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Chng I
Trong ai so to hp, ta thng dung hai quy tac c ban cua phep em, o la
quy tac cong va quy tac nhan.
a) Quy tac cong :
Neu hien tng 1 co m cach xay ra, hien tng 2 co n cach xay ra va hai hien
tng nay khong xay ra ong thi th so cach xay ra hien tng nay hay hien
tng kia la : m + n cach.
V du 1. T thanh pho A en thanh pho B co 3 ng bo va 2 ng thuy. Can
chon mot ng e i t A en B. Hoi co may cach chon ?
Giai
Co :
3 + 2 = 5 cach chon.
V du 2. Mot nha hang co 3 loai ru, 4 loai bia va 6 loai nc ngot. Thc
khach can chon ung 1 loai thc uong. Hoi co may cach chon ?
Giai
Co :
b)
3 + 4 + 6 = 13 cach chon.
3 3 = 9 cach chon.
V du 2. Mot hoi ong nhan dan co 15 ngi, can bau ra 1 chu tch, 1 pho chu
tch, 1 uy ban th ky va khong c bau 1 ngi vao 2 hay 3 chc vu. Hoi co
may cach ?
Giai
Co 15 cach chon chu tch. Vi moi cach chon chu tch, co 14 cach chon pho chu
tch. Vi moi cach chon chu tch va pho chu tch, co 13 cach chon th ky.
Vay co :
2)
S o cay
Ngi ta dung s o cay e liet ke cac trng hp xay ra oi vi cac bai toan
co t hien tng lien tiep va moi hien tng co t trng hp. Chu y ta ch dung
s o cay e kiem tra ket qua.
V du. Trong mot lp hoc, thay giao muon biet trong ba mon Toan, Ly, Hoa
hoc sinh thch mon nao theo th t giam dan. So cach ma hoc sinh co the ghi la
:
T
3.
H T
H T
L H
T L
Chia het cho 4 : so tan cung la 00 hay hai ch so cuoi hp thanh so chia het cho
4 (v du : 1300, 2512, 708).
Chia het cho 5 : so tan cung la 0, 5.
Chia het cho 8 : so tan cung la 000 hay ba ch so cuoi hp thanh so chia het
cho 8 (v du : 15000, 2016, 13824).
{1, 3, 5} , {2, 3, 4} .
Vi {0, 4, 5} : co 2 cach chon a1, 2 cach chon b1, 1 cach chon c1, c
2 2 1 = 4 so m .
Vi {1, 3, 5} : co 3! = 6 so m .
Vi {2, 3, 4} : co 3! = 6 so m .
Vay co :
4 + 6 + 6 = 16 so m .
Suy ra co :
100 16 = 84 so n.
Chu y : Qua v du tren, ta thay neu so cach chon thoa tnh chat p nao o qua
nhieu, ta co the lam nh sau :
So cach chon thoa p bang so cach chon tuy y tr so cach chon khong thoa p.
Ngi ta con goi cach lam nay la dung phan bu.
Bai 1. Co 4 tuyen xe buyt gia A va B. Co 3 tuyen xe buyt gia B va C. Hoi :
a)
b)
c)
Co may cach i roi ve bang xe buyt t A en C, qua B sao cho moi tuyen xe
buyt khong i qua mot lan ?
Giai
a)
b)
c)
4 x 3 x 2 x 3 = 72 cach.
Bai 2. Mot van phong can chon mua mot t nhat bao moi ngay. Co 4 loai nhat bao.
Hoi co may cach chon mua bao cho mot tuan gom 6 ngay lam viec ?
Giai
Co 4 cach chon cho moi ngay. Vay, so cach chon cho 6 ngay trong tuan la : 46
= 4096 cach.
Bai 3. Trong mot tuan, Bao nh moi toi i tham 1 ngi ban trong 12 ngi ban cua
mnh. Hoi Bao co the lap c bao nhieu ke hoach i tham ban neu :
a)
b)
a)
b)
Bai 4. Mot tuyen ng xe la co 10 nha ga. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon mot cuoc
hanh trnh bat au 1 nha ga va cham dt 1 nha ga khac, biet rang t nha ga
nao cung co the i ti bat k nha ga khac?
Giai
Nha ga i : co 10 cach chon. Nha ga en : co 9 cach chon.
Vay co :
Bai 5. Co 3 nam va 3 n can xep ngoi vao mot hang ghe. Hoi co may cach xep sao
cho :
a)
b)
Nam, n ngoi xen ke va co mot ngi nam A, mot ngi n B phai ngoi ke
nhau ?
c)
Nam, n ngoi xen ke va co mot ngi nam C, mot ngi n D khong c ngoi
ke nhau ?
Giai
a)
Co 6 cach chon mot ngi tuy y ngoi vao cho th nhat. Tiep en, co 3 cach
chon mot ngi khac phai ngoi vao cho th 2. Lai co 2 cach chon mot ngi
khac phai ngoi vao cho th 3, co 2 cach chon vao cho th 4, co 1 cach chon vao
cho th 5, co 1 cach chon vao cho th 6.
Vay co :
b)
6.3.2.2.1.1 = 72 cach.
Cho cap nam n A, B o ngoi vao cho th nhat va cho th hai, co 2 cach. Tiep
en, cho th ba co 2 cach chon, cho th t co 2 cach chon, cho th nam co 1
cach chon, cho th sau co 1 cach chon.
