CHNG IV CC S C K THUT THNG GP V GII PHP X L TRONG THI CNG CC KHOAN NHI

(Ti liu ca PGS TS Nguyn Vit Trung) 4.1. V D M U: Xut pht t c im cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi l khoan to l trc trong nn t gi n nh vch h khoan bng ng vch, dung dch bentonite, v.v sau tin hnh c cc theo phng php b tng trong dung dch bentonite. Cho nn, nu khng c kinh nghim trong thi cng cng nh thit k th thng gp rt nhiu s c xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng dn n vic nh hng cht lng khai thc cng trnh v cc s c k thut thng rt kh pht hin bng mt thng. Khi nim s c l nhng hin tng khc thng xy ra ngoi d tnh ca n v thit k cng nh ca n v thi cng, dn n nhng hu qu lm h hng cc, gim kh nng chu ti ca cc, v.v Mc h hng c th nh n ln v c th sa cha c hoc khng th m phi thay th cc khc. V vy, nu cng trnh no gp s c th s gy ra hu qu rt nghim trng nh: lm tng gi thnh v ko di thi gian thi cng, i khi phi hu b phng n thi cng cc khoan nhi m phi thay th bng gii php mng cc khc c th s rt tn km v khng kinh t. Do vy, vic nghin cu, thu thp cc s c thng xy ra cho cc khoan nhi, qua s tm cc nguyn nhn gy ra s c v a ra gii php s l thch hp cho tng s c cu th. i tng nghin cu : mt trng t, cng ngh khoan to l v b tng. i vi nhng cng trnh xy dng c s dng cc khoan nhi vng ng bng sng Cu Long thng gp mt s s c trong qu trnh thi cng. R nht v in hnh nht l s c cc khoan nhi cc cng trnh sau: Cc khoan nhi ng knh d=1000mm, di 37m ca nh lm vic 10 tng ca Tng Cng Ty XDCT Giao thng 6 b s c: khi lng b tng thc t ln hn rt nhiu so vi khi lng b tng tnh ton theo kch thc l khoan; Cc khoan nhi ng knh=800mm, di 44m ca Nh my xi mng Cn Th, b s c: khi lng b tng thc t ln hn rt nhiu so vi khi lng b tng tnh ton theo kch thc l khoan;

 cu Bnh in, s c l: khng h ht c chiu di lng thp theo thit k, v sau quyt nh cho rt lng thp ln thi ra li, nhng li khng rt ln c. Mc d trc khi h lng thp c cng on thi ra v kim tra chiu su l khoan. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do t vch h khoan b sp l nhiu trong qu trnh h lng thp lm tri ln t ngt ca y h khoan v chn vi mt on ca lng thp trong thi gian ch quyt nh x l, do lng thp rt ln khng c. Cu MT cc s 4 tr thp b Bc s c: b tng b phn tng su -80m gia 2 lp b tng l lp t st mn khoan ln bentonite. Nguyn nhn ch yu xy ra lc ma bo, s cung cp b tng khng lin tc dn n khi lng b tng trc b ng cng. Sau nh thu tip tc cho b tng mi vo to nn s khng lin tc hay khng ng nht ca khi b tng trong thn cc. 4.2 NHNG H HNG DO CC S C TRN GY RA 4.2.1 Nhng h hng mi cc Nhng h hng mi cc rt thng hay xy ra do bn khoan lng ng y h khoan v t di mi b xo ng v b do nho do bentonite hp th. H hng ny rt nghim trng i vi cc c thit k lm vic c s tham gia chu lc ca sc khng mi cc, nht l cc c m rng chn v c th a ti gim cng ni ti ca b tng mi cc hoc gim kh nng chu lc do ln nghim trng gy ra. Nhng h hng ny c th l: B ng mi cc xp (sng nc hoc ln nhiu mn khoan )lm gim cht lng b tng ti mi cc, c th sa cha bng cch phun va xi mng. Gim sc khng ca cc do s tip xc ca mi cc vi t nn chu lc b gin tip bi lp mn lng ng y l khoan, hoc do s thay i thnh phn ca t di mi coc (b do nho do bentonite hp th vo). 4.2.2 Nhng h hng thn cc Nhng h hng thn cc ch yu l tnh khng lin tc ca thn cc nh: Thn cc phnh ra hoc dng r cy (lm khi lng b tng c cc tng rt nhiu so vi khi lng b tng tnh ton theo l thuyt) do s c sp thnh vch l khoan, hoc do t bin ca lp t yu di tc dng y ca b tng ti; Thn cc b co tht li (lm khi lng b tng c cc gim rt nhiu so vi khi lng b tng tnh ton theo l thuyt ) do s y ngang ca t;

