ct G1. Lc my ct G1 cng tham gia ct nhng thanh ci D vn c in (do c ngun t thanh ci E v F) v ng dy DG vn c tn hiu in p, do chu trnh RAR ti my ct G1 ny phi c ng theo iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b (UL = 1 v S = 1), trong trng hp ny th mch RAR ti my ct D1 vn khi ng bnh thng (v UB = 1) v ng li cng lc vi my ct G1. Nu s c cn duy tr th c c hai my ct G1 v D1 cng ct ra tr li bng vng 2 tc thi v mch RAR ca n b kho li. Nhng sau my ct G1, D1 v C2 c ng lp li theo chu trnh DAR. trnh trng hp my ct D1 v G1 cng ng vo v cng ct ra theo vng 2 c bn (hoc bng mch TOR) khi s c cn duy tr, ta nn my ct G1 v C2 cng ng li trc trong chu trnh DAR (kho K9 ca C2 phi kn mch). Khi nu s c cn duy tr th C2 s c ct ra bng vng 1, cn G1 ng li thnh cng. Nu s c l bn duy tr th my ct D1 s c ng li bng chu trnh DAR theo iu kin UL = 1 v S = 1. Trong trng hp trn ta thy my ct G1 phi ct 2 ln khi s c duy tr hoc bn duy tr xut hin trn ng dy DC, nhng xc sut ca tnh hung ny khng ln v n ch xy ra khi ngn mch trn ng dy CD nhng ngoi phm vi vng 1 ca bo v khong cch ti my ct D1. trnh nhc im ny, ta c th ci t chu trnh RAR ti D1 c thi gian tr ln hn chu trnh RAR ti my ct G1. Ngn mch ti N4: Xt ngn mch ti N4, gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ti my ct C2 nhng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti cc my ct E1, F1 v G1. Lc cc my ct D1 s ct nhanh bng vng1, cn C2, E1, F1, v G1 s ct nhanh bng vng 2 tng tc. Sau cc my ct E1, F1 v G1 c th ng li nhanh cng lc vi C2 bng chu trnh RAR. iu ny c th cho php v thi gian ng lp bng chu trnh RAR nhanh cc ngun t cc thanh ci E, F, G t ng b tr li vi nhau. Nu s c thong qua th my ct D1 s c ng li thnh cng bng chu trnh DAR. Nu s c duy tr th sau khi ng lp li bng chu trnh RAR, my ct C2 s b ct nhanh tr li bng vng 2 tng tc (vng 2 tng

165

Nu khng chp nhn gii php cc my ct E1, F1 v G1 ng li cng lc bng chu trnh RAR, th chu trnh RAR ca cc my ct E1, F1, G1 k c my ct C2 c ci t c hai iu kin ng li UL = 0 hoc UL = 1 v S = 1) vi thi gian tc ng khc nhau (ti thiu phi c hai my ct tc ng vi thi gian khc nhau v nh hn cc my ct cn li). iu ny s lm tng thi gian tDAR ca my ct D1. Vic ci t cc chu trnh RAR ca cc my ct E1, F1, G1 v k c my ct C2 va c th tc ng vi iu kin UL = 0 va c th tc ng vi iu kin UL = 1, S = 1 l cn thit trong trng hp v tr ngn mch N4 khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ca mt trong cc my ct E1, F1 hoc G1. Tnh ton cc tham s thi gian ca s : Trong mc ny s xem xt vic tnh ton la chn cc i lng thi gian ca s tng tc vng 2 ca bo v khong cch kt hp vi thit b RAR v DAR bao gm: thi gian cht tRAR ca mch RAR, thi gian cht tDAR ca mch DAR, thi gian tr v thi gian duy tr ca mch kho vng 2 tc thi. Tuy nhin, trc tin cn phi xem xt ngha cc i lng thi ca mt chu trnh ng lp li. Cc i lng thi gian ca chu trnh ng lp li: Trn hnh 4.42 ch ra trnh t ca chu trnh t ng ng lp li mt ln (khi ng theo tn hiu bo v r le) in hnh, trong : Qu trnh ca s bo v bt u t thi im t0 v kt thc thi im t5 nu ng li thnh cng (s c thong qua), v nu ng li khng thnh cng (s c thng xuyn) th qu trnh bo v s kt thc thi im t13. Chu trnh ng ct ca my ct khi u t thi im t1 v kt thc ng li my ct thi im t9. Nu ng li khng thnh cng th my ct s tip tc thc hin mt qu trnh ct v kt thc ti thi im t12, ng thi ti thi im ny my ct s b kho. Chu trnh ca mch t ng ng lp li s bt u ti thi im t1 v kt thc ti thi im t14.

Hnh 4.42: Thao tc ca s t ng ng li (ARC) mt ln

166

- i vi mch bo v: Thi gian thao tc (tBV): cn gi l thi gian bo v, c tnh t thi im xut hin s c n thi im tip im u ra ca s bo v khp mch (nu bo v c r le ct ring th thi gian ca n cng c cng vo) cung cp nng lng cho cun ct my ct. - i vi my ct: Thi gian m (Opening time): tnh t thi im cun ct ca my ct c cp nng lng cho n thi im cc tip im ca my ct bt u tch ra. Thi gian tn ti ca h quang (Arcing time): tnh t thi im cc tip im ca my ct bt u tch ra cho n thi im h quang s c c dp tt. Thi gian ct (tCMC): l tng ca hai thi gian m v thi gian tn ti ca h quang, tc l tnh t thi im cun ct my ct nhn in cho ti khi h quang s c trong bung ct my ct c dp tt hon ton. Thi gian ng (tMC): tnh t thi im cun ng my ct nhn in cho n thi im cc tip im ca my ct thng mch. Thi gian cht (Dead time): tnh t thi im h quang s c c dp tt cho n thi im cc tip im ca my ct bt u khp mch. i vi mch t ng ng lp li: Thi gian cht (tARC): tnh t thi im s t ng ng lp li nhn c nng lng khi ng (t s bo v) v thao tc cc tip im u ra cp nng lng cho cun ng ca my ct. i vi tt c cc s ng li tc thi hoc tc cao, thi gian ny c ly xp x thi gian cht ca my ct. Thi gian xung ng (Closing pulse time): khong thi gian m tip im u ra ca s ng lp li kn mch cho n khi cc tip im ca my ct khp mch hon ton. Thi gian phc hi (Reclaim time): l khong thi gian tip theo sau mt thao tc ng thnh cng, c tnh t thi im tip im u ra ca s t ng ng lp li khp mch ( cung cp nng lng cho cun ng my ct). Thi gian ny phi c tri qua trc khi s t ng ng lp li khi ng cho chu trnh ng lp li tip theo trong trng hp xut hin thm mt s c khc. Thi gian nhiu lon h thng (System disturbance time): tnh t thi im xut hin s c cho n thi im cc tip im ca my ct thng mch. Thi gian ny i lc cn c gi l thi gian dao ng ca h thng. Cc i lng thi gian ca s : Hnh 4.43 trnh by biu thi gian ca s tng tc vng 2 ca bo v khong cch kt hp vi cc thit b RAR v DAR.

Hnh 4.43: Biu trnh t thi gian cc chu trnh RAR v DAR.