Bay gi, cho cap nam n A, B o ngoi vao cho th hai va cho th ba. Khi o,
cho th nhat co 2 cach chon, cho th t co 2 cach chon, cho th nam co 1 cach
chon, cho th sau co 1 cach chon.
Tng t khi cap nam n A, B o ngoi vao cho th ba va th t, th t va th
nam, th nam va th sau.
Vay co :
c)
5 ( 2 2 2 1 1) = 40 cach.
So cach chon e cap nam n o khong ngoi ke nhau bang so cach chon tuy y
tr so cach chon e cap nam n o ngoi ke nhau.
Vay co :
72 40 = 32 cach.
Bai 6. Mot ban dai co 2 day ghe oi dien nhau, moi day gom co 6 ghe. Ngi ta muon
xep cho ngoi cho 6 hoc sinh trng A va 6 hoc sinh trng B vao ban noi tren.
Hoi co bao nhieu cach xep cho ngoi trong moi trng hp sau :
a)
Bat k 2 hoc sinh nao ngoi canh nhau hoac oi dien nhau th khac trng nhau.
b)
Bat k 2 hoc sinh nao ngoi oi dien nhau th khac trng nhau.
ai hoc Quoc gia TP. HCM 1999
Giai
anh so cac ghe theo hnh ve
12
11
10
8
7
a)
Ghe
10
11
V
So cach xep cho ngoi
12
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
V
Vay so cach xep 2 hoc sinh ngoi canh hoac oi dien phai khac trng la :
12
1
12 6 52 42 32 22 12 = 1036800.
b)
Ghe
12
11
10
12
10
gom 3 ch so ?
b)
c)
gom 3 ch so va chan ?
d)
a)
n = abc
b)
c)
6 5 4 = 120 so.
2.5.4 = 40 so chan.
d)
V n chia het cho 5, co 1 cach chon c (c = 5). Sau o, co 5 cach chon a (a c),
co 4 cach chon b (b a, c).
Vay co :
So cach chon a 4 la 10
Giai
Goi so can tm n = a1a 2 ...a 6 vi 1 a1 5 va a6 le.
X = {0, 1, ..., 8, 9}
at
Trng hp 1 : a1 le
a1 {1, 3, 5} co 3 cach chon
a6 {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} \ {a1 } co 4 cach chon
a2 X\ {a1 , a 6 } co 8 cach chon
a3 X\ {a1 , a 6 , a 2 } co 7 cach chon
a4 X\ {a1 , a 6 , a 2 , a 3 } co 6 cach chon
a5 X\ {a1 , a 6 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 } co 5 cach chon.
Trng hp 2 : a1 chan
a1 {2, 4} co 2 cach chon
a6 {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} co 5 cach chon.
Tng t a2, a3, a4, a5 co 8 7 6 5 cach chon.
Do o so cac so n thoa yeu cau bai toan :
(4 3 + 2 5) x 8 7 6 5 = 36960.
Bai 11.
Cho X =
{0,
b)
a)
b)
Cach khac
Co 5! So chan vi a6 = 0.
Co 2.4.4! so chan vi a6 = 2 hay a6 = 4.
(a1 0)
Trng hp a1 le
a1 {3, 9} co 2 cach chon
a5 {0, 2, 6} co 3 cach chon
a2 X\ {a1 , a 5 } co 3 cach chon
a3 X\ {a1 , a 5, a 2 } co 2 cach chon
a4 X\ {a1 , a 5 , a 2 , a 3 } co 1 cach chon.
Vay co :
2 3 3 2 = 36 so n chan.
Trng hp a1 chan
a1 {2, 6} co 2 cach chon.
a5 {0, 2, 6} \ {a1 } co 2 cach chon.
Tng t tren so cach chon a2, a3, a4 la 3 2 1
Vay co :
2 2 3 2 = 24 so.
(a1 0).
So cach chon
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
a6
10
10
10
10
10
Trng hp a7 = 0
So cach chon
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
a6
Vay co : 9 8 7 6 5 4 so .
Trng hp a7 = 5
So cach chon
Vay co :
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
a6
8 8 7 6 5 4 so.
Cho X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} .
a)
b)
c)
Giai
a)
Goi n = a1a 2a 3a 4
(a1 0)
Neu a1 chan
So cach chon
a1
a4
a2
a3
a1
a4
a2
a3
Neu a1 le
So cach chon
Goi m = a1a 2a 3
(a1 0)
Neu a3 = 0
So cach chon
a1
a2
a1
a2
Neu a3 = 5
So cach chon
c)
Goi k = a1a 2a 3 vi a1 + a2 + a3 = 9, a1 0
Xet X1 = {0, 4, 5} X
a1
a2
a3
a1
a2
a3
a1
a2
a3
So cach chon
Xet X2 = {2, 3, 4} X
So cach chon
Xet X3 = {1, 3, 5} X
So cach chon
So cach chon
a1
a2
a3
X1 = {0, 1, 2} ,
X2 = {0, 1, 5} ,
X3 = {0, 2, 4} ,
X4= {0, 4, 5}
X5 = {1, 2, 3} ,
X6 = {1, 3, 5} ,
X7 = {2, 3, 4} ,
X8= {3, 4, 5}