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Chuyen e 2: VAT LY HAT NHAN

CAU TAO HAT NHAN NGUYEN T: * Theo Rutherford, nguyen t rat nho co ng knh khoang 10-8m bao gom mot hat nhan gia, xung quanh co cac electron * Hat nhan co kch thc rat nho (khoang 10-14m en 10-15m) c cau tao t cac hat nho hn goi la nuclon. * Co 2 loai nuclon: - Proton: ky hieu p mang ien tch nguyen to +e, khoi lng mp = 1,67263.10-27kg ln hn khoi lng electron khoang 1840 lan - Ntron: ky hieu n, khong mang ien tch, khoi lng mn = 1,67494.10-27kg * Neu mot nguyen to co so th t Z trong bang tuan hoan Mendeleev (Z goi la nguyen t so) th nguyen t cua no se co Z electron vo ngoai hat nhan cua nguyen t ay cha Z proton va N ntron. * Vo electron co ien tch Ze Hat nhan co ien tch +Ze Nguyen t ieu kien bnh thng la trung hoa ve ien * So nuclon trong mot hat nhan la: A = Z + N A: goi la khoi lng so hoac so khoi lng nguyen t * V du: - Nguyen t Hydro: co Z = 1, co 1e- vo ngoai hat nhan co 1 proton va khong co ntron, so khoi A=1 - Nguyen t Carbon co Z = 6, co 6e- vo ngoai, hat nhan co 6 proton va ntron, so khoi A=Z+N=12 - Nguyen t natri co Z = 11, co 11e- vo ngoai, hat nhan co cha 11 proton va 12 ntron. So khoi: A = Z + N = 11 + 12 = 23 * Mot nguyen t hoac hat nhan cua no c k hieu bang cach ghi ben canh k hieu hoa hoc: nguyen t so ( pha trc) va so khoi pha tren. V du: 1 H, 1
12 6

C,

23 11

LC HAT NHAN:

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* Mac du hat nhan nguyen t c cau tao t cac hat mang ien cung dau hoac khong mang ien nhng lai kha ben vng. * Do o lc lien ket gia chung co ban chat khac vi trong lc, lc ien, lc t ong thi phai rat manh so vi cac lc o. * Lc lien ket nay goi la lc hat nhan. * Lc hat nhan ch manh khi khoang cach gia 2 nuclon bang hoac nho hn kch thc cua hat nhan c 10-13m goi la ban knh tac dung cua lc hat nhan. ONG V: * Cac nguyen t ma hat nhan co cung so proton Z nhng co so ntron N khac nhau goi la ong v V du: - Hydro co 3 ong v: 1 H, 1
2 1 3 H, H1

* Cac ong v co cung so electron nen chung co cung tnh chat hoa hoc N V KHOI LNG NGUYEN T * n v khoi lng nguyen t (ky hieu la u) bang
1 khoi lng nguyen t cua ong v 12 pho bien 12 C, do o oi khi n v nay con goi la n v carbon 6

HIEN TNG PHONG XA: a. Hien tng phong xa * Phong xa la hien tng hat nhan nguyen t t ong phong ra nhng bc xa va bien oi thanh hat nhan khac * Nhng bc xa o goi la tia phong xa, tia phong xa khong nhn thay c nhng co the phat hien ra chung do co kha nang lam en knh anh, ion hoa cac chat, b lech trong ien trng va t trng b. ac iem cua hien tng phong xa: * Hien tng phong xa hoan toan do cac nguyen nhan ben trong hat nhan gay ra, hoan toan khong phu thuoc vao tac ong ben ngoai. * Du nguyen t phong xa co nam trong cac hp chat khac nhau, du chat phong xa chu ap suat hay nhiet o khac nhau th moi tac ong o eu khong gay anh hng en qua trnh phong xa cua hat nhan nguyen t. BAN CHAT VA TNH CHAT CUA CAC TIA PHONG XA: a. Tia alpha: * K hieu , ban chat la hat nhan 4 He 2 * B lech ve ban am cua tu ien mang ien tch +2e * Van toc chum tia : 107m/s * Co kha nang gay ra s ion hoa chat kh Trang 1

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* Kha nang am xuyen yeu, c toi a 8cm trong khong kh b. Tia beta: gom 2 loai: - Tia * K hieu * B lech ve ban dng cua tu ien * Thc chat la dong cac electron - Tia + * K hieu + * B lech ve ban am cua tu ien * Thc chat la chum hat co khoi lng nh electron nhng mang ien tch +e goi la positron. * Cac hat c phong xa vi van toc gan bang van toc anh sang * Co kha nang ion hoa chat kh yeu hn tia * Co kha nang am xuyen manh hn tia , co the i c hang tram met trong khong kh c. Tia gamma: * Ky hieu * Khong b lech trong ien trng va t trng * Ban chat la song ien t co bc song rat ngan * ay la chum photon co nang lng cao, co kha nang am xuyen ln co the i qua mot lp ch day hang domestic va nguy hiem cho ngi * Co moi tnh chat nh tia Rnghen. NH LUAT PHONG XA * Moi chat phong xa c ac trng bi mot thi gian T goi la chu ky ban ra. C sau moi 1 chu k th so nguyen t cua chat ay a bien oi thanh chat khac. 2 * Goi N0, m0: la so nguyen t va khoi lng ban au cua khoi lng phong xa. Goi N, m: la so nguyen t va khoi lng thi iem t. Ta co:
N = N 0 e t = m = m 0 e t = N0 2K m0 2K