C hang hc, r t ong trong thn cc (lm gim kh nng chu ti ca cc theo vt liu ) do s lu thng ca nc ngm lm tri cc b btng ti, hoc do btng khng st cn thit; B tng thn cc b t on bi thu knh t nm ngang hoc ln bn t, ln va bentonite trong thn cc do c s c sp thnh vch trong lc b tng, hoc do nhc ng b tng ln qu cao; Thn cc tip xc gin tip vi t vch bi lp o st nho nht. Cc li khoan trn c khoan khi siu m thy c h hong Nhng h hng trong b tng cc khoan nhi ny l: ln bn t, ln dung dch bentonite (b tng c mu vng nht), v tt c u b t gy khi khoan ly li 4.2.3 Nhng h hng phn trn u cc B tng u cc b xp do bt tp cht, xi mng nh ni ln trn mt b tng. 4.3 CC S C THNG XY RA CHO CC KHOAN NHI Qua nghin cu cc cng trnh v ang xy dng trong vng ng bng sng Cu Long vi s h tr ca cc thit b kim tra thit b hin c trong v ngoi nc, c th tng kt cc s c chnh yu nht nh sau: 4.3.1 Trong cng on khoan to l Trong cng on ny thng xy ra cc s c k thut sau: V tr h khoan b vng phi vt cn nh cc cc thp, dm thp hnh, cc b tng ct thp hay cu kin cng v.vnm su trong lng t gy rt nhiu kh khn cho vic khoan to l i khi khng th trc vt cc vt cn trn c. Khng h c ng chng n cao yu cu hoc khoan khng xung; do gp m ci hoc vt cn khcv..v Sp thnh vch l khoan: c pht hin qua vic o kim tra ng knh l khoan; hoc s tri ln t ngt ca y l khoan; hoc khi lng y cc thc t ln hn rt nhiu so vi tnh ton l thuyt (theo kch thc cc ),v.v Dung dich bentonite ng t nhanh v nhiu xung y l khoan: c pht hin qua vic o kim tra b dy ca lp bn lng ng y l khoan, hoc t vic kim tra cht lng ca dung dch (dung dch bentonite ho nc) v.v

 Lp mng o st bm quanh vch h khoan qu dy: c pht hin qua vic th ti tnh (sc chu ti do ma st hng rt thp),v.v 4.3.2. Trong cu to, gia cng v h lng thp. Trong cng on ny thng xy ra cc s c sau: Khng h c lng ct thp v l khoan, (do lng thp b bin dng, hoc un cong trong qu trnh cu lng thp) ng vch b ln (do treo lng thp qu nng ln ng vch ) Lng thep b ngp trong t. 4.3.3. Trong cng on btng c cc. Trong cng on ny thng xy ra cc s c sau: Tc nghn btng trong ng. Mc btng b h xung khi rt ng vch ln. Hoc khi rt ng vch lm ko theo c khi btng v phn cc di ng vch cng b lng thp ko ln theo, hoc to vng rng trong btng. Btng thn cc b phan tng, r v c vt l (nh : thu knh bn, t, va bentonite, v.v), c pht hin qua vic o cht lng cc (siu m, khoan ly mu,v.v). 4.4. CC NGUYN NHN GY RA S C CHO CC KHOAN NHI. 4.4.1. Trong cng on to l. 4.4.1.1. S c khng h c ng chng n cao yu cu hoc khoan khng xung. Nguyn nhn gy ra s c nh nu trong mc 2.4.2.1. Gp s c ny c th dng loi gu khoan thch hp ph vt cn ny ri tip tc h tip, hoc dng cc thit b khoan ct, trc vt vt cn ln. i vi nhng trng hp c bit khng th trc vt vt cn ln c phi dch chuyn v tr cc khoan nhi hoc thay phng n cc khoan nhi bng lai mng cc khc. 4.4.1.2. S c sp thnh vch h khoan. S c sp thnh vch h khoan c th do cc nguyn nhn chnh sau: a. Khi khoan gp tng t qu yu, li khng c ng vch Tng t qu yu c: Mun bin dng E0 < 50 kG/cm2, gc ma st trong 0 < 10, h s nn a > 0,05cm2/kg, st B > 0,75, sc khng xuyn mi qc 4kG/cm2, ch s xuyn tiu chun ca t N 4.

Qua kinh nghim thi cng cc khoan nhi ng bng Sng Cu Long cho thy vi c im cc tng t yu nh nu trn u trng thi do chy n chy.V vy, khi khoan to l s d gy ra hin tng sp thnh vch nu khng c ng vch mc d c dng dung dch bentonite gi n nh. Do vy, trong qu trnh khoan cn kim tra li a cht i chiu vi s liu th nghim, c gii php x l kp thi, chng hn nh iu chnh li ng vch. b. Cc ch tiu k thut ca dung dch bentonite khng thch hp vi a tng cn khoan. Do mi loi t c tnh cht c l ho khc nhau, cng nh s khc nhau v thnh phn v loi ca dung dch bentonite. Cn thng xuyn kim tra v iu chnh cc ch tiu k thut ca dung dch (khi lng ring, nht, hm lng ct, t l cht keo, lng mt nc, lc ct tnh, tnh n nh v tr s pH) cho ph hp vi cc quy nh v chng c nh hng rt ln n vic gi n nh l khoan. c. p lc thu ng trong tng ct, ct pha st qu ln. Khi khoan gp tng ct c cha nc ngm vi p lc ln, nc ngm c p ny s chy vo trong h khoan mang theo t ct vch h khoan (hin tng ct chy ) lm cho h khoan ti tng ny rng ra, c th ko theo cc tng pha trn b sp. Nu gp s c ny nn a ng vch qua tng ny, hoc dng bin php h mc nc ngm trc khi khoan. Hoc, d. Do chn k thut, thit b khoan khng ph hp vi t nn. Do tc khoan qu nhanh va bentonite cha kp hp th vo thnh vch, hoc vic nng h gu khoan qu nhanh gy hiu ng Pitng dn n sp thnh vch l khoan. trnh sp vch cn phi chn loi khoan thch hp vi thao tc khoan nh nhng, trnh nhng ng tc t ngt, hoc e) Do h lng thp va vo thnh vch l khoan Khi h lng thp nhanh c th va vo thnh vch h khoan dn n sp vch l khoan. Do cn phi h lng thp nh nhng v ng tm h khoan trnh sp vch, hoc f) Do thi gian gin ko di gia khu khoan to l v b tng cng gy ra s c sp vch l khoan. 4.4.1.3. S c do dung dch bentonite ng t nhanh v nhiu xung y l khoan:

S c k thut ny c th do vic chn dung dch bentonite khng ph hp vi iu kin t nn, chng hn nh: (1) Nu dung dch bentonite cha nhiu khong cht st kaolinit th dung dch s ng t mnh. (2) Nu pH<7 hay nc t l n mn th kh nng ng t (phn hy) dung dch khoan s xy ra. Ngoi ra, cn c nhiu yu t khc nh hng n hin tng ng t ca dung dch. 4.4.1.4. S c do lp mng o st bm quanh vch h khoan qu dy Do nht ca dung dch bentonite tng lm b dy lp mng o st tng theo (4mm), nguy hi hn do mng o st ny trng thi nho nht. Dn n vic gim ma st hng gia cc v t rt nhiu gy gim kh nng chu lc ca cc. 4.4.2. Trong cu to, gia cng v h lng thp * Khng h c lng ct thp v l khoan: do lng thp b bin dng (un cong trong qu trnh cu lp lng thp). Do vy, khi ch to cn tnh ton n bin dng ca lng thp, b tr mc cu ph hp trnh s c ny, hoc nn li lng thp v b tr thm mc cu trnh bin dng. * ng vch b ln: do treo lng thp, trng lng lng thp tng i nng l ln ng khi c th gia cng chng ln cho ng vch hoc khng treo lng thp ln ng na trnh ln ng. * Lng thp b ngp trong t: Theo quy nh. khi lng thp chm y th nng ln 10cm. iu ny kh thc hin v khong cch qu nh cho vic iu khin ti. Hn na lng thp nng nn khi chm y ln vo nn, nn khi nng h lng thp ln trn th ng thp vn ngp trong t. V vy cn ty theo iu kin c th iu chnh khong cch ny. 4.4.3. Trong cng on c cc * Tc nghn b tng trong ng: Do hin tng hiu ng vng khi b tng c gi mc cao trong ng chng lm cho b tng khng tro ln c //////// tc nghn. Khi cn nng ng dn b tng ln, nhng ng vn phi ngp trong b tng t nht 2m, quy nh 2m n 5m. Mc b tng b h xung khi rt ng vch ln: Do tng t yu (khi rt qua tng t yu b t bin di p lc ca b tng ti lm tng thm th tch ca b tng (cc b phnh ra).

C khi b tng trong ng chng b ko ln khi rt ng vch ln: Do b tng ninh kt sm, n s bm cht vo ng vch. V vy, khi rt ng vch lm ko theo c khi b tng v phn cc di ng vch cng b lng thp ko ln theo hoc to vng rng trong. * B tng thn cc b phn tng, r t ong v c vt l (nh: thu knh bn, t, va bentonite, vv..) S c ny c th do cc nguyn nhn chnh sau: + Do thit b b tng khng thch hp hoc tnh trng lm vic xu; + Do vic b tng khng lin tc, hoc do s rt ng dn b tng ln qu nhanh ( ngp ca ng dn b tng trong b tng khng m bo yu cu) s lm ln bn khoan trong b tng; + Do s dng b tng c thnh phn khng thch hp, st khng t yu cu lm b tng r hoc phn tng; + Do s lu thng nc ngm lm tri va xi mng, ch cn li ct liu (b tng b r); + Do c s c sp thnh vch h khoan trong lc b tng lm ln t sp vo b tng. + Khi gp s c ny c th khoan ra sch ri bm va xi mng vo. 4.5. CC GII PHP X L CC S C THNG XY RA CHO CC KHOAN NHI: Trn c s nghin cu cc nguyn nhn gy ra s c trn v bn cht ca cc nguyn nhn, a ra mt s gii php x l cc s c nh sau: 4.5.1. Gii php v vic s dng ng vch gi n nh vch h khoan cho cc khoan nhi ng vch gi n nh thnh vch h khoan trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi. s dng n mt cch c hiu qu, ta cn phi xt qua v cu to, c im s dng v tnh ton thit k n. 4.5.1.1. c im s dng ng vch gi n nh vch l khoan Yu cu: ng vch phi trn, kn m bo bn, cng ca ng trong qu trnh vn chuyn v h ng. Chc nng: + nh hng l khoan:

+ Gi n nh vch h khoan khi khoan qua cc a tng t yu, ct chy, cc a tng c nc chy ngm v c xuyn qua tng ct st. + Gi dung dch to ct p lc trong qu trnh khoan + Lm vn khun b tng to cc * Vt liu lm ng vch: bng thp hoc Composite. Hin nay, hu ht cc cng trnh u s dng ng vch bng thp gi n nh vch l khoan, bi n c u im l d gia cng ch to, bn v cng cao, gi thnh r, nhng n d b g, b n mn v trng lng ca n nng gy kh khn cho vic vn chuyn v thi cng. 4.5.1.2. Xc nh kch thc v tnh ton ng vch. ng knh trong; chiu dy v chiu di ng vch phi chn sao cho m bo v mt bn, cng ; ph hp vi ng knh cc, ng knh ngoi ca u khoan v c im a hnh, a tng ni thi cng, c th chn nh sau: a. ng knh v dy ng vch.
-

ng knh trong ng vch: Dtr = Dnk + (60150)(mm) ; hoc Dtr = 1.1 x Dnk.

Trong : Dtr : ng knh trong ca ng vch. Dnk : ng knh ngoi ca u khoan; 60150mm , 1.1, mc ch dng iu chnh nghing lch khi cn thit, c bit ni c bn x, ct chy v ni c nc mt nh cng trnh cu cng th ng d b nghing lch. Chiu dy: t = (1 1,5)%Dtr hoc : t = 916mm khi Dtr 100cm. t = 1640mm khi Dtr > 100cm. Trong : t : chiu dy ng vch. b. Chiu di ng vch: Ni c mt nc: nh cng trnh cu, cng c th chn chiu di ng vch da vo cc yu cu nh sau: + Cao ming ng vch cao hn mc nc thi cng (MNTC) la 2m. + Cao y ng vch nm trong tng t dnh c gc ma st trong 10, st B 0,75 hoc sc khng xuyn mi qc 4kg/cm2. Vi chiu dy ngm trong tng ny sao cho ng khng b ln th chiu di ng c th tnh theo cng thc:

L0v = Ln + L0 + 2m Trong : L0v: Chiu di ng nh nht ca ng vch (m); L0 : Chiu cao tnh t MNTC n y sng (m); Ln : Chiu di ngm ca ng vch (m), c th s b chn Ln thng qua vic chn cao y ng vch ngm vo tng chu lc khng thm nc t 0,5 2m: Sau khi chn c L0v, ta kim tra iu kin ln ng: Pgi = Pdn + ulifi P0v = Pgy ln. Trong : : h s an ton, = 1,5. P0v, Pdn : Trng lng v lc y ni ng vch, T; u = x Dn : Chu vi ngoi ca tit din ngang ng vch, m; Dn : ng knh ngoi ca ng vch, m; li : Chiu di ca lp t th i tip xc vi mt hng ca ng vch, m; fi : Sc chng tnh ton ca lp t th i ln mt hng ca ng, T/m2. Ni ch c nc ngm: i vi cc mng cc khoan nhi trn cn. C th chn chiu di ng vch da vo cc yu cu sau: + Cao nh ng vch cao hn mt t thi cng (MTC) l 0,5m v cao hn mc nc ngm ti thiu l 2m. + Cao y ng vch nm cch MTC t 2 4m ni t tt trnh st l ming h khoan do thit b v phng tin i li gn h khoan v khng cho bn t ri vo h khoan. + Cao y ng vch nm trong tng t c gc ma st trong 10, st B 0,75 hoc sc khng xuyn mi qc 4kG / cm2. Vi chiu dy ngm trong tng ny sao cho ng khng b ln. Tnh ton chiu di ng vch tng t nh trn. 4.5.2. Nhn xt. Gi n nh vch h khoan bng ng vch l mt trong nhng gii php rt ng tin cy nht hin nay, nhng chi ph li cao. Do , ch s dng n trong nhng trng hp tht cn thit, c th kt hp ng vch v dung dch bentonite gi n nh vch l khoan.

4.6. GII PHP GI N NH THNH VCH H KHOAN CC KHOAN NHI BNG DUNG DCH BENTONITE Dung dch bentonite gm c st, nc v mt s cht ph gia, dng gi n nh cho vch h khoan khi khng c ng vch hoc kt hp vi ng vch. 4.6.1. Thnh phn khng vt ca dung dch bentonite c tnh quan trng nht ca dung dch bentonite l thnh phn ba nhm khong vt st gm: 1. Montmorillonite (Al2O3.4SiO2.nH2O) ; 2. Ilit (Al2O3.lSiO3.lH2O) ; 3. Kaolinit (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) 4.6.2. Cc c im c bn ca cc khong st c trnh by nh sau: c im c bn ca cc loi khong st Chiu dy ht st Tng din tch mt Hot tnh mt ngoi (Ao, Amstron) 10 50 50 500 100 1000 ngoi (m2/g) 800 80 10 (kG / cm2) 1,5 7,2 0,9 0,4

