LVTN - TK Cung Cap Dien Cho Cao Oc

LVTN: Thit K Cung Cp in cho Cao c 10 tng
Chng 1
TNG QUAN
1.1 Tng quan v cung cp in
Ngy nay, trong s pht trin kinh t khoa hc k thut v vn ha x hi ca
th gii khng th khng k ti vai tr ca ngnh cng nghip in. y l mt ngnh
cng nghip cung cp ngun nng lng ch yu cho s pht trin v tin b ca tt c
cc nc trn th gii. Vit Nam, vi cng cuc cng nghip ha, hin i ha ngy
cng cao th ngnh cng nghip in cng th hin r vai tr then cht ca n.
H thng cung cp in l h thng truyn ti v phn phi in nng, lm
nhim v cung cp in cho mt khu vc nht nh. Ngun ca h thng ny ly t h
thng in quc gia v thng dng cp in p t trung bnh tr xung. Khi xy dng
khu dn c, nh my, chung c trc tin ta phi xy dng h thng cung cp in
cung cp in nng cho my mc v nhu cu sinh hot ca con ngi.
Qu trnh thit k cung cp in bao gm s gia cng s liu thng tin v biu
din chng, ngha l bao gm nh hng ca con ngi ln i tng thit k thng
qua cc phng tin thit k. Qu trnh thit k c th chia thnh cc giai on sau:
Tm hiu vai tr, chc nng ca cc phn t tiu th in xc nh
tin cy cp in. Phn tch cc phn t ny theo cng sut, in p, mi
tng quan theo cng ngh sn xut, v tri cc nhm thit b, phng n
cp in.
nh gi tnh kinh t- k thut ca cc phng n xc nh li gii ti
u.
Xc nh cc thng s k thut ca cc phn t trong li thit k.
Cc tnh ton kinh t- k thut.
Kim tra tnh ng n v cht lng ca mng thit k.
GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Th Hong Lin SVTH: Hunh Ngc Tun 1
Hin nay, nc ta xut hin ngy cng nhiu cc chung c, nh cao tng dng
lm khch sn, vn phng hay cc trung tm thng mi... Cc ta nh ny c thit
k v thi cng theo cc k thut tin tin, p ng c nhu cu ngy cng phong ph
ca ngi s dng.
H thng in trong cc nh cao tng thng c cc c im sau:
Ph ti phong ph, a dng ( in p, cng sut, pha), tp trung trong
khng gian hp.
C cc h thng cp ngun d phng ( my pht, c quy).
Yu cu phong ph v ch lm vic v an ton cao cho ngi s dng,
ng thi phi p ng tnh m thut trong kin trc xy dng.
1.2 Thit k cung cp in cho Cao c 10 tng
1.2.1 Gii thiu chung v cng trnh
Cng trnh Cao c 10 tng vi din tch mt bng tng th 7000m
2
bao gm:
Phn din tch xy dng: 1400m
2
Phn khun vin: 5600m
2
S mt bng ca cao c:
Mt bng tng trt gm: snh chnh, phng tip khch, phng n, khu gii
kht, khu nh bp, phng ngh nhn vin, v khu v sinh.
Mt bng tng 1 gm: phng hp, phng lm vic, phng gim c v cc
phng khc, khu gii kht, khu cu thang v hnh lang.
Mt bng tng 27 gm: vn phng 1, 2, 3, 4, khu cu thang hnh lang,
v khu v sinh.
Mt bng tng hm gm: phng x l nc thi, phng in my, nh bo
v.
Sn thng gm: phng my thang my, cafe sn thng, khu vc cc
bn cha nc.
1.2.2 Nhim v thit k
Thit k chiu sng bng phn mm Dialux cho cc phng chuyn dng.
Thit k h thng in cho cao c.
An ton in v thit k chng st.
Chuyn .
1.2.3 Cc bc thit k
Trnh by tng quan v cao c.
Tm hiu phn mm Dialux.
Thit k chiu sng bng Dialux.
Phn pha v tnh ton cng sut .
Tnh ph ti tnh ton tng tng v t phn phi chnh.
Chn my bin p, my pht v tnh b.
Chn dy, CB, v s nguyn l.
Tnh st p v ngn mch.
An ton in.
Thit k chng st.
1.2.4 Yu cu thit k
tin cy v an ton cung cp in cao.
Vn u t, chi ph vn hnh hng nm thp.
Thun tin cho vn hnh v sa cha.
1.3 Phng n phn phi h thng in
1.3.1 Ngun t in lc
Cao c c cp in bi trm bin p ring t h thng trung th 22KV ca
li in quc gia. Thng s ca my bin p s c tnh ton c th phn sau.
1.3.2 Ngun t my pht
Ta s dng my pht in d phng nhm m bo tnh cung cp in lin tc
cho cng trnh trong trng hp xy ra s c mt in.
My pht d phng c b tr mt bng tng th. Trong trng hp s c
mt in xy ra, my s t ng vo cung cp cho cng trnh. Khi li in tr li
hot ng bnh thng th my s t ngt ra v tr h thng v li nh ban u.
1.3.3 Chn phng n cung cp in cho cng trnh
Chn s phn phi dng hnh tia. Dng ny c nhng u im sau:
Ch c mt nhnh c lp khi c s c nhnh .
Vic xc nh s c n gin.
Khi bo tr hay m rng h thng th cc phn cn li vn hot ng bnh
thng.
Kch thc dy dn c th chn ph hp vi mc dng gim dn n cui
mch.
Khuyt im: khi s c xy ra mt trong cc ng cp t t in chnh
s ct in ton b cc nhnh pha sau t.
1.3.4 Phng n i dy ng lc v dy phn phi
T thanh ci my bin p, cp in i ngm n t in chnh t trong phng
in my tng hm. T t in chnh:
Tuyn cp i ngm n TPTC. T TPTC cc tuyn cp i n h thng
bm nc, bm PCCC, thang my.
Tuyn cp n t HTL, cung cp in cho h thng lnh.
Cc tuyn cp cp in cho cc tng theo ng ln cp in cho cc t in
tng.
Dy in lun trong ng PVC t t in tng i ngm trong trn, tng
n cc t ring cho tng phng.
V kim loi ca cc thit b in v cc tip t ca cc cm c ni
vo mch tip t.
Cc mi ni dy c thc hin ti hp ni, hp n, t in. Khng c
ni dy trong ng.
T in t cao cch sn 1,6m. Cng tc CB t cao cch sn 1,35m.
cm t cao cch sn 0,3m (tr bp l 0,8m v nh v sinh l 1,5m).
Chng 2
THIT K CHIU SNG
2.1 Gii thiu chung v chiu sng cho cng trnh
2.1.1 K thut chiu sng
Trong sn xut v i sng x hi, nh sng l mt trong nhng yu t quan
trng khng th thiu c.
K thut chiu sng l khoa hc nghin cu s sinh ra, phn b v lan truyn
trong khng gian ca cc bc x in t trong dy quang ph. L tp hp cc phng
php cho php p ng yu cu v cht lng cng nh v s lng nh sng phn b
sao cho ph hp vi tng nhu cu s dng.
2.1.2 Nguyn tc khi chiu sng
Khi thit k h thng chiu sng phi m bo v cht lng chiu sng, an
ton, d vn hnh v tit kim v kinh t.
Thng thng khi thit k h thng chiu sng nhn to ngi ta da trn hai
phng php c tiu chun ha sau:
Phng php gin tip: quy dnh cc c tnh ca h thng, s phn b
theo thi gian v ph (cc c tnh quang: ri, huy ) xc nh
hiu sut ca h thng chiu sng.
Phng php trc tip: quy nh cc i lng trc tip xc nh hiu sut
ca h thng chiu sng (hiu sut lao ng, kh nng nhn, sng).
Cc yu cu i vi h thng chiu sng:
Cc vt c chiu sng phi c huy va pht hin v phn bit.
m bo khng c s khc bit ln gia huy b mt lm vic v khng
gian chung quanh.
ri trn b mt lm vic khng thay i theo thi gian.
Khng xut hin r cc vt ti trn b mt lm vic.
m bo cho cng vic hot ng lin tc v an ton, ta phi chiu sng lm
vic v chiu sng s c:
Chiu sng lm vic: dng m bo cc hot ng, lm vic bnh
thng ca con ngi, khi khng c hoc c nh sng t nhin.
Chiu sng s c: cho php vn tip tc lm vic trong mt thi gian
hoc an ton cho con ngi i ra khi ni s c khi chiu sng lm vic b
h hng.
2.1.3 Cc khi nim v i lng c bn
A. Quang thng (lm)
L thng lng bc x hu ch trong h nh sng (lng nh sng pht ra trong
mt n v thi gian ca cc ngun sng). n v quang thng l Lumen (lm).
Quang thng ca mt bc x phc tp c tnh theo cng thc:
( ) ( ) 683 . .
e
d
Trong : ( )
: nhy cm ph tng i.
( )
e

: Mt thng lng bc x.
B. Quang hiu ca ngun sng H (lm/w)
Cn gi l hiu sut pht sng, c xc nh bng t s quang thng pht ra
trn cng sut ca ngun sng.
Cng thc: H =
Trong : : quang thng pht ra (lm)

P : cng sut ca ngun sng (W)
C. Cng sng I (cd)
Cng sng l mt phn phi quang thng trong khng gian. Cng
sng cho bit mc sng v mt hng no . n v cng sng l Candela
(cd).
Cng thc: I =
d
d
Trong : d : vi phn quang thng (lm)

d : vi phn gc khi (rad)
D. ri E ( lx)
ri l mt quang thng rt trn b mt chiu sng. n v ca ri l
lux (lx)
Cng thc: E =
d
d
Trong : d : vi phn quang thng (lm)

d : vi phn din tch (m
2
)
o ri ngi ta dng lux k.
Khi la chn ri cn ch :
chnh xc ca cng vic v h s phn x ca b mt lm vic.
S ko di cng thng trong thi gian lm vic.
c tnh cht lng ca chiu sng.
Cc thng s k thut ca h chiu sng.
Cc yu cu v v sinh.
Cc yu cu an ton lao ng.
E. Huy L (cd/m2)
Cn gi l chi, c trng cho cm th th gic ca mt ngi. Huy theo
mt phng cho trc ca ngun sng c tnh bng t s cng nh sng theo
hng
trn din tch biu kin ca ngun sng.

Cng thc: L
=
d
d

Trong : dI
: vi phn cng sng theo hng
dA
: vi phn din tch biu kin theo hng
F. Nhit mu ca ngun sng T (

0
K)
L nhit ca vt en tuyt i khi pht ra nh sng c mu ging nh mu
ca ngun sng .
G. Ch s mu R
a
Ni ln s phn nh trung thc v mu sc ca mt ngun sng khi chiu sng
mt vt no . R
a
c gi tr t 0 n 100.
Ra < 50: mu sc hon ton b bin i.
Ra > 70: s dng cho cc ngnh cng nghip khi s th hin mu sc l
th yu.
70 < Ra < 85: cc s dng thng thng m s th hin mu sc l
c th chp nhn c.
Ra > 85: s dng ni i hi s th hin mu l rt quan trng.
2.1.4 Gii thiu chung v phn mm Dialux 4.5
Dialux l mt cng c kh mnh cho php ta tnh ton chiu sng vi nhiu
cch khc nhau.
Tnh ton nhanh cho mt cn phng
Tnh ton c th cho mt cn phng vi hnh dng c bit.
Tnh ton chiu sng vi nh hng ca nh sng v cc vt dng bn
trong v bn ngoi cn phng.
Tnh ton chiu sng ngoi tri, ng x
Ngoi ra Dialux cn cung cp cho ngi s dng mt th vin kh phong ph
v cc vt trong nh, cc ca s, ca chnh, kiu sn, ct
Dialux cho php cc nh sn xut cung cp thng s cc thit b chiu sng
thng qua file ci t. Sau thng s ny c s dng nh mt th vin nh km.
Cc thng s u vo ca phn mm:
Kch thc v hnh dng ca cn phng (ta c th load file di dng
*.dwg hoc dng *.dxf t cc bn v Acad).
H s phn x v mu sc ca trn, tng, sn.
H s suy gim quang thng.
cao treo n, cao lm vic.
La chn loi n, b n trong th vin ca nh sn xut.
La chn kiu treo n (mt dy, khu vc, trn, n)
ri trung bnh yu cu.
Cc gi tr xut ra dng PDF:
Bng bo co v ri ti cc mt phng.
Cng sng, cc ng ng ri.
Hnh nh 2D, 3D kt qu chiu sng cn phng.
2.2 Trnh t tnh ton chiu sng
Tnh ton chiu sng cho mt phng in hnh: VN PHNG 1
1- Kch thc:
Chiu di a = 17 ( m ); Chiu rng b = 9 ( m )
Chiu cao h = 4 ( m ); Din tch S = 153 ( m
2
)
2- Mu sn:
Trn: Xanh dng H s phn x trn: = 0.7
Tng: Xanh dng H s phn x tng: = 0.5
Sn: Xanh ru H s phn x sn: = 0.3
3- ri yu cu:
tc
= 300( lx )
4- Chn h chiu sng: Chung u.
5- Chn khong nhit mu:
m
= 2900-4200 (K) theo th Kruithof.