La chn thi gian cht ca mch RAR (tRAR): Mch RAR tc ng cng nhanh cng tt, tc l thi gian cht ca mch RAR (tRAR) cng nh cng tt nhanh chng phc hi s cung cp in, c bit l cc ng c phi sc t khi ng tr li. Tuy nhin tnh tc ng nhanh ca s b hn ch bi iu kin kh ion ho ti ni s c, ngha l thi gian cht phi ln phn tn khng kh b

167

ion ho ti ni s c. iu kin ny c th hin bi biu thc sau y: tkh ion < tRAR - tCMC < tK (4-80) Trong : tkh ion : thi gian kh ion ho. tRAR: thi gian cht ca s ng lp li RAR. tCMC : thi gian m ca my ct. tK: thi gian t khi ng ca cc ng c. Thi gian kh ion l thi gian cn thit tip sau thi im dp h quang s c ca ng dy trn khng m bo phn tn khng kh b ion ho sao cho h quang s khng chy li khi ng dy c mng in tr li. N l mt i lng ngu nhin, ph thuc nhiu yu t nh cp in p ca ng dy, khong cch gia cc phn mang in, dng in s c, thi gian tn ti s c, tc gi v iu kin mi trng, in dung ca cc phn t ln cn vi phn t c ng lp li, trong cp in p ng vai tr quan trng v ni chung cp in p cng cao i hi thi gian kh ion cng ko di. Cc s liu di y tham kho: Cp in p (kV) 66 110 132 220 275 400 Thi gian kh ion ti thiu (s) 0,10 0,15 0,17 0,28 0,30 0,50

La chn thi gian tr (tK) ca b kho vng 2 tc thi: Theo nguyn tc hot ng ca s (xem hnh 4.41a), ta thy vng 2 tc thi tc ng i ct my ct, ng thi s gi tn hiu khi ng mch RAR. Mch RAR sau khi tho mn iu kin tc ng s gi tn hiu i ng li my ct, ng thi gi tn hiu i kho vng 2 tc thi. Tuy nhin vic kho phi xy ra sau thi im ng li my ct mt khong thi gian tK m bo vng 2 ct nhanh li my ct mt ln na s c duy tr xut hin cui ng dy ca n, tc l: tK tMC1 + tBV1 + tCMC1 + tDP1 (4-81) Trong : tK: thi gian tr ca b kho. tMC1: thi gian ng my ct (ly gi tr ln nht). tBV1: thi gian tc ng ca vng 2. tCMC1: thi gian ct my ct (ly gi tr ln nht). tDP1: thi gian d phng (tnh n sai s ln nht ca cc b phn to thi gian ca mch kho v mch bo v). Theo biu thi gian ca chu trnh ng lp li trn hnh (4.43) ta thy vic kho ch cn xy ra ngay sau khi cun ct ca my ct tc ng. Trong khi theo cng thc (4-81), thi gian tK c tnh t lc mch kho c khi ng (thi im mch RAR gi tn hiu i ng my ct) ti thi im my ct dp tt h quang khi my ct c ct ra tr li. S khc bit ny l tng tnh an ton cho vic ct ln na ca vng 2 tc thi (khi s c xut hin cui ng dy ca n), ng thi thun li cho vic tnh ton v thng thng cc l lch my ct ch cho bit thi gian tCMC m khng cho bit thi gian thao tc ca cun ct. La chn thi gian cht (tDAR) ca mch DAR: Trong vic la chn thi gian tr ca mch kho vng 2 tc thi, mt iu kin na n cn phi tho mn l vic kho phi tc ng trc khi my ct u on ng dy lin k c ng tr li theo chu trnh DAR khi ngn mch xy ra u on ng dy lin k ny. Theo biu thi gian trn hnh 4.43 ta c: tBV2 + tDAR + tMC2 tBV1 + tRAR + tK + tDP2 (4-82) tDAR (tBV1 + tRAR + tK)- (tBV2 + tMC2) + tDP2 (4-83) Trong : Cc thng s ca ng dy ang xt:

168

tBV1: thi gian thao tc ca vng 2 ct nhanh. tRAR: thi gian cht ca s ng lp li RAR. tK: thi gian kho bo v vng 2. Cc thng s ca ng dy lin k: tDAR: thi gian cht ca s ng lp li DAR. tMC2: thi gian ng ca my ct. tBV2: thi gian thao tc ca vng 1. tDP2: thi gian d phng (tnh n sai s ln nht ca cc b phn to thi gian trong biu 4.43b). La chn thi gian duy tr (tDT) ca mch kho vng 2 tc thi: Mch kho sau khi kho phi c duy tr thm mt thi gian m bo chc chn khi ngn mch u on ng dy lin k th vng 2 tc thi ca n khng tc ng m ch c vng 1 ca ng dy lin k tc ng. Mun vy phi tho mn cc biu thc sau y: tBV1 + tRAR + tK + tDT 2tBV2 + tDAR + tMC2 + tCMC2 + tDP3 (4-84) tDT (2tBV2 + tDAR + tMC2 + tCMC2 + tDP3) - (tBV1 + tRAR + tK) (4-85) Trong : tCMC2: thi gian ct ca my ct. tDP3: thi gian d phng (tnh n sai s ln nht ca cc b phn to thi gian trong biu 4.43b, trong sai s ca mch bo v c tnh n hai ln). n gin hn, thi gian duy tr tn hiu kho ca vng 2 tc ng nhanh ca ng dy lin k c th kt thc cng thi im vi thi gian phc hi chu trnh DAR ca my ct trn ng dy s c (tPHDAR), khi ta c: tBV1 + tRAR + tK + tDT = tBV2 + tDAR + tPHDAR (4-7) tDT = (tBV2 + tDAR + tPHDAR) - (tBV1 + tRAR + tK) (4-8) Nhn xt: So vi bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng th s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi thit b RAR v DAR c u im l loi tr nhanh s c khng nhng thong qua m k cc cc s c duy tr, ng thi khng c hin tng mt in khng chn lc. So vi s tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng, th s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi thit b RAR v DAR c u im vic khi phc s lm vic ca cc phn t khi s c thong qua nhanh hn, ng thi gim kh nng khng ng li c ca cc my ct do vic mt ng b gia cc ngun. V chi ph bo dng my ct th s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi thit b RAR v DAR cao hn s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng nhng khng ng k v thp hn s tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng. Chi ph bo dng tng thm ca hai s sau l do c cc ng dy c th ng li ln th hai i vi cc s c duy tr v bn duy tr (c xc sut 10 -15%), nhng i vi s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR vic ng dy ng li ln th hai khi s c duy tr v bn duy tr ch din ra khi v tr ngn mch nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ca bo v khong cch mt u ng dy, cn i vi s tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng th bt k v tr ngn mch no. Mt khc vic ng li ng dy ln th hai i vi s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR c ngha khi phc li s mang in ca ng dy cn i vi s tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng th khng c ngha . Khuyt im ca s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR l cn trang b hai b t ng ng lp li nhng b li l khng cn vng 1 m rng. Ring i vi cc r le k thut s ngy nay th cc khuyt im trn khng c ngha v cc r le khong cch thng c ch to km theo s t ng li nhiu ln. Chng hn cc r le khong cch P441, P442 ca hng ALSTOM c trang b t ng ng lp li ti 4 ln, cn r le khong cch 7SA513 ca hng SIEMENS c trang b t ng ng lp li ln ti 10 ln.

169

A. GII THIU CHUNG

Do iu kin lch s, cho n nay cc loi rle bo v nc ta phn ln c xut x t Lin X c. Cc loi ny ch yu l rle in c. Trong qu trnh khai thc v s dng cc loi rle ny bc l t nhiu cc nhc im sau: nhy v chnh xc bo v cha cao, d b nh hng ca cc nhiu lon bn ngoi do nguyn l truyn v x l tn hiu tng t. Chi ph khai thc, s dng cao, chi ph kim tra, chnh nh li cc tham s bo v thng xuyn theo nh k ..., ngoi ra cn c cc thit hi do vic ngng cung cp in do cc cng vic ny gy ra. Vic thay i cu hnh cng nh tham s bo v thng km theo cc chi ph ln, do vy trn thc t h thng bo v nh th thng khng p ng kp vi s thay i ca phn nht th do cc bin ng v ngun v ti. Kh nng cung cp thng tin v h thng in trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi s c cha cao nn gy nhiu kh khn cho vic xc nh nguyn nhn cng nh v tr s c khi n xy ra. Tc pht hin v cch ly s c cha nhanh. Trn c s trong phn ny s xin gii thiu s lc v cu to ca mt rle s, nguyn l lm vic v mt v d v mt rle so lch k thut s loi KBCH130 ca ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd hin ang c s dng cc trm phn phi ti min Trung Vit Nam (nh trm110 M Vng ti Nha Trang,).

