1. Phn ng cng halogen Halogen thng dng nht l Br2; Cl2 t dng hn; I2 t hot ng nht.

Dung mi thng dng nht l CCl4, ngoi ra cn cc dung mi khc nh cloroform, eter, disulfur carbon, acid acetic, etyl acetat. Kho st ng hc cho bit : v = k[anken].[X2] C ch : gm 2 giai on G1 : to thnh ion halonium hay carbocation, l giai on chm - Bnh thng, phn t X2 khng phn cc, nhng khi c t trong mt mi trng phn cc, vd ni i th s b in t phn cc v to thnh lng cc Br--Br+. u Br+ to vi in t mt phc cht , u Brri khi phc cht di dng ion Br-.

Trong mt s phn ng, ion bromonium c th c lp c. C ch qua trung gian ion halonium gii thch c ha hc lp th ca nhiu phn ng. G2 : S tn cng X- (nhanh) :

Kt qu thc nghim cho bit, c ch i qua trung gian carbocation thng xy ra trong dung mi phn cc nh acid acetic, nc. Cn c ch qua trung gian ion halonium thng xy ra trong dung mi khng phn cc nh CCl4, CHCl3, ClCH2CH2Cl Trong phn ng cng AN, giai on xc nh vn tc phn ng l giai on tn cng electrophin vo C=C, do h thng cng giu in t, phn ng cng d xy ra, tc l anken cng c nhiu nhm cho in t s xc tin phn ng, ngc li cc nhm rt in t s lm gim vn tc. Hp cht CH2=CHCOOH CH2=CHBr CH2=CH2 CH2=CHCH3 CH2=C(CH3)2 CH3-CH=C(CH3)2 (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2 Vn tc tng i 0,03 0,04 1 2 5,5 10 14

Nhn xt : phn ng c vn tc tng dn vi s tng cc nhm th ankyl mc d s tc kch ca ion halogen tr nn kh khn do lp th. C ch ny c chng minh theo kt qu thc nghim. Khi cho etylen tc dng vi brom, c mt ca H2O, NaCl v NaNO3, cho cc sn phm sau :

Ha hc lp th : Kt qu thc nghim cho thy, phn ng l cng anti, ngha l 2 phn tc cht cng vo 2 pha i song.

Xt VD1 : Kho st phn ng cng Br2 vo 2-buten. ng phn cis cho ()-2,3-dibromobutan, ng phn trans cho meso 2,3-dibromobutan. - Vi cis-2-buten : G1 :

G2 :

- Vi trans-2-buten : G1 :

G2 :

Nu i qua trung gian carbocation s khng gii thch c kt qu thc nghim trn.

C ch qua trung gian carbocation thng c ngh khi anken mang 1 nhm th aryl (i vi stylben, phn ng li i qua trung gian ion bromonium)

Xt VD2 : Phn ng cng Cl2/CCl4 vo 1-phenylpropen cho hn hp 2 ng phn, tch c bng sc k kh. ngh c ch phn ng. - Nu c ch i qua ion cloronium : G1 :

G2 :

C ch ny khng ph hp thc nghim. - Nu c ch i qua carbocation :

Vy c ch qua trung gian carbocation ph hp vi thc nghim, carbocation to thnh c an nh bi cng hng vi nhm phenyl. p dng cho cc TH sau :