6- Chn bng n:
Loi: FDH (Thorn Lighting)
m
= 4000 (K)
a
R
= 85
= 28 (w)
= 2600 (lm)
7- Chn b n:
Loi: Cinqueline 228 Vit sidopanel
Cp b n : Hiu sut:

= 0.71
S n /1b: 2 Cng sut 1 b:
b
= 63(w)
Quang thng cc bng trong 1 b: b
= 5200 (lm)
8- Phn b cc b n:
Cch trn: h = 0 (m); B mt lm vic: 0.8(m)
Chiu cao treo n so vi b mt lm vic:
tt
h
= 3.2(m)
9- Ch s a im: K =
( )
tt
ab
h a b +
= 1.839
Chn K = 2
10- H s b: d =
1 2
1

=
1
0.9
;
1.11
11- T s treo: j =
tt
h
h h
+
= 0
12- H s s dng: U =
d d i i
u u +
= 0.64
13- Quang thng tng:

tng
=
. .
tc
S d
U
=
300 153 1.11
0.64

=79607.81 lm
14- Xc nh s b n:
b
N
=
tng
b
=
79607.81
5200
= 15.3
Chn b n: Chn
b
N
= 15
15- Kim tra sai s quang thng:
% =
tng
tng
b b
N
=
15 5200 79607.81
79607.81

= 2.02 % (< 5% - tha)
Kt lun: Vy chn
b
N
= 15 b
16- Kim tra li ri trung bnh trn b mt lm vic:
E
tb
=
b b
N U
S d

=
15 5200 0.64
153 1.11

= 293.94 lx
17- Phn b cc b n:
L
ngang
=
17
5
= 3.4 m
L
dc
=
9
3
= 3 m
L
dc
< L
ngang
tha yu cu.
2.3 Thit k chiu sng bng phn mm Dialux
2.3.1 Thit k chiu sng trong nh
Ta s thit k chiu sng cho mt phng in hnh so snh kt qu thu c
vi kt qu m ta tnh bng tay trn. Ta chn VN PHNG 1 thit k.
S dng phn mm thit k chiu sng Dialux vi phn tnh ton trong nh
(New Interior Project).
tit kim c thi gian, chng ta dng mt tnh nng t bit ca Dialux l
Load DWG or DXF file. Chc nng ny cho php chng ta nhp vo mn hnh lm
vic ca Dialux mt bn v Autocad m ta thit k sn. T y chng ta dng chc
nng Edit Room Geometry thit lp thng s cho tng phng:
Trn cao: 4(m) i vi cc tng. Ring snh chnh l 8.5(m) do c thng
tng.
n treo st trn.
H s phn x: Trn: 0.7 Tng: 0.5 Sn: 0.3
Mt phng lm vic: 0.8 (m)
Chn h s suy gim: 0.9
Chn ri yu cu l: 300 (lx)
Phn b n vi chc nng Field Arangement.
Chn loi n: s dng chiu sng cho VN PHNG 1 vi loi n chnh
l: THORN Cinqueline 228 Vit sidopanel
Sau khi nhp cc thng s, chn Output/calculation trn thanh cng c, Dialux
s tnh ton v xut ra bng kt qu sau:
T bng kt qu, ta nhn thy ri trung bnh trn b mt lm vic bng
320(lx) l t yu cu, s b n l 15 b tng t nh lc ta tnh ton bng tay, sai s
quang thng trong gii hn chp nhn c. Nh vy ta c th s dng phn mm
Dialux thit k v tnh ton chiu sng trong nh cho ton b ta cao c ny.
A. Tng trt
a. Chn loi n:
b. Snh chnh:
ri yu cu: 200-300 (lx)
Din tch: 103.13 m
2
Kt qu: Dialux sau khi s l cc thng s u vo s xut ra kt qu di dng
hnh nh 3D nh sau.
Tip theo, ta s dng chc nng Calculation trong Dialux. Chng trnh s tnh
ton v xut ra kt qu dng s mt bng v bng kt qu bao gm cc thng s
nh:
Cc thng s u vo nh kch thc, h s suy gim quang thng, cao
b mt lm vic
Loi v s lng n s dng.
ri trung bnh, ri nh nht, ln nht
Quang thng tng, cng sut tng
Nh vy, ti snh chnh chng ta dng 10 b n Thorn Cinqueline 228 v 27
b n Thorn Corsa. Tng quang thng l 116800 (lm), tng cng sut l 1548 (w).
ri trung bnh l 272 (lx) tha yu cu ( 200- 300 lx ).
c. Phng tip khch:
ri yu cu: 200-300 (lx)
Din tch: 149.43 m
2
Kt qu:
Phng tip khch ta s dng 8 b n Thorn Cinqueline v 20 b Thorn Corsa.
Tng quang thng l 89600 (lm), tng cng sut l 1184 (w). ri trung bnh l
273(lx) tha yu cu.
Tng t vi cc phng cn li, quna thng tng, cng sut, s b n s c
cho trong bng Luminaire Parts List.
d. Phng n: ri yu cu: 150-200 lx
Kt qu:
B. Khu caf & cu thang:
Khu caf ri yu cu: 150-200lx
Khu cu thang ri yu cu:100-150lx
Kt qu:
Thit k v tnh ton tng t cho cc tng cn li, kt qu c cho bng
ph lc chiu sng.
2.3.2 Thit k chiu sng ngoi tri cho cao c
A. Chn loi n
B. Trnh t thit k
Ta s dng chc nng New Exterior Scene thit k m hnh 3D cho ton cao
c, t d ta tin hnh thit k chiu sng ngoi tri.
Ta dng chc nng Load DWG or DXF file to mt bng tng th ca cao c
t file autocad c sn. Sau ta s dng cc cng c v vt dng c h tr trong
th vin Furniture file/ Outdoor m phng ton b kin trc bn ngoi ca cao c
v khung vin, cy ci
C. Kt qu:
Dialux s m phng v cho kt qu di dng hnh nh 3D nh sau.
T kt qu phi mu 3D v bng kt qu, ta thy khun vin c chiu sng
vi ri chung l 10 lx, ring ti cng vo chnh ri khong 20 lx.
Chng 3
PH TI TNH TON
3.1 Ph ti tnh ton
3.1.1 Yu cu ca vic xc nh ph ti tnh ton
Khi thit k cung cp in cho mt cng trnh no th bc u tin l phi
xc nh c nhu cu v in. Vic xc nh ph ti tnh ton lm c s cho vic
chn la dy dn, chn cng sut ca MBA, dy dn, thit b bo v
3.1.2 Cc phng php tnh ph ti tnh ton
A. nh ngha cc h s
a. H s s dng (K
sd
)
L t s ca ph ti tnh ton trung bnh vi cng sut t hay cng sut nh
mc ca thit b trong mt khong thi gian kho st.
K
sd
=
tb
dm
P
P
H s s dng ni ln mc s dng, khai thc cng sut ca thit b trong
khong thi gian xem xt.
b. H s ng thi (K
t
)
L t s gia cng sut tc dng tnh ton cc i ti nt kho st ca h thng
cung cp in vi tng cc cng sut tc dng tnh ton cc i ca cc nhm thit b
ni vo nt .
K
t
=
1
i
tt
n
tt
i
P
P
H s ng thi dng nh gi s vn hnh khng cng lc ca cc thit b

trong cng mt nhm.
c. H s cc i K
max
H s cc i l t s gia cng sut tnh ton v cng sut tc dng trung bnh.
K
max
=
tt
tb
P
P
d. H s nhu cu K
nc
L t s gia cng sut tnh ton (trong thit k) hoc cng sut tc dng tiu
th (trong iu kin vn hnh) vi cng sut nh mc.
K
nc
=
tt
dm
P
P
B. Cc phng php tnh ton ph ti
Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php tnh ton ph ti da trn c s khoa hc
v c hon thin v phng din l thuyt trn c s quan st cc ph ti in h
tiu th ang vn hnh.
Thng thng nhng phng php tnh ton n gin, thun tin li cho kt
qu khng tht chnh xc, cn mun chnh xc cao th phi tnh ton rt phc tp. Do
vy, ty theo giai on thit k thi cng v yu cu c th m chn phng php tnh
ton cho thch hp.
Nguyn tc chung tnh ton ph ti ca h thng l t thit b in ngc tr
v ngun, tc l tin hnh t bc thp n bc cao ca h thng cung cp in, v ta
ch cn tnh ton ti cc im nt ca h thng.
a. Phng php h s nhu cu v cng sut t
Ph ti tnh ton ca nhm thit b c cng ch lm vic v c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
P
tt
=
1
n
nc
i
K P
m

Q
tt
=
tt
P tg
2 2
tt dt tt tt
S K P Q + =
os
tt
P
c
H s cng sut: cos
1
1
os
i
i
n
dm i
i
n
dm
i
P c
P
Phng php ny tnh ton n gin, nhng kt qu km chnh xc nn t dng

tnh ph ti tnh ton cho cc cng trnh.
b. Phng php sut tiu hao in nng trn n v sn phm
i vi cc h, cng trnh hot ng theo th ph ti, th ph ti t thay
i hoc khng thay i th ph ti tnh ton ly bng gi tr trung bnh ca ca ph ti
ln nht.
P
tt
=
ca
tb
a
M a
P
T

2 2
tt tt tt
S P Q + =
os
tt
P
c
Vi: M
ca
: lng sn phm ca ca mang ti ln nht
a : sut tiu hao in nng trn n v sn phm
T
a
: thi gian ca ca co lng sn phm ln nht
c. Phng php tnh ton theo tiu chun IEC
Tt c cc ti trong cng nhm khng ng thi hot ng cng lc v khng
hot ng bng cng sut nh mc. H s s dng v h s ng thi cho php xc
nh cng sut s dng ln nht, t lm c s xc nh cng sut my bin p v
kch c dy dn.
Ti t phn phi chnh, t phn phi ph v cc t ng lc:
S
tt
= K
t

Trong lun vn ny ta chn phng php tnh ton ph ti theo tiu chun
IEC.
3.2 Tnh ton ph ti cho cao c
3.2.1 Ph ti my bm nc
C 2 my bm, 1 my lm vic (mt my d phng)
My 20(HP)

mb
P
= 20 x 0.8 = 16 (kW)
cos = 0.8

tg
= 0.75
K
sd
= 0.9; K
t
= 0.5

K = K
sd
x K
t
= 0.9 x 0.5 = 0.45
Cng sut tc dng tnh ton:
P
tt
= P
mb
x K x N = 16 x 0.45 x 2 = 14.4 (kW)
Cng sut phn khng tnh ton:
Q
tt
= P
tt
x tg = 14.4 x 0.75 = 10.8 (kVar)
3.2.2 Ph ti my bm PCCC
C 2 my bm cng hot ng lc cu ha.
My 20 (HP)

mb
P
= 20 x 0.8 = 16 (kW)
cos = 0.8
tg
= 0.75
K
sd
= 0.5; K
t
= 1

K = K
sd
x K
t
= 0.5 x 1= 0.5
P
tt
= P
mb
x K x N = 16 x 0.5 x 2 = 16 (kW)
Q
tt
= P
tt
x tg = 16 x 0.75 = 12 (kVar)
3.2.3 Thang my
C 4 thang my hot ng.
P
tm
= 20 (kW), N = 4
cos = 0.8
tg
= 0.75
K
sd
= 0.8; K
t
= 1

K = K
sd
x K
t
= 0.8 x 1 = 0.8
P
tt
= P
tm
x K x N = 20 x 0.8 x 4 = 64 (kW)
Q
tt
= P
tt
x tg = 64 x 0.75 = 48 (kVar)
3.2.4 Ph ti h thng lnh
Ta thit k h thng lnh trung tm cho ton b cao c.
Tng din tch cn lm lnh : S = 7000 m
2

Chn K
t
= 0.9 ; K
sd
= 0.6
K = K
sd
x K
t
= 0.6 x 0.9 = 0.54
Tng cng sut tc dng cn cung cp cho my nn
P
tt mn
= S x p x K =7000 x 70 x 0.54 = 264.6 (kW)
Vi p l cng sut cn cung cp lm lnh din tch 1m
2
(p=70~80W/m
2
)
Ta chn 3 my nn loi UW120JA c cng sut mi my l 120 Hp
P
mn
= 3 x 120 x 750 = 270 (kW)
Cng sut ca cc my cn li trong h thng lnh nh: bm nc nng,
bm nc lnhvo khong 10% cng sut my nn.
Tng cng sut tc dng cung cp cho h thng lnh
P
htl
= 110% P
mn
= 270 x 110% = 297 (kW)
H s cng sut ca ton b h thng lnh cos = 0.8
tg = 0.75
Cng sut phn khng cn cung cp cho h thng lnh
Q
htl
= P
htl
x tg = 297 x 0.75 = 222.75 (kVar)
3.2.5 Ph ti cc tng
A. Tng trt
Chia tng trt thnh 3 khu vc chnh: Snh chnh P. Tip khch; Khu Caf
Khu v sinh Thang my; Khu bp Phng n Ngh NV Hnh lang; Ti mi khu
vc ta s tnh ton ph ti ring cho chiu sng, cm.
a. Ph ti chiu sng
Snh chnh
n chm P
b1
= 700W n
1
= 1 b
n THORN Corsa 200 TC P
b2
= 34W n
2
= 27 b
n THORN Cinqueline 228 P
b3
= 63W n
3
= 10 b
Cos = 0.6
Chn K
sd
= 0.8; K
t
= 1 vi n chm
K
1
= K
sd
x K
t
= 0.8
K
sd
= 1; K
t
= 1 vi 2 loi n cn li

K
2
= K
sd
x K
t
= 1
P
tt
= P
b1
x n
1
x K
1
+ P
b2
x n
2
x K
2
+ P
b3
x n
3
x K
2
= 700 x 1 x 0.8 + 34 x 27 x 1+ 63 x 10 x 1 = 2108 (W)
Q
tt
= P
tt
x tg = 2108 x tg(cos
1
(0.6))
= 2810.67 (VAr)
P.Tip khch
n THORN Corsa 200 TC P
1 bd
= 34W n
1
= 20 b
n THORN Cinqueline 228 P
2 bd
= 63W n
2
= 8 b
Cos
= 0.6
Chn K
sd
= 1; K
t
= 1

K = K
sd
x K
t
= 1
P
tt
= P
1 bd
x n
1
x K+ P
2 bd
x n
2
x K
= 34 x 20 + 63 x 8 = 1184 (W)
Q
tt
= P
tt
x tg = 1184 x tg(cos
1
(0.6))
= 1578.67 (VAr)
b. Ph ti cm
Snh chnh
cm i n = 2, c N = 8 b, cos = 0.8
P
c
= U x I x cos x n = 220 x 10 x 0.8 x 2 = 3520 (W)
Chn K
sd
= 0.3; K
t
= 0.6
K = 0.3 x 0.6 = 0.18