Khong st Montmorillonite Ilit Kaolinit

Qua bng trn, c th nhn thy kh nng ng t ca dung dch bentonite ph thuc vo chiu dy ht st, chiu dy ht st cng ln th kh nng ng t cng mnh, kaolinit ng t mnh nht, k n l Ilit v t nht l Montmorillonite. Nh vy dung dch bentonite c cha nhiu khong st kaolinit th kh nng ng t cng mnh. 4.6.2. Cc c im ca dung dch bentonite c th nh hng n s mt n nh cho cc khoan nhi. Vi thnh phn nh nu trn, nn dung dch bentonite c nhng c im ni bt nh sau: Dung trng ca dung dch bentonite ben > 1g / cm3 Dung trng ca dung dch bentonite thay i t ben = 1,02 1,5g / cm3 tu thuc vo hm lng ca bentonite c trong dung dch t (6 14), to ra mt p

lc ln hn p lc thu tnh ca nc ngm trong h khoan, c dng gi n nh vch l khoan. Tu tng loi t v mc nc ngm m c th chn ben thch hp, nu chn khng ph hp ( ben < ben yu cu ) th s gy ra s c sp vch l khoan. Tnh huyn ph v nht: Tnh huyn ph l do phn ng vt l gia cc hot khong st mang in tch cng du y nhau trong mi trng nc (lng bentonite, khong 6 14). Nh tnh huyn ph ny m cc ht t do vch l s nm l lng trong dung dch, trnh c hin tng lng ng bn t y h khoan. nht cho php ca dung dch 18 45s. Nu nht gim th s xy ra hin tng bn t lng ng y h khoan v vch h khoan b st l do tnhkhng kh nng lin kt gi cc ht t ri li, ngc li nht tng th hin tng lng ng bn t gim nhng chiu dy ca lp mng o st tng (4mm) lm thnh vch h khoan d st l v gim ma st hng; va bentonite bm dnh ct thp nhiu lm gim kh nng dnh bm gia ct thp v b tng. Tnh cht xc bin: Th hin qua kh nng ng kt nhanh khi yn v ho tan nhanh khi c tc ng c hc, c c trng bng ng sut ct tnh sau khi yn, xc nh bng lc k tnh. Tnh cht ny nhm gip cho thnh vch n nh v thun tin trong qu trnh khoan. Lng mt nc: Tr s lng mt nc cho php 10 25 cm3 sau 30 pht. Nu ln hn s thay i tnh cht ca dung dch ( nht tng) v to ra mt lp o st dy > 4mm trong h khoan d b bong lm thnh vch l d b sp l v lm gim ma st thnh gia cc - t vch. Tnh n nh ( phn tng): phn tng cho php nh hn 4 8% sau 24 gi. Nu ln hn s lm thay i tnh cht ca dung dch (ben gim-lm sp vch l khoan) v xy ra hin tng ng t dung dch bentonite xung y h khoan. pH ca dung dch bentonite:

 pH c trng cho tnh axit hay baz ca dung dch khoan, n c nh hng rt ln n cht lng dung dch, v n tham gia, tc ng n cc phn ng ho hc. pH cho php t 7 9. Khi pH = 10 th bt u th hin nh hng ca ximng. Nu pH >11 th tnh nht v mt nc tng ln.Nh vy, dung dch khng cn m bo yu cu. pH < 7 hay nc t l n mn th kh nng ng t (phn hu) dung dch khoan s xy ra. Tm li : Nu cc c im c bn nh: (ben, nht, pH khng t yu cu th s gy ra s c cho cc khoan nhi nh: sp vch l khoan, gim ma st hng, gim kh nng dnh bm gia ct thp btng v c lng ng (ng t) bn t bentonite y l khoan. 4.6.3. Cc gii php s l cc vn mt n nh. Tu theo phng php thi cng, loi a tng v mc nc ngm, m ta nn chn (ben, nht, pH v cc ch tiu tnh nng khc ca dung dch bentonite) theo ph lc d - ca Tiu chun TCXD 206 : 1998. Dung trng ben c th chn theo iu kin cn bng n nh vch h khoan nh sau: Phng trnh cn bng ti mt im bt k trn vch l khoan: p lc y = p lc gi p lc y bao gm: p lc tnh ca mc nc ngm (w.zn), p lc ch ng ca t (x ). p lc gi bao gm: p lc tnh ca ct bentonite (b.zb), lc khng ct cu trc ca lp o st (s). Hay: =>b = Trong : b, zb: dung trng v chiu cao ca ct va bentonite; w, zn: dung trng v chiu cao ca mc nc ngm;
Vi: = v/(1-v); z = ka..z; ka = tg 2 (45- );
2

x + w.zn = b.zb + s
x + .z n s
zb

(4.1) (4.2)

v. .z.tg 2 (45 0 ) 2 x = .z = .ka..z = 1 v

(4.3)

