PTHPT Qua Cac de Thi HSG 2010

1
TUYN CHN CC BI TON

PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH
TRONG THI HC SINH GII CC TNH, THNH PH
NM HC 2010 - 2011
(L Phc L - tng hp v gii thiu)
Bi 1.
1/ Gii phng trnh 2 1 3 4 1 1 x x x x + + = .
2/ Gii phng trnh vi n s thc 1 6 5 2 x x x =
( thi HSG tnh Vnh Long)
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh
5 4 3 2
11 25 14 0 x x x x x + =
( thi HSG tnh ng Nai)
Bi 3. Gii h phng trnh
2 2 4
2 5 2 5 6
x y
x y
+ =
+ + + =

( HSG B Ra Vng Tu)
Bi 4. Gii h phng trnh sau
1
3 3
1
2 8
x x y
y
x y
y
+ + + =
+ + =

( thi HSG Hi Phng, bng A)
2 4 3
2 2
4 4 1
4 2 4 2
x y xy
x y xy
+ =
+ =

( thi HSG tnh Lm ng)
Bi 6. Gii h phng trnh trn tp s thc
4
2 2
5 6
5 6
x y
x y x
+ =
+ =

( thi chn i tuyn ng Nai)
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2 2
2 2
3 2
1
1
2
4
y
x y x
x
x y
y
+ =
+ =

( thi HSG H Tnh)
Bi 8. Gii phng trnh
2 3
6 7 1 x x x + + =
( thi chn i tuyn Lm ng)
2 2
1 1
2 0
x x y
y x y x y x
+ + =

( thi HSG tnh Qung Bnh)
Bi 10.
1/ Gii bt phng trnh
2 2
( 4 ) 2 3 2 0 x x x x > .
2/ Gii h phng trnh sau
2
2
7
12
xy y x y
x
x
y
+ + =
+ =

( thi HSG in Bin)
Bi 11. Gii h bt phng trnh
6 8 10
2007 2009 2011
1
1
x y z
x y z
+ + s
+ + >
.
( thi chn i tuyn Bnh nh)
Bi 12.
1/ Gii phng trnh
1 1
2 1 3
x
x
x x
+
=
+

2/ Gii h phng trnh
2
2
2
2
x x y
y y x
+ =
+ =

( thi HSG tnh Bn Tre)

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Bi 13.
1/ Gii phng trnh
2
4 3 5 x x x + = + .
2/ Gii phng trnh
3 2
3 1 2 2 x x x x + = + trn [ 2, 2]
( thi HSG tnh Long An)
2 2
1 2
2
1 1 3 3 ( )
y x
x y
x
y x x
+ = +
+ = +

( chn i tuyn trng Chuyn L Qu n, Bnh nh).
2 2
2
2 3 4 9
7 6 2 9
x y xy x y
y x x
+ = +
+ = +

( thi chn i tuyn Nha Trang, Khnh Ha)
Bi 16.
1/ Gii phng trnh
2
2 7 2 1 8 7 1 x x x x x + = + + +

2/ Gii h phng trnh
3
2 2 3 2
6 1 4
x y x y
x y
+ =
+ + =

( thi HSG tnh Vnh Phc)
Bi 17. Gii phng trnh sau
2
4 3 2 3
1
2 2 2 1 ( )
x
x x x x x x
x
+ + + = +
( thi HSG tnh H Tnh)
Bi 18. Gii phng trnh 2 2 3 2 2 5 0 si n si n cos x x x + = .
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT chuyn L Khit, Qung Ngi)
Bi 19.
1/ Gii phng trnh
2 2
4 2 4 x x x x + = + .
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2/ Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2 2
2 ( ) 3
( ) 10
y x y x
x x y y
=
+ =

( thi chn i tuyn THPT Chuyn Lam Sn, Thanh Ha)
Bi 20. Gii phng trnh
2 3
6 7 1 x x x + + = .
5( ) 6( )
4
6 5
6( ) 4( )
5
4 6
4( ) 5( )
6
5 4
x y x z
x y xy x z xz
z y x y
z y zy x y xy
x z y z
x z xz y z yz
+ +
+ =
+ + + +
+ +
+ =
+ + + +
+ +
+ =
+ + + +

( chn i tuyn trng PTNK, TPHCM)
Bi 22.
1/ Gii phng trnh
1
2 1 3 2 ( 11)
2
x y z x y z + + = + + +
2/ Gii h phng trnh
2
2
2 2
121
2 27
9
3 4 4 0
x
x x
x y xy x y
+ =
+ + + =

( thi HSG tnh Qung Nam)
Bi 23.
1/ Tm tt c cc gi tr ca , a b phng trnh
2
2
2
2 1
x ax b
m
bx ax
+
=
+
c hai nghim phn bit vi
mi tham s m.
2/ Gii h phng trnh
2 2
3 3 3
6
1 19
y xy x
x y x
+ =
+ =

( thi HSG vng tnh Bnh Phc)
Bi 24.
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1/ Gii h phng trnh
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
2010
2010
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =

2/ Gii phng trnh
3 3
2 2 2 3
3 3 3 2 0
x x x x
x x
+ +
+ + =
( thi chn i tuyn Ninh Bnh)
Bi 25.
1/ Gii bt phng trnh sau
2
2
2 1 2( 1) 2(2 )
4 1 17 0
x y x x x y
y x x
+ > +
+ =

2/ Vi n l s nguyn dng, gii phng trnh
1 1 1 1
... 0
sin 2 sin 4 sin8 sin 2
n
x x x x
+ + + + = .
( thi HSG tnh Khnh Ha)
Bi 26.
1/ Gii phng trnh sau
3sin 2 cos 2 5sin (2 3) cos 3 3
1
2cos 3
x x x x
x
+ + +
=
+
.
2/ Gii phng trnh
2
3 2
2 1
log 3 8 5
( 1)
x
x x
x
= +

( thi HSG tnh Thi Bnh)
Bi 27.
1/ Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2
1
2
1
x y xy y
y
x y
x
+ + + =
+ =
+

2/ Gii phng trnh lng gic
2 2
2 2sin 2
tan cot 2
x
x x
+
= +
+

( thi HSG tnh Ph Th)
2
1 1
24 60 36 0
5 7 1
x x
x x
+ + =

( thi HSG tnh Qung Ninh)
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3 2 3 2 2
3 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 x x x x x x x + + + + + = + +
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Chuyn HSP H Ni)
2 2
2 2
2 3 4 2 3 4 18
7 6 14 0
( )( ) x x y y
x y xy x y
+ + =
+ + + =