B. TNG QUAN V RLE S

I. u nhc im ca rle s
I.1. u im:
u vit rt ln ca rle s so vi cc loi rle khc l kh nng t hp cc chc nng bo v rt thun li v rng ln, vic trao i v x l thng tin vi khi lng ln vi tc cao lm tng nhy, chnh xc, tin cy cng nh m rng tnh nng ca bo v Hn ch c nhiu v sai s do vic truyn thng tin bng s. C kh nng t lp trnh c nn c linh hot cao, d dng s dng cho i tng bo v khc nhau. Cng sut tiu th nh. C kh nng o lng v c th ni mng phc v cho iu khin, gim st, iu chnh t ng t xa.

I.2. Nhc im:

Gi thnh cao nn i hi phi c vn u t ln thay th cc rle c bng cc rle s. i hi ngi vn hnh phi c trnh cao. Ph thuc nhiu vo bn cung cp hng trong vic sa cha v nng cp thit b.

177

II. Cu trc phn cng ca rle s

II.1. Cu trc in hnh ca rle s:
Hnh 5.1 minh ho cu trc in hnh phn cng ca mt rle. in p u vo hoc dng in u vo ca rle c ly qua cc BU v BI t i tng bo v. Lu tn hiu tng t ch chuyn sang tn hiu s i vi in p nn i vi cc tn hiu dng in th trc tin phi bin i n sang in p theo nhiu cch. V d: cho dng in chy qua mt in tr c gi tr xc nh v ly in p trn hai u ca in tr biu din dng in. Sau cc tn hiu ny c lc bng b lc gii m. Hot ng ca rle k thut s: Tn hiu t BI, BU sau khi c bin i thnh tn hiu ph hp. Cc tn hiu c bin i ny c a vo b chn knh. B x l trung tm s gi tn hiu i m knh mong mun. u ra ca b chn knh a vo b bin i tng t -s (ADC) bin i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s v a vo b vi x l. Nguyn l bin i tn hiu phi thng qua b ly v gi mu (S/H). V cc b chuyn i tng t - s (ADC) thng rt t nn khi thit k ngi ta c gng tinh gin ch s dng mt b ADC trong mt rle s, chnh v l do m trong b vi x l c t mt b dn knh (multiplexer) la chn cc tn hiu cn thit cung cp cho u vo cc b ADC. V ADC c thi gian tr xc nh khong 25 s nn phi duy tr tn hiu tng t u vo ca ADC trong sut qu trnh chuyn i t tng t sang s. iu ny c thc hin bng b khuych i duy tr v ly mu S/H. Tn hiu u ra ca b ADC by gi c th bin i ty bi b vi x l. Nhn chung trong mt rle s ngi ta s dng nhiu b vi x l ( thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau). V d b vi x l TMS320 thc hin thut ton ca rle, b vi x l 80186 thc hin cc php ton logic. B vi x l c a vo ch lm vic theo chng trnh c ci t sn trong b nh ROM, y l b nh khng thay i c v khng b mt d liu khi b mt ngun. N so snh thng tin u vo vi cc gi tr t cha trong b nh EEPROM (b nh ch c, lp trnh in v xa c bng in). Cc php tnh trung gian c lu gi tm thi b nh RAM. Modul ngun lm nhim v bin i ngun mt chiu thnh nhiu ngun mt chiu c cp in p khc nhau cung cp cho cc chc nng khc nhau ca rle. y l b bin i DC/DC vi u vo ly t acquy, hoc b ngun chnh lu ly in t li in t dng ca trm. V ngun cung cp t acquy thng khng n nh trong khi rle s li rt nhy i vi s thng ging ca in p nn trong ni b rle s c tch hp mt ngun DC ph c gi tr bin i vi phm vi 5 V hoc 1 V nhm n nh ngun cung cp cho rle s.

II.2. Giao din ca rle s:

u i
u vo t-ng t Bin i u vo B dn knh ADC B vi x l

S/H

DC

Modul ngun

v1 v2 v3

ROM

RAM

EE PROM

Vo ra s

178

Giao din ng-i dng

Thng tin tun t

Thit b xa

Hnh 5.1: Cu trc phn cng in hnh ca mt rle s

 s c.

Truyn d liu (communication) l iu cn thit v ba l do sau y: d dng cho vic ci t cc chng trnh vo bn trong rle. Rle phi trao i d liu vi cc b phn o lng xa. Rle phi pht ra tn hiu i ct (Trip) v tn hiu bo ng (Alarm) khi c

Khng ging cc rle in c v cc loi rle tnh khc, rle s hu nh khng cn phi hiu chnh. Vic ci t thng thc hin bng cc chng trnh phn mm t mt my tnh c nhn hay c tch hp trong rle. V l do m mt s loi giao din c s dng ngi dng trao i d liu vi rle. * Loi 1: Loi ny ph bin i vi cc loi rle s hin i c mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD) v bn phm lp mt trc ca rle. nhp cc gi tr ci t, ngi s dng phi n cc phm hin th v thay i cc gi tr s xut hin trn mn hnh. * Loi 2: S dng mn hnh hin th thng thng (VDU) ni n rle s thng qua cng ni tip. Loi giao din ny thng thy cc trm bin p ( hin th s vn hnh) hoc c s dng trong s kt ni vi rle ti trm qua modem t trung tm iu khin xa ly d liu hay ci t li thng s. Yu cu i vi rle s l phi c phng php pht ra tn hiu i ct v tn hiu bo ng thch hp. V cc tn hiu ny c dng m nh phn (Binary) cho nn b vi x l d dng gii m cc a ch. iu ny c thc hin bi khi tn hiu u ra (digital output) trong hnh 5.1. Mc d cng ngh s c p dng trong bo v rle nhng cc tn hiu ct v bo ng vn phi l cc tn hiu tng t a n cc rle in c thc hin mnh lnh.

II.3. Mi trng lm vic ca rle:

Trm bin p l mi trng in t nguy him i vi rle k thut s v n nm gn cc ng dy cao p, dao cch ly v my ct. Khi c s c hay ng ct xy ra iu cn thit l khng cho nhiu bn ngoi xm nhp vo rle lm nh hng n s lm vic bnh thng ca n. Nhng nhiu tc ng khng mong mun ny gi l tc hi in t EMI (electromagnetic intefrence). C hai nguyn nhn sinh ra EMI trong trm bin p l: Do thao tc ng ct ng dy hay xung st truyn t ngoi ng dy lm nhiu tn hiu in p u vo ca rle. Do st nh trc tip vo thit b in hoc sng radio. V b vi x l lm vic vi tc cao nn rle s d b nh hng ca EMI. V vy iu bt buc khi ch to rle s l n phi c tnh tng hp in t EMC (Electromagnetic compatibility). rle s p ng c EMC phi p dng cc bin php thch nghi. Cc rle in c khng chu nh hng ca EMC, do vic dng rle s cng gp nhng tr ngi nht nh bn cnh nhng u im ca n.

C. RLE SO LCH S KBCH130

Rle hon ton x l bng tn hiu s, rle s dng hai vi x l: mt x l tn hiu s (DSP) thc hin cc thut ton bo v, c nhim v x l cc tn hiu dng v p c bin i thnh tn hiu s t b chuyn i A/D a lnh bo v v

179

bo hiu ph hp vi tnh trng bo v v mt vi x l 80C196 thc hin chc nng truyn d liu vi cc thit b bn ngoi nh bn phm, mn hnh LCD ci t thng s v hin th tnh trng rle, thc hin cc php ton logic. Rle c th kt ni cc rle khc c thit k tng ng v vi my vi tnh. Cc tn hiu dng v p c a vo b bin i tn hiu bin i thnh cc tn hiu thch hp rle x l, sau tn hiu c a n b lc trnh li gi. Tn hiu sau khi qua b lc c a vo b chuyn i tng t s (A/D) thng qua b chn knh bin i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s v a vo b vi x l DSP.
Thong so va tnh trng bo ve DSP Tn hieu cai at Ban phm Bo cach ly quang Man hnh tinh the long (LCD) Cac rle khac Cong truyen noi tiep

Tn hieu t bo chuyen oi A/D

80C19

Hnh 5.2: S o khoi rle KBCH

Rle KBCH130 c 13 u vo tng t dng v p, trong 9 u vo dng in dng cho bo v so lch, 3 u vo dng dng cho bo v chng chm t c gii hn (REF) v mt u vo p dng cho bo v qu kch thch. Rle s dng php bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT: Discrete Fourier transform) lc tn hiu ri rc. DFT l cng c ton hc manh cho php xc nh bt k mt loi tn hiu c tn s nht nh trong N gi tr ly mu.