v: h s poisson; , , z: dung trng, gc ma st trong v chiu cao ca ct t; s = dn zb tg + c = ( - 1) zb tg + c lp o st. i vi t vch l t ct: c, ca o st c th c tnh i t gi tr cu, ca t ct ban u nh sau: + c c th ly bng gi tr trung bnh ca lc dnh ban u (cu) v lc dnh (s) do t nn hp ph bentonite: c = (cs + cu) / 2 Thng thng cs = 2cu => c = 1,5cu c th ly bng gc ma st trong ca t st (d), hoc: = - 30 +3D; (theo Bolton 1984) D : l cht tng i ca ct. i vi t vch l t st: do m tng ln nn c, ca o st u nh hn gi tr cu, ca t st ban u, lc dnh ca lp o st rt nh c th xem nh bng 0 (cs = 0). c, c th xc nh nh sau: c c th tnh theo cng thc sau: c = .cu.rd : H s chit gim lc dnh, c th ly 0.55. cu : Lc dnh khng thot nc ban u ca t nn. rd : H s chit gim ph thuc vo chiu su cc. : C th ly bng gc ma st trong ca t st (d), hoc : = - 3 nht, pH): (4.9) i vi s c bn t bentonite lng ng y h khoan (do khong vt st, (4.8) (4.7) (4.6) (4.5) (4.4) Vi : , dn, , c : dung trng t nhin, y ni, gc ma st trong v lc dnh ca

Khong vt st ca bentonite: cn kim tra cht lng v nn chn c nhiu khong vt montmorilonit trnh hin tng ng t va bentonite. nht thch hp: ph thuc vo phng php thi cng, loi a tng v mc nc ngm. N c nghin cu t l thuyt n thc tin v tng kt nh bng 2 19. Nu nht gim th c th thm 1 2% bentonite hoc 0,05 2% cht ph gia (CMC, l loi bt do x l ha hc cht thi ca cng nghip giy m c, gm carthyl, cellulose, v mt s cht khc c gc Na, Mg, Na2CO3,) tng nht ca dung dch bentonite. Nu PH < 7 do b trung ho bi nc ngm lm cho dung dch b ng t thi nn cho thm vo dung dch bentonite ho cht iu gii(Hcl,) tng Ph ln trong khong 7 9. Tr s nht thch hp ca dung dch P.php s Tnh hnh a cht dng cng trnh dung dch PP tun hon Nc Khi trnh bnh thng Nc ngm nhiu Ct mn PP tnh Ct trung-to Cui si iu ngm t rt PP tun hon Ct mn Ct trung-to Cui si 23-35 33-40 55-65 23-35 37-45 70-80 PP tnh kin cng Ct mn Ct trung-to Cui si Ct mn Ct trung-to Cui si 23-27 28-35 37-45 24-28 32-40 45-55 Thm 2% bentonite 2% ph CMC Thm 1% Thm 0.1bentonite thm o.1=0.2% cht gia khc 0.2 nc, thm nc thch hp na ph khng cht ng thi gim 1- Thm 0.05-0.1 cht gim Tng t 500700cc, s nht Bin php Khi Khi thch hp nht thp nht cao

hoc 0.05- nc, cht hoc thm gia nc

i vi s c gim ma st hng: do nht gim lm cho lp o st tr nn nho nht dn n s gim ma st dnh gia cc-t, khi cn c bin php tng nht ca dung dch nh nu trn. i vi s c gim n bm gia ct thp v btng: do d nht tng lm va bentonite dnh bm u vo ct thp, khi cn c bin php lm gim nht ca dung dch nh thm nc vo dung dch. 4.7. CC C IM CA CC LOI T THNG GY RA S C CHO CC KHOAN NHI V BIN PHP S L 4.7.1Tnh hp th keo t Hp ph l mt trong nhng biu hin r rt v kh nng c bit ca ht st. S hp ph c chia lm 5 loi sau: 4.7.1.1. Hp ph c hc L kh nng gi li cc ht l lng trong nc (dd bentonite) khi n thm qua t. Loi hp ph ny c trng cho t ct, n ph thuc vo rng, t l cc cp phi ht ca cu trc t v th hin kh nng gi li cc ht ho ln trong dung dch khi dung dch thm qua. 4.7.1.2. Hp ph l hc Hp ph l hoch hay kh nng ht l hc ca t, c trng kh nng ht cc vt cht xung quanh do b mt t do trn mt tip xc gia cc ht i vi dung dch bentonite hnh thnh cc mng hp ph v to sc cng b mt nh hng ng k dn n nh ca t vch h khoan. 4.7.1.3. Hp ph ho hc L kh nng gi li trn b mt ca ht t cc cht ho tan dng kt ta khng tan hoc tan bng cc phn ng ho hc xy ra trong cc dung dch t to cc mui t tan trong mi trng axit t cc cht ban u l :
2+ 2 4 3+ 3 4

Ca

, SO

, Fe

, PO

. Cc phn ng ho hc nh sau :