3
2 2 1 2 1 2 3 2
4 2 2 4 6
( ) ( ) x x y y
x y
+ + + =
+ + + =

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh, ng Nai)
4 3 3 2 2
3 3
9 9
7 ( )
x x y y y x x y x
x y x
+ + = + +

( thi chn HSG tnh Hng Yn)
3
2
2 2 1 3 1
2 1 2 1
y x x x y
y x xy x
+ =
= + +

( thi chn i tuyn chuyn Nguyn Du, k Lk)
3 3
2 2
35
2 3 4 9
x y
x y x y
=
+ =

( thi HSG tnh Yn Bi)
3 2 3
2 2 1 27 27 13 2 x x x x = +
( thi HSG Hi Phng, bng A1)
2 2
2 2
1 1
2( )
2
1 1
2
x y
x y
y x
x y
+ = +

( thi chn i tuyn Qung Ninh)
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3
3
3
3 12 50
12 3 2
27 27
x x y
y y z
z x z
= +
= +
= +

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Phan Chu Trinh, Nng)

9 2
3
9 1
2 1
3
x x
x
+
= +
( thi chn i tuyn Ph Yn)
Bi 39.
2
1 1 2 2 x x x x + + + = +
3 3 2
2
3 4 2
1 2 1
y y x x x
x y y
+ = + + +

( thi HSG tnh Ngh An)
Bi 40.
1/ Gii h phng trnh
3 3 2
4 4
8 4 1
2 8 2 0
x y xy
x y x y
+ =
+ =

2/ Chng minh phng trnh sau c ng mt nghim
2011 3 3 2
( 1) 2( 1) 3 3 2 x x x x x + + = + + + .
( d b thi HSG tnh Ngh An)
3
3
3
3 12
4 6
9 2 32
x y x
y z y
z x z
+ =
+ =
+ = +

( thi chn i tuyn KHTN, vng 1)
2 2
2
2
2 2
1
1
3 2 6 2 2 1 l og ( ) l og ( )
y x
x
e
y
x y x y
+
=
+ + = + + +

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( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Cao Lnh, ng Thp)
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
1 2 1 4
x x x x
x
x x x x
+ +
=
+ + + + +

( thi HSG tnh Bnh Phc)
Bi 44.
1/ Gii phng trnh
3 2 3
3 4 3 2 x x x x + = + +
2/ Tm s nghim ca phng trnh
2011 2009 4 2011 2009 2 2
(4022 4018 2 ) 2(4022 4018 2 ) cos 2 0 x x x x x x x + + + + + =
( thi chn i tuyn Chuyn Nguyn Du)
2 2 2 2 2
(2 )(1 2 )(2 )(1 2 ) 4 10 1
2 2 1 0
x x y y z
x y z xz yz x y
+ + = +
+ + + + + + =

( thi chn i tuyn H Tnh)
Bi 46.
2
2010 ( 1 ) 1
x
x x + = .
2/ Gii h phng trnh
4 2 4
3 3
4 2 5
2 2
xy x
x y
y x
x y
+
+ =
+ = +

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT So Nam, tnh Qung Nam)
11 10 22 12
4 4 2 2
3
7 13 8 2 (3 3 1)
x xy y y
y x y x x y
+ = +
+ + = +

( thi chn i tuyn TP.HCM)
2
2
2
2009 2010 ( )
2010 2011 ( )
2011 2009 ( )
x y x y
y z y z
z x z x
+ =
+ =
+ =

( thi chn i tuyn chuyn Quang Trung, Bnh Phc)
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2 2
2
1
5
57
4 3 (3 1)
25
x y
x x y x
+ =
+ = +

( thi chn i tuyn Ngh An)
Bi 50. Cho cc tham s dng , , a b c . Tm nghim dng ca h phng trnh sau :
2 2 2
4
x y z a b c
xyz a x b y c z abc
+ + = + +

( kim tra i tuyn Ninh Bnh)
Bi 51. Gii h phng trnh sau trn tp hp s thc
2 2
2 2
3
3
3
0
x y
x
x y
x y
y
x y

+ =

( thi chn i tuyn Chuyn Vnh Phc, tnh Vnh Phc)
4 4
2 2 3
2
3 ( )
x x y y
x y

( kim tra i d tuyn trng THPT Chuyn HSP H Ni)
2 3 5 3
2 .sin .cos 2 1 1 x x x x x x x x + + + = + +
( thi chn i tuyn H Ni)
2 2
2
2 2
( 2) ( 3) ( 3)( 2)
5 9 7 15 3
8 18 18 18 84 72 24 176
x y y x z
x x z y yz
x y xy yz x y z
+ + + = + +
+ + =
+ + + =

( thi chn i tuyn HSP H Ni, ngy 2)

Bi 55.
Tm , , x y z tha mn h
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 ( ) 1
1 2 2 2
(3 1) 2 ( 1)
z x y x y
y z xy zx yz
y x x x
+ + =
+ = + +
= +

( thi chn i tuyn trng H KHTN H Ni, vng 3)

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LI GII CHI TIT V NHN XT
Bi 1.
1/ Gii phng trnh 2 1 3 4 1 1 x x x x + + = .
2/ Gii phng trnh vi n s thc 1 6 5 2 x x x =
( thi HSG tnh Vnh Long)
Li gii.
1/iu kin 1 x > . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 2
( 1 1) ( 1 2) 1 1 1 1 2 1 x x x x + = + = (*)
-Nu 1 1 x < th (*) ( 1 1) ( 1 2) 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 x x x x = = = , loi.
-Nu 1 1 2 2 5 x x s s s s th (*) ( 1 1) ( 1 2) 1 1 1 x x = = , lun ng.
-Nu 1 2 x > th (*) ( 1 1) ( 1 2) 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 x x x x + = = = , loi.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l mi x thuc | | 2; 5 .
2/ iu kin
5
2
x

s . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
2
1 5 2 6
(1 ) ( 5 2 ) 2 (1 )( 5 2 ) 6
(1 )( 5 2 ) 5 (1 )( 5 2 ) 10 25
7 30 0 3 10
x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x
+ =
+ + =
= + = + +
= = v =