Cng sut tnh ton:
P
tt
= P
c
x N x K = 3520 x 8 x 0.18 = 5068.8 (W)
Q
tt
= P
tt
x tg = 5068.8 x tg(cos
1
(0.8)) = 3801.6 (Var)
P.Tip khch:
cm i n = 2, c N = 8 b, cos = 0.8
P
c
= U x I x cos
x n = 220 x 10 x 0.8 x 2 = 3520 (W)

Chn K
sd
= 0.3; K
t
= 0.6

K = 0.2 x 0.6 = 0.18
Cng sut tnh ton:
P
tt
= P
c
x N x K = 3520 x 8 x 0.18 = 5068.8 (W)
Q
tt
= P
tt
x tg
= 5068.8 x tg(cos
1
(0.8)) = 3801.6 (Var)
B. Tnh ton tng t cho cc tng khc, kt qu c cho trong bng sau
C. Tng kt ph ti ton cao c
P
tng
= P
pha max
x 3
Ptng = K
t
x Ptng
Vi K
t
= 0.9
Ta c bng kt qu sau:
Pha Max Ptt (W) Qtt (Var) P tng (W) Q tng (Var
Tng trt A 20770.40 16800.44 62311.20 50401.32
Tng 1 C 24555.52 15471.77 73666.56 46415.31
Tng 2 B 26858.40 20933.06 80575.20 62799.19
Tng 3 A 26858.40 20933.06 80575.20 62799.19
Tng 4 C 26858.40 20933.06 80575.20 62799.19
Tng 5 B 26858.40 20933.06 80575.20 62799.19
Tng 6 A 26858.40 20933.06 80575.20 62799.19
Tng 7 C 26858.40 20933.06 80575.20 62799.19
Sn thng C 6576.00 5026.66 19728.00 15079.97
Tng hm A 5832.00 4582.80 17496.00 13748.40
Thang my
3 Pha
64000.00 48000.00
Bm nc 14400.00 10800.00
Bm cu ha 16000.00 12000.00
H thng lnh 297000.00 222750.00
Tng cao c 943247.66 716391.13
Cng sut biu kin: S

tt
= 1184.45 (kVA)
Cos
= 0.796
Chng 4
B CNG SUT PHN KHNG
V CHN MY BIN P
4.1 B cng sut phn khng
4.1.1 Tc dng ca b cng sut phn khng
Hu ht cc thit b in u tiu th cng sut tc dng P v cng sut phn
khng Q. Cng sut tc dng l cng sut c bin thnh c nng hoc nhit nng
trong cc my dng in. Cn cng sut phn khng l cng sut t ha , n khng
sinh ra cng. Mt khc vic to ra cng sut phn khng tiu tn nng lng ca ng
c s cp quay my pht in, ng thi cng sut phn khng khng nht thit phi
ly t ngun. V vy trnh truyn ti mt lng cng sut phn khng kh ln trn
ng dy, ngi ta thng t gn nhng khu vc tiu th in cc my pht sinh ra
Q (t in, my b ng b) cung cp trc tip cho ph ti. Ta gi l b cng
sut phn khng. Khi c b cng sut phn khng th gc lch pha gia dng in v
in p trong mch s nh i, do h s cng sut cos
ca mng s c nng cao.

Nh vy, tc dng chnh ca b cng sut phn khng l nng cao h s cng
sut nhm:
Gim tn tht cng sut trong mng in m t bit l trn ng dy
truyn ti.
n nh cht lng in p.
Tng kh nng truyn ti ca ng dy.
Tng kh nng pht in ca my pht in
Do , vic b cng sut phn khng, nng cao h s cng sut tr
thnh nhng vn rt quan trng, cn c quan tm hng u trong
thit k v vn hnh h thng in.
4.1.2 Cc phng php b cng sut phn khng
A. B tp trung
p dng khi ti n nh v lin tc.
Nguyn l: b t u vo thanh gp h p ca t phn phi chnh v c ng
trong thi gian ti hot ng.
B. B nhm
B nhm c s dng khi mng in qu ln v khi ch ti tiu th theo
thi gian ca cc phn on thay i khc nhau.
Nguyn l: b t u vo t phn phi khu vc. Hiu qu do b tng phn on
cho cc dy dn xut pht t t phn phi chnh n cc t phn phi khu vc c
th hin rt r.
C. B ring
B ring c p dng trong trng hp cng sut ca ng c ng k so vi
cng sut ca mng in.
Nguyn l: b t u trc tip vo u dy ni ca thit b c tnh cm.
4.1.3 Xc nh dung lng b
A. C s l thuyt
Q
b
= P
tt
( )
1 2
tg tg
Q
b
: lng cng sut phn khng cn b (kVar)
P
tt
: ph ti tnh ton ca cng trnh
1
: gc tng ng vi h s cng sut trc khi b

2
: gc tng ng vi h s cng sut sau khi b

B. Thit b b
Thit b b phi c tnh ton, la chn sao cho ph hp v tnh kinh t ln k
thut
a. T in
c s dng rng ri, nht l nhng ni i hi dung lng b khng ln
lm.
u im:
- Sut tn tht cng sut nh.
- Lp rp v bo qun d dng.
- T in c ch to thnh nhiu n v nh, v th c th ty theo s
pht trin ca ph ti trong qu trnh hot ng m ta c th ghp
thm t vo mng, lm cho hiu sut s dng cao v khng phi b
nhiu vn u t cng lc.
Khuyt im:
- Nhy cm vi s bin ng ca in p t ln t.
- T in cu to km chc chn, d b ph hng khi xy ra ngn mch.
Khi in p ln n 1.1U
m
th t d b nh thng.
- Khi ng t in vo mng s c xung dng in. Cn khi ct t in
ra khi mng in th trn cc t in vn cn tch in v lng in
tch ny c th gy nguy him cho con ngi.
b. My b
c dng nhng ni cn b tp trung vi lng ln.
u im:
- Gn nh v r hn so vi ng c ng b cng cng sut.
- Ngoi cng dng b cng sut phn khng, y cn l thit b gp
phn iu chnh in p.
Khuyt im:
- Lp rp, bo qun v vn hnh kh khn, i hi phi c mt trnh
chuyn mn nht nh.
4.1.4 Tnh ton b cho cao c
Chn phng n b tp trung thanh ci h p ca my bin p bng t in.
Dung lng b c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q
b
= P
tt
( )
1 2
tg tg
Cng sut ton cao c c xc nh li nh sau:
( )
2
2
tt tt tt bu
S P Q Q +
Q
b
= n x Q
0

Vi n : s t b
Q
0
: cng sut nh mc t b.
Khi cng sut t 100% cng sut cao c
P
tt
= 943247.66 (W)
Q
tt
= 716391.13 (Var)
S
tt
= 1184.45 (kVA)
Cos
= 0.796

tg
= 0.76
Ta s nng h s cng sut ny ln n Cos
2
= 0.95

tg
2
= 0.33
Dung lng cn b:
Q
b
= P
tt
( )
1 2
tg tg
= 943247.66 ( ) 0.76 0.33
= 405.6 (kVar)
Chn loi t b KC2 0.38 50 3Y3 vi cc thng s sau:
U
o
(kV) Q
o
(kVar) C (F) Kiu ch to H (mm) Khi lng (kg)
0.38 50 1102 3 pha 725 60
Chn s t b n = 8 t u song song.
T xc nh li cng sut tnh ton ca cao c sau khi b
Q
b
= n x Q
0
= 8 x 50
= 400 (kVar)
S
tt sau b
=
( )
2
2
943247.66 716391.13 400000 +
= 994.9 (kVA)
H s cng sut sau khi b
Cos
=
saub
tt
tt
P
S
=
943247.66
994900
= 0.948
;
0.95
4.2 Chn my bin p
4.2.1 Khi nim
My bin p dng bin i in nng t cp in p ny n cp in p
khc. in nng sn xut t nh my in c truyn ti ti h tiu th xa phi qua
ng dy cao th 110,200,500 kv thng qua my bin p tng t in p my
pht (U
mf
) ln in p tng ng. cui ng dy cao p cn li cn my bin p
gim v in p thch hp vi mng phn phi. V d 22; 15; 0.4 kV
Trong h thng ln thng qua nhiu ln tng, gim mi a in nng t cc
my pht in n cc h tiu th. V vy tng cng sut my bin p trong h thng
in c th bng 4 n 5 ln tng cng sut ca cc my pht in.
4.2.2 Phn loi my bin p
My bin p mt pha, ba pha.
My bin p hai cun dy, ba cun dy.
My bin p c cun dy phn chia.
My bin p t ngu mt pha, ba pha.
My bin p tng, h p.
My bin p c hoc khng c iu chnh di ti.
My bin p li do nhiu nc ch to theo tiu chun khc nhau, iu
kin lm vic cng c th khc nhau khi thit k cung cp in cn ch
kha cnh ny.
4.2.3 Chn v tr t trm bin p
V tr t trm bin p ph thuc vo:
Tm ph ti in: nu trm bin p t tm ph ti th s m bo c
tn tht cng sut, in nng v tn tht in p l b nht.
V tr t trm cn thun tin cho ng dy ra vo.
V tr t trm to iu kin thun li cho vic lp t, thi cng, thao tc,
vn hnh, sa cha v qun l d dng.
V tr t trm m bo phng chy n, chng m t, bi bm v kh n
mn.
m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b.
4.2.4 Chn s lng my bin p trong trm
S lng v chng loi my bin p trong trm thng c chn theo qui tc
sau:
Chng loi my bin p trong trm bin p nn chn ng nht, hoc t
chng loi gim s lng my bin p d phng, v n gin trong lp
t, vn hnh.
S lng my bin p trong trm ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: yu cu
lin tc cung cp in ca h ph ti, yu cu v vn hnh kinh t trm
bin p
i vi h ph ti loi mt thng chn hai my bin p tr ln.
i vi h ph ti loi hai th s lng my bin p c chn ph thuc
vo hiu qu kinh t, k thut. Tuy nhin n gin trong vn hnh s
lng my bin p trong trm khng nn qu ba my bin p, v cc my
ny nn c cng cng sut.
4.2.5 Chn my bin p cho cao c
Chn my bin p l chn loi, s lng, cng sut nh mc, t s bin p:
Nu cng trnh c nhu cu m rng ph ti trong tng lai ln th vic
chn cng sut my bin p phi ln hn so vi cng sut ph ti hin ti
mt lng ng k.
Nu cng trnh khng c nhu cu m rng, th nn chn my bin p c
cng sut bng hoc nh hn cng sut tnh ton hin ti, nhng phi bo
m v yu cu cung cp in nhm gim chi ph u t. Khi my bin
p c chn c kh nng phi lm vic qu ti.
Nu yu cu i hi ch tiu cung cp in cao, c th s dng t 2 my
bin p tr ln.
Ta chn phng n s dng 1 my bin p v c ngun d phng cho cao c
bng my pht Diesel
My bin p c t ngoi tri, v c b tr trn s mt bng tng
th.
S
m

MBA
994.9 (kVA)
Ta chn my bin p 3 pha hai dy qun do Vit Nam ch to (THIBIDI).
in p 15kV, 22kVt 2x2.5%/0.4kV. T u dy /Y
0
11 vi cc
thng s:
Cng
sut
nh
mc
(kVA)
Dng in nh
mc (A)
thng s k thut trng lng (kg)
khch thc
(mm)
I1 I2 Po Io Pn Un Cun
dy
& li
thp
du tng rng di cao
22
(kV)
15
(kV)
0.4
(kV)
(W) (%) (W) (%)
1000 26.2 38.5 1443.4 2150 1.0 12000 5.5 2381 923 4226 1574 1950 2550
4.10.1 Chn ngun d phng
m bo cung cp in lin tc, trong trng hp mt in t xut ta cn
phi chn mt ngun d phng.
Thit k mt ng dy ph ni t thanh ci h p ca trm in t my
pht Diesel d phng, trong trng hp mt in my ny s vn hnh.
A. Chn my pht in c cc thng s k thut sau
Hng sn xut: DENYO
ng c: MITSUBISHI
Loi: DENYO DCA-1100SPM 1000 KVA
Cng sut nh mc : 1000kVA
in p nh mc: 380 V
Tn s: 50HZ
B. Chn b o chiu ATS ( Automatic Transfer Switch)
a. Chc nng ca b o chiu ATS
Gim st ngun in: T khi ng my n khi mt in li v t ng
ngt my n khi c in li tr li.Thi gian tr ng in my n k t
khi my n bt u hot ng, hoc thi gian ng in li t khi c
in li tr li c th thay i c d dng.
Chng dao ng in: Khi ngun in n nh, h thng s ngt in n
ti bo v ti. Khi ngun in n nh tr li sau mt khong thi gian
nht nh th mi ng in n ti.
Chc nng bo v: H thng c chc nng chng qu/thp p, mt pha
in li: Khi mng in li b mt mt trong ba pha, hoc khi mng
in li ba pha xy ra hin tng tng p hoc thp p vt ra ngoi di
t , th h thng t ng ngt ti ra khi mng in li v khi ng
my pht in cp in cho ti. Khi mng in li thc s n nh tr
li sau khong thi gian t trc tu (t 1 n 10 pht), th h thng s
t ng tt my pht in v ng in li n ti.
Chc nng ch th: C n tn hiu ch th trng thi hot ng : in
li/my pht.
Chc nng cnh bo: Cnh bo ti ch v truyn tn hiu cnh bo v
trung tm i vi cc s kin (tu t).
Cc thng s hot ng cho h thng c ci t d dng tu ngi vn hnh.
b. S khi
H thng ATS gm 3 b phn:
B iu khin: gim st trng thi v iu khin hot ng ca ton b h
thng ATS. Hot ng t ng.
H thng ng in: ng in li/in my n n ti v gi cc thng
tin v b iu khin. Hot ng t ng.
Cu dao o pha (nu c): u tt in li/in my n n ti m khng
thng qua h thng ATS. Do nhn vin vn hnh (ch s dng c s c).
c. Mt s lu khi s dung b ATS
Trong iu kin bnh htng, cc attomat lun t v tr ng(ON).
Thi gian tr cp in my pht cho mng ti sau khi c in li tr li
bng tng thi gian ca hai khi n nh qu/thp p in li v khi n
nh in li.
Thi gian tr cp in my pht cho mng ti sau khi my n chy bng
thi gian ln nht c t trong hai khi n nh in my n v n nh
my n.
Thi gian c t phi ph hp theo tng ma. Cn phi c bit lu
khi t thi gian khi ny.
H thng c km theo hp cu dao o pha d phng. Cu dao o pha
c tc dng u tt in li hoc my n n ti khi h thng ATS gp
s c. Ch c s dng cu dao ny khi h thng ATS c s c v phi
lm theo cc hng dn di y:
- Ngt ht cc attomat trong h thng ATS.
- ng cu dao v v tr in li nu mun s dng in li cp
cho ti.
- ng cu dao v v tr my pht nu mun s dng in my pht
cp cho mng ti sau khi my n khi ng v hot ng n nh.
Chng 5
TNH TON CHN CB V DY DN
TNH TON NGN MCH, ST P
5.1 Chn thit b bo v
Thit b bo v trong li h p c th l CB hoc cu ch. Trong lun vn ny
ta ch chn thit b bo v l CB.
5.1.1 Cc c tnh c bn ca mt CB gm
in p s dng nh mc U
mCB
: l gi tr in p m thit b c th vn hnh
trong iu kin bnh thng.
Dng in nh mc I
mCB
: l gi tr cc i ca dng lin tc m CB v r le
bo v qu dng c th chu ng c v hn nh nhit mi trng do nh ch
to quy nh, v nhit ca cc b phn mang in khng vt qu gii hn cho
php.
Dng tc ng c hiu chnh khi ngn mch I
ct t
: m bo s ct nhanh khi c
dng s c ln.
Dng tc ng c hiu chnh khi qu ti I
knhit
: l gi tr dng ngng tc ng
ca CB, cng l dng cc i CB c th chu ng c m khng dn n s nh tip
im. Gi tr ny cn phi ln hn dng lm vic ln nht I
lvmax
v nh hn dng cho
php hiu chnh I
cp
khi tnh ton chn dy.
5.1.2 Cc iu kin chn CB
U
mCB