I. Cc chc nng ca rle KBCH

* Chc nng bo v. Bo v so lch. Bo v so lch ngng thp c hm. Bo v so lch ngng cao. Bo v so lch chng chm t c gii hn cun dy MBA. Bo v qu kch thch. Tc ng hm khi xut hin dng t ho tng vt. Kho bo v bng thnh phn sng hi bc 5. Chc nng logic: 8 u vo tn hiu cch ly quang, mi mch u vo cch ly quang cha mt it pht quang bo v rle trong trng hp u ln cc tnh tn hiu u vo. S a dng cc chc nng bo v ca rle KBCH khng ch c ng dng bo v MBA m cn c th s dng chc nng bo v so lch hoc bo v tng tr cao bo v cho cc thit b sau: + B my pht - my bin p. + My pht in. + Khng in. * Cc chc nng khc (chc nng khng bo v): Chc nng ghi s c (tm tt cc l do rle tc ng ct). Ghi s kin (tm tt cc s kin xy ra vi rle). Lin lc thng tin vi cc thit b xa bng cng ni tip.

180

iu khin u phn p t xa. Chc nng hin th cc gi tr o lng. C th hin th 4 th ting: Anh, Php, c, Ty Ban Nha...

II. Cc thng s k thut

II.1 Cc u vo:
u vo dng in (Im): nh mc Im = 1A Im = 1A Qu ti cho php 3sec lu di 3Im 30Im 3Im 30Im 1sec 100Im 400Im

u vo in p (Um): Ngun nui (Ux): nh mc Um = 100/120V nh mc Phm vi cho php 0/140V Max 190V 380V

Phm vi c hiu lc DC AC 50/60Hz 24/125V ac/dc 20/150V 50/133V 48/250V ac/dc 33/300V 87/265V Tn s (fm): nh mc Phm vi thay i ti 50Hz hoc 60Hz 13/68Hz Ngun cung cp u vo cch ly quang: nh mc Phm vi thay i ti 50V dc 25/60V

II.2 Cng sut tiu th:

Mch bo v so lch. Vi Im = 1A : 0,045 VA. Vi Im = 5A : 0,022 VA. Mch bo v chng chm t. Vi Im = 1A : 0,085 VA. Vi Im = 1A : 0,24 VA. Khng c in tr n nh. Mch in p (bo v qu kch thch). Um = 100/120V < 0,002 VA ti in p 110V Ngun thao tc DC: Version in p thp 4,8/8W Version in p cao 4,8/8W AC: Version in p thp 6,78/12W Version in p cao 7/21W
181

u vo cch ly quang 0,25 W

II.3. Vng gi tr chnh nh cc chc nng bo v:

* Cu hnh MBA. Hai hoc ba cun dy. * Chc nng bo v so lch. Ngng thp: tm t Id> = (0,1 0,5)Im bc 0,1Im. Thi gian tc ng 0 35msec. Ngng cao: tm t Id>> = (5 20)Im bc 0,5Im. Thi gian tc ng 0 15msec. * Chc nng kho bo v khi sut hin thnh phn sng hi bc 5. Tm t Iof = (10 50)% bc 5% Thi gian kha bo v: tOF = 0,1sec 4h bc 0,01 * Chc nng bo v chng chm t c gii hn. Cun cao p: I0 > HV Cun trung p: I0 > LV1 (0,051,0)Im bc 0,005 Cun h p: I0 > LV2 Thi gian tc ng (20 40) ms. * Bo v qu kch thch. V/f (ct) Char (DT: thi gian c lp, IDMT: thi gian ph thuc) V/f (ct) 1,53 V/ Hz bc 0,01 tV/f (ct) 0,1 60s bc 0,1 (chn DT) V/f (ct) TMS 1 63 bc 1 (chn IDMT) V/f (cnh bo) 1,5 3 V/ Hz bc 0,01 tV/f (cnh bo) 0,1 60s bc 0,1

II.4. Cc tip im:

Rle c 8 tip im n thng m. Trong 1 tip im cnh bo, 5 tip im ct v 2 tip im a tn hiu iu chnh tng (tap up), gim(tap down) u phn p. Hai tip im mt thng ng, mt thng m biu th tnh trng rle. 3 n LED v mn hnh LCD c th hin th 16 k t mt trc ca rle. Cc menu chnh v ci t thng s rle. Cc phm s dng trong chng trnh c t mt trc ca rle. [F]: Chn chc nng. [+]: Tng gi tr. [-]: Gim gi tr. [0]: Thit t li/Thot Menu chnh gm cc thnh phn: 1. System data: thay i cc chc nng ca rle 2. Fault records: chc nng ghi s c, cho php ngi iu hnh c c cc thng tin v s c xy ra trong qu kh c lu trong b nh, xo cc trang ghi s c. 3. Measurements: o lng cc thng s v hin th cc gi tr o lng.

182

4. Settings: kch hot cc chc nng bo v v thit t thng s cho rle. Rle KBCH130 c hai menu Setting (Setting(1) v Setting(2)) thch ng vi cc ch vn hnh ca h thng in. 5. Logic functions: kch hot cc chc nng logic, chc nng iu khin xa.

III. Chc nng ca bo v so lch

Rle c kh nng t ng b tr s v pha dng in th cp BI cc bn ca MBA, nh vo phn mm ICT (interposing current transformer) ca rle m khng cn bin dng trung gian. Rle cha hai thut ton bo v so lch c m t di y:

III.1. Bo v so lch ngng thp c hm (Id>):

c tnh hm bo v so lch ngng thp nh hnh v. Dng so lch c xc Idiff (Im) 3 nh: (Vi MBA ba cun dy) I diff = &1 + & 2 + &3 I I I Dng in hm c xc I I I nh: I bias = &1 + & 2 + &3 2
2 1 Vng t (0,1- 0,5)Im 20%

Tc ng 80%

Hm

Trong : 0 1 2 3 4 & & & I1, I 2 , I 3 : dng in cc Ibias (Im) pha MBA sau khi bin i qua BI Hnh 5.3: c tnh tc ng hm ca v c hiu chnh v tr s v rle KBCH gc pha. Gi tr dng khi ng ca bo v so lch ngng thp: 0,1Im 0,5Im bc 0,1Im(vi Im dng in nh mc ca rle). Gi tr chn ph thuc vo cng sut MBA v dng khng cn bng xut hin trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng. c tnh tc ng hm. on a ( dc 20%): Biu th dng khi ng ca bo v, c k n sai s ca my bin dng 5% v sai s do vic iu chnh u phn p 15%. on b ( dc 80%): Tnh n kh nng kho bo v khi xut hin hin tng bo ho khng ging nhau cc my bin dng. Bo v so lch c hm ngng thp s b kho khi xut hin hin tng dng t ho tng vt. * Hiu chnh t s v gc pha BI. m bo rle lm vic ng trong iu kin lm vic bnh thngcng nh khi c ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, rle KBCH130 c cung cp h s hiu chnh t s BI t 0,05 n 2 nhm cn bng dng vo rle so lch. V d: Bo v cho MBA hai cun dy 20MVA, /Yo_1, 33/11KV.

183

20.103 Dng nh mc 33KV = = 350A . Chn BI chnh pha 33KV 400/1A 33. 3 350.1 Dng th cp BI = = 0,875A 400

/Yo_1

0,875

0O
1A KBCH Yy0 softwave ICT 87T 1A

-30O 0,7

Y11 softwave ICT

0O

0O

Hnh 5.4: S bo v MBA

20.103 = 1050A . Chn BI chnh pha 11KV 1500/1A 11. 3 1050.1 Dng th cp BI = = 0,7A 1500 H s hiu chnh dng khng cn bng BI cc pha MBA c xc nh (vi u vo rle 1A): = 1,14 (gi tr t cho rle). Pha 33KV h s hiu chnh l 1 0,875 Pha 11KV h s hiu chnh l 1 = 1,43 (gi tr t cho rle). 0,7 Bng chn h s b pha c rle cung cp.