Th li, ta thy ch c 3 x = l tha mn.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l 3 x = .
Nhn xt. Cc dng ton phng trnh v t ny kh c bn v quen thuc, chng hon ton c
th gii bng cch bnh phng kh cn m khng cn lo ngi v tnh gii c ca phng
trnh hay khng. n gin trong vic xt iu kin, ta c th gii xong ri th li cng c.
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Bi 2. Gii phng trnh
5 4 3 2
11 25 14 0 x x x x x + =
( thi HSG tnh ng Nai)
Li gii.
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
5 4 4 3 3 2 2
4 3 2
4 3 2
( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 9 18 ) (7 14) 0
( 2)( 9 7) 0
2
9 7 0
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x
x x x x
+ + + + + =
+ + + =
=

+ + + =

Phng trnh th hai trn c th vit li l
4 3 2 4 3 3 2 2
2 2
( 9 6) 1 0 ( 2 2 3 3 6 6) 1 0
( 1) ( 3 6) 1 0
x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x
+ + + + = + + + + =
+ + + =

Do
2 2
( 1) ( 3 6) 1 0, x x x x + + + > nn phng trnh ny v nghim.
Nhn xt. y l mt phng trnh a thc thng thng, c nghim l 2 x = nn vic phn tch
thnh nhn t kh n gin; ci kh l bit nh gi phng trnh cn li v c nn tip tc tm
cch gii n hay khng hay tm cch chng minh n v nghim. Trng hp bi cho phn
tch thnh cc a thc khng c nghim n gin, bi ton tr nn kh khn hn rt nhiu; thm
ch l ngay c vi nhng a thc bc bn. Chng hn nh khi gii phng trnh
4 3 2
2 3 10 16 3 0 x x x x + = , nu tnh ton trn giy th khng phi d dng m c c phn
tch
2 2
(2 5 1)( 3) 0 x x x x + + = gii tng phng trnh tch.
2 2 4
2 5 2 5 6
x y
x y
+ =
+ + + =

( HSG B Ra Vng Tu)
Li gii.
iu kin: , 0 x y > . Cng tng v hai phng trnh ca h, ta c:
( 2 5 2 ) ( 2 5 2 ) 10 x x y y + + + + + =
Tr phng trnh th hai cho phng trnh th nht, v theo v, ta c:
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5 2
( 2 5 2 ) ( 2 5 2 ) 2 2
2 5 2 2 5 2
x x y y
x x y y
+ + + = + =
+ + + +

t 2 5 2 0, 2 5 2 0 a x x b y y = + + > = + + > . Ta c h sau:
2
10 10
10 5
5 5 5 5
5 2 2 50 20 2
10
a b b a
b a a
b a a
a b a a
+ = =
= =

= + = + = =

Xt phng trnh
2
2 5 2 5 2 5 (5 2 ) 2 5 25 2 10 2 2 2 2 x x x x x x x x x + + = + = + = + = = .
Tng t, ta cng c 2 y = .
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l ( , ) (2, 2) x y = .
Nhn xt. Ngoi cch gii tn dng tnh cht ca cc cn thc, ta cng c th t n ph ri bin
i; trong phng trnh th hai, cc s hng t do c th khc nhau m li gii vn c tin
hnh tng t. Chng hn, gii h phng trnh sau
2 2 6
2 5 2 9 8
x y
x y
+ =
+ + + =

1
3 3
1
2 8
x x y
y
x y
y
+ + + =
+ + =

( thi HSG Hi Phng, bng A)
Li gii.
iu kin
1
0, 0, 3 y x x y
y
= + > + > .
t
1
, 3, , 0 a x b x y a b
y
= + = + > . H cho vit li l
2 2
3 2, 1
1, 2 5
a b a b
a b a b
+ = = =

= = + =

-Vi 2, 1 a b = = , ta c
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2
1
4 1 1
2, 3 1 4, 4 4
4
1
3, 1 4 8 15 0, 4
4
5, 1 4
4
x
x x y x x y x
y y
y x
x y x x x x
x
x y y x
y x
+ =
+ = + = + = + =
= = + = + = =
= = =

=

-Vi 1, 2 a b = = , ta c
2
1
1 1 1
1, 3 2 1, 7 7
7
4 10, 3 10 8 6 0, 7
7
4 10, 3 10
x
x x y x x y x
y y
y x
x y x x x
y x
x y
+ =
+ = + = + = + =
= = + + = =

=
= + =

Th li, ta thy tt c u tha.
Vy h phng trnh cho c 4 nghim l
( , ) (3,1), (5, 1), (4 10, 3 10), (4 10, 3 10) x y = + + .
Nhn xt. Dng h phng trnh gii bng cch t n ph ny thng gp nhiu k thi, t
H-C n thi HSG cp tnh v khu vc. Chng ta s cn thy n xut hin nhiu cc thi
ca cc tnh c nu di y.
2 4 3
2 2
4 4 1
4 2 4 2
x y xy
x y xy
+ =
+ =

Li gii.
Ly phng trnh th nht tr phng trnh th hai, v theo v, ta c:
4 2 3 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 4 4 1 0 ( 1) 4 ( 1) 0 ( 1)( 1 4 ) 0
1 1 1 4 0
y y xy xy y xy y y y xy
y y y xy
+ + = = =
= v = v + =

-Nu 1 y = , thay vo phng trnh u tin, ta c:
2
4 1 4 1 ( 1) 0 0 1 x x x x x x + = = = v = .
Th li, ta thy c hai nghim u tha mn.
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-Nu 1 y = , thay vo phng trnh u tin, ta c:
2
4 1 4 1 ( 1) 0 0 1 x x x x x x + + = + = = v = .
Th li, ta thy c hai nghim u tha mn.
-Nu
2
2
1
1 4 0
4
y
y xy x
y
+ = = (d thy trong trng hp ny 0 y = ), thay vo phng trnh

u tin, ta c:
2
2 2
4 3 2 2 4 2 2 2
1 1
4 4 1 (1 ) 4 4(1 ) 4 ( 1)(5 7) 0
4 4
y y
y y y y y y y
y y
| | | |
+ = + = + =
| |
\ . \ .
.
Suy ra 1, 0 y x = = v hai nghim ny nu trn.
Vy h phng trnh cho c 4 nghim phn bit l ( , ) (1,1), (0,1), ( 1, 1), (0, 1) x y = .
Nhn xt. y l mt dng h phng trnh a thc kh kh, r rng nu phng trnh th hai,
ngi ta chia hai v cho 2 th kh c th t nhn bit gi tr ny m nhn vo ri tr tng v nh
trn. Vic pht hin ra gi tr 2 nhn vo c th dng cch t tham s ph ri la chn.
Bi 6. Gii h phng trnh trn tp s thc
4
2 2
5 6
5 6
x y
x y x
+ =
+ =

( thi chn i tuyn ng Nai)
Li gii.
Tr tng v hai phng trnh ca h, ta c
4 2 2 2 2
5( ) 0 ( ) ( ) 5 0 ( ) 5 x x y y x x y x x y x y x x y + = + = = v + =

-Nu x y = , t phng trnh th nht ta c
4 2
5 6 0 ( 3)( 2)( 1) 0 2 1 x x x x x x x x + = + + = = v = , tng ng vi 2 1 y y = v = .
Th li thy tha, ta c hai nghim ( , ) ( 2, 2), (1,1) x y = .
-Nu
2
2
5
( ) 5 x x y y x
x
+ = = , thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c
4 6 3 2
2
5
5 6 5 6 25 0 x x x x x
x
| |
+ = + =
|
\ .