U
li
I
mCB

I
tt
I
sc
= I
cu
=
( ) 3
sc
I
I
lvmax
> I
r
> I
cpdd
Imm max
> I
m
>
Imm min
CB
N
I
(3)
sc
I
Vi: U
mCB
: in p nh mc CB (kV)
U
li
: in p nh mc li (kV)
I
mCB
(I
n
) : Cng dng in ct nh mc ca CB (kA
I
tt
: Cng dng in tnh ton ca ph ti (A)
CB
N
I
: Cng dng in ngn mch CB chu c (A)
(3)
sc
I
: Dng ngn mch 3 pha i xng (A)
I
lvmax
: Cng dng in lm vic ln nht (A)
I
m
: Cng dng in khi ng t ca CB
I
mm
: Cng dng in khi ng ca thit b (A)
I
nm min
: Cng dng in ngn mch nh nht i qua CB,
y l dng ngn mch 1 pha (kA)
I
nm max
: Cng dng in ngn mch ln nht i qua CB,
y l dng ngn mch 3 pha (kA)
I
r
: Cng dng in tc ng ca CB (A)
5.1.3 Chnh nh CB
i vi CB c b tc ng kiu in t th chnh nh chia lm 2 phn:
Chnh th: 0
tt
n
I
K
I
Chnh tinh:
0
tt
r
n
I
K
I K
Sau khi tnh c K

0
v K
r
da vo thang chnh nh ca c cu tc ng tng
ng vi CB chn chn li K
0
v K
r
cho ph hp
Dng chnh nh ca CB l:
0 r r tt
I K K I
i vi CB tc ng kiu t nhit th chnh theo rle.
5.2 Chn dy dn
Chn dy dn cng l mt cng vic kh quan trng, v dy dn chn khng
ph hp, tc khng tho cc yu cu v k thut th c th dn n cc s c nh chp
mch do dy dn b pht nng qu mc dn dn h hng cch in. T lm gim
tin cy cung cp in v c th gy ra nhiu hu qu nghim trng. Bn cnh vic
tho mn cc yu cu v k thut th vic chn la dy dn cng cn phi tho mn
cc yu cu kinh t.
5.2.1 Nhng cch xc nh tit din dy dn
Xc nh tit din dy theo st p
Xc nh tit din dy theo iu kin pht nng v bn c.
Trong thit k la chn dy dn, thng thng ngi ta s chn dy theo iu
kin pht nng v kim tra li iu kin st p cho php.
5.2.2 Nguyn tc chn dy dn
Nguyn tc chn dy li h th (<1000V) c da trn c s pht nng ca
dy dn cng nh chu dc dng chy trong dy dn, phi hp vi cc thit b bo v.
sau khi chn xong cn kim tra theo cc iu kin tn tht in p cng nh cc iu
kin n nh nhit.
Dng in cho php ca dy dn l dng lm vic lu di m nhit ca dng
in gy ra khng qu nhit cho php ca dy dn m ta chn.
Dng cho php ca dy ta thit lp trong cc iu kin chun, sau cn hiu
chnh li cho ph hp.
5.2.3 Chn theo iu kin pht nng cho php
A. i vi dy pha
Khi c dng in chy qua, cp v dy dn s b pht nng. Nu nhit tng
qu cao th chng c th b h hng cch in hoc gim tui th v bn c hc ca
kim loi dn in. Do vy m nh ch to quy nh nhit cho php i vi mi loi
dy dn v cp.
Nu nhit ni t dy dn hoc cp khc vi nhit quy nh th ta phi
hiu chnh theo h s hiu chnh K (tra s tay, cm nang). Do tit din dy dn v
cp c chn phi tha theo iu kin sau:
ax lvm n r
cp
I I I
I
K K

Vi : I
lvmax
: Dng lm vic cc i
I
r
: Dng chnh nh i vi loi CB c chnh nh
I
n
: Dng nh mc i vi loi CB khng c chnh nh
K: Tch cc h s hiu chnh
a. Bc 1: Xc nh K
Mch dy khng chn di t
H s K th hin iu kin lp t
K=K
1
xK
2
xK
3
Vi: K
1
: th hin nh hng ca cch lp t. (Chn theo bng H113 trang
H1 24 Sch Hng dn Thit k lp t in theo Tiu chun
Quc t IEC).
K
2
: th hin nh hng ca hai mch tng h nm gn nhau. Hai mch
c coi l k nhau khi khong cch L gia hai dy nh hn hai ln
ng knh cp ln nht ca hai cp ni trn. (Chn theo bng H1
14 trang H1 25 Sch Hng dn Thit k lp t in theo Tiu
chun Quc t IEC).
K
3
: th hin nh hng ca nhit tng ng vi dng cch in.
(Chn theo bng H1 15 trang H1 26 Sch Hng dn Thit k
lp t in theo Tiu chun Quc t IEC).
Mch dy chn di t
H s K s c trng cho iu kin lp t
K=K
4
xK
5
xK
6
xK
7
Vi K
4
: th hin nh hng ca cch lp t
K
5
: th hin nh hng ca s dy t k nhau. Cc dy c coi l t
k nhau nu khong cch L gia chng nh hn hai ln ng knh
ca dy ln nht trong hai dy.
K
6
: th hin nh hng ca mi trng t ni ta chn cp
K
7
: th hin nh hng ca nhit t ni chn cp. H s ny tnh n
nh hng ca t khc 20
0
C (Bng H1 22 trang H1 32 Sch
Hng dn Thit k lp t in theo Tiu chun Quc t IEC).
b. Bc 2: chn tit din dy dn
Tnh I
cp
theo cng thc
ax lvm n r
cp
I I I
I
K K

T I
cp
tra bng 8.4 Sch Hng dn DAMHTKCCD chn tit din dy.
B. Xc nh tit din dy trung tnh (N) v dy bo v (PE)
a. i vi dy trung tnh:
Dng trong dy trung tnh c th coi nh bng khng. Tuy nhin t li 3 pha
dn n cc ph ti lun c dng chy trong dy trung tnh. S pht trin ca cc thit
b bin i cng sut trong cc mng li cng nghip s to cc sng hi. Cc hi bi
ba chy trong dy trung tnh c khuch i ln ba ln, do c th vt gii hn
cho php.
Tiu chun la chn: tit din dy trung tnh c th nh hn dy pha, chnh v
vy cn phi lu n kh nng t thit b bo v trn dy trung tnh nu n khng
m nhn chc nng ca dy bo v.
Theo tiu chun IEC 364 5.5.2 quy nh:
Dy ng: S
pha
16mm
2

S
N
=S
pha
Dy nhm: S
pha
25mm
2

S
N
=S
pha
S
pha
>25mm
2

S
N
=S
pha
b. i vi dy PE:
Theo tiu chun IEC 724 c th chn dy PE theo phng php ng nhit hoc
phng php n gin.
Theo phng php ng nhit:
chamvo
PE
I t
S
k
Trong :
t : Thi gian ng ct dng chm v
I
chm v
: Dng chm v
k : Hng s, ph thuc vo vt liu dy, cch in nhit ban u
v nhit cui ca dy khi c dng chm v chy qua.
Theo phng php n gin (dy ng):
S
pha
16mm
2

S
PE
=S
pha
16mm
2
S
pha
35mm
2

S
PE
=16mm
2
S
pha
>35mm
2

S
PE
= S
pha
/2
5.3 Tnh ton, kim tra v chnh nh CB chn dy cho cao c
5.3.1 T my bin p n TPPC
A. Chn dy dn
a. Dy pha
S
MBA
= 1000 (kVA)
3
tt
tt
dmday
S
I
U

=
1000000
3 380
= 1519.34(A)
Chn dy dn
Cp ngm
Cp t trong ng ngm K
4
= 0.8 (bng H1- 19 IEC)
C 4 mch cp ngm K
5
= 0.65 (bng H1- 20 IEC)
t m K
6
= 1.05 (bng H1- 21 IEC)
Nhit mi trng l 30
0
K
7
= 0.89 (bng H1- 22 IEC)
K = K
4
x K
5
x K
6
x K
7
= 0.8 x 0.65 x 1.05 x 0.89
= 0.48594
Dng in lm vic cho php lm vic lu di ca dy dn
I
cpdd
=
ax lvm
I
K
=3126.6 (A)
Chn 12 si cp ng h p, 1 li cch in PVC do Lens ch to, mi pha l 4
si cp n mang dng 781.65 (A)
Chn dy cp c S = 500 mm
2
, c dng cho php l 864 (A)
b. Dy trung tnh v dy PE
S
N
=
2
Pha
S
=
4 500
2
= 2x500(mm
2
)
Chn 2 si cp ng h p, 1 li cch in PVC do Lens ch to, c S = 500
mm
2
, dng cho php l 864 (A)
Vy ta chn c kt qu: 3x(4x500)
B. Chn CB
T k I
n
I
lvmax
chn CB CM 1600N (3P) c I
n
= 1600 (A)
I
cu
= 70 (kA)
Chnh nh CB
Dng hiu chnh ca CB
'
ax lvm r cp
I I I
dy dn
1519.34
r
I
0.48594 x 3456
1519.34
0 n r
I K K
1679.41
1519.34
1600
0 r
K K
1679.41
1600
max
0
lv
n
I
K
I
=
1519.34
1600
= 0.949
Chn K
0
= 1
1519.34 1679.41
1600 1600
r
K
Chn K
r
= 1
I
r
= K
0
x K
r
x I
n
= 1 x 1 x 1600 = 1600 (A)
Chn K
m
= 3
I
m
= K
m
x I
r
= 3 x 1600 = 4800 (A)
5.3.2 T TPPC n TPP.PTC
A. Chn dy dn
a. Dy pha
P
tt
= P
BN
+P
BPCCC
+P
TM

= 14400 + 16000 + 64000
= 94.4 (kW)
Q
tt
= Q
BN
+Q
BPCCC
+Q
TM

= 10800 + 12000 + 48000
= 70.8 (kVAr)
S
tt
=
2 2
tt tt
P Q +
=
2 2
94.4 70.8 +
= 118 (kVA)
3
tt
tt
dmday
S
I
U

=
118000
3 380
= 179.28 (A)
Chn dy dn
Cp ni
Cp t trong ng gn st trn K
1
= 1 (bng H1- 13 IEC)
C 12 si cptrong ng K
2
= 0.61 (bng H1- 14 IEC)
Nhit mi trng l 30
0
K
3
= 1 (bng H1- 15 IEC)
K = K
1
x K
2
x K
3

= 1 x 0.61 x 1
= 0.61
I
cpdd
=
ax lvm
I
K
=293.9 (A)
Chn cp ng h p, 1 li cch in PVC do LENS ch to, c S = 100 c
dng cho php l 312 A (trong nh).
S
N
=
2
Pha
S
=
100
2
= 50 (mm
2
)
Chn cp ng h p, 1 li cch in PVC do Lens ch to, c S = 50 mm
2
,
dng cho php l 204 (A)
Vy ta chn c kt qu: 3x(100)
B. Chn CB
T k I
n
I
lvmax
chn CB NS250N (3P) c I
n
= 250 (A)
I
cu
= 36 (kA)
Chn Trip unit STR22SE
Chnh nh CB
Dng hiu chnh ca CB
'
ax lvm r cp
I I I
dy dn
179.28
r
I
0.61x312
179.28
0 n r
I K K
190.32
179.28
250
0 r
K K
190.32
250
max
0
lv
n
I
K
I
=
179.28
250
= 0.72
Chn K
0
= 0.75
0.72 0.76
0.75 0.75
r
K
Chn K
r
= 1
I
r
= K
0
x K
r
x I
n
= 0.75 x 1 x 250 =187.5 (A)
Chn K
m
= 3
I
m
= K
m
x I
r
= 3 x 187.5 = 562.5 (A)
5.3.3 T TPPC n TPT.HTL
A. Chn dy dn
a. Dy pha
S
tt
= 371.25 (kVA)
3
tt
tt
dmday
S
I
U