Dng nh mc 11KV =

T ni dy my bin p Yy -0 y1 Y1 Yy2 Yy4 y5 Yy0 Yz1 ?z2 ?z4 ?z-0

Gc pha 00 -300 -300 -600 -1200 -1500

lch H s b pha (gi tr t cho rle) Cao p H p Y(?)y0 Y(?)y0 Yy0 Y?11 Y?1 Y(?)y0 Y?1 Y?11 Y?11 Y?7 Yy0 Y?7

184

Y5 Yy6 y7 Y7 Yy8 Y9 Yy10 y11 Y11

Yz5 Yy6 Yz7 ?z8 ?z10 Yz11

?z6

-1500 1800 +1500 +1500 +1200 +900 +600 +300 +300

Y?5 Y(?)y0 Yy0 Y?7 Y?7 Y?9 Y?11 Yy0 Y?11

Y(?)y0 Y(?)y6 Y?5 Y(?)y0 Y?11 Y?0 Y?1 Y?1 Y(?)y0

III.2. Bo v so lch ngng cao (Id>>):

Bo v so lch ngng cao tc ng nhanh tc thi khng hm. Khi dng s c qu ln lnh tc ng c trin khai m khng ph thuc vo dng in hm. Vng gi tr chnh nh (520)Im. Dng chnh nh chn ln hn dng t ho tng vt sau khi hiu chnh v ln.

IV. Bo v chng chm t c gii hn (REF)

Rle KBCH cung cp chc nng bo v chng chm t c gii hn. ng dng REF da trn c s rle so lch tng tr cao (l thuyt phn bo v so lch thanh gp dng rle tng tr cao). Rle khng b nh hng bi u phn p.

V. Bo v qu kch thch, chc nng kho bo v khi xut hin sng hi bc 5

Bo v qu kch thch c hai cp tc ng: cnh bo v tc ng ct khi my bin p b qu kch thch trong thi gian di. C th chn mt trong hai loi c tnh thigian c lp hoc ph thuc ty vo yu cu thc t. Chc nng kho sng hi bc 5 dng trnh bo v so lch ngng thp tc ng khi MBA b qu kch thch thong qua. Tn hiu cung cp cho bo v qu kch thch c ly t tn hiu p pha ngun ca MBA. Tn hiu cung cp cho chc nng kho sng hi bc 5 c cung cp t dng sng dng so lch ca mi pha.

VI. Chc nng logic

C 8 u vo tn hiu cch ly quang (Aux0 - Aux7) dng kt ni cc tn hiu do cc bo v bn ngoi cung cp (nh tn hiu cnh bo rle hi Buchholz, rle nhit...). Khi rle ng vai tr nh mt rle trung gian bo ng hoc tc ng ct MBA theo hot ng ca cc bo v bn ngoi.

VII. iu khin thay i u phn p

Rle KBCH cung cp chc nng thay i u phn p bng tay t xa.

185

VIII. S ni dy rle KBCH 130 bo v cho MBA 3 cun dy

186

69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 21 22 23 24 25 26 78 79 80 81 82 83

I0

I0

27 84 29 WD 4 6 3 WD 5 30 32 34 36 17 18 46 48 50 52 38 40 42 44 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 1 57 54 56 7 8

I0

C
Nguon nuoi AC/DC + -

Rle tot Rle s co

13

14

a b

Tn hieu cat

Tang PA Gim PA Cnh bao Tn hieu cat

Cac au vao tn hieu cach ly quang

45 47 49 50 53 55

+ -

ien ap nuoi au vao cach ly quang

Hnh 5.5: S ni dy KBCH130 bo v MBA 3 cun dy

187

D. RLE KHONG CCH MICOM P44X

I. gii thiu chung v rle khong cch s micom p44x
Cc rle khong cch MICOM l loi sn phm ca h thng bo v v iu khin ca ALSTOM T&D. y l mt trong nhng loi rle k thut s c ng dng cc cng ngh hin i nht hin nay. Chng c th cung cp cc kh nng bo v ton din cho cc ng c, my pht, cc xut tuyn Z trn khng, mng in cp, Z c b dc... Nh vy, cc rle khong cch s MICOM P441, P442 v P444 hon ton c th p ng c cc yu cu bo v cho tt c cc TBA truyn ti v phn phi bt k cp in p no trong h thng in. Cc rle khong s MICOM c tch hp hon ho c phn cng v phn mm, cho php x l mm do, chnh xc cc tnh hung s c gn, xa, s c chng cho. MICOM c mt th vin vi y cc s logic ng dng cng nh cc s logic kh trnh, kt hp vi kh nng o lng, thu thp - x l nhanh cc tnh hung xy ra trong h thng v a ra cc phng thc x l hp l cho tng loi s c. c bit l nh cc thut ton d tm chun on tin tin m rle khong cch s MICOM c th phn on c cc tnh hung s c trc khi n thc s xy ra v hin th cc cnh bo khng nhng v cc ch s o lng m c cc dng sng v th vct ca chng thng qua cc cng truyn thng s hin i. Ngoi phn mm ci t cho rle, MICOM cn c phn mm m phng vi giao din ging thc t vi cc ca s Window phn lp a nng, ng thi c th lp trnh v kt ni trc tip vi cc rle thu thp - truy xut cc d liu thng qua h thng modem. Do c th dng phn mm ny phc v cho cng tc o to, hun luyn ci t rle khong cch. Ngoi chc nng chnh l bo v khong cch, MICOM P441, P442 v P444 cn cung cp chc nng bo v khc nh chc nng: qu dng (50/51), qu dng chng chm t (50/51N), qu in p (59), in p gim (27), TL (79), t chi ct (51BF), chng dao ng cng sut (78), chng ng in vo im s c (50/27), kim tra ng b (25)... I.1. Cu hnh chung ca rle khong cch s MICOM: Hnh dng bn ngoi ca mt rle MICOM P441 nh hnh 5.6. Trong : (1): mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD) c th hin th 16 k t di hai hng. (2): bn n led c nh. (3): tm n LED hin th vng kh Hnh 5.6: Hnh dng bn ngoi ca trnh.
rle MICOM P441

(4): h thng cc phm chc nng. (5): phm chc nng c, xo cc k t v hin th thi gian. (6): v bc v k hiu sn phm. (7): tm che chn bo v cc u kt ni cng truyn thng. (8): phn u kp ch.

188

Ngoi cu hnh chung nh trn, cc rle khong cch s MICOM h P44X cn c cc c im ring nh sau: P441: c 8 u vo logic cung cp cho mn hnh hin th v cc chc nng khc, 16 u ra truyn tn hiu ct my ct, hin th thi gian, truyn thng xa v cc chc nng khc. P442: c 16 u vo logic v 21 u ra s, ng h ng b thi gian thc, cc u ni truyn thng vi cp quang. P444: c 24 u vo logic s v 32 u ra, ng h ng b thi gian thc, cc u ni truyn thng vi cp quang. Thi gian tc ng nhanh nht ca rle khong cch s MICOM c th t c khong 18 msec. Rle khong cch MICOM c hai loi cng truyn thng l: cng truyn thng ni b (local communication port) v cng truyn thng t xa (remote communication port). Cng truyn thng ni b: gm cc mch giao tip tun t c thit k s dng kt ni trc tip vi my tnh thu thp cc d liu hay ti cc chng trnh, cc s logic, cc thng s ci t khi s dng phn mm m phng S1 hoc kt ni gia cc rle vi nhau. Cng truyn thng t xa c s dng kt ni vi cc thit b truyn tin trao i cc thng tin gia trung tm iu khin vi rle, hoc truyn tn hiu ct lin ng gia hai rle hai u Z... Nh cc cng truyn thng t xa m ngi ta c th xy dng cc TBA vn hnh hon ton t ng khng cn ngi trc, t c th nng cao tnh t ng ho, kh nng ng b, tin cy cng nh cht lng in nng trong h thng in.