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ng thi, t h cho ta cng c
2 2
6
5 6 6
5
x x y x = s s .
Do
3 2
3 2 6 3 2
6 6 216 96 312
5 4 5. 4. 25 5 6 25 0
5 5 25 25
x x x x x
+ | | | |
+ s + = = < + >
| |
\ . \ .
.
Suy ra trong trng hp ny, h v nghim.
Vy h cho c hai nghim l ( , ) ( 2, 2), (1,1) x y = .

2 2
2 2
3 2
1
1
2
4
y
x y x
x
x y
y
+ =
+ =

( thi HSG H Tnh)
Li gii.
iu kin:
2 2
0, 1 xy x y = + = . t
2 2
1, , 0
x
a x y b ab
y
= + = = .
H cho tr thnh
3 2 3 2
1, 1 1 1 2 3 0
2 3
3, 9 2 3
2 3 2 3
b a b b
a b b b
b a a b
a b a b
2

= = + = + = =
+

= = = +

= = +

-Vi 1, 1 a b = = , ta c
2 2
2, x y x y + = = , ta tm c hai nghim l ( , ) (1, 1), ( 1,1) x y = .
-Vi 9, 3 a b = = , ta c
2 2
10, 3 x y x y + = = , ta tm c hai nghim l ( , ) (3,1), ( 3, 1) x y = .
Th li, ta u thy tha mn.
Vy h cho c 4 nghim phn bit l ( , ) (1, 1), ( 1,1), (3,1), ( 3, 1) x y = .
Bi 8. Gii phng trnh
2 3
6 7 1 x x x + + =
( thi chn i tuyn Lm ng)
Li gii.
iu kin 1 x > .
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Ta c
2 3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 3 3
( 6 2) ( 4) ( 1 1) 0
2 2
( 2)( 2) 0
1 1
( 6) 2 6 4
1 1
( 2) 2 0
1 1
( 6) 2 6 4
2
1 1
2 0
1 1
( 6) 2 6 4
x x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
+ + + =

+ + + =
+
+ + + +

+ + + =
+
+ + + +

=

+ + + =
+
+ + + +

D thy phng trnh th hai v nghim v v tri lun dng nn phng trnh cho c
nghim duy nht l 2 x = .
Nhn xt. Cch n gin hn dnh cho bi ny l chng minh hm ng bin, tuy nhin, cn
ch xt 1 x = trc khi o hm.
2 2
1 1
2 0
x x y
y x y x y x
+ + =

( thi HSG tnh Qung Bnh)
Li gii.
iu kin , 1 0 x x y > .
Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng vi
2 2
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
4( 1) ( 2) 4 2 2
x x y x x y x y y x y
y x y y x y x
= + = + + =
= + = + =

Phng trnh th hai ca h tng ng vi
2 2 2 2
2 0 ( ) y x y x y x y x xy y x y x + + = + = + =
Ta c h mi l
2
1
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
4
2 ( 2) ( 2) 2 0
2
4
y
x y x y x y x
y y y y y y y x y x
y
x
=
= + = + = + =

+ + = + = + =
=
=

www.VNMATH.com
17

So snh vi iu kin ban u, ta thy c hai nghim trn u tha mn.
Vy h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
1
( , ) ( , 1), (2, 4)
4
x y = .
Bi 10.
1/ Gii bt phng trnh
2 2
( 4 ) 2 3 2 0 x x x x > .
2
2
7
12
xy y x y
x
x
y
+ + =
+ =

( thi HSG in Bin)
Li gii.
1/ iu kin
2
1
2 3 2 0 2
2
x x x x
> s v > . Ta c
2
2 2
2
4 0
4 0
( 4 ) 2 3 2 0
1
2 2 3 2 0
2
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
> v s
>

>

= v = =

Kt hp cc iu kin trn, ta c
1
2 4
2
x x x
= v s v > .
Vy bt phng trnh trn c nghim l
1
( , ] {2} [4, )
2
x

e + .
2/ iu kin 0 y = . H cho tng ng vi
7
( ) 12
x
x y
y
x
x y
y
+ + =
+ =

t ,
x
u x y v
y
= + = , ta c h
7 3, 4
12 4, 3
u v u v
uv u v
+ = = =

= = =

-Vi 3, 4 u v = = , ta c 4, 3 3, 1
x
x y x y
y
+ = = = = , tha iu kin.
www.VNMATH.com
18

-Vi 4, 3 u v = = , ta c
12 3
3, 4 ,
5 5
x
x y x y
y
+ = = = = , tha iu kin.
Vy h cho c hai nghim l
12 3
( , ) (3,1), ( , )
5 5
x y = .

Bi 11. Gii h bt phng trnh
6 8 10
2007 2009 2011
1
1
x y z
x y z
+ + s
+ + >
.
( thi chn i tuyn Bnh nh)
Li gii.
T bt phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c 1 , , 1 x y z s s .
T hai bt phng trnh ca h, ta c
2007 2009 2011 6 8 10 6 2001 8 2001 10 2001
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 0 x y z x y z x x y y z z + + > + + + + s
T iu kin 1 , , 1 x y z s s , ta d dng thy rng
6 2001 8 2001 10 2001
(1 ), (1 ), (1 ) 0 x x y y z z > .
Do , phi c ng thc xy ra, tc l
6 2001 8 2001 10 2001
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 0 , , 1 , , 0 x x y y z z x y z x y z = = = = v = .
Kt hp vi iu kin
6 8 10
1 x y z + + s , ta thy h bt phng trnh cho c cc nghim l
( , , ) (1, 0, 0), (0,1, 0), (0, 0,1) x y z = .
Bi 12.
1/ Gii phng trnh
1 1
2 1 3
x
x
x x
+
=
+