K : la so chu ky ban ra trong khoang thi gian t Trang 2

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: la so phong xa
= ln 2 0, 693 = T T

T: la chu ky ban ra O PHONG XA: * o phong xa H cua mot lng chat phong xa la ai lng ac trng cho tnh phong xa manh hay yeu c o bang so phan ra trong 1 giay. * n v la Becqueren (Bq) hoac Curie (Ci) 1 Bq la phan ra trong 1 giay 1 Ci = 3,7.1010Bq * o phong xa: H = N = N0 e t = H0 e t H0 = N0 la o phong xa ban au NH NGHA PHAN NG HAT NHAN * Phan ng hat nhan la tng tac gia hai hat nhan dan en s bien oi cua chung thanh cac hat khac theo s o: A+B C+D Trong o: A va B la hai hat nhan tng tac vi nhau. C va D la hai hat nhan mi c tao thanh - So hat nhan trc va sau phan ng co the nhieu hoac t hn 2 - So hat 2 ve co the la hat s cap nh electron ( +0 e ) , ( +0 e + ) , proton ( 1 H) , ntron 1 1 1
( 1 n) , photon ( ) 1

Lu y: - S phong xa la trng hp rieng cua phan ng hat nhan o la qua trnh bien oi hat nhan nguyen t nay thanh hat nhan nguyen t khac. - Phng trnh phan ng: A B + C A: hat nhan me B: neu la hat nhan mi th goi la hat nhan con C: hat hoac
238 92

+ 234 Th 90

CAC NH LUAT BAO TOAN TRONG PHAN NG HAT NHAN a. nh luat bao toan so Nuclon (so khoi A): Tong so nuclon cua cac hat nhan trc phan ng va sau phan ng bao gi cung bang nhau: Aa + A b = A c + A d Trang 3

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b. nh luat bao toan ien tch nguyen t so Z) Tong ien tch cua cac hat trc va sau phan ng bao gi cung bang nhau: Za + Zb = Zc + Zd V du:
4 2

He +

27 13

Al

30 15

P +

1 0

c. nh luat bao toan nang lng va bao toan ong lng: * Hai nh luat nay van ung cho he cac hat tham gia va phan ng hat nhan. Trong phan ng hat nhan, nang lng va ong lng c bao toan * Lu y : Khong co nh luat bao toan khoi lng cua he CAC QUY TAC DCH CHUYEN CUA PHONG XA Ap dung cac nh luat bao toan so nuclon va bao toan ien tch va qua trnh phong xa ta thu c cac quy tac dch chuyen sau: a. Phong xa ( 4 He) : 2
A Z

4 2

He + A Z

4 2

So vi hat nhan me, hat nhan con v tr lui 2 o trong bang tuan hoan va co so khoi nho hn 4 n v. V du:
226 88

Ra

4 2

He +
A Z

222 86

Rn
0 1

b. Phong xa ( 0 e ) : 1

A Z +1

Y+

* So vi hat nhan me, hat nhan con v tr tien 1 o va co cung so khoi. V du:
210 83

Bi

0 1

e +

210 84

P0 +

* Thc chat cua phong xa la trong hat nhan 1 ntron (n) bien thanh 1 proton (p) cong vi 1 electron (e-) va phan neutrio ( ) n p+e+ (Neutrino la hat nhan khong mang ien, so khoi A = 0, chuyen ong vi van toc anh sang) c. Phong xa + ( 0 e + ) : 1
A Z

0 + 1

e +

A Z 1

Y+

* So vi hat nhan me, hat nhan con v tr lui 1 o va co cung so khoi. V du:
30 15

0 + 1

e +

30 14

Si +

* Thc chat cua s phong xa + la s bien oi cua proton (p) thanh neutron (n) cong vi 1 prsitron (e) va 1 nueutrino. p n + e+ + d. Phong xa : * Phong xa photon co nang lng: hf = E2 E1 (E2 > E1)

Trang 4

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* Photon ( ) co A = 0, Z = 0 nen khi phong xa khong co bien oi hat nhan cua nguyen to nay thanh hat nhan cua nguyen to kia ma ch co giam nang lng cua hat nhan o mot lng bang hf. Cac hang so Hang so Avogaro : NA = 6,023.1023 nguyen t/mol Ln2 = 0,693 1 nam co 365 ngay 1 thang co 30 ngay

Cau 1. Khang nh nao la ung ve hat nhan nguyen t ? A. Khoi lng cua nguyen t xap x khoi lng hat nhan. B. Ban knh cua nguyen t bang ban knh hat nhan. C. ien tch cua nguyen t bang ien tch hat nhan. D. Lc tnh ien lien ket cac nuclon trong hat nhan . Cau 2. Khang nh nao la ung ve cau tao hat nhan ? A. Trong ion n nguyen t so proton bang so electron B. Trong hat nhan so proton bang so ntron C. Trong hat nhan so proton bang hoac nho hn so ntron D. Cac nuclon moi khoang cach bat ky eu lien ket vi nhau bi lc hat nhan. Cau 3. Nguyen t ong v phong xa
235U co: 92

A. 92 electron va tong so proton va electron bang 235. B. 92 ntron, tong so ntron va proton bang 235. C. 92 proton, tong so proton va electron bang 235. D. 92 proton , tong so proton va ntron bang 235. Cau 4. Ky hieu cua nguyen t ma hat nhan cua no cha 3 proton va 4 ntron la: A.
7N 3

B.