I.2. Cc li ch ca vic s dng rle khong cch s MICOM:

Rle khong cch s MICOM P441, P442 v P444 c th loi tr mi s c mt cch nhanh chng l nh vo vic ng dng kt hp gia tc x l ca phn cng vi nhng gii thut ti u ca phn mm, lm cho bo v tc ng c tnh chn lc v tin cy rt cao. Khng nhng th, rle khong cch s MICOM cn c tch hp rt nhiu cc mun c nhiu chc nng khc nhau nhng rt gn nh, iu ny lm cho MICOM tr thnh mt bo v a nng m khng phi bo v no cng c c nh: Tiu chun ho cc cc rle cho tt c cc ng dng. n gin ho cc ph tng vi cc u vo ca bin dng (TI) v bin in p (TU). Khng cn thit phi c thm cc bo v b sung nh: bo v qu dng (50/51), qu dng chm t (50/51N), bo v in p (59/27), TL (79), kim tra ng b (25), bo v chng dao ng cng sut (78), chng ng in vo im s c (50/27), s c my ct (50BF), cc thit b t ng ghi li trng thi s c, cc thit b o lng... Chun on li nhanh chng vi cc thng tin li, nht k s kin v cc thng k li. Cung cp kh nng bo v ti u v kh nng t kim tra bn thn phn cng, phn mm nh b gim st h thng. N c th kim tra tnh trng ca TU, TI, my ct... Tng cng tin cy cho bo v nh s dng hai k thut o khc nhau. Thi gian x l v thao tc rt nhanh, c th t n 10 msec cho chc nng qu dng v 18 msec cho chc nng khong cch. Mt h thng th vin vi y cc s logic ng dng cng nh cc s logic kh trnh. Cc cng vo/ra s tc cao, c bit l cc cng ni trc tip vi h thng cp quang thng qua cc u ghp ni m khng cn b m. Cc chng trnh m phng a dng, d x dng chy trn mi trng Window cho php hun luyn cc thao tc ci t trn m hnh cng nh cng c th kt ni giao tip trao i thng tin vi rle.

189

II. cc ng dng ca rle khong cch s Micom h P44x

II.1. Chc nng bo v khong cch:
y l chc nng bo v chnh ca rle khong cch s MICOM. N gm mt h thng d tm s c, mt h thng o khong cch v mt h thng xc nh hng cng sut (dng in) s c. Chc nng chnh ca bo v khong cch gm hai phn: bo v khong cch cho s c pha (21P) v bo v khong cch cho s c chm t (21G). II.1.1. Bo v khong cch cho s c pha: Rle khong cch s MICOM P441, P442 v P444 c 5 vng bo v cho s c pha v c ch ra trong c tuyn tng tr t gic c trng hnh 5.8.

Hnh 5.7: S bo v Z ca rle khong cch s MICOM

N c th bo v c tt c cc s c pha xy ra trong vng tc ng ca t gic c trng v c nh hng nh sau: Vng 1, 2 ,3 l vng tc ng theo hng thun, c dng nh mt bo v khong cch ba cp thng thng, ch rng vng 1 c th m rng n vng 1X (vng 1 m rng Zone 1X) khi cn thit. Vng P (Zone P) l vng kh trnh. C th chn theo vng hng thun hoc hng ngc. Vng 4 l vng hng ngc.

190

II.1.2. Bo v khong cch cho s c chm t: Hnh 5.8: T gic c trng Hnh 5.9: T gic c trng cho cho s c pha s c chm t MICOM cung cp 5 vng bo v cho s c chm t c th hin trong mch vng tng tr t gic c trng hnh 5.9. S c th bo v c tt c cc s c chm t xy ra trong vng bo v v cng c xem nh mt phn ca cc s c pha. i vi s c chm t, dng in d bt ngun t tng vct dng in u vo (Ia + Ib + Ic) c gi tng chy qua mch vng s c pha - t. V vy, mch vng s c ca bt k vng no cng phi c m rng h s nhn (1+kZ0) so snh vi thnh phn th t thun cho ph hp vi s c pha. KZ0 c gi l h s dng in d v c xc nh nh sau: kZ 0 = (Z 0 Z1 ) / 3.Z1
kZ 0 = (Z 0 Z1 ) / 3.Z1 () Trong : Z1: tng tr th t thun ca Z. Z0: tng tr th t khng ca Z.

II.1.3. Tnh ton ci t cc vng cho rle khong cch s MICOM: Mi vng khong cch c th c kch hot hoc khng s dng, ngha l chc nng ca vng c th c kt ni tham gia bo v hoc A B C khng c la chn. kch hot mt vng no th gi tr trong chn vng phi c chn l bit 1, cn bit 0 nu Hnh 5.10 khng dng vng . Ch rng vng 1 khong cch lun c kch hot. Tt c cc gi tr ci t vng u c tnh ton trong h ta cc Z 0 . Trong Z c tnh bng n v Ohm () v 0 ().

191

Vng 1: Ca bo v khong cch nn c ci t sao cho c th bao ph c cng nhiu phn ng dy c bo v m cho php ct tc thi c chn lc vi tt c cc s c xy ra trong vng ny. Tng tr t vng 1 thng c xc nh bng khong (80 85)% tng tr ca on Z m n lm bo v chnh. i vi rle khong cch s MICOM, gi tr tng tr t vng 1 c xc nh theo cng thc:
(I Z s) = 0,8.Z AB ( )

(4-80a)

N ct (4-80b) ( ) N vt Vi: Nct, Nvt ln lt l t s bin ca bin dng v bin in p. Vng 1 khong cch l vng tc ng chn lc tuyt i nn thi gian t vng 1 c th chn bng 0 (sec). Vng 2: Gi tr tng tr t vng 2 nn ci t sao cho c th bao ph 20% on cui Z cn li khng c bao ph bi vng 1 v ton b phn thanh gp trm lin k m khi ngn mch ti , bo v khong cch trm ny khng th tc ng. Thng thng n gin, ngi ta c th ly gi tr t ca vng 2 khong 120% gi tr tng tr ca on ng dy c bo v. c th ct nhanh mi s c xy ra trong vng 2, c th dng cc s ct lin ng v khi vng 2 c th c m rng cng ln cng tt. Tuy nhin vng 2 khng c vt ra ngoi vng 1 ca bo v khong cch on Z lin k, iu ny l cn thit c th m bo c s phi hp c chn lc vi thi gian vng 2 ca bo v ca bo v lin k. y chnh l l do m vng 2 bo v khong cch nn ci t bao ph di 50% tng tr on Z ngn nht ca on Z lin k. Gi tr tng tr vng 2 c th tnh theo cng thc:
(I ) Z ( I ) = Z s . th
( II Z s ) = Z AB + 0,3.Z BC ( )

(4-81a)

N ct (4-81b) ( ) N vt Thi gian t vng 2 ca bo v c phi hp vi thi gian ct ca vng 1 Z lin k. Thi gian tr nh nht ca vng 2 c th ly bng 200 msec. Thi gian ny phi c iu chnh khi yu cu phi phn cp vi vng 2 ca bo v khc hoc phi hp bo v d phng cho bo v ca on lin k. Thng thng thi gian t cp 2 ca cc bo v khong cch t ti cc TBA A,B,C l nh nhau v c xc nh theo cng thc:
( II Z ( II ) = Z s ) . th

I t II = t ( n + 1) + t n

(4-82)