Na 2 SO + CaCl 2 CaSO 4 + 2 NaCl

3 Al 3+ + PO4 AlPO4 3 Fe 3+ + PO4 FePO4 3 3Ca 2+ + 2 PO4 Ca 3 ( PO4 ) 2

4.7.1.4. Hp ph l ho hc (hp ph trao i) Tnh cht ny th hin qua phn ng l-ho hc gi keo t v ion trong dung dch dt. t c th trao i nhng cation b ht b mt cc ht nh t trc (nh
Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + ,v.v) ly nhng cation ca dung dch ang sp xp vi n trn c s

tng quan v ng lng dn n s thay i r rt v cc tnh cht c l ca t tu thuc vo thnh phn vt cht c trong dung dch t .PH cn ln th hp ph cng mnh. 4.7.1.5. Hp ph sinh hc. L hp ph lm cho t (th nhng)giu nhng cht tch lu c trong qu trnh hot ng sng ca cc vi sinh vt. N l yu t quan tro ngj ca qu trnh to tahnhf th nhng v cng c nh hng ln n tnh cht ca t . Tm li: Cc loi hp ph trn khng xy ra ring l tng loi , m chng xy ra cng mt lc. PH cng ln th hp ph cng mnh. Trong t ct ch yu xy ra hp ph c hc v l hc.Trong t st mm th hp ph l hc v l ho hc l ch yu, to thnh lp o st tng i mng,cn i vi t st cng th ch yu l qu trnh trao i ion ch tip gip gi va bentonite v t vch, to thnh mt lp mng o st rt mng. 4.7.2. Cc c im ca cc loi t st yu thng gy ra s c cho cc khoan nhi v gii php s l. c dm a cht vng ng bng nc ta c bit l ng bng sng Cu Long u xut hin lp t yu dng bn st vi chiu dy t 15 n 30m, trong cc hot ng thi cng o h khoan h cc khoan nhi u phi xuyn qua tng t nu trn.Nu trong t o tn ti cc cation c kh nng hp ph v trao i cc cation cng yu (tc l cation c ho tr nh, nng thp PH thp v bn knh hyra ho ln) th kh nng lng ng bn t xung y h khoan cng cao. Nu trong t o c cng nhiu cht CaCl2 , v Na2CO3 th kh nng ng t bentonite cng mnh xung y h khoantheo phn ng sau.

H+

Na +

Ht st

Al 3+ + 2 Na 2 CO3 + H 2 O

ht st

Na + +Al(OH)3 +2CO2 Na + Na +

Nu trong t c nhiu khong st Kaolinite th s lm tng khong ny trong dung dch bentonite dn n ng t nhiu bentonite xung y l khoan.Trng hp trong t c nhiu khong st Montmorillonite th s lm cc tnh nng ca dung dch thay i v nht l khi nht tng cng cao th b dy ca bentonite bm quanh ct thp (nht l thp gn) cng ln. Cc gii php s l s c: Gii php khc phc hin tng lng ng bn t do kh nng hp ph v trao i cation yu, l thm vo dung dch khoan ho cht c cation ho tr cao hoc nng cao hoc tng PH, vv Gii php khc phc hin tng ng t bentonite do t c nhiu CaCl2 v NaCO3 thm vo dung dch khoan ho cht trung ho 2 cht trn. Gii php khc phc hin tng ng t bentonite trong t c nhiu khong st kaolinite, c th l sau thi khoan thay dung dch bentonite mi. Gii php khc phc hin tng bentonite bm quanh ct thp qu dy do trong t c nhiu khong st Montmorillonite ( nht tng), c th thm nc vo dung dch bentonite gim nht. 4.7.3. Nghin cu cc c im ca cc loi t ct thng xy ra s c cho cc khoan nhi v gii php s l. Ly v d xt phn b tng a cht vng ng bng Sng Cu Long thng nhn thy rng tng t ct c mt hu ht cc vng, nm bn di tng t yu v xen ln vi cc tng t st, xut hin cc trng thi t cht n xp ri, vi cc tn gi hnh thnh ht nh ct to n ct bi. 4.7.3.1. c im ca cc loi t ct thng gy ra s c cho cc khoan nhi . - c im chung ca cc loi t ct l: thnh phn dng ht cp phi, cc ht ri rc khng lin quan vi nhau, rng tng i ln v thng trong tng ct c cha nc ngm n nc p lc. - Do vy thnh vch o trong tng ct thng st l (khng n nh ) v nht l khi trong tng ct c nc ngm c p, khi s xut hin hin tng ct chy.

- i vi tng ct ri xp th d gy ra s c cho cc khoan nhi nh: thnh vch h khoan b st l thn cc b phnh c dng r cy. nh hng ca hin tng ct chy Do dng bn ct chy vo trong h khoan di tc dng ca lc thu dng v c bit l nc c p lm vch h khoan b st l rng ra v c th lm sp tng t khc bn trn. c ra cc gii php s l thch hp ta cn im qua v quy lut, iu kin pht sinh v hin tng ct chy. iu kin pht sinh v hin tng ct chy Hin tng ct chy ch xy ra khi : t l t ct, ct pha bi (lc kt dnh rt nh) v l rng cha y nc nht l nc c p. Nguyn nhn chnh ca ct chy l p lc thu ng ca dng nc ngm truyn vo cc ht t khi khoan l. Do tnh tnh thm nc yu ca ct chy nn p lc thu ng gy ra p lc thm vo ht ct lm cho ht ct di chuyn theo hng gim gradien thm.I>V>Popov xc nh rng: Tr s Gradien thm lm cho ct chuyn sang trng thi chy, tnh theo cng thc: Igh=( 0 1)(1 n) ) Trong : Y0: trng lng ht t n: rng ca t Khi p lc thu ng bng hay vot hn dung trng y ni ca ht t, s lm cho t chuyn sang trng thi l lng v s di chuyn.