3 7N

C. 7Li 3

D.

3 7Li

Cau 5. Khoi lng cua mot hat nhan 4 He 2

24

A. 3,32.1024g

B. 6,64.1024g

C. 5,31.1024g

D.

24,08.10

Cau 6. Xet ieu kien tieu chuan , co 2 gam 4He chiem mot the tch tng ng la : 2 A. 22,4 lt B. 44,8 lt C. 11,2 lt D. 5,6 lt Cau 7. Xem khoi lng cua hat proton va ntron xap x bang nhau, bat ang thc nao la ung? Trang 5

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A. mD > mT > m > mD Cau 8. Nhan xet nao la sai ve tia anpha cua chat phong xa? A. Phong ra t hat nhan vi van toc khoang 107m/s. B. No lam ion hoa moi trng va mat dan nang lng. C. Ch i toi a 8cm trong khong kh . D. Co the xuyen qua mot tam thuy tinh mong . Cau 9. Nhan xet nao ve tia beta cua chat phong xa la sai? A. Cac hat phong ra vi van toc rat ln , co the gan bang van toc anh sang . B. Tia lam ion hoa moi trng manh hn tia anpha . C. Tia gom cac hat chnh la cac hat electron . D. Co hai loai tia : tia + va tia Cau 10. Nhan xet nao ve tia gamma cua chat phong xa la khong ung? A. La song ien t co bc song dai , mang nang lng ln . B. La hat photon , gay nguy hiem cho con ngi . C. Khong b lech trong ien trngva t trng. D. Co kha nang am xuyen rat ln . Cau 11. Nhan xet nao ve hien tng phong xa la sai? A. Khong phu thuoc vao cac tac ong ben ngoai . B. Khong phu thuoc vao nhiet o cua moi trng . C. Anh hng en ap suat cua moi trng . D. Cac chat phong xa khac nhau co chu ky ban ra khac nhau . Cau 12. Nhan xet nao lien quan en hien tng phong xa la khong ung? A. Phong xa , hat nhan con lui 2 o trong bang tuan hoan so vi hat nhan me . B. Phong xa hat nhan con tien 1 o trong bang tuan hoan so vi hat nhan me . C. Phong xa + hat nhan con lui 1 o trong bang tuan hoan so vi hat nhan me . D. Phong xa hat nhan con sinh ra tra.ng thai kch thch va chuyen t mc nang lng thap en mc nang lng cao hn . Cau 13. Tnh chat nao lien quan en hat nhan nguyen t va phan ng hat nhan la khong ung? A. Hat nhan co nang lng lien ket cang ln th cang ben vng . Trang 6 B. mT > m > mD C. m > mD > mT D. m > mT

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B. Mot phan ng hat nhan trong o cac hat sinh ra co tong khoi lng be hn cac hat ban au , ngha la ben vng hn , la phan ng toa nang lng . C. Mot phan ng hat nhan sinh ra cac hat co tong khoi lng ln hn cac hat ban au , ngha la kem ben vng hn , la phan ng thu nang lng . D. Phan ng ket hp gia hai hat nhan nhe nh hydro, heli, ......thanh mot hat nhan nang hn goi la phan ng nhiet hach Cau 14. Nhan xet nao ve phan ng phan hach va phan ng nhiet hach la khong ung? A. S phan hach la hien tng mot hat nhan nang hap thu mot ntron roi v thanh hai hat nhan trung bnh cung vi 2 hoac 3 ntron. B. Phan ng nhiet hach ch xay ra nhiet o rat cao . C. Bom khinh kh c thc hien bi phan ng phan hach. D. Con ngi ch thc hien c phan ng nhiet hach di dang khong kiem soat c Cau 15. Khang nh nao lien quan en phan ng phan hach la ung? A. Neu s > 1 th he thong goi la vt han , khong khong che c phan ng day chuyen , trng hp nay c s dung e che tao bom nguyen t . B. Neu s = 1 th he thong goi la ti han , phan ng day chuyen van tiep dien , nhng khong tang vot , nang lng toa ra khong oi va co the kiem soat c , trng hp nay c s dung trong nha may ien hat nhan nguyen t . C. Neu s < 1 th he thong goi la di han , phan ng day chuyen khong xay ra . D. Tat ca eu ung. Cau 16. Chat IOT phong xa co chu ky ban ra la 8 ngay. Ban au co 100g chat nay th sau 16 ngay khoi lng chat IOT con lai la A. 12,5g B. 25g C. 50g D. 75g

Cau 17. Ban au co 2g Radon ( 222 Rn) la chat phong xa chu ky ban ra T. So nguyen t 86 Radon con lai sau t = 4T A. 3,39.1020 nguyen t C. 3,49.1020 nguyen t B. 5,42.1020 nguyen t D. 5,08.1020 nguyen t