2/ Gii h phng trnh
2
2
2
2
x x y
y y x
+ =
+ =

( thi HSG tnh Bn Tre)
Li gii.
1/ iu kin 1, 3 0, 1 3 1 3, 1 x x x x x x + > + = s s = .
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19

2
2 1 1 3
1 ( 1) (3 ) ( 1 3 )( 1 3 )
1 3 1 3
1 3 0
( 1 3 ) 1
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
+ + +
= + = + + +
+ +
+ + =

+ =

D thy phng trnh th nht v nghim nn ta ch xt
2
2
( 1 3 ) 1 ( 1) (3 ) 2 ( 1)(3 ) 1 3 2 ( 1)(3 )
2 7
9 4( 1)(3 ) 4 8 3 0
2
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
+ = + + + = = +
= + = =

Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
2 7
2
x

= .
2/ iu kin , 0 x y > . D thy nu 0 x = th 0 y = v ngc li nn h c nghim ( , ) (0, 0) x y = .
Ta xt , 0 x y > . Xt hm s
2
( ) , 0
2
t t
f t t
+
= > , ta thy
1
( ) 0, 0
4
f t t t
t
' = + > > nn y l
hm ng bin.
H cho c vit li l
( )
( )
x f y
y f x
=
. Suy ra x y = , thay vo h cho, ta c

2
1
2 1 2 ( 1)( 1) 0
3 5
2
x
x x x x x x x x x
x
=
+ = + = + =

Tng ng vi hai gi tr ny, ta cng c
1
3 5
2
y
y
=

Vy h cho c ba nghim l
3 5 3 5
( , ) (0, 0), (1,1), ( , )
2 2
x y

= .
Nhn xt. Bi phng trnh th nht nu khng c bin i ph hp m t n ph th li gii s
kh di dng v rc ri, chng ta cn ch tn dng nhng tnh cht ca cn thc, lng lin
hp khai thc c im ring ca bi ton.
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20

Bi 13.
1/ Gii phng trnh
2
4 3 5 x x x + = + .
2/ Gii phng trnh
3 2
3 1 2 2 x x x x + = + trn [ 2, 2]
( thi HSG tnh Long An)
Li gii.
1/ iu kin 5 x > .
2 2 3 2
3 2
4
( 4 3) 5 ( 4)( 4 6 1) 0
4 6 1 0
x
x x x x x x x
x x x
=
+ = + + =

+ =

Ta xt phng trnh
3 2
4 6 1 0 x x x + = (*)
Hm s
3 2
( ) 4 6 1 f x x x x = + c
2
( ) 3 8 6 0 f x x x ' = + > nn l ng bin; hn na,
(0). (1) ( 1).2 0 f f = < nn phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c ng mt nghim thuc (0,1) .
Ta s gii phng trnh (*) bng phng php Cardano.
t
4
3
x y = + , ta c
3
2 61
(*) 0
3 27
y y + + = . t y u v = + , ta c
3 3
61 2
( ) (3 )( ) 0
27 3
u v uv u v + + + + + = .
Chn u v v sao cho
3 3
61
27
2
9
u v
uv
+ =
.
Gii h phng trnh ny, ta chn nghim
3
1 2
( 61 3 417),
54 9
u v
u
= + = .
T , ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh (*) l
3
0
3
1 2 4
( 61 3 417) 0.189464
54 3 1
9 ( 61 3 417)
54
x x = = + + ~
+

www.VNMATH.com
21

Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
0
4, x x x = = .
2/ iu kin 2 x > .
3 2 2 5 4 3 2
5 4 3 2
( 3 1) 4( 2) ( 1)( 6 2 9 7) 0
1
6 2 9 7 0
x x x x x x x x x x
x
x x x x x
+ = + + + + =
=

+ + =

Phng trnh
5 4 3 2
6 2 9 7 0 x x x x x + + = c ng mt nghim thuc [ 2, 2] v n c gi tr
gn ng l
0
1.916086228 x x = ~ .
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit l
0
1, x x x = = .
Nhn xt. R rng phng trnh bc ba trn phi gii trc tip bng cng thc tng qut, iu
ny t khi xut hin cc k thi HSG. i vi phng trnh th hai, vic xt [ 2, 2] x e nu trong
bi c th gi dng lng gic; tuy nhin, cch t 2cos x = cha c kt qu, mong cc
bn tm hiu thm. Mt bi tng t xut hin trong k thi HSG BSCL nh sau
Gii phng trnh
5 4 3 2
32 32 16 16 2 1 0 x x x x x + + + = .
Phng trnh ny c gii bng cch t n ph 2 y x = ri bnh phng ln, nhn vo hai v
cho 2 y a v phng trnh quen thuc
3
3 2 y y y = + .
Bi ton nh th ny kh nh v phc tp!
2 2
1 2
2
1 1 3 3 ( )
y x
x y
x
y x x
+ = +
+ = +

( chn i tuyn trng Chuyn L Qu n, Bnh nh).
Li gii.
iu kin xc nh: 0 0 , x y > = .
2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2 0 ( )
y x
y x y x x xy y y x x x x
x y
x
+ = + + = + + =
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22

Xem y l phng trnh bc hai theo bin y, ta c
2 2 2
2 8 4 4 2 0 ( ) ( )
x
x x x x x x x x x x A = + = + + = + > .
Do , phng trnh ny c hai nghim l
1 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, ,
x x x x x x x x
y x y x
+ + +
= = = = .
Xt hai trng hp
-Nu y x = , thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c:
2 2
1 1 3 3 ( ) x x x + = + .
D thy:
2 2
1 1 0 3 3 ( ) x x x + < < + nn phng trnh ny v nghim.
-Nu 2 y x = , thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c:
2 2 2 2
2
2 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 2 1
2 3
( ) .( )
x
x x x x x x x
x
+ = + + = + =
(*)
(d thy
3
2
x = khng tha mn ng thc nn ch xt
3
2
x = v php bin i trn l ph
hp). Xt hai hm s:
2
1 0 ( ) , f x x x = + > v
2
0
2 3
( ) ,
x
g x x
x
= >
.
Ta c:
2
0
1
( )
x
f x
x
' = >
+
nn l hm ng bin,
2
2 3
0
2 3
( )
( )
g x
x
' = <
nn l hm nghch bin.
Suy ra phng trnh (*) c khng qu mt nghim.
Nhm thy 3 x = tha mn (*) nn y cng chnh l nghim duy nht ca (*).

Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l 3 2 3 ( , ) ( , ) x y = .

Nhn xt. Quan h ca x v y c che giu ngay trong phng trnh u tin, nu nhn thy
iu th cc bc tip theo s rt d nhn bit. Bi ny tnh ton tuy rm r nhng hng
gii rt r rng nn khng qu kh.
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23

2 2
2
2 3 4 9
7 6 2 9
x y xy x y
y x x
+ = +
+ = +

( thi chn i tuyn Nha Trang, Khnh Ha)
Li gii.
T phng trnh th nht, ta c
2
2
4
2 3 9
x
y
x x
=
+
, t phng trnh th hai, ta c
2
2 9 6
7
x x
y
+
= .
Suy ra

2 2
2 2 2
2
2
4 2 9 6
28 (2 9 6)(2 3 9)
2 3 9 7
1 9 3 33
( 2)(2 1)(2 9 27) 0 2
2 4
x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x
+
= = + +
+

+ + = = v = v =

-Nu 2 x = , ta c
2
2 9 6 16
7 7
x x
y
+
= = ; nu
1
2
x = , ta c
2
2 9 6 1
7 7
x x
y
+
= = .
-Nu
9 3 33
4
x

= vi
2
2 9 27 x x + = th
2
2 9 6
3
7
x x
y
+
= = .
Vy h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l
16 1 1 9 3 33
( , ) ( 2, ), ( , ), ( , 3)
7 2 7 4
x y

= .
Nhn xt. Bi ny c th cn nhiu bin i n gin hn nhng r rng cch rt y ra ri thay
vo mt phng trnh nh trn l t nhin hn c.
Bi 16.
1/ Gii phng trnh
2
2 7 2 1 8 7 1 x x x x x + = + + +

2/ Gii h phng trnh
3
2 2 3 2
6 1 4
x y x y
x y
+ =
+ + =

( thi HSG tnh Vnh Phc)
Li gii.
1/ iu kin 1 7 x s s . t
2
7 , 1, , 0 8 7 a x b x a b ab x x = = + > = + .
www.VNMATH.com
24

Phng trnh cho tr thnh
2
2 2 ( )( 2) 0 2 b a b ab a b b a b b + = + = = v = .
-Nu a b = th 7 1 7 1 3 x x x x x = + = + = , tha iu kin bi.
-Nu 2 b = th 1 2 3 x x + = = .
2/ iu kin 2 0, 1 x y y + > s . Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng vi
(2 ) 2 2 3 0 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 x y x y x y x y x y y x + + + = + = v + = + = = .
Thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c
3
6 2 4 x x + + = .
D thy v tri tng theo bin x nn phng trnh trn c khng qu mt nghim. Ta thy 2 x =
tha mn, suy ra 2, 3 x y = = .
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l ( , ) (2, 3) x y = .

2
4 3 2 3
1
2 2 2 1 ( )
x
x x x x x x
x
+ + + = +
( thi HSG tnh H Tnh)
Li gii.
iu kin ( , 1] (0,1] x e .
Nu 1 x < th
4 3 2 2 2 2 3 2
2 2 2 1 ( ) ( 1) 0, ( 1) 0 x x x x x x x x x x x + + + = + + > + = + < nn phng
trnh trn khng c nghim tha 1 x < .
ng thi 1 x = khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn ta ch xt (0,1) x e .
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2 (1 ) 1
( 1) 2 (1 ) ( 1) (1 ) 1
1
(1 )
x x x
x x x x x x
x
x x
+
+ = + =
+

t
2
2
1
0
(1 )
x
t
x x
+
= >
, phng trnh trn tr thnh

2
2
1 2 0 2 t t t t
t
= = = (do 0 t > ).
Khi
www.VNMATH.com
25

2
2 2 2 4 2 3
2
2 2 2
1
2 ( 1) 4 (1 ) 2 1 4 4 0
(1 )
( 2 1) 0 2 1 0 1 2
x
x x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x
+
= + = + + + =
+ = + = =

So snh vi iu kin nu, ta thy phng trnh trn c nghim duy nht l 1 2 x = + .

Bi 18. Gii phng trnh 2 2 3 2 2 5 0 si n si n cos x x x + = .
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT chuyn L Khit, Qung Ngi)

Li gii.
t 1 1 si n , cos , a x b x a b = = s s . T phng trnh cho, ta c h sau:
2 2
4 3 2 2 5 0
1
ab a b
a b
+ =
+ =

Ta c:
2
2
4 3 2 2 5 0 4 3 2 2 5 0
4 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 0
2 2 2 1 2 2 0
2 2 1 2 2 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
ab a b ab a b
ab a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b
+ = + + =
+ + + + + =

+ + + + =

+ + =

Mt khc:
2 2
1 a b + = nn
2 2
2 2 2 0 ( ) a b a b a b + s + = + + > .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
2
2
a b

= = .
Do , t (*), suy ra:
2
2 2 1 0
2 2 1 0
2
2 2 0
2
( )
( )
a b
a b
a b a b

+ + = = =

D thy h ny v nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
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26

Nhn xt. y l dng phng trnh lng gic gii bng cch nh gi quen thuc. Ngoi cch
t n ph a v i s hon ton nh trn, ta c th bin i trc tip trn phng trnh ban
u, tuy nhin iu d lm chng ta lc sang cc hng thun ty lng gic hn v vic gii
bi ton ny gp nhiu kh khn hn.
Bi ny chnh l thi Olympic 30-4 nm 2000, lp 10 do trng L Hng Phong TP.HCM
ngh. Li gii chnh thc cng ging nh trn nhng nguyn sin , cos a x b x = = .
Bi 19.
1/ Gii phng trnh
2 2
4 2 4 x x x x + = + .
2/ Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2 2
2 ( ) 3
( ) 10
y x y x
x x y y
=
+ =

( thi chn i tuyn THPT Chuyn Lam Sn, Thanh Ha)
Li gii.
1/ iu kin 2 2 x s s . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 2 2 2 2
( 2) ( 1) 4 ( 2) ( 1) (4 ) ( 2)( 2) 0
0 2 2
x x x x x x x x x
x x x
= = =
= v = v =

Th li ta thy tha.
Vy phng trnh cho c 4 nghim l 0, 2, 2 x x x = = = .
2/ Ta thy nu 0 x = th 0 y = v ngc li nn h phng trnh cho c nghim ( , ) (0, 0) x y = .
Xt trng hp 0 xy = .
Chia tng v phng trnh th nht cho phng trnh th hai, ta c

2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 ( ) 3
20 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 17 20 0
( ) 10
5
( 4 )(3 5 ) 0 4 ,
3
y x y x
y x y x x y x x y y
x x y y
x y x y x y x y
= = + + =
+
= = =

-Nu
2 2
4 x y = , h cho tr thnh
2 3 3
2 4
2 .3 3 2 2 2
1 2 .5 10 2 2
y y x y x x y x
y xy x y y y
= = = =

= = = =
.
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27

-Nu
2 2
5
3
x y = , h cho tr thnh
2
3 3
4
4
4
2
15
2
2 . 3
4 9 4 9 2 135
3
8 4 15 16 135 135
. 10
3
2
x
y y x
y x y x
xy y
x y y
y
=
=

= =

= =

=
=

.
Vy h cho c 5 nghim l
4 4
4 4
15 135 15 135
( , ) (0, 0), (2,1), ( 2, 1), ( , ), ( , )
2 2 2 135 2 135
x y = .