= I dn n = dn ; I dn = dn /
Trong :
: p lc thu ng

Ydn : dung trng y ni Yn : t trng nc Khi yn = 1 th Idn= ydn , khi Idn ln hn Igh th ct chy bt u xy ra t ct chuyn sang trng thi chy s mt lin kt kin trc.Cc ht chuyn sang trng thi l lng 4.7.3.2. Cc gii php x l cc s c

Trng hp trong tng t ct c hin tng ct chy nn s dng ng vch gi n nh thnh vch l khoan. Trng hp trong tng t ct c hoc khng c mch nc ngm c p th c th s dng dung dch bentonite gi n nh thnh vch l khoan, vi cc l do sau (1)Dung trng ca dung dch bentonite > 1g/cm3 s to ra p lc ln hn p lc ca mc nc ngm nn gim c tc nhn gy sp vch l khoan. (2) Di p lc ca dung dch bentonite s thm nhp vo thnh vch ct ca h l khoan to thnh lp o st, khi xy ra qu trnh hp ph c l gia t ct v bentonite. Cc ht ct ri rc trong lp o st s c lin kt li vi nhau bi tc nhn ximng ho keo bentonite. Lp o st ny c bn (lc dinh c`) tng t 2-3 ln ca lp t ct ban u, lm tng tnh n nh ca thnh vch l khoan. Cc c im ca nc trong t i khi cng c th nh hng n s n nh ca thnh vch h khoan cc khoan nhi v gii php s l : Nc ngm dng nc t do c t trng bng 1g/cm3. Vic xc nh cc tnh cht vt l ,thnh phn ho hc v cc ng thi ca nc c quan h n tnh ph hp trong vic la chn gii php gi n nh thnh vch h khoan v nh gi kh nng n mn ho hc ca nc i vi btng ct thp. Tu theo iu kin th nm ca cc tng nc di t c th chia ng thi nc di t lm 2 loi nh sau(nc thng tng nc ngm) Nc thng tng: nm trong tng t xp ri tng trn cng ca v tri t. lng nc thng tng do nc ma, nc ngng t hay l lt c gi li v th lu trn b mt ca lp t cch nc hoc thm nc yu, b dy tng nc c th t 1-2m vi din phn b hn ch v mang tnh tc thi. Do vy, khi khoan t khu vc c nc thng tng, nc ny s chy vo h khoan v nu nc nhim bn bi nc sinh hot hoc nc thi cng nghip, gy n mn, ct thp betong cc sau ny. -Nc ngm: l nc nm di tng nc thng tng, kt thc ca tng ny l tng t khng thm nc. Nghin cu gii php x l cc s c trn Theo nh phn tch trn, th pH xc tin cc phn ng trao i xy ra thng l ln hn 7. do vy, nu pH ca t vch hay ca nc ngm trong h khoan cng thp th pH ca va bentonite trc khi a xug h khoan cng

cao(thng pH>0), sau cho pH ca va khoan trong qu trnh khoan ( b trung ho vi pH ca t vch) vn ln hn 7. Nu nc ngm c tnh n mn betong ct thp (c cha acide cleride, acide sulfate v pH thp ) khi nc ngm chui vo btong s gy trng n nhanh chng v cmnt, t gy ra nt cc b hay nt ln tc betong.Do cn phi thit k lp betong bo v bc ngoi lp betong chu lc, thng lp ny dy khong 10cm. Macs betong chu lc thng tng ln mt cp. Nh vy, nu cc c ng knh 100cm, mc 300, khi c xt n tnh n mn th n knh cc yu cu l 120cm, mc l 400. Trng hp h khoan i qua cc tng t c chc nng thng tng hoc c p cao th gii php tt nht l dng ng vch gi thanh vch l khoan, m bo va khoan khng b nhim bn v khng gim tnh nng ca n. Cn nu nc ngm khng p th c th dng dung dch bentonite gi n nh thnh vch l khoan v cn phi chn tnh nng ca dung dch bentonite sao cho ph hp vi nn v tnh cht l ho ca nc ngm nh nu trn. 4.8. NHN XT V KT LUN Loi cc khoan nhi, ngoi cc u im nh nu chng 1, cn tn ti mt s nhc im c th hin qua cc s c c trnh by trn.Cc s c trn i khi rt phc tp kh khc phc sa cha, c th dn ti chi ph rt cao, hoc khng sa c m phi thay cc mi. Do , cch tt nht l nn d phng s c xy ra hiu r cc nguyn nhn v bin php phng nga. C th nhn xt rng: khi thi cng cc khoan nhi thng gp nhiu s c l do c qu nhiu yu t nh hng n n, m kinh nghim thit k v thi cng ca nc ta cha nhiu v cha quan tm ng mc n cc nh hng ca cc yu t , cho nn thng gp phi cc s c nh trn. Cc yu t l: iu kin a cht thu vn cng trnh (t yu, ct, st, nc trong t, vvTrong kho st hin nay ch xt v tnh cht c, l ca n m cha quan tm n tnh cht ho t, ho nc, hin tng ct chy v t sp vv), dung dch bentonite(cha xt mi tng tc tht y gia n v mi trng t nn ), vv