Cau 18. Mot lng chat phong xa Radon co khoi lng ban au la m0. Sau 15,2 ngay th o phong xa cua no giam 93,75%. Chu ky ban ra T cua Radon la : A. 14,5 ngay B. 1,56 ngay
238U 92

C. 1,9 ngay
238U 92

D. 3,8 ngay

Cau 19. Chu ky ban ra cua A. 2,529.1021 nguyen t C. 3,895.1011 nguyen t

la T= 4,5.109 nam. Cho biet : x <<1 co the coi ex 1 x. la B. 3,895.1021 nguyen t D. 1,264.1021 nguyen t Trang 7

So nguyen t b phan ra trong mot nam cua mot gam

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Cau 20. Khi phan tch mot mau go, ngi ta xac nh c rang: 87,5% so nguyen t ong v phong xa 14 C co trong mau go a b phan ra thanh cac nguyen t cua 14 C la 5570 nam. Tuoi cua mau go nay bang

14 N. 7

Biet chu ky ban ra

A. 16710 nam

B.5570 nam

C.11140 nam

D. 44560 nam

Cau 21. 60 Co la chat phong xa co chu ky ban ra la T = 5,33 nam. Cho 1 nam co 365 27 ngay, luc au co 5,33 g Coban, o phong xa cua mau chat tren sau hai chu ky ban ra bang A. 1,37.1013Bq 2,76.1013Bq B. 5,51.1013Bq C. 1,034.1015Bq D.

Cau 22. Mot chat phong xa phat ra tia , c mot hat nhan b phan ra cho mot hat . Trong thi gian 1 phut au chat phong xa phat ra 360 hat , nhng 6 gi sau , ke t luc bat au o lan th nhat , trong 1 phut chat phong xa ch phat ra 45 hat . Chu ky ban ra cua chat phong xa nay la : A. 1 gi B. 2 gi C. 3 gi D. 4 gi

Cau 23. Chat phong xa Poloni 210 Po phong ra tia va bien thanh ch 206 Pb. Cho biet chu 84 82 ky ban ra cua Poloni la T = 138 ngay. Luc au co 18g Poloni, thi gian e lng Poloni ch con 2,25g la A. 1104 ngay B. 276 ngay C. 552 ngay D. 414 ngay

Cau 24. Poloni 210Po la mot chat phong xa phat xa ra hat va bien thanh hat nhan ben X . 84 Ban au co mot mau Poloni khoi lng 210g. Sau thi gian mot chu ky ban ra, khoi lng He tao thanh t s phan ra 210Po bang 84 A. 1g B. 2g C. 3g D. 4g

Cau 25. Hien tai mot mau quang co cha chat phong xa Xesi 137 Cs co o phong xa H0 = 55 5 2.10 Bq , chu ky ban ra cua Xesi la 30 nam. o phong xa cua mau quang o thi iem 60 nam sau la A. 2.105 Bq B.0,25 105 Bq C.
2 .105 Bq

D. 0,5.105 Bq

Cau 26. Mot mau quang co cha chat phong xa Xesi 137 Cs co o phong xa H0 = 0,693.105 55 Bq co chu ky ban ra la 30 nam. Khoi lng Xesi cha trong mau quang o la : A. 5,59.10-8g B. 2,15.10-8g C. 3,10.10-8g D. 1,87.10-8g Cau 27. Mot tng go co co o phong xa ch bang 0,25 o phong xa cua mot khuc go cung khoi lng mi chat xuong. Biet tng go phong xa tia t C14 va chu ky ban ra cua C14 la T = 5600 nam. Tuoi cua tng go bang A. 2800 nam Cau 28. Chat th khoi lng A. 200g B. 22400 nam C. 5600 nam
131 I 53

D. 11200 nam th sau 40 ngay em D. 166,67g

131 I co chu ky 53 131 I con lai la 53

ban ra la 192 gi. Neu ban au co 1kg C. 31,25g Trang 8

B. 250g

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Cau 29. Cac phep o o phong xa cua mot mau t (phut) o phong xa H (mCi) Chu ky ban ra cua A. 2,5phut
55 24 Cr 55 24 Cr

thc hien c 5 phut cho ket qua sau : 5 10 2,65 15 0,99

0 19,2 bang B. 1,5phut

7,13

C. 3,5phut

D. 4,5phut

Cau 30. Goi t la khoang thi gian e so hat nhan cua mot lng phong xa giam i e lan ( e la c so cua loga t nhien vi lne = 1), T la chu ky ban ra cua chat phong xa. Bieu thc nao la ung ? A. t = 2T Ln2 B. t = T Ln2 C. t =

T 2Ln2

D. t = Ln2 T

95 Cau 31. Trong phan ng sau ay : n + 235U 42Mo + 139La + 2X + 7e hat X la 92 57

A. Electron

B. Proton

C. Heli

D. Ntron

226 Cau 32. Nguyen to rai 88 Ra phong xa vi chu ky ban ra T = 5.1010s, nguyen to con cua no la Raon. o phong xa cua 693g Rai bang A. 2,56.1013Bq 1011Bq bien oi thanh hat nhan B. 8,32.1013Bq C. 2,72.1011Bq D. 4,52.
232Th 90