=
371250
3 380
= 564.06 (A)
Chn dy dn
Cp ni
Cp t trong ng gn st trn K
1
= 1 (bng H1- 13 IEC)
C 12 si cp trong ng K
2
= 0.61 (bng H1- 14 IEC)
Nhit mi trng l 30
0
K
3
= 1 (bng H1- 15 IEC)
K = K
1
x K
2
x K
3

= 1 x 0.61 x 1
= 0.61
I
cpdd
=
ax lvm
I
K
=924.71 (A)
Chn 6 si cp ng h p, 1 li cch in PVC do Lens ch to, mi pha l 2
si cp n mang dng 462.36 (A)
Chn dy cp c S = 200 mm
2
, c dng cho php l 480 (A)
S
N
=
2
Pha
S
=
2 200
2
= 200(mm
2
)
Chn cp ng h p, 1 li cch in PVC do Lens ch to, c S = 200 mm
2
,
dng cho php l 480 (A)
Vy ta chn c kt qu: 3x(2x200)
B. Chn CB
T k I
n
I
lvmax
chn CB NS630N (3P) c I
n
= 630 (A)
I
cu
= 45 (kA)
Chn Trip unit STR23SE
Chnh nh CB
Dng hiu chnh ca CB
'
ax lvm r cp
I I I
dy dn
564.06
r
I
0.61x960
564.06
0 n r
I K K
585.6
564.06
630
0 r
K K
585.6
630
max
0
lv
n
I
K
I
=
564.06
630
= 0.89
Chn K
0
= 0.9
0.89 0.92
0.9 0.9
r
K
Chn K
r
= 1
I
r
= K
0
x K
r
x I
n
= 0.9 x 1 x 630 =567 (A)
Chn K
m
= 3
I
m
= K
m
x I
r
= 3 x 567 = 1701 (A)
5.3.4 Tnh ton chn dy v CB tng t cho cc tng v cc thit b khc, kt
qu c cho trong bng sau
5.4 Kim tra ngn mch
5.4.1 Khi nim
Ngn mch l hin tng cc pha chm nhau (i vi mng trung tnh cch ly
hoc ni t) hoc hin tng cc pha chm nhau v chm t (mng trung tnh ni t
trc tip). Lc ngn mch xy ra, tng tr ca h thng gim i, cc i lng ca
mch in nh dng in v in p b thay i.
Ngn mch thng l s c thong qua, ngha l c th t ht v khi c loi
tr bng tc ng tc thi ca my ct th s khng xut hin tr li khi ng my ct
sau . Nguyn nhn s c ny thng c th do st hoc mt s tc ng khc nh s
lc l ca dy dn gy ra phng in hoc c s va chm ca cc vt khc bn ngoi
vo ng dy
Ngn mch lu di l tnh trng s c nghim trng, ngn mch vn cn tn ti
khi ng my ct tr li sau tc ng ct tc thi nu khng c bin php s l kp
thi. ngyun nhn s s ny c th do dy chm t, do s cch in b v, do h hng
cch in hoc do b phn qu in p xung b hng.
Trong thc t, ta thng gp cc dng ngn mch: ngn mch 3 pha (N
(3)
), hai
pha (N
(2)
), mt pha (N
(1)
) v hai pha chm nhau chm t (N
(1,1)
)
N
(1)
A
B
C

N
(2)
A
B
C
N
(2)
A
B
C

N
(3)
A
B
C
A
Qua thng k cho thy, xc sut xy ra ngn mch mt pha l nhiu nht (65%),
cn xc sut xy ra ngn mch ba pha l b nht, ch chim 5%, nhng ngn mch ba
pha l s c nng n nht v ta cn phi xt n khi tnh ton la chn cc thit b bo
v cho h thng in. Cn ngn mch mt pha l tnh trng nh nht v ta thng xt
n khi tnh ton la chn ngng tc ng cho cc thit b bo v.
5.4.2 Mc ch tnh ton ngn mch
Kim tra kh nng ct ca thit b nhm la chn cc kh c in ph hp.
Kim tra nhy ca thit b bo v.
Kim tra n nh nhit ca dy dn.
Kim tra bn in ng.
Kim tra n nh ca h thng.
5.4.3 Cc cng thc tnh ngn mch
Tnh ngn mch 3 pha
a. Cng thc tnh
I
N
(3)

=
th
dm
Z
U
* 3
Vi Z
th
l tng tr tng cng nhn t im ngn mch tr v ngun.
Cch xc nh tng tr ca cc phn t:
CB:Trong li in h p, tng tr ca cc CB nm phi trc v tr s c
phi c tnh n. Cm khng c th tip nhn gi tr 0.15
cho mi
CB, trong khi tr khng c th b qua.
Thanh gp:Tr kng ca thanh gp c b qua v cm khng c ly
gi tr 0.15
cho mi m chiu di.

Dy dn:Tr khng ca dy dn c tra theo cc bng tra hoc tnh gn
ng theo cng thc:
R =
F
L
= r
o
x L
: l in tr sut ca dy dn khi c nhit vn hnh bnh thng
v bng 22.5/Km ( cho ng), hoc 36/Km ( vi dy nhm).
r
o
: in tr trn mt n v chiu di( /km) do nh sn xut cung cp.
Cm khng X ca dy cp, khi khng c s liu c th ly gi tr bng
0.07 0.09 /km.

b. Tnh ton thng s MBA:
Xc nh tng tr MBA:
R
B
=
dm
dm
N
S
U P
2
2
*
=
2
2
750
400 * 9
= 2.56 (m)
X
B
=
dm
dm
N
S
U U
2
2
* 100
* %
=
750 * 100
400 * 5 . 5
2
= 11.73 (m)
Z
B
=
2 2
B B
R Z
=
2 2
11.73 2.56
= 11.45 (m)
c. Tnh ton ngn mch ba pha ti TPPC
S thay th:
Tng tr MBA:
R
B
= 2.56 (m)
X
B
= 11.45 (m)
Z
B
= 11.73 (m)
Tnh tng tr dy dn:
Vi dy dn 3x(4x400), c r
o
=0.01175 /km, x
o
=0.08/km, L=25m.
R
d1
= r
o
* L = 0.01175*25 = 0.3925 (m)
X
d1
= x
o
*L = 0.08*25 = 2 (m)
T , ta tnh c tng tr tng ng v dng ngn mch ba pha:
R
th1
= R
B
+ R
d1
= 2.56 + 0.3925 = 2.9525 (m)
X
th1
= X
B
+ X
d1
= 11.45+ 2 = 13.45 (m)
Z
th1
=
2
1
2
1 th th
X R + =
2 2
2.9525 13.45 +
=13.77 (m)
I
(3)
N1
=
400
3*13.77
= 16.77 (kA)
CB
cu
I
= 70 (kA) > I
(3)
N1
( tha iu kin chn thit b bo v)
d. Tnh ngn mch ba pha tng t ti cc TPP ca tng tng, kt qu cho
bng sau
V tr
Loi dy
dn
Z
ce
chiu di (m)
Z
d

R X Ro Xo
TPP.TH 14.94 3x2.5 0 0.15 70 7.41 0 0.45
TPP.TT 73.66 3x22 0 0.15 45 0.84 0 5.67
TPP.T1 64.19 3x22 0 0.15 50 0.84 0 5.38
TPP.T2 149.6 3x80 0 0.15 54 0.234 0.08 9.77
TPP.T7 149.6 3x80 0 0.15 76 0.234 0.08 8.11
TPP.ST 18.94 3x2.5 0 0.15 80 7.41 0 0.39
TPP.PTC 179.3 3x100 0 0.15 5 0.184 0.08 16
TPP.HTL 564.1 3x(2x200) 0 0.15 3 0.047 0.08 16.45
T bng kt qu, ta thy cc thit b bo v c chn i vi cc t phn phi
l tha yu cu.
5.5 Kim tra st p
Tng tr ca ng dy tuy nh nhng khi dy mang ti th s lun tn ti st
p gia u v cui ng dy.
St p ln trn ng dy s gy ra nhng hu qu nh: cc thit b in ni
chung s lm vic khng n nh, tui th ca cc thit b gim (c khi b h hng
ngay), tng tn tht, pht nng
( )
tt
I A
3
( )
sc
kA
Kim tra st p l nhm m bo cho dy dn c chn phi tha mn iu
kin st p cho php khi dy mang ti ln nht.
Quy nh v st p ln nht cho php s thay i ty theo quc gia. Khi kim
tra st p m ln hn gi tr cho php th ta phi tng tit din dy dn cho ti khi tha
iu kin st p cho php. Thng thng khi thit k th nn chn gi tr ny khng
c vt qu 5%U
m
.
3 ( cos sin )
d o o
U I R X L +
2 ( cos sin )
p o o
U I R X L +
Ta c th tnh nhanh st p trn dy dn bng cch tra bng H1 29 Sch
HDTKVLD theo tiu chun IEC c cho trn 1km chiu di ng vi 1A.
Thc hin kim tra st p cho mt s tuyn ca cao c:
Tuyn t MBA n cm TH
- T thanh ci MBA n TPPC
I
tt
= 1519.34 (A)
L = 25 (m)
Tit din dy S = 400 (mm
2
)
R
o
= 0.01175 ( /Km)
1
3 ( cos sin )
d o o
U I R X L +
=
1519.34
3 (0.01175 0.8 0.08 0.6) 0.025
4
+
= 0.94 (V)
- T TPPC n TPP.TH
I
tt
= 14.94 (A)
L = 70 (m)
Tit din dy S = 2.5 (mm
2
)
R
o
= 7.41 ( /Km)
2
3 ( cos sin )
d o o
U I R X L +
= 3 14.94 (7.41 0.83 0.08 0.56) 0.07 +
= 11.22 (V)
1 2 d d d
U U U +
= 0.94+11.22=12.16 (V)
1
3
d
p
U
U

=
12.16
3
=7.02
- T T.OC n cm xa nht
I
tt
= 20 (A)
L = 50(m)
2
)
R
o
= 7.41 ( /Km)
2
2 ( cos sin )
p o o
U I R X L +
=
2 20 (7.41 0.8 0.08 0.6) 0.05 +
= 11.95(V)
1 2 p p p
U U U +
=7.02+11.95=18.97 (V)
st p:
18.97
100
230

= 8.2% (>6%) nn khng tha.
Ta chn li dy i vi cc TPP tng c tit din nh nht l 11mm
2
.Kt qu
tnh ton st p sau khi chn li i vi tuyn trn
- T TPPC n TPP.TH
I
tt
= 14.94 (A)
L = 70 (m)
2
)
R
o
= 1.71 ( /Km)
2
3 ( cos sin )
d o o
U I R X L +
= 3 14.94 (1.71 0.83 0.08 0.56) 0.07 +
= 2.65 (V)
1 2 d d d
U U U +
= 0.94+2.65=3.59 (V)
1
3
d
p
U
U

=
3.59
3
= 2.07
1 2 p p p
U U U +
=2.07+11.95=14.02 (V)
st p:
14.02
100
230

= 6% nn tha yu cu v st p.
Tuyn t MBA n n ST
- T thanh ci MBA n TPPC
I
tt
= 1519.34 (A)
L = 25 (m)
2
)
R
o
= 0.01175 ( /Km)
1
3 ( cos sin )
d o o
U I R X L +
=
1519.34
3 (0.01175 0.8 0.08 0.6) 0.025
4
+
= 0.944 (V)
- T TPPC n TPP.ST
I
tt
= 18.94 (A)
L = 80 (m)
2
)
R
o
= 1.71 ( /Km)
2
3 ( cos sin )
d o o
U I R X L +
= 3 18.94 (1.71 0.8 0.08 0.6) 0.08 +
= 6.4 (V)
1 2 d d d
U U U +
= 0.94+6.4=7.34 (V)
1
3
d
p
U
U

=
7.34
3
=4.23
- T T.CS n n xa nht
I
tt
= 20 (A)
L = 30(m)
2
)
R
o
= 7.41 ( /Km)
2
2 ( cos sin )
p o o
U I R X L +
=
2 20 (7.41 0.96 0.08 0.28) 0.03 +
= 8.56(V)
1 2 p p p
U U U +
=4.23+8.56=12.79 (V)
st p:
12.79
100
230