Trong : I t ( n +1) : thi gian t cp 1 ca bo v on lin k cn phi hp. t: bc chn la thi gian, thng t = 0,5 sec. * Vng 3: Thng c dng lm nhim v bo v d tr cho vng 1, vng 2 v bo v khong cch ca on Z lin k, trn thc t n gin ngi ta thng tnh gi tr tng tr t vng 3 ca bo v khong cch bao trm 120% tng tr ca Z di nht lin k. iu ny cho php rle khong cch t ti TBA A c th ct c cc ngn mch trn Z lin k khi ton b cc bo v ca on ny khng lm vic. Tng tr t vng 3 c xc nh theo cng thc: III (4-83a) Z s = (Z AB + Z BC ).1,2 III N (4-84b) Z III = Z s . ct ( ) th N vt Thi gian t vng 3 c phi hp vi thi gian t vng 2 ca bo v on lin k. Thi gian tc ng nh nht vng 3 ca rle khong cch MICOM c th t n 400 msec

192

Vng P: L vng kh trnh, vic tnh ton ci t cho vng P ph thuc vo cc ng dng c th ca n. Cc ng dng vng P y c th s dng nh mt bo v d phng hng ngc cho thanh ci v MBA, cng c th s dng vng P hng thun tng s vng ca bo v. Vng P cng c th hu ch cho cc trng hp tng h trong bo v Z kp. Vng 4: L vng hng ngc, thng c s dng lm bo v cho thanh ci TBA. Khi tng tr vng 4 c th ci t n 25% tng tr vng 1ca rle pha hng ngc cho Z ngn (<30 Km) hoc 10% tng tr vng 1 cho Z di. Phng php ci t tng tr vng 4 cng c th c xem xt khi yu cu v mt an ton trnh ng in vo im s c khi dng TL. Vit Nam, vng 4 thng ch c s dng thu thp d liu s c phc v cho cng tc iu . Thi gian t vng 4 cn phi phi hp vi thi gian ca tt c cc bo v on Z lin k trong vng hng ngc ca rle. Ngoi ra, vi rle khong cch s MICOM chng ta cn phi tnh ton cc gi tr in tr cho s c pha v s c chm t. Tnh ton gi tr in tr t cho s c pha: Cc gi tr in tr ny c th hin trn c tuyn tng tr t gic hnh 5.8, cc gi tr in tr ny (Rph) c ci t c lp vi tng tr ca Z c bo v. Rph c nh ngha l phn in tr s c ln nht thm vo tng tr Z vng khong cch s ct, khng ph thuc vo v tr ca vng s c. in tr vng pha bn phi v bn tri trong c tuyn tng tr c trng c biu th bi +Rph v -Rph. Khi ci t rle, gi tr Rph phi bao ph cc i in tr s c pha-pha. Mt cch tng qut, gi tr in tr ny phi c ci t ln hn gi tr in tr h quang ln nht do s c pha-pha gy ra, in tr h quang (Rarc) c tnh theo cng thc Van Warrington: 28700D . () (4-85) R hq = I 1,4 f

R ph R hq

(4-86)

Trong : D: khong cch ng tr gia cc pha (m), vi Z ba pha trn khng gi tr D c th c xc nh:
D = 3 D AB .D AC .D BC (m) vi DAB, DAC, DBC l khong cch gia cc pha AB,AC,BC. Bng di y cho cc gi tr in tr Rhq tng ng vi dng s c nh nht i vi cc s c pha-pha tng ng vi cc cp in p khc nhau:
B

Khong cch cch in (m) 2 5 8

in p h thng (kV) 33 110 220

If = 1 kA 3,6 () 9,1 () 14,5 ()

If = 5 kA 0,4 () 1,0 () 1,5 ()

If = 10 kA 0,2 () 0,4 () 0,6 ()

If:dng ngn mch nh nht khi xy ra s c pha-pha. Tnh ton gi tr in tr t cho s c chm t: in tr ci t ca rle cho s c chm t (RG) nn tho mn cc yu cu i hi ca in tr s c, nhng trnh thao tc khi tr khng ti l nh nht. in tr s c bao gm in tr h quang v in tr c nh. Ngoi ra, tt nht in tr bt k vng no ca rle, thng thng khng nn ln hn 10 ln in tr mch vng t. Ni chung gi tr in tr ny nn ly khong 40 tnh theo pha s cp h thng. i vi trng hp in tr chm t ln, tnh hung ny c th xut hin ni khng c phn t khong cch no c th tc ng. Trong trng hp ny phi s dng cc thit b bo v s c chm t b sung.

193

II.2. Cc s bo v khong cch:

II.2.1. Cc s c bn ca rle khong cch s MICOM: Cc s bo v khong cch c bn ph hp cho cc ng dng m khng i hi s dng knh tin. Mt cch tng qut, vng 1 v 2 cung cp chc nng bo v chnh nh trong hnh 5.11 cn vng 3 ng vai tr bo v d phng.

Hnh 5.11: Bo v chnh trong s c bn

Trn hnh 5.12 trnh by s ct logic c bn ca rle khong cch s MICOM. Ch rng, vi rle khong cch s P441, P442 v P444, cc b thi gian vng t tZ1 n tZ4 hot ng c lp nhau v cng bt u tnh thi gian k t khi s c c tm thy. iu ny gii thch ti sao chng c a vo song song nhau trong s logic.

Hnh 5.12: S ct logic c bn

' Cc du nhy s dng trong s (v d Z1 ) ch ra rng cc vng bo v c lm n nh trnh tc ng xu ca dng t ho my bin p. Phng php c s dng t c tin cy v kh nng d tm thnh phn sng hi bc hai. S c bn hp nht cc cc c tnh sau: Vng 1 cho php ct tc thi, cng c th chn thi gian tr t (0 10) sec. Thi gian ct tr vng 2, 3, 4 v P cng c th ci t t (0 10) sec. S khong cch c bn trn thng thch hp cho cc Z n hoc kp c mt ngun hay hai ngun cung cp. Hn ch ca s c bn ny l khi xy ra s c cui Z (khong 20% chiu di on cui Z bo v), thi gian ct s c tng ln

194

n thi gian ct vng 2. Thi gian ny c th c ci thin nu s dng s vng 1 m rng. II.2.2. S vng 1 m rng: S vng 1 m rng (zone 1 extension) c th ng dng cho cc xut tuyn hnh tia cung cp bo v tc cao cho ton b on Z c bo v. Trn hnh 5.13 trnh by tng tr vng 1 m rng so vi vng 1. Trong vng ny vng 1X c kch hot v ci t n phn vt vng ca Z c bo v. Vng 1X thng c s dng kt hp vi TL c th ct nhanh cc s c v nng cao tin cy cung cp in ca h thng in.

Hnh 5.13: S vng 1 m rng

II.3. Cc s ct lin ng:

Cc s khong cch s dng truyn ct tn hiu cho php c th c chn la bi cc s tiu chun sau: Cc s truyn ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php (PUTT): s PUP Z2 (Permission underreaching protection Zone 2) v PUP Fwd (Fwd: Forward fault detection). Cc s truyn ct lin ng do phn t vt tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php: s POP Z2 v POP Z1. S logic ngun yu do phn t vt vng truyn tn hiu cho php. S logic gii kho. S kho BOP Z2 (Blocking overreaching protection zone Z2) v BOP Z1. S logic o dng. II.3.1 S ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php (PUTT):s PUP Z2: cung cp kh nng loi tr mt cch nhanh nht tt c cc s c, c s c thong qua v s c duy tr dc theo chiu di ca mch ng dy c bo v cn phi s dng s truyn tn hiu cho php. Trong s lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php l s n gin nht c tch hp trong rle khong cch s P441, P442 v P444 ca ALSTOM. Knh truyn cho s PUP s dng tn hiu cho php do phn t ni tuyn pht ra. Trn hnh 5.14 trnh by s vng 1, vng 2 v trn hnh 5.15 trnh by s logic ct lin ng. Nguyn l lm vic ca s nh sau: Gi s khi ngn mch xy ra ti N1, im ngn mch ny thuc vng 2 ca bo v khong cch t ti A v thuc vng 1 ca bo v khong cch t ti B. Bo v khong cch ti B s tc ng ct my ct ti B ng thi gi tn hiu cho php n b phn thu tn hiu bo v A, b d tm s c ti A cng pht hin ra s c v ct my ct ti A, thi gian loi tr hon ton s c ny nh hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian t vng 2. Nh vy s c s c loi tr vi thi gian

195

nhanh nht c th, thi gian ny ph thuc vo thi gian truyn tn hiu lin ng gia hai bo v t hai u Z v thi gian tr ca bo v cng vi thi gian tr ca my ct.