Cau 33. Sau bao nhieu lan phong xa va bao nhieu lan phong xa th hat nhan
208Pb 82

? B. 6 lan p.xa ;8 lan p.xa D. 6 lan p.xa ;4 lan p.xa

A. 4 lan p.xa ;6 lan p.xa C. 8 lan p.xa ;6 lan p.xa Cau 34. Mot hat nhan A.Po (Poloni)
238 U 92

thc hien mot chuoi phong xa : gom 8 phong xa va 6 phong C. Ra(Radi) D. Rn(Radon)

xa bien thanh hat nhan X ben vng. X la hat nhan B. Pb (ch )

3 Cau 35. Cho phan ng hat nhan: X + X 2 He + n

, vi n la hat ntron , X la hat : C. tri D. Triti

A. proton

B. ntron
3T 1

Cau 36. Cho phan ng hat nhan : A. proton

+X +n ,

X la hat : D. Triti

B. ntron

C. tri

Cau 37. Trong phan ng hat nhan ai lng nao sau ay khong bao toan? A. Khoi lng B. ong lng C. Nang lng
4 2

D. ien tch X la hat nhan D. Heli

9 Cau 38. Cho phan ng hat nhan sau : 1 H + 4 Be 1

He + X ,

A. tri

B. Triti Trang 9

C. Li

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Cau 39. Cho phan ng nhiet hach sau : D + D T + X , A. tri B. Proton X la hat D.Electron C. Ntron Cau 40. Photpho ( 32 P ) phong xa va bien oi thanh lu huynh (S). Cau tao cua hat nhan 15 lu huynh gom A. Co 14 hat proton , 18 hat ntron . C. Co 15 hat proton , 16 hat ntron . B. Co 16 hat proton , 16 hat ntron . D. Co 15 hat proton , 18 hat ntron .

Cau 41. Goi R la ban knh, m la khoi lng , q la ien tch cua hat tch ien,v la van toc cua r hat , B la vect cam ng t cua t trng vuong goc vi hop Xiclotron ( may gia toc ) , th lc Lorentz lam cac ien tch chuyen ong tron trong long hop Xiclotron vi ban knh R co bieu thc : A. R =
mq vB

B. R = vB mq

C. R =

qv mB

D. R = mv qB

Cau 42. Poloni ( 210 Po) la chat phong xa phat ra tia phong xa va chuyen thanh hat nhan ch 84
206 Pb. 82

No phat ra tia phong xa B. +

60Co 27

A. Cau 43. Chat phong xa A.

C.
60Ni . 60Co 28 27

D. phat ra tia phong xa D.

sau khi phan ra bien thanh

B. +

C.

Cau 44. Urani 238 sau mot loat phong xa va bien thanh ch. Phng trnh cua phan ng la:
238 U 92

206 Pb + x 4 He + y 0 e . y co gia tr 82 2 1 B. y=5

1 0n

A. y=4

C. y=6 + 235 U 92
144 Ba Z

D. y=8 +
A 36

Cau 45. Cho phan ng phan hach Uran 235 :

Kr + 3

1 0n

So khoi va nguyen t so trong phng trnh phan ng co gia tr A. 56 ; 89 B. 57 ; 89

206 Pb. 82

C. 56 ; 88

D. 57 ; 87

Cau 46. Poloni ( 210 Po) co chu ky ban ra la T = 138 ngay, la chat phong xa phat ra tia phong 84 xa va chuyen thanh hat nhan ch
206 Pb 82

Biet rang thi iem khao sat ty so gia so hat C. 552ngay D. 414 ngay

va so hat

210 Po 84

bang 7. Tuoi cua mau chat tren la B.46 ngay

A. 276 ngay

chuyen thanh hat nhan ch 206 Pb.Luc au o phong xa cua Po la: 4.1013Bq, thi gian can 82 thiet e Po co o phong xa 0,5.1013Bq bang A. 3312h B. 9936h Trang 10 C. 1106h D. 6624h

Cau 47. Poloni ( 210 Po) la chat phong xa co chu ky ban ra T=3312h ,phat ra tia phong xa va 84

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Cau 48. Hat nhan Z co gia tr
24 Na 11

phan ra va bien thanh hat nhan B. A = 23 ; Z = 12

AX Z

. So khoi A va nguyen t so D. A = 24 ; Z

A. A = 24 ; Z =10 = 11 Cau 49. Hat nhan

24 Na 11

C. A = 24 ; Z =12

phan ra va bien thanh hat nhan Mg .