= 5.5% (<6%) nn tha.
Kim tra tng t cho cc tuyn khc ca cao c ta thy kt qu chn dy l
ph hp.
Chng 6
AN TON IN
6.1 Cc khi nim c bn v an ton in
6.1.1 Hin tng in git
Khi tip xc vi in p, con ngi c th chu mt dng in i qua ngi
(I
ngi
). Nu tr s ca dng I
ngi
ln v thi gian tn ti lu con ngi c th b
t vong. Dng I
ngi
s gy ra cc tc hi v mt sinh hc i vi c th ngi nh: co
git, phng, ri lon h h hp, h thn kinh, tim ngng p dn n t vong. Cc
tc hi ny ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t: bin dng I
ngi
, thi gian tn ti, ng
i ca dng in qua ngi, trng thi sc khe, mi trng xung quanh
6.1.2 Chm in trc tip
Xy ra khi ngi tip xc vi dy dn trn mang in trong nhng tnh trng
bnh thng.
6.1.3 Chm in gin tip
Xy ra khi mt ngi tip xc vi phn dn in m lc bnh thng khng c
in, nhng c th tnh c dn in ( do h hng cch in hoc do mt vi nguyn
nhn khc).
6.1.4 in p tip xc cho php
L in p gii hn m ngi tip xc s khng nguy him n tnh mng.
U cho php (V)
Vit Nam IEC c M
AC DC AC DC AC DC AC DC
Ni kh ro 42 80 50 120 50 120 50 120
Ni m t 24 50 25 60 25 60 25 60
Ni c bit nguy him t 6V n 12V
6.2 Cc bin php bo v
6.2.1 Bin php bo v chng chm in trc tip
V chm in trc tip rt nguy him, nn vic bo v chng chm in trc
tip l yu cu c bn ca mt mng in, mt thit b in. Khi ch to dy dn hoc
thit b in, nh sn xut phi m bo in tr cch in thch hp vi tng cp in
p.
Trong qu trnh thi cng cc h thng in, cn thc hin cc bin php bo v
chng chm in trc tip nh
Ngn nga kiu vt l chng tip xc trc tip vi phn t mang in
bng ro chn, bc cch in
Bo v ph khi xy ra chm in trc tip, bo v ph ny da trn cc
rle tc ng nhanh, nhy cao lm vic da trn dng r. Cc rle ny
t hiu qu cao trong cc trng hp xy ra chm in trc tip.
Ty theo tng trng hp m ta phn bit cc mc bo v
Ton b (bc cch in, ng kn)
Tng phn hay c bit.
Mt bin php b sung chng nhng nguy him do chm in trc tip l s
dng cc thit b lm vic vi dng r, cc thit b ny lm vic 30mA hoc thp hn
nh loi RCD vi nhy cao.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b chng dng r (RCD)
Theo s nguyn l, dng in chy qua tt c cc dy dn ca mng (dy
pha v dy trung tnh) c cho i qua li ca mt mch t. T thng sinh ra trong
mch t ph thuc vo tng i s cc t thng sinh ra do cc thnh phn dng chy
trn cc dy dn. Dng trn mt chiu no c coi l dng th dng chy theo
chiu ngc li l m.
i 1 i 2
i d
S
N
P
N
Hnh S nguyn l thit b chng dng r theo nguyn tc so lch.
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, khng c t thng sinh ra trn li t,
v khng c sc in ng sinh ra trn cun dy.
. . .
0 pha N RCD
Khi c ngi chm tay vo dy pha, lc s xut hin dng
.
ng
i qua
ngi v ngun.
. . . .
. .
0
pha pha ng N
RCD ng
+

Lc ny trong mch t ca RCD s xut hin dng in cm ng, dng
in ny s c a n mt b khuch i. B phn so snh s so snh
tnh hiu ny vi dng chnh nh
n
I
, nu vt qu gi tr
n
I
th RCD
s tc ng ct tc thi.
Theo quy nh v mng in IEC bt buc phi s dng RCD trn cc mch c
cm ngoi t ti cc v tr c bit nguy him.
6.2.2 Bo v chng chm in gin tip
A. Hin tng chm v
Tnh trng chm in gin tip xy ra khi c s c v cch in, khin cc phn
mang in chm vo v kim loi ca thit b. Trong trng hp ny, nu khng c cc
bin php bo v th ngi s vo v kim loi ca thit b s tip xc vi mt in p
ln tng ng vi chm trc tip.
Bin php bo v an ton trong trng hp ny gm hai ni dung
Thc hin s ni t thch hp.
S dng thit b bo v ct ngun thch hp vi thi gian gii hn cho
php.
B. Cc h thng ni t trong mng h p theo tiu chun IEC
Bin php bo v an ton chng chm in gin tip c thc hin ph thuc
phng php ni t ca h thng cung cp in.
Cc s ni t c m t theo c tnh v phng php ni t im trung
tnh ca bin p phn phi (hoc ca cc ngun khc) v phng php ni t v kim
loi ca thit b in trong li h th.
a. S TT (Bo v ni t) (ba pha 5 dy)
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
im ni sao (hoc ni sao cun h ca bin p phn phi) ca ngun s c
ni trc tip vi t. Cc b phn cn ni t v vt dn t nhin s ni chung ti cc
ni t ring bit ca li. in cc ny c th c lp hoc ph thuc v in vi
in cc ca ngun, hai vng nh hng c th bao trm ln nhau m khng nh
hng ti thao tc ca thit b bo v.
b. S TN
Ngun c ni t nh s TT. Trong mng, v kim loi v cc vt dn t
nhin ca li s c ni vi dy trung tnh. Mt vi phng n ca s TN:
S TN-C (3 pha 4 dy) (C- common)
Trung tnh
t (Terre T)
RnHT RnTB
V kim loi Trung tnh
Trung tnh
t (Terre T)
V kim loi
Trung tnh
t (Terre T)
L1
L2
L3
PEN
Dy trung tnh l dy bo v v c gi l dy PEN. S ny khng c
php s dng cho cc dy nh hn 10 mm
2
cho Cu v 16 mm
2
cho Al v thit b xch
tay.
S TN-C i hi mt s ng p hiu qu trong li vi nhiu im ni t
lp li.
S TN-S (3 pha 5 dy) (S- Separate)
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Rn
Dy bo v v dy trung tnh l ring bit. i vi cp c v bc ch, dy bo
v thng l v ch. H thng TN-S l bt buc i vi mch c tit din nh hn
10mm
2
(Cu) v 16mm
2
(Al) cho cc thit b di ng.
S TN-C-S
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Rn
TNC
PEN
TNS
PE
Rn
S TN-C v s TN-S c th c cng s dng trong cng mt li.
Trong s TN-C-S th s TN-C (4 dy) khng bao gi c s dng sau s
TN-S. im phn dy PE tch khi dy PEN thng l im u ca li.
c. S IT
im trung tnh ca ngun c cch ly hoc t qua mt in tr. Cc v
kim loi v vt dn t nhin s ni ti cc ni t. Nh vy c 2 phng n cho s
IT.
S IT (Trung tnh cch ly)
TNC
PEN
TNS
im trung tnh ca ngun cch ly. V kim loi v vt dn t nhin s ni
ti mt in cc ni t chung.
Trn thc t mi dy dn u c mt in khng i vi t v khng c cch
in no l hon ho. Song song vi ng r in tr s c ng dng r dung vi
t.
S IT (Trung tnh ni t qua in tr)
Trung tnh
Cch ly hoc ni t qua in tr
(Isolate
I)
V kim loi
t (Terre
T)
L1
L2
L3
Zs
im trung tnh cun h bin p phn phi s c ni t qua mt in tr
Z
s
(1-2k). Cc v kim loi v vt dn t nhin s c ni ti cc ni t. Nguyn
nhn dng Z
s
l to mt th c nh so vi t (Z
s
nh hn cc Z
ct
) ca cc li nh
v do gim ngng qu p do s c chm t cun cao th ca my bin p ngun
sang cun h. Tuy nhin vic lp thm Z
s
s lm tng dng s c khi xy ra chm v
im th nht.
6.3 Thit k bo v an ton cho Cao c
6.3.1 Chn s ni t
Ta thit k an ton cho cao c vi s TT vi mt s c trng sau:
Bin php thc hin s TT
A. Cc bin php bo v
a. Bo v chng chm gin tip
T ng ct ngun i vi mng ni t kiu TT c thc hin c hiu qu
nh cc RCD. Dng chnh nh phi m bo iu kin:
cp
n
RndTB
U
R

Vi U
cp
= 50V (25V i vi mng nng thn v cng trng)
Bng gi tr gii hn trn ca in tr ni t ca li vi nhy khc nhau
ca RCD ng vi in p cho php l 50V v 25V (theo tiu chun IEC)
I
n

in tr ni t ti a
50V 25V
3A 16 8
1A 50 25
500mA 100 50
300mA 166 83
30mA 1666 833
i vi cao c, ta s dng RCD c nhy cao ( 30mA) i vi cc cm
ngoi c I 20A, v cc cm ni m t vi dng bt k.
b. Bo v khi v thit b khng c ni t
i vi mt s thit b t bit, tnh n trng hp dy ni t b t, ta s
dng cc RCD c nhy cao ( 30mA) s lm vic hiu qu trnh nguy him do
chm in gin tip v bo v ph chng chm trc tip.
B. Chn thit b RCD bo v chng chm in
Vi cc RCD phi t u ngun trong mng T T, chng phi c kh nng ct
chn lc so vi cc RCD khc trong mch nhm m bo tnh lin tc cung cp in.
Ta chn RCCB (CB chng dng r) bo v chng chm in cho cao c.
Thit b ny theo tiu chun IEC 1008 l b ct mch ging LBS (cu dao ph ti).
Chng c thit k theo kh nng ct v chu c dng ngn mch song chng
khng ct c dng ngn mch. V vy, nht thit phi c mt SCPD (thit b bo v
chng ngn mch) c mc ni tip vi RCCB.
C. Phi hp gia cc thit b bo v so lch
Vic phi hp nhm ct s c c chn lc bng cch s dng nhiu RCD c
nhy khc nhau nhm to cc khong thi gian tr bi vic chia nh cc mch. Theo
, mi phn t hoc mi nhm s c bo v ring.
Tnh chn lc c m bo khi ch c CB pha trc v tr s c l tc ng.
Ta chn 4 mc nh sau:
Ti t phn phi chnh: Ta t RCD c nhy 3A (rle vi bin dng
dng xuyn CT 3A ring bit) thi gian tr 500ms.
Ti cc t phn phi khc: Ta t RCCB 1A, thi gian tr 250ms
Ti cm hoc cc thit b c lp: Ta t RCCB 300mA, thi gian tr
50ms.
i vi cc cm hoc thit b trong nhng khu vc m t, ta chn
RCCB 30mA.
A
B
C
D
6.3.2 Tnh ton v thc hin h thng in tr ni t
A. Ni t trung tnh
i vi my bin p S =1000kVA ( 100kVA) th R
nHT
4.
Chn loi mch vng phc hp thanh cc:
Cc: thp gc 40 x 4(mm), di l
c
= 3m
Thanh ngang: thp gc 40 x 4(mm), di lth = 18m
Chn
100
d
m
Khong cch gia 2 cc: a = 6m
Cc chn su t0 = 0.8m
Tra bng PL 03 sch Bi tp K Thut in Cao p H Vn Nht Chng, ta
c h s theo ma:
CT 3A
thi gian tr 500ms
RCCB 1A
thi gian tr 250ms
RCCB 300mA
thi gian tr 50ms
RCCB 30mA
Km(cc) = 1.4
Km(thanh) = 1.6
in tr ca mt cc l:
R
1cc
=
2 4 1
ln ln
2 0.95 2 4
m d c c
c c
k l t l
l b t l
| ` +
+

. ,
Vi
0
0.8 1.5 2.3
2
c
l
t t m + +
R
1cc
=
1.4 100 2 3 1 4 2.3 3
ln ln 40.09
2 3 0.95 0.04 2 4 2.3 3
c c
| ` +
+

. ,
Do t s
6
2
3
a
l

, ta chn h s s dng cho cc
0.9
c

(PL12)
in tr ni t R
nt
= 4
Vy, s cc s b: R
nt
=
1coc
c sb
R
n
1coc
40.09
11.12
0.9 4
sb
c ndat
R
n
R

Ta chn n = 12 cc
Vi t s
6
2
3
a
l

v s cc l n = 12, tra PL05, ta c h s s dng ca cc
0.66
c

in tr 4 thanh ngang 40 x 4(mm) lp thnh mch vng
L = 4 x 18 = 72(m)
b = 40(mm)

2
2
ln
2
tt
th
c
K L
R
L b t
Tra bng PL19 ti liu 3, ta c: K = 5.53 (do

1
2
1
l
l

)

2
1.6 100 5.53 2 72
ln 5.09
2 72 0.04 0.8
th
c
R

Ta c:
6
2
3
a
l

, tra bng PL07, ta c h s s dng xoay chiu ca thanh
khi cc b tr theo mch vng ng vi 12 cc:
0.38
t

Vy, in tr thc ca cc v thanh ni t:
R
t
=
40.09 5.09
3.67 10
40.09 0.38 12 0.66 5.09
coc th
coc t c th
R R
R n R

<
+ +
Kt lun:
Vi R
t
= 3.67< 4
B. Ni t v thit b
Ti t phn phi chnh
Vi U
cp
= 50V, I
n
= 3A
R
ndmax
= 16
R
1cc
=
1.4 100 2 3 1 4 2.3 3
ln ln 40.09
2 3 0.95 0.04 2 4 2.3 3
c c
| ` +
+

. ,
Do t s
6
2
3
a
l

, ta chn h s s dng cho cc
0.9
c

(PL12)
in tr ni t R
nt
= 16
Vy, s cc s b: R
nt
=
1coc
c sb
R
n
1coc
40.09
2.78
0.9 16
sb
c ndat
R
n
R

Ta chn n = 4 cc
Vi t s
6
2
3
a
l

v s cc l n = 4, tra PL05, ta c h s s dng ca cc
0.77
c

in tr 4 thanh ngang 40 x 4(mm) lp thnh mch vng
L = 3 x 18 = 72(m)
b = 40(mm)

2
2
ln
2
tt
th
c
K L
R
L b t
Tra bng PL19, ta c: K = 5.53 (do

1
2
1
l
l

)

2
1.6 100 5.53 2 72
ln 5.09
2 72 0.04 0.8
th
R

Ta c:
6
2
3
a
l

, tra bng PL07, ta c h s s dng xoay chiu ca thanh
khi cc b tr theo mch vng ng vi 4 thanh:
0.55
t

Vy, in tr thc ca cc v thanh ni t:
R
t
=
40.09 5.09
5.41 16
40.09 0.55 4 0.77 5.09
coc th
coc t c th
R R
R n R