Bi 20. Gii phng trnh:
2 3
6 7 1 x x x + + = .
Li gii.
iu kin 1 x > .
D thy 1 x = khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn ta ch xt 1 x > .
Ta c
2 2 3 3
6 7 1 6 1 7 x x x x x x + + = + + + = (*)
Xt hm s
2 3
2
2
1 1
( ) 6 1, 1 ( ) 2 0, 1
2 1
3 ( 6)
f t t t t t f t t t
t
t
' = + + + > = + + > >
+
. Do
hm ny ng bin. T suy ra phng trnh (*) trn c khng qu mt nghim; mt khc
(2) 7 f = nn phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l 2 x = .
5( ) 6( )
4
6 5
6( ) 4( )
5
4 6
4( ) 5( )
6
5 4
x y x z
x y xy x z xz
z y x y
z y zy x y xy
x z y z
x z xz y z yz
+ +
+ =
+ + + +
+ +
+ =
+ + + +
+ +
+ =
+ + + +

( chn i tuyn trng PTNK, TPHCM)
Li gii.
t , ,
6 4 5
x y y z z x
a b c
x y xy y z yz z x zx
+ + +
= = =
+ + + + + +
. H cho tr thnh
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28

1
4 5
8
5 6 4
6
3
6 4 5 4 6 5
4
4 5 6 4 5
9
5 4 6
6
16
a a
c
a c
b a a b b
c b a
b
c
+ =

+ = + = =

+ = | |

+ =
|
=
\ .

Do
1 1 1 6
1 33 14
6 8 7
14 33
7( ) 6
3 1 1 1 45 14
12 12
4 4 14 45
7( ) 45
14
9 1 1 45 1 123
124
5 16 7 14
x y
x
x y xy x y
x
x y xy
y z
y z yz y
y z yz y z y
z x zx
z x
z
z x zx z x z
+

= + =
= =

+ +
+ =

+
= + = + = = =

+ +

+ =

+
=
= + = =

+ +

Vy h cho c nghim l
14 14 14
( , , ) ( , , )
33 45 123
x y z

= .
Nhn xt. Bi ny c hnh thc kh phc tp v cc h s xem ra rt khc nhau; tuy nhin, nu
quan st k, chng ta s d dng tm ra cc n ph cn thit lm n gin ha bi ton.
Bi 22.
1/ Gii phng trnh
1
2 1 3 2 ( 11)
2
x y z x y z + + = + + +
2/ Gii h phng trnh
2
2
2 2
121
2 27
9
3 4 4 0
x
x x
x y xy x y
+ =
+ + + =

( thi HSG tnh Qung Nam)
Li gii.
1/ iu kin 0, 1, 2 x y z > > > . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 2
2 4 1 6 2 11
( 1) ( 1 2) ( 2 3) 0
1 1 2 2 3 0 1, 5, 11
x y z x y z
x y z
x y z x y z
2
+ + = + + +
+ + =
= = = = = =

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l ( , , ) (1, 5,11) x y z = .
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29

2/ Phng trnh th hai ca h tng ng vi
2 2
( 4) 3 4 0 y x y x x + + + = .
y l phng trnh bc hai theo bin y nn cn c iu kin
2 2 2
4
( 4) 4( 3 4) 3 4 0 0
3
x x x x x x A = + = + > s s .
Do
2
2 2
3 2
4 4 16 24 121
2 27 ( ) 2. 27 9
3 3 9 9 9
x
x x + + s + + = + + =
T bt ng thc trn v phng trnh th nht ca h, ta suy ra
4
3
x = .
Do
2 2 2 2
4 4 4 8 16 4 4
( 4) ( ) 3.( ) 4 0 0 ( ) 0
3 3 3 3 9 3 3
y y y y y y + + + = + = = =
Vy h cho c nghim l
4
3
x y = = .
Bi 23.
1/ Tm tt c cc gi tr ca , a b phng trnh
2
2
2
2 1
x ax b
m
bx ax
+
=
+
c hai nghim phn bit vi
mi tham s m.
2/ Gii h phng trnh
2 2
3 3 3
6
1 19
y xy x
x y x
+ =
+ =

( thi HSG vng tnh Bnh Phc)
Li gii.
1/Trc ht, ta s tm nghim chung, nu c, ca hai phng trnh bc hai sau:
2
2 0 x ax b + = v
2
2 1 0 bx ax + = . Gi s
0
x l nghim chung , ta c:
2
0 0
2 0 x ax b + = v
2
0 0
2 1 0 bx ax + = . Tr tng v hai phng trnh ny, ta c:
2
0 0
(1 )( 1) 0 1 1 b x b x = = v = .
-Nu 1 b = th phng trnh cho tr thnh
2
2
2
2 1
1 , 2 1 0
2 1
x ax
m m x ax
x ax
+
= = + =
+
. D thy
nu 1 m = th phng trnh ny v nghim, nu 1 m = th phng trnh ny c v s nghim,
khng tha mn bi.
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30

-Nu 1 b = th
0
1 x = , tng ng vi 1 2 0 a b + = hoc 1 2 0 a b + + = .
Do , khi 1 2 0 a b + = hoc 1 2 0 a b + + = th tng ng hai phng trnh cho c nghim
chung l
0
1 x = v
0
1 x = .
Phng trnh ban u tng ng vi
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 ( 2 1)
0
2 1 2 1
x ax b x ax b m bx ax
m
bx ax bx ax
+ + +
= =
+ +

hay
2
(1 ) 2( ) 0 bm x a am x b m + = (*) v
2
2 1 0 bx ax + = .
Ta thy rng phng trnh (*) c khng qu hai nghim nn mun phng trnh cho c hai
nghim phn bit vi mi m th hai phng trnh
2
2 0 x ax b + = v
2
2 1 0 bx ax + = khng c
nghim chung, ng thi phng trnh (*) phi c ng hai nghim phn bit, tc l
2
1 2 0,1 2 0
1 0,
( ) (1 )( ) 0,
a b a b
bm m
a am bm b m m
+ = + + =
>