Luc au mau Na la nguyen chat . Tai thi iem khao sat thay t so gia khoi lng Mg va khoi lng Na co trong mau la 2 . Luc khao sat A. So nguyen t Na nhieu gap 2 lan so nguyen t Mg B. So nguyen t Na nhieu gap 4 lan so nguyen t Mg C. So nguyen t Mg nhieu gap 4 lan so nguyen t Na D. So nguyen t Mg nhieu gap 2 lan so nguyen t Na Cau 50. 24 Na la mot chat phong xa co chu ky ban ra T = 15 gi. Mot mau 24 Na thi 11 11 iem t = 0 co khoi lng m0 = 72g. Sau mot khoang thi gian t , khoi lng cua mau chat ch con m = 18g. Thi gian t co gia tr A. 30 gi B. 45 gi C. 60gi D. 120gi

Cau 51. ong v phong xa 210Po phong xa va bien oi thanh mot hat nhan ch .Tai thi 84 iem t t le gia so hat nhan ch va so hat nhan Po trong mau la 5 ,tai thi iem t nay t so khoi lng ch va khoi lng Po la: A. 4,905 Cau 52. lng
24 Na 11
24 Na 11

B. 0,196 la

C. 5,097

D. 0,204

la mot chat phong xa co chu ky ban ra T . thi iem t = 0 co khoi

m0 = 24g. Sau mot khoang thi gian t = 3T th so hat c sinh ra la : A.7,53.1022 hat hat bien thanh
60Ni . 28

B. 2.1023 hat
60Co 27

C. 5,27.1023 hat

D.

1.51.1023
60Co 27

Cau 53. Co 1kg chat phong xa A. 4 nam

vi chu ky ban ra T=16/3 (nam). Sau khi phan ra C. 32 nam

Thi gian can thiet e co 984,375(g) chat phong xa a b phan ra la B. 16 nam D. 64 nam

Cau 54. ong v phong xa Coban 60 Co phat ra tia va vi chu ky ban ra T = 71,3 27 ngay. Trong 365 ngay, phan tram chat Coban nay b phan ra bang A. 97,1% B. 80% C. 31% D. 65,9%

Cau 55. ong v Na la chat phong xa va tao thanh ong v cua magie. Sau 105 gi, o phong xa cua Na giam i 128 lan. Chu ky ban ra cua Na bang A. 17,5h B. 21h C. 45h D. 15h

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Cau 56. Photpho ( 32 P ) phong xa vi chu k ban ra T . Sau thi gian t = 3T ke t thi 15 iem ban au, khoi lng cua mot khoi chat phong xa au cua Photpho la A. 15 gam Cau 57. ong v
24 Na 11 24 Na 11 32 P 15

con lai la 5 gam . Khoi lng ban D. 20 gam

B. 40 gam co chu ky ban ra T =15h ,

24 Na 11

C. 0,625 gam
24 Na 11

la chat phong xa va tao thanh

ong v cua magie. Mau bang A. 7,73.1018 .Bq .Bq Cau 58. ong v
24 Na 11

co khoi lng ban au m0 = 24g. o phong xa ban au cua C. 1,67.1024.Bq D. 3,22.1017

24 Na 11

B. 2,78.1022 .Bq

la chat phong xa va tao thanh ong v cua magie. Mau

co

khoi lng ban au m0 = 8g , chu ky ban ra cua 24 Na la T =15h. Khoi lng magie tao thanh 11 sau thi gian 45 gi la A. 8g B. 7g C. 1g D. 1,14g

9 Cau 59. Cho phan ng hat nhan sau: 1 H + 4 Be 4 He + X + 2,1 MeV. Nang lng toa 1 2 ra t phan ng tren khi tong hp c 4 gam heli bang

A.5,61. 1024MeV 1023MeV

B.1,26.1024MeV

C. 5,06.1024MeV

D.

5,61.

Cau 60. Coban ( Co ) phong xa vi chu ky ban ra T = 5,27 nam. Thi gian can thiet e 75% khoi lng cua mot khoi chat phong xa A. 42,16 nam B. 21,08nam
60Co 27

b phan ra la C. 5,27 nam D. 10,54 nam

Cau 61. Nang lng ngh cua 1 gam nguyen t Coban ( 60Co ) bang 27 A. 9.1016J B.3.108J C. 9.1013J D. 3.105J

Cau 62. Biet khoi lng cua proton mP = 1,0073u, khoi lng ntron mn = 1,0087u,khoi lng cua hat nhan teri m = 2,0136u va 1u = 931MeV/c2. Nang lng lien ket rieng cua hat nhan nguyen t teri 2 H la 1 A. 1,12MeV B. 2,24MeV
1 0n

C. 3,36MeV + 235 U 92
144 56

D. 1,24MeV Ba +
89 36

Cau 63. Cho phan ng phan hach Uran 235 : A. 0,3148u B. 0,2148u

Kr + 3

MeV. Biet 1u = 931 MeV/c2. o hut khoi cua phan ng bang

1 0n

+ 200

C. 0,2848u

D. 0,2248u

= 4,0015u; mn = 1,0087u; u = 931 MeV/c2. Khang nh nao sau ay lien quan en phan ng hat nhan tren la ung ? A. toa 18,06MeV B. thu 18,06MeV C. toa 11,02 MeV D. thu 11,02 MeV

Cau 64. Cho phan ng hat nhan : T + D + n. Cho biet mT =3,016u; mD = 2,0136u; m

1 Cau 65. Cho phan ng hat nhan: 0 n + 6 Li T + + 4,8 MeV. Nang lng toa ra khi phan 3 tch hoan toan 1g Li la

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A. 0,803.1023 MeV MeV B. 4,8.1023 MeV C. 28,89.1023 MeV D. 4,818 .1023 Cau 66. Ban pha hat nhan 14 N ng yen bang mot hat thu c hat proton va mot hat 7 nhan Oxy. Cho khoi lng cua cac hat nhan : mN = 13,9992u ; m = 4,0015u ; mP= 1,0073u ; mO = 16,9947u , vi u = 931 MeV/c2 . Khang nh nao sau ay lien quan en phan ng hat nhan tren la ung ? A. Thu 1,39.106 MeV nang lng C. Thu 1,21 MeV nang lng Cau 67. Xem ban au hat nhan A. 6,7.1013J
12 C 6