<
+ +
Kt lun: Vi cc t phn phi khc, h thng ni t thit b chung l t yu
cu.
Chng7
THIT K CHNG ST
7.1 Khi nim
7.1.1 Hin tng st
St thc cht l mt dng phng in trong khng kh vi khong cch rt ln.
Chiu di trung bnh ca khe st khong 3-5 km, phn ln chiu di pht trin trong
m my dng. Qu trnh phng in ca st tng t nh qu trnh phng in tia la
trong in trng khng ng nht vi khong cch phng in ln. Chnh s tng
t cho php m phng st trong phng th nghim nghin cu nhng quy lut
ca n v nghin cu nhng bin php bo v chng st.
Vic gin on trong cung cp in c th do rt nhiu nguyn nhn nhng mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn gy him ha ln nht l st. Khi cc ta nh, cng trnh
dng st s gy ra cc tc dng nh nhit, c, in t, lm h hi cc thit b cng nh
nguy him n tnh mng con ngi.
7.1.2 Cc giai on pht trin ca st
A. Giai on phng tia tin o
Ban u xut pht t my ging mt tia tin o sng m, pht trin thnh tng
t gin on v pha mt t, vi tc trung bnh khong 10
5
- 10
6
m/s. Knh tin
o l mt dng plasma mt in khong 10
13
10
14
ion/m
3
, mt phn in tch m
ca my ging trn vo knh v phn b tng i u dc theo chiu di ca n.
Thi gian pht trin ca tia tin o mi t ko di trung bnh khong 1 s.
Thi gian tm ngng pht trin gia 2 t khong 30 - 90 s.
ng i ca tia tin o trong thi gian ny khng ph thuc vo tnh trng
mt t v cc vt trn mt t, do n gn nh hng thng v pha mt t. Cho
n khi tia tin o t n cao nh hng th mi b nh hng bi cc vng in
tch tp trung di mt t.
B. Giai on hnh thnh khu vc ion ha
Di tc dng ca in trng to nn bi in tch ca my ging v in tch
trong knh tin o, s c s tp trung in tch tri du trn vng mt t pha di
m my ging. Nu vng t pha di c in dn ng nht th ni in tch tp
trung s nm trc tip di knh tin o, nu vng t pha di c in dn khc
nhau th in tch ch yu tp trung vng k cn ni c in dn cao nh vng qung
kim loi, vng t m, ao h, sng ngi, vng nc ngm, kt cu kim loi cc ta nh
cao tng, ct in, cy cao b t trong ma... chnh cc vng in tch tp trung ny
s nh hng hng pht trin ca tia tin o hng xung khi n t n cao
nh hng, tia tin o s pht trin theo hng c in trng ln nht. Do cc
vng tp trung in tch s l ni st nh vo.
nhng vt dn c cao nh cc nh cao tng, ct angten cc i pht th t
nh ca n ni cc din tch tri du tp trung nhiu cng s ng thi xut hin dng
tin o pht trin hng ln m my ging. Chiu di ca knh tin o t di ln
ny tng theo cao ca vt dn v to iu kin d dng cho s nh hng ca st
vo vt dn .
Ngi ta li dng tnh cht chn ca st bo v chng st nh thng cho cc
cng trnh bng cch dng cc thanh kim loi hay dy thu st bng kim loi c ni
t tt, t cao hn cng trnh cn bo v hng st nh vo m khng phng
vo cng trnh.
Khi tia tin o hng xung gn mt t hay tia tin o hng ln, th trong
khong cch kh gia do cng in trng tng cao gy ln ion ha mnh lit,
dn n s hnh thnh mt dng plasma c mt in tch cao hn nhiu so vi mt
in tch ca tia tin o, in dn ca n tng ln hng trm ln.
C. Giai on phng in ngc
Do in dn ca n tng cao nh vy nn in tch cm ng trn vo dng
ngc mang in th ca t lm cho cng trng u dng tng ln gy ion ha
mnh lit v c nh vy dng plasma in dn cao 10
16
- 10
19
ion/m
3
tip tc pht trin
ngc ln trn theo ng dn sn bi knh tin o. y l s phng in ngc hay
phng in ch yu. V mt in tch caot nng mnh lit cho nn tia phng in
ch yu sng chi ( chnh l chp ).
Tc pht trin ca knh phng in ngc vo khong 1,5.10
7
1,5.10
8
m/s
tc l nhanh gp trn trm ln tc pht trin ca knh tin o. Khi knh phng
in ch yu ln ti m my th s in tch cn li ca m my s theo knh phng
in chy xung t v to nn dng in c tr s nht nh.
Kt qu quan trc cho thy rng: phng in st thng xy ra nhiu ln k tip
nhau trung bnh l 3 ln. Cc ln phng in sau c dng tin o pht trin lin tc
(khng phi tng t nh ln u ), khng phn nhnh v theo ng qy o ca ln
u nhng vi tc cao hn ( 2. 10
6
m/s). iu ny c gii thch: m my ging
c th c nhiu trung tm in tch khc nhau hnh thnh do cc dng khng kh xoy
trong my. Ln phng in u tin d nhin s xy ra gia t v trung tm in tch
Ismax
0.5Ismax
ii
ii
t t
ds
t
s
Is
c cng in trng cao nht. Trong giai on phng in tin o th hiu in
th gia cc trung tm ny v cc trung tm khc khng thay i v t c nh hng
qua li. Nhng khi knh phng in ch yu ln n my th trung tm in tch
u tin ca m my thc t mang in th ca t, iu ny lm cho hiu th gia
trung tm in tch phng ti trung tm in th ln cn tng ln v c th dn n
phng in gia chng vi nhau. Trong khi th knh phng in c vn cn mt
in dn nht nh do s kh ion cha hon ton, nn phng in tin o ln sau theo
ng qu o , lin tc v vi tc ln hn ln u.
Hnh. Cc giai on phng in st v bin thin dng in st theo thi gian.
a Giai on phng in tin o.
b Tin o n gn mt t hnh thnh khu vc ion ha mnh lit.
c Giai on phng in ngc hay phng in ch yu.
d Phng in ch yu kt thc.
7.1.3 Cc thng s st
Khi tnh ton bo v chng st thng s chnh cn ch l dng in st c
phm vi gii hn rt rng, bin dng st c th ln n 200-300 KA. Tuy nhin
phn ln trng hp gp st nh tr s 50 KA, st c dng in t 100 KA tr ln
rt him xy ra. Do trong tnh ton thng ly dng in st bng 50 KA.
Dng in st c dng mt sng xung. Thng trong khong vi ba micro giy
dng in tng nhanh n tr s cc i to thnh phn u sng, sau gim chm
trong khong 20 - 100 s to nn phn ui sng.
Cc thng s ch yu :
Bin dng st : l gi tr ln nht ca dng in st.
Thi gian u sng (tds) : l thi gian dng st tng t 0 n gi tr cc
i.
dc dng in st : a = dis/dt
di dng in st (ts) : l thi gian t u dng in st n khi dng
in gim bng 1/2 bin .
A. Bin dng st v xc sut xut hin
Dng in st c tr s ln nht vo lc knh phng in ch yu n trung tm
in tch ca m my ging.
o bin dng st ngi ta dng rng ri h thng in thit b ghi t.
Xc sut xut hin dng st c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc :
Cho vng ng bng: VI = e-Is/26 = 10-Is/60
Cho vng ni cao: VI = 10-Is/30
B. dc u sng dng in st (a) v xc sut xut hin
o dc dng in st ngi ta thng dng mt khung bng dy dn ni
vo mt in k.
Xc sut xut hin dc c th tnh theo:
Cho vng ng bng: Va = e-a/15,7 = 10 -a/36
Cho vng ni cao: Va = 10-a/18
C. Cng hot ng ca st
Cng hot ng ca st c biu th bng s ngy trung bnh c dng st
hng nm hoc bng tng s gi trung bnh c dng st hng nm.
S ln st nh trong mt nm vo cng trnh :
N =
6
10
) 3 )( 3 ( n h L h W
x x
+ +
Trong : W :chiu rng ca cng trnh
L :chiu di ca cng trnh
h
x
:chiu cao tnh ton ca cng trnh
n :s ln st nh trung bnh trn 1km
2
trong nm xy ra
a phng
Mt ca st l s ln st nh trung bnh trn mt n v din tch mt t
(1km
2
) trong mt ngy st.
Cng st cng nh mt st thay i theo vng lnh th.
7.1.4 Cc tc hi do st
A. Khi st nh trc tip
Do nng lng ca mt c st ln nn sc ph hoi ca n rt ln khi mt cng
trnh b st nh trc tip c th b nh hng n bn c kh, c hc ca cc thit
b trong cng trnh, n c th ph hy cng trnh, gy chy n...trong :
Bin dng st nh hng vn qu in p xung v nh hng n
bn c kh ca cc thit b trong cng trnh.
Thi gian xung st nh hng n vn qu in p xung trn cc thit
b.
Thi gian tn ti ca xung st th nh hng n bn c hc ca cc
thit b hay cng trnh b st nh.
Ngoi ra, kh nng chy n cng xy ra rt cao i vi cng trnh b st
nh trc tip.
B. nh hng do s lan truyn sng in t gy bi dng in st
Khi xy ra phng in st s gy nn mt sng in t ta ra xung quanh vi
tc rt ln, trong khng kh tc ca n tng ng tc nh sng. Sng in
t truyn vo cng trnh theo cc ng dy in lc, thng tin... gy qu in p tc
dng ln cc thit b trong cng trnh, gy h hng c bit i vi cc thit b nhy
cm: thit b in t, my tnh cng nh mng my tnh ... gy ra nhng thit hi rt
ln.
7.2 Phn cp bo v chng st cho cng trnh
Tu theo chc nng s dng, tm
quan trng ca cng trnh xy dng, ngi ta
phn thanh 3 cp bo v chng st nh sau:
Bo v cp 1: Nhng cng trnh trng im ta ra cc cht kh hoc hi
chy, cng nh bi hoc si d chuyn sang dng kh l lng, v c kh
nng kt hp vi khng kh hoc cht oxi ha khc to thnh cc hn hp
n, c th xy ra ngay trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng, k c iu
kin lm vic bnh thng ngn hn (m hoc ng cc thit b cha hoc
rt cc cht d bt la). Khi xy ra chy n s gy ra nhng ph hoi
ln v lm cht ngi.
Bo v cp 2: Nhng cng trnh, trong im ta ra cc cht kh hoc hi,
bi hoc si c kh nng kt hp vi khng kh hoc cc cht khc to
thnh hn hp n. Nhng kh nng ny ch xy ra khi c s c hoc lm
sai quy tc, khng th xy ra trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng. Khi
xy ra chy n ch gy ra nhng h hng nh v khng lm cht ngi.
Bo v cp 3: Tt c nhng cng trnh cn li khng thuc bo v cp 1,
2. Tuy nhin, mt s cng trnh cp 3 (theo nguyn tc phn cp nh trn)
nhng c tm quan trng c bit v chnh tr hoc kinh t th c phn
cp hai, nh nh quc hi, i pht thanh truyn hnh, nh my in
T nhng phn tch trn, ta thy ta cao c thuc cng trnh bo v cp 3.
7.3 Cc phng php bo v chng st
Khi la chn phng php bo v cho nh v cng trnh cn phi ch sao cho
ph hp vi t tnh cu trc ca cng trnh, qu trnh s dng cng trnh theo yu cu
cng ngh v ngha ca mi cng trnh.
7.3.1 Phng php c in
A. Bo v chng st nh trc tip bng ct thu st hay dy thu st
St nh trc tip vo dy dn ca ng dy ti in, cc thit b mang in s
gy nn qu in p lm ngn mch, chm t cc pha, h hng cch in ca cc thit
b. V vy cng trnh phi c bo v hiu qu chng st nh trc tip bng mt h
thng thu st c cc t im sau :
Cc ct thu st lm bng thp ng
hoc thp thanh t thng ng gi l cc
kim thu st hoc bng dy thp cn ngang
gia cc ct trong trng hp dy chng st.
B phn dn dng in st c to
thnh bi bn thn kt cu thp ca ct thp
hoc bng b tng ct thp hay bng dy
thp c tit din khng nh hn 50mm
2
trong
trng hp kim thu st t trn ng khi, ct
g, mi nh.
B phn ni t c to thnh bi
mt h thng cc v thanh bng ng hoc
thp ni lin nhau, chn trong t, c in
tr tn b dng in st tn mt cch d
dng trong t.
nh b phn thu st vc cao trn tt c cc b phn v thit b in cn c
bo v. Tc dng bo v ca ct thu st hay dy chng st din ra trong giai on
phng in tin o ca st.
B. Phm vi bo v ca cc thit b thu st:
Mt ct thu st to nn xung quanh n mt phm vi bo v nht nh trong
khng gian ty theo chiu cao ct. Trong thc t xc sut st nh vo vng c
bo v bi ct hu nh khng c.
Phm vi bo v ca ct thu st trong khng gian cn c gi l vng bo v.
Theo l thuyt st nh vo vng bo v bng khong 1% ph thuc vo kiu, s
lng v cch b tr cc ct thu st m phm vi bo v c th c kiu hnh hc khc
nhau. Phn ln cc vng bo v c xc nh bng t s H/h., trong H l chiu cao
H thng
ni t
B phn
dn st
Kim thu st
set
Hinh.Ct thu st
H thng
ni t
B phn
dn st
Kim thu st
Hnh.Ct thu st
c lng t ni bt u pht sinh hin tng phng in st ca m my dng n
ct thu st, h l chiu cao ca ct thu st.
a. Phm vi bo v ca mt ct thu st:
L mt hnh chp trn xoay, c dng ng sinh l mt Hypebol c tuyn
tnh ha, vi bn knh bo v l r
x
.
Ct thu st c cao h, cng trnh cn bo v c cao h
x
th bn knh bo v
c xc nh theo cng thc:
( )
( )
x
x
x
h h
h h
p h r
+
. . . 6 , 1
Vi p = 1 khi h 30m.
p
30 5, 5
h h
khi 30m < h 60m.
Trong thit k n gin ngi ta thng thay th ng sinh dng hypebol
gii hn khu vc bo v bi hai ng thng. Lc bn knh bo v ca ct thu st
c cao h
x
c xc nh nh sau:
3
. 2 h
h
x
<
th
)
8 , 0
1 ( . 5 , 1
h
h
h r
x
x x