Hnh 5.14: S phi hp vng 1 v vng 2 u im ca s loi ny l: Ch s dng knh truyn truyn tn hiu n cng nn chi ph cho knh truyn tng i thp. S cho php ct vi tin cy tng i cao vi cc s c trong vng bo v. Thi gian loi tr s c cui Z (khong 20% chiu di on cui Z ) kh nhanh.

Tuy nhin, nu ngn mch c dng tng i b m b d tm s c pha b A khng pht hin c hoc knh truyn tin b s c th bo v pha A (hnh 5.15) cng s khng tc ng.
Hnh 5.15: S logic ct lin ng PUP Z2

II.3.2 S ct lin ng do phn t vt tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php (POTT) POP Z2: y l dng s bin th th hai ca h rle P44X, s ny c mt s tnh cht v yu cu sau: S i hi dng knh truyn tin kiu song cng ngn nga rle c th tc ng nhm.

196

S POP Z2 thng c s dng tt hn i vi Z c chiu di ngn m gi tr in tr s c bin ng mnh v vng 2 bao ph ln hn vng 1. Logic dng in o ngc c s dng ngn nga ct sai Z c bo v do tc cao ca dng in ngc xut hin khi s c m mt nhnh ca mch Z kp va c ct ra.

Hnh 5.16: S logic POP Z2

Nu knh tin b s c, khi s bo v khong cch c bn s tc ng. Hnh 5.16 trnh by hnh thc n gin ca s logic. S POP Z2 cng c th c s dng cho vng 4 hng ngc ca rle nh mt b d tm s c hng ngc. iu ny c dng trong logic dng in o v trong c tnh phn hi ngun yu. II.3.4. S kho lin ng vi vng 2: Khc vi s dng tn hiu cho php, loi s ny dng tn hiu kho truyn n b phn thu tn hiu ca rle pha i din khi pht hin s c vng ngc (vng 4 hng ngc), iu ny s cho php ct nhanh cc s c cui Z. S c cc c im sau: S kho lin ng ch yu cu knh truyn tn hiu n cng nn chi ph cho knh truyn s gim i. Vng 4 hng ngc c s dng gi tn hiu kho n rle pha i din trnh ct nhm. Khi knh truyn n cng c s dng, s BOP c th d dng ng dng cc thit b u cui. S d dng s dng h thng ti ba (PLC) truyn tn hiu kho. C th ct nhanh chng cc ngun cng sut ln pha cui Z.

Hnh 5.17: Bo v chnh trong s BOP Z2

197

Hnh 5.18: S khi logic BOP Z2

Nu knh truyn b s c th rle khong cch s lm vic nh mt bo v khong cch thng thng.

III. Tnh ton thng s ci t rle khong cch micom cho xut tuyn 220kv nng-hu (tba 500kv nngtba 220kv hu)
III.1. Cc s liu h thng:
Chiu di on ng dy (line length): nng - Hu: l = 97,72 Km. Hu - ng hi: l = 170 Km. Tng tr ng dy nng - Hu - ng hi (line impendances): Tng tr th t thun (Positive sequence impendance):
Z1 = 0,252800 (/Km). Tng tr th t khng (zero sequence impendance):
Z 0 = 0,877820 (/Km). Tng tr MBATN AT4 ti TBA 220 HU:

Z B = 0,5 + 48,6 = 48,6025 7,90 (). T s bin dng in (current transformer ratio): Nct = 1200/1 (A) T s bin dng in (voltage transformer ratio): Nvt = 220000/110 (V)

198

III.2. Cc gi thit ban u:

Trong thc t khng phi lc no ngi ta cng s dng tt c cc vng ca rle khong cch s bo v m vic ci t vng no tc ng v vng no b kho cn ph thuc vo tng trng hp c th nh: v tr ca bo v trong h thng, mc bin ng ca ph ti, cng sut ca h thng..., thng thng Vit Nam cc rle khong cch s c s dng nh mt bo v khong cch ba cp. Ngha l: vng 1, vng 2, vng 3 c ci t thc hin cc chc nng bo v cn cn vng 4, vng P thng c s dng thu thp cc thng s bin ng ca h thng phc v cho cng tc iu . Trn tnh thn , y chng ta gi thit rng vng 1 m rng (zone 1 extension), vng kh trnh P (zone programmable), vng 4 khng s dng v ch s dng ba vng hng thun. Cc gi tr ci t cho rle khong cch s MICOM c tnh ton qui i v gi tr s cp. Gc pha Z ci t cho rle t -900 n +900, bc nhy l 10.

III.3. Tnh ton chi tit:

III.3.1. Gi tr tng tr ton b ng dy tnh gi tr s cp: on nng - Hu:
Z1s = 0,252800.97.72 = 24,62800
= 4,275+ 24,244 (). on Hu - ng hi:

Z1s = 0,252800.170 = 42,84800 ().

III.3.2. Cc gi ti ci t pha vng 1: Vng 1 c yu cu phi bo v khong 85% chiu di ng dy gia TBA 500 kV NNG v TBA 220 kV HU.
Z s = 0,85.24,62800 = 20,927 800 () Gi tr t vng 1: 20,927 (). Gc pha: 80 ().

III.3.3. Cc gi tr ci t pha vng 2: Vng 2 yu cu phi bo v c khong 20% on ng dy cn li m vng 1 khng vi ti v phi bao trm hon ton thanh ci TBA 220 kV HU cng vi khong 30% chiu di on Z Hu - ng hi.
Z s = 24,62800 + 0,3.42,84800

= 37,477 800 () Gi tr t thc s ca cng 2: 37,477 (). Gc pha: 80 ().

III.3.4. Cc gi tr t vng 3: Vng 3 y yu cu ngoi bo v d tr cho vng 1, vng 2 ca bo v khong cch t ti TBA 500 kV NNG cn bo v d tr cho bo v khong cch ti TBA 220 kV Hu. Gi tr tng tr t vng 3 c xc nh bng 120% chiu di Z nng - Hu - ng hi.

199

Z s = ( 24,62800 + 42,84800 ).1,2

= 4,775+ j72,846 = 7386,265 () Gi tr t thc s vng 3: 73 (). Gc pha: 87 ().

200

Bng cc m s ca rle
2 3 4 21 24 25 26W 26Q 27 30 32 32P 32Q 33 40 46 47 50 50/87 50BF 50G 50F 51 51N 51P 52 52a 52b 55 59 63 64 64R 64G 67 74 79 81 84 86 87 87B 87G 87L 87M 87T 90 96B Phn t thi gian Chc nng kim tra hoc kho lin ng Contactor chnh Bo v khong cch Chc nng qu kch t Chc nng kim tra ng b Rle bo v qu nhit cun dy mba rle nhit du Bo v in p gim Rle tn hiu Chc nng nh hng cng sut Chc nng dao ng in Chc nng nh hng cng sut th t nghch Rle mc du ti mba Chc nng bo v mt t trng Rle dng cn bng pha Chc nng thiu p th t thun Bo v qu dng ct nhanh Bo v so lch ct nhanh Chc nng t chi ct (s c my ct) Bo v qu dng chm t tc thi Chc nng bo v ng in vo im s c Bo v qu dng c thi gian Bo v qu dng chm t c thi gian Bo v qu dng pha c thi gian My ct (MC) Tip im ph thng m ca MC Tip im ph thng ng ca MC Rle h s cng sut Chc nng in p cc i Bo v p sut tng cao trong mba Bo v chng chm t c nhy cao Bo v chng chm t c nhy cao cho cun dy rotor Bo v chng chm t c nhy cao cho cun dy stator Bo v qu dng c hng Rle kim tra cun ct MC T ng ng tr li (TL) Rle tn s B iu p MBA Rle kho trung gian Bo v so lch Bo v so lch thanh ci Bo v so lch my pht Bo v so lch Z Bo v so lch ng c Bo v so lch MBA Chc nng t ng iu chnh in p Rle kh Buchholz