B. Toa 1,21 MeV nang lng D. Toa 1,39.106 MeV nang lng ng yen .Cho biet mC =12,0000u ; m = 4,0015u. Nang
12C 6

lng toi thieu can thiet e chia hat nhan B. 7,7.1013J

thanh ba hat la C. 8,2.1013J D. 5,6.1013J

Cau 68. Hat nhan phong xa Poloni 210 Po ng yen phat ra tia va sinh ra hat nhan con X. 84 Goi K la ong nang ,v la van toc,m la khoi lng cua cac hat. Bieu thc nao la ung A.
K X v m X = = K vX m

B.

K vX m X = = KX v m

C.

K v m = = KX vX m X

D.

K v m X = = KX vX m

Cau 69. Hat nhan phong xa Poloni 210 Po ng yen phat ra tia va sinh ra hat nhan con X. 84 Biet rang moi phan ng phan ra cua Poloni giai phong mot nang lng E = 2,6MeV. Lay gan ung khoi lng cac hat nhan theo so khoi A bang n v u. ong nang cua hat co gia tr A. 2,15MeV B. 2,55MeV C. 2,75MeV D. 2,89MeV

Cau 70. Hat nhan 226 Ra ng yen phong xa va bien oi thanh hat nhan X , biet ong nang 88 cua hat la : K = 4,8 MeV. Lay khoi lng hat nhan tnh bang u bang so khoi cua chung, nang lng toa ra trong phan ng tren bang A. 1.231 MeV MeV B. 2,596 MeV C. 4,886 MeV D. 9,667

Cau 71. Ngi ta dung proton ban pha hat nhan Beri ng yen. Hai hat sinh ra la Heli va X :
9 + 4 Be 4 He + X . Biet proton co ong nang K P = 5,45MeV, Heli co van toc vuong 2 goc vi van toc cua proton va co ong nang KHe = 4MeV. Cho rang o ln cua khoi lng cua mot hat nhan (o bang n v u) xap x bang so khoi A cua no. ong nang cua hat X bang 1p 1

A. 1,225MeV khac

B. 3,575MeV

C. 6,225MeV

D. Mot gia tr

1 Cau 72. Cho phan ng hat nhan : 0 n + 6 Li T + + 4,8 MeV. Cho biet mn = 1,0087u; 3 2 mT = 3,016u; m = 4,0015u; 1u = 931 MeV/c . Khoi lng cua hat nhan Li co gia tr bang

A. 6,1139u

B. 6,0839u Trang 13

C. 6,411u

D. 6,0139u

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ap An : 1A.2C.3D.4C.5B.C6.7D.8D.9B.10A.11C.12D.13A. 14C.15D.16B.17A.18D.19C.20A.21B.22B.23D.24B. 25D.26B.27D.28C.29C.30B.31D.32A.33D.34B.35C. 36C.37A.38C.39B.40B.41D.42A.43C.44C.45A.46D. 47B.48C.49D.50A.51A.52C.53C.54A.55D.56B.57A. 58B.59B.60D.61C.62A.63B.64A.65D.66C.67A.68D. 69B.70C.71B.72D. HNG DAN GIAI 1 Khoi lng cua nguyen t xap x khoi lng hat nhan. chon cau A

2Trong hat nhan so proton bang hoac nho hn so ntron chon cau C 3 Nguyen t ong v phong xa
235U co: 92

A =235 ; Z = 92 chon cau D

4 Ky hieu cua nguyen t ma hat nhan cua no cha 3 proton va 4 ntron la 7Li chon cau 3 C 5 NA nguyen t 4 He nang 4g mot hat nhan 4 He nang m = 4 = 6,64.1024g chon 2 2 NA

cau B 6 ieu kien tieu chuan : NA nguyen t 4He 4g 22,4 l 2 Co 2 gam 4 He chiem mot the tch tng ng la 11,2 lt chon cau C 2 7 Khoi lng cua cac hat nhan sau ay : D 16 17 18
2D 1

, 3 T , = 4He m > mT > mD chon cau 1 2

m=

mo
t 2T

= 100 = 25g chon cau B 16 28

m N N = No. 1t = o A = 3,39.1020 chon cau A 16A 2T

H = 1 1 1 = 1 0,9375 T = 3,8 ngay chon cau D t t Ho 2T 2T m oNA Ln2 . .t = 3,895.1011 nguyen t chon cau C A T
chon cau A