3
. 2 h
h
x
>
th ) 1 ( . 75 , 0
h
h
h r
x
x x

b. Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu st:
Hai ct thu st c chiu cao bng nhau:
Hnh. Phm vi bo v ca 1 ct thu st
0.2h 1/3h
2/3h h
x

r
x
0.75h 1.5h
- Nu hai ct t cch nhau mt on a = 7.h th mi im trn mt t
gia hai ct thu st c bo v.
- Nu hai ct t cch nhau mt on a < 7h th hai ct thu st c th
bo v c cng trnh c cao h
o
t gia hai ct thu st:
p
a
h h
. 7
0

Khi:
3
. 2
o
x
h
h < th
)
8 , 0
1 ( . 5 , 1
o
x
o ox
h
h
p h r
3
. 2
o
x
h
h > th
) 1 ( . 75 . 0
o
x
o ox
h
h
p h r
Hai ct thu st c cao khc nhau:
- V nguyn tc, phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu st ny c th c xy
dng nh sau:
- u tin dng phm vi ca ct thu st th nht, c chiu cao cao hn,
sau dng phm vi bo v ca ct thu st th hai. T nh ca ct
thu st th hai v mt ng thng nm ngang ct phm vi bo v ca
ct thu st th nht mt im, im ny c chiu cao so vi mt t
bng chiu cao ca ct thu st th hai (xem nh y l mt ct gi
2/3h
h
x

0.2h
Ct gi
tng
0.75h
1.5h
r
x
r
ox
r
x
Hnh. Chiu cao bo v ca hai ct thu st cao bng nhau
a
h
o
tng). Cui cng v ng cong phm vi bo v ca ct th hai v
ct gi tng theo phng php hai ct c chiu cao ging nhau.
- Trong trng hp ny, nu chiu cao ca ct thu st th hai l h30m,
tr s h
o
c xc nh theo cng thc:
7
0

L
h h (8.13)
Trong : H: l chiu cao ca ct thu st th hai (m).
L
: khong cch gia ct th hai v ct gi tng (m).

c. Phm vi bo v ca nhiu ct thu st:
Khi cng trnh cn c bo v chim mt din tch rng th ngi ta t nhiu
ct thu st. Mt bng ca cc ct thu st to thnh cc hnh tam gic hay hnh ch nht.
vng bo v ca cc ct thu st c xc nh nh sau:
Bn ngoi a gic, vng bo v s c xc nh bi tng i mt cc ct
thu st.
Bn trong a gic, mt cao hx s c bo v nu n tha iu kin
D ( ) 8
x
h h
h
2
h
1
r
x1
r
x2
r
ox
h
0
Hnh. Bn knh bo v ca hai ct thu st cao khc nhau
Trong : h: cao ca ct thu st.
D: ng knh vng trn ngoi tip a gic.
d. Phm vi bo v ca dy thu st:
Ty theo cch b tr dy dn trn ct c th mt hoc hai dy thu st. Cc dy
thu st c treo bn trn ng dy ti in sao cho dy dn ca c ba pha u nm
trong phm vi bo v ca dy thu st.
Dy bo v ca ct treo mt dy thu st c tnh theo cng thc n gin sau
(vi h 30m):
cao h
x
>
2
3
h

b
x
= 0,6(h - h
x
)
cao h
x

2
3
h

b
x
= 1,2(h 1,25h
x
)
h
0,2h
2b
x
h
x
0,6h
1,2h
DCS
Hnh. Bn knh bo v ca nhiu ct thu st
i vi trng hp hai dy: pha trong gia hai dy, phm vi bo v c gii
hn bi cung trn i qua cc dy thu st v im gia c cao h
o
= h
4
a
.
Ngoi ra c th xt n phm vi bo v ca dy thu st i vi tr in lc.
Trong trng hp ny, phm vi bo v ca dy thu st th hin qua gc bo v . Dy
dn s c bo v hon ton nu gc bo v khng qu 25
o
; gim gc bo v s
lm gim xc sut st nh vo dy dn nhng phi tng gi thnh v phi tng chiu
cao ct.
7.3.2 Phng php bo v hin i
R
a
1,2h
h
0=
h-a/4
h
DCS
DCS
0,.2h
Hnh. Phm vi bo v ca hai dy chng st
2b
x
Hnh. Phm vi bo v ca mt dy chng st
Phng php bo v c in bng kim thu st l phng php bo v th ng,
tc l ta tnh ton v t kim thu st phng nga. Khi c st nh th khng m
bo chc chn 100% s nh vo kim thu st m khng nh vo v tr cn bo v.
Ngy nay, hin tng st c nghin cu mt cch su rng v y . Ngi
ta nghin cu v ch to thnh cng cc thit bi thu st tch cc. Vi cc thit b thu
st ny th kh nng m bo thu st gn nh 100%.
C rt nhiu nh sn xut p dng k thut chng st tin tin vo thc t,
y xin gii thiu cng ngh v cch tnh ton ca nh sn xut indelec(Php). Mt
nh sn xut i tin phong v t thnh cng sm vi thit b chng st to tia tin o
PREVECTRON-2.
A. Nguyn tc hot ng ca u thu st PREVETRON-2
Trong trng hp dng bo xy ra, in trng kh quyn gia tng nhanh chng
v t khong vi ngn V/m, u thu st PREVECTRON-2 s thu nng lng in
trng kh quyn bng h thng in cc pha di, nng lng ny c tch tr
trong thit b ion ha. Trc khi xy ra hin tng phng in st (gi l st nh) c
mt s gia tng nhanh chng v t ngt ca in trng kh quyn, nh hng ny
tc ng lm thit b ion ha gii phng nng lng ang tch lu di dng ion, to ra
mt ng dn tin o v pha trn, ch ng dn st.
B. Cu to ca thit b chng st PREVECTRON-2
a. Kim thu st trung tm:
Bng dng in phn hoc thp khng r, kim ny c tc dng to mt ng dn
dng st lin tc t pha tia tin o v dn xung t theo dy dn st. Kim thu st
ny c gn trn tr cao ti thiu l 2m.
b. Hp bo v:
Bng ng hoc thp khng r, c tc dng bo v thit b to ion bn trong.
Hp ny c gn vo kim thu st trung tm .
c. Thit b to ion, gii phng ion v pht tia tin o:
y l thit bi c tnh nng c bit ca u thu st Prevectron-2. Nh thit b
ny m u thu st c th to ra mt vng bo v rng ln vi mc an ton cao.
d. H thng cc in cc pha trn:
C tc dng pht tia tin o.
e. H thng cc in cc pha di:
C tc dng thu nng lng in trng kh quyn, gip cho thit b chng st
hot ng.
C. u khuyt im ca u thu st PREVECTRON-2
a. u im:
Bn knh bo v rng :
Rp= ( ) ( ) 2 2 h D h L D L + +
Trong : h-chiu cao tht ca u kim.
D = 20m ; 45m ; 60m ty vo cp bo v 3, 2, 1.
T=10
-6
. T ( T c tra theo loi u thu st).
T ng hot ng hon ton, khng cn ngun cung cp in.
Ni t n gin nhng tin cy cao.
b. Khuyt im:
Gi thnh cao, vn u t cho cng trnh ln.
7.4 Tnh ton chng st cho cao c
7.4.1 Thit k h thng chng st nh trc tip
Do nhng i hi v mt thm m v t bit l tnh an ton cao i vi cng
trnh cao c, v vy phng n chng st hin i bng u thu st PREVECTRON-2
s c s dng cao c 10 tng ny.
Thng s k thut ca cc loi u thu st v phm vi bo v ca loi u thu
st PREVECTRON-2 trn th trng:
Bng thng s k thut.
Loi u
thu st
Gi tr
T(s)
M s
loi ng
M s
loi thp
Trng lng
(kg)
S 6.60 60 1241 1242 4,2
S 4.50 50 1231 1232 4,0
S 3.40 40 1221 1222 3,8
TS 3.40 40 1211 1212 2,5
TS 2.25 25 1201 1202 2,3
Bn knh bo v Rp ca bo v cp 1
h (m) >> 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20
S 6.60 31 47 63 79 79 79 79 79 80 80
S 4.50 27 41 55 68 69 69 69 69 70 70
S 3.40 23 35 46 58 58 59 59 59 60 60
TS 3.40 23 35 46 58 58 59 59 59 60 60
TS 2.25 17 25 34 42 43 43 43 44 45 45
h (m) >> 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 45
S 6.60 39 58 78 97 97 98 99 101 102 105
S 4.50 34 52 69 86 87 87 88 90 92 95
S 3.40 30 45 60 75 76 77 77 80 81 85
TS 3.40 30 45 60 75 76 77 77 80 81 85
TS 2.25 23 34 46 57 58 59 61 63 65 70
h (m) >> 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 45 60
S 6.60 43 64 85 107 107 108 109 113 119 120
S 4.50 38 57 76 95 96 97 98 102 109 110
S 3.40 33 50 67 84 84 85 87 92 99 100
TS 3.40 33 50 67 84 84 85 87 92 99 100
TS 2.25 26 39 52 65 66 67 69 75 84 85
V ta cao c l cng trnh bo v cp 3, nn t bng bn knh bo v ca bo
v cp 3, ta chn loi u thu st S 6.60.
Loi u
thu st
Gi tr
T(s)
M s
loi ng
M s
loi thp
Trng
lng (kg)
Chiu cao
tht ca u
kim h(m)
Bn knh
bo v
R
p
(m)
S 6.60 60 1241 1242 4,2 2 43
Ta kim tra bn knh bo v ca u thu st ti mt s cao:
cao 49.5m
Bn knh cn bo v R = 12.8m
Chiu cao tht ca kim h = 2m, bn knh bo v ca u thu st Rp = 43m.
V Rp > R nn cao ny c bo v.
cao 45m
Bn knh cn bo v R = 24.7m
Chiu cao tht ca kim h = 6.5m, bn knh bo v ca u thu st Rp > 107m.
V Rp > R nn cao ny c bo v.
Vi nhng cao < 45m, bn knh cn c bo v < 107m. Nh vy,
ton b cao c c bo v bi u thu st.
7.4.2 Tnh ton h thng ni t chng st
Theo quy trnh quy phm k thut v an ton in th in tr ni t chng st
khng c vt qu 10 ti cc im ni t.
Cc thng s ban u:
in tr t yu cu: R
n
= 10 ( ).
= 100 ( m).
in cc l thp gc L 60 60 6 (mm mm mm) di l = 2,5 m c
ng thng chn su xung t v cch t 0,8 m. S b ban u ta chn 8
Rp=43m
R=12.8m
Hnh. Bn knh bo v ca u thu st
cc, cc cc c chn thnh mch vng vi khong cch gia hai cc l
2,5m.
chn su ca cc:
0,8 2, 05( )
2
l
t m +
Thp gc c b rng b = 0,06 (m) nn ng knh ngoi ng tr:
d = 0,95.b
= 0,95.0,06 = 0,057 (m)
H s ma: k
c
= 1,4
Thanh ni l thp dt, b rng thanh ni b = 4 (cm).
chn su ca thanh ni: t = 0,8 (m) = 80 (cm).
H s ma: k
t
= 1,6
Tnh ton in tr ni t:
in tr ni t ca mt cc:
1c
0,366 2 1 4t
R . . lg .lg
d 2 4t
l l
l l
+ ]
+
]
]
c
.k
]
]
]
+
+
2,5 4.2,05
2,5 4.2,05
.lg
2
1
0,057
2.2,5
lg .100.1,4.
2,5
0,366
= 42 ( )
Cc cc chn thnh mch vng v cch nhau a = l = 2,5 m (a/l =1) (Theo
PH LC 05 Sch k thut cao p H Vn Nht Chng), ng vi 8
cc th h s s dng ca cc:

c
= 0,58.
in tr khuch tn ca c 8 cc:
) 9,1( =
8.0,58
42
=
n.
R
= R
1c
c
c
Gi s thanh ni c ni n im tip a di 5 m. Chiu di ca thanh
ni l:
L = 2,5.8 + 5 = 25 (m) = 2500 (cm).
in tr khuch tn ca thanh ni nm ngang khi cha xt n nh hng
mn che:
2
0, 366 2.
. . .lg
.
t t
L
R k
L b t

) ( 8 , 10 =
80 . 4
2500 . 2
lg . 6 , 1 . 10000 .
2500
366 , 0
=
2
Theo PH LC 07 vi 8 cc v a/l =1, ta c h s s dng ca thanh ni:

t
= 0,36.
in tr khuch tn ca thanh ni:
/ t
t
R 10,8
R = = =30()
0,36
t
in tr ni t ca h thng ni t l:
) ( 7 =
30 + 1 , 9
30 . 1 , 9
=
R + R
R . R
= R
/
t c
/
t c
[ 10 ].
Vy h thng ni t chng st tho mn iu kin an ton.
Mt bng h thng ni t chng st ta cao c.
2,5 m 2,5 m
5 m
Hnh. Mt bng ni t chng st ta cao c

LVTN - TK Cung Cap Dien Cho Cao Oc

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LVTN - TK Cung Cap Dien Cho Cao Oc

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LVTN: Thit K Cung Cp in cho Cao c 10 tng

Trong : : quang thng pht ra (lm)

Trong : d : vi phn quang thng (lm)

Trong : d : vi phn quang thng (lm)

trn din tch biu kin ca ngun sng.

: vi phn cng sng theo hng

: vi phn din tch biu kin theo hng

F. Nhit mu ca ngun sng T (

= 2900-4200 (K) theo th Kruithof.

H s ng thi dng nh gi s vn hnh khng cng lc ca cc thit b

Phng php ny tnh ton n gin, nhng kt qu km chnh xc nn t dng

K = 0.3 x 0.6 = 0.18

x n = 220 x 10 x 0.8 x 2 = 3520 (W)

Cng sut biu kin: S

ca mng s c nng cao.

: gc tng ng vi h s cng sut trc khi b

: gc tng ng vi h s cng sut sau khi b

Sau khi tnh c K

cho mi m chiu di.

Tra bng PL19 ti liu 3, ta c: K = 5.53 (do

Tra bng PL19, ta c: K = 5.53 (do

: khong cch gia ct th hai v ct gi tng (m).

Theo PH LC 07 vi 8 cc v a/l =1, ta c h s s dng ca thanh ni:

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