19 N = No N = Not = 20

N = 1 1 = 0,875 1 = 1 0,875 t = 16710 nam t t No 2T 2T

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21 22

m N H = Hoet = No 1t = Ln2 o A . 1t = 5,51.1013Bq chon cau B T A 2T 2T

N = 360 = No N = No(1 et )
t N N' = 45 = N'o N' = N'o (1 et ) 360 = 8 = o = 2 T t = 3 T = 6 = 2h 45 N'o T 3

chon cau B 23 24
m= mo
t 2T

2T =

mo = 18 t = 414 ngay chon cau D m 2,25

N = No N = No(1 et ) =

m .A m .N No 1 m.NA = = N = A m = o = 2g chon 2A A 2 2 A

cau B 25 26

H = Hoet = Ho 1t = 0,5.105 Bq chon cau D 2T m N Ho = No = Ln2 o A mo= 2,15.10-8g T A

chon cau B

27 H = Hoet = Ho 1t = 0,25Ho t = 11200 nam chon cau D 2T

t H H = Hoet = Ho 1t 2 T = o = 19,2 T = 3,5 phut H 7,13 2T

29

30 N = Noet = 31 32 33 39
1 235 0 n + 92 U

No .t = 1 t = T chon cau B e Ln2

A = 1 ; Z = 0 chon cau D

95 42Mo + 139La + 2A X + 70 e 57 Z 1

m N Ho = No = Ln2 o A = 2,56.1013Bq chon cau A T A

232Th 90
2D 1

206 Pb + x 4 He + y 82 2

0 1 e

x = 6 ; y = 4 chon cau D

+ 2D 1

3T 1

+ 1X X la hat Proton chon cau B 1

46 7 = 47

t N Pb No N No = = 1 2 T = 8 t = 414 ngay chon cau D N N N

H = Hoet = Ho 1t t = 9936h chon cau B 2T

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50

m = m oet = m o 1t t = 30 gi chon cau A 2T

m PoNA m A m A Po N Po = = Po Pb = 1 Pb = 5.206 = 4,905 chon cau A 51 m Po 210 N Pb m PbNA m Pb APo 5 A Pb 52 N = N = No N = No(1 et ) =

m.o N A (1 1 ) = 5,27.1023 hat chon cau C A 23

53 m = m o m = m o(1 et ) = m o(1 1t ) 984,375 = 1000(1 1t ) t = 32 nam chon 2T 2T cau C 1 54 N = 1 et = 1 1t = 1 365 = 97,1% chon cau A No 2T 2 71,3 55

Ho = 128H = 128.Ho 1t T = 15h chon cau D 2T

N Mg.A Mg 7 m.N A N Mg = N Na = N o N = No(1 et ) = 7 m Mg = = m o = 7g chon NA 8 8 A

58

cau B

59

1H 1

9 + 4 Be

4 2

He + X + 2,1 MeV

1 hat toa nang lng 2,1 MeV .Vay NA hat ( 4g 4 He ) toa nang lng1,26.1024MeV 2 chon cau B 60

m = 1 et = 1 1 = 0,75 t = 10,54 nam chon cau D t mo 2T

61 E = mc2=10-3.(3.108)2 = 9.1013J chon cau C

(m + m n m 2 H) c2 2 E = (m o m)c = P 1 62 E' = =1,12MeV chon cau A A A A

E E = M .c2 M = 2 = 200MeV = 200 u = 0,2148u chon cau B 931 c c2

63

64 T + D + n MO= mT + mD ; M = m + mn . V MO > M Phan ng toa nang lng, nang lng toa ra la :

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E = M .c2 = (M O M) c2 = 18,06MeV chon cau A

65

1 6 0 n + 3Li

T + + 4,8 MeV . Ta co : NLi =

m.NA A Li

1 hat Li toa nang lng 4,8 MeV, vay NLi hat Li toa nang lng : E = 4,818 .1023 MeV chon cau D 66 +
14 N 7

p+O

MO= m + mN ; M = mP + mO . V MO < M Phan ng thu nang lng, nang lng thu vao la : E = M .c2 = (M Mo) c2 = 1,21 MeV chon cau C 67 E = 3 E - EC = (3 m -mC) c2 = 4,1895 MeV = 6,7.1013J chon cau A 68

+ X . v m m v = m XvX = X (1) vX m

210 Po 84

nh luat bao toan ong lng

p = p X

2 T : p = pX p = p2 m K = m XK X X

K m X (2) = KX m

(1) (2) 69
210 Po 84

K v m = = X chon cau D KX vX m
210 Po 84

+ X

4 He + 206 Pb 2 82

nh luat bao toan nang lng : E = K + K X = 51,5 MeV (1) Ta co : 70

K m = X = 206 = 51,5 (2) . KX m 4

T (1) (2) K = 2,55MeV chon cau B

226 Ra 4 He + 222 X 88 2 86

nh luat bao toan nang lng : E = K + K X (1)

2 nh luat bao toan ong lng p = pX p = p2 m K = m XK X K X = X

m K mX

(2) (1) (2) E = 4,886 MeV chon cau C 71

1p 1 9 + 4 Be 4 2

He + 6 X 3

r r r r r nh luat bao toan ong lng : p p = p + p X . V p p p p2 = p2 + p2 X p

m XK X = m K + m pK p 6K X = 16 + 5,45 K X = 3,575MeV chon cau B 72

1 0n

6 Li 3

T + + 4,8 MeV .

E = M .c2 = (M O M) c2 = ( mn + mLi mT m ) c2 = 4,8 MeV

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 mLi = 6,0139u chon cau D

GV. Nguyen Hu Loc TT luyen thi ai hoc CLC Vnh Vien

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