T iu kin th hai, ta thy 0 b = , khi , h iu kin trn tr thnh
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 4
2
1 1
1 2 0,1 2 0
2 2
( ) 0,
(2 1) 0, (2 1) 4 0, 0
1
, 0
1 1
2
2 2
4 1 0
a a a a
a am m m
a m a m a m a a a
a a
a a
a

= + = = =

+ >

+ > < =

= =
> v <
+ <

Vy cc gi tr , a b tha mn bi l
1 1
2 2
a a > v < v 0 b = .
2/ Gii h phng trnh
2 2
3 3 3
6
1 19
y xy x
x y x
+ =
+ =

Ta thy 0 y = khng l nghim ca h phng trnh nn ta ch xt 0 y = , ta c bin i sau
2 2
3 3 3 3
3
1 1
6( ) 6( )
1 1 3 1
19( ) ( ) ( ) 19( )
x x
x x
y y y y
x x x
x x x
y y y y y y

+ = + =

+ = + + =

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31

Thay
2
1
6( )
x
x
y y
+ = vo phng trnh th hai, ta c
6 3 3 6 3
1
216( ) 18( ) 19( ) 216( ) ( ) 0
6
x x x x x x x
y y y y y y y
+ = = = v = .
-Nu 0 0
x
x
y
= = , thay vo h cho, ta thy khng tha mn.
-Nu 6 y x = , thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c
3 2 3 2
1 1
6 36 6 6 0 (3 1)(2 1) 0
3 2
x x x x x x x x x x x + = + = + = = v = .
Vi
1
3
x = , ta c 6 2 y x = = ; vi
1
2
x = , ta c 6 3 y x = = .
Th li u thy tha.
Vy h cho c hai nghim phn bit l
1 1
( , ) ( , 2), ( , 3)
3 2
x y

= .
Nhn xt. bi 1, bc tm nghim chung ca hai phng trnh lm n gin ha vic xt
iu kin ca nghim xem c tha mn phng trnh hay khng, v r rng
( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( )
0
( ) 0 ( ) ( )
f x mg x
f x f x mg x
m
g x g x g x
=
= =

=
nn nu x l nghim ca phng trnh

cho m li khng tha mn iu kin xc nh ca mu th n l nghim chung ca ( ), ( ) f x g x (
y l xt vi mi m nn c c nhng gi tr m khc 0). Bi 2 xut hin kh nhiu trong cc ti
liu luyn thi H v vic tm ra cch chia nh th cng kh l m mn, chng ta c th rt y t
phng trnh di thay ln ri nh gi phng trnh mt n x thu c.
Bi 24.
1/ Gii h phng trnh:
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
2010
2010
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =

2/ Gii phng trnh:
3 3
2 2 2 3
3 3 3 2 0
x x x x
x x
+ +
+ + =
( thi chn i tuyn Ninh Bnh)
Li gii.
1/ T phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c , , 2010 x y z s .
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32

Suy ra
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3
2010( ) 2010 x y z x y z x y z + + s + + s + + = .
T phng trnh th hai suy ra ng thc phi xy ra, tc l
2
2
2
(2010 ) 0
0 2010
(2010 ) 0 0 2010
0 2010
(2010 ) 0
x x
x x
y y y y
z z
z z
=
= v =

= = v =

= v =
=

Kt hp vi phng trnh th nht, ta thy h cho c ba nghim phn bit l
( , , ) (2010, 0, 0), (0, 2010, 0), (0, 0, 2010) x y z = .

2/ Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
3 3
2 2 3 2 3
3 2 2 3 2
x x x x
x x x x
+ +
+ + = + +
Xt hm s ( ) 3 ,
t
f t t t = + e, ta c ( ) 3 .ln3 1 0,
t
f t t ' = + > nn y l hm ng bin.
Phng trnh trn chnh l
3 3 3 3
3 2
(2 2) ( 2 ) 2 2 2
3 2 0 ( 2)( 1) 0 2 1
f x x f x x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ = + + = +
+ = + = = v =

Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 2, 1 x x = = .
Bi 25.
1/ Gii bt phng trnh sau
2
2
2 1 2( 1) 2(2 )
4 1 17 0
x y x x x y
y x x
+ > +
+ =

2/ Vi n l s nguyn dng, gii phng trnh
1 1 1 1
... 0
n
x x x x
+ + + + = .
( thi HSG tnh Khnh Ha)
Li gii.
1/ iu kin 1 x > . Bnh phng hai v ca bt phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c
2 2
2 2
(2 ) 1 2(2 ) 1 2( 1) 2(2 )
(2 ) 1 2(2 ) 1 0 (2 1) 0
2 1 0 2 1
x y x x y x x x y
x y x x y x x y x
x y x y x x
+ + > +
+ s s
= =

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33


2
2
(2 1) 4 1 17 0 4 ( 1) 4 1 4 1 17 0
9
4 18 0 2
4
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x
2
+ = + + =
+ = = v =

Ta thy ch c 2 x = l tha mn, khi , tng ng ta c 3 y = .
Vy h bt phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l ( , ) (2, 3) x y = .
2/ iu kin 2 2 , 1, 2, 3,..., ; , 0,1, 2,..., 1
2
i
i
x k i n k x k i n
= = e = = .
Trc tin, ta s rt gn v tri ca phng trnh cho.
Ta c bin i sau
2
cos cos 2 2cos cos 2 1
cot cot 2
sin sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
a a a a
a a
a a a a
= = = .
Do

1
1 1
1 1 1 1
... 0
1
0 (cot 2 cot 2 ) 0 cot 2 cot
sin 2
2 ,
2 1
n
n n
i i n
i
i i
n
n
x x x x
x x x x
x
k
x x k x k
= =
+ + + + =
= = =
= + = e

D thy nghim ny tha mn iu kin ban u.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l ,
2 1
n
k
x k
= e
.

Bi 26.
3sin 2 cos 2 5sin (2 3) cos 3 3
1
2cos 3
x x x x
x
+ + +
=
+
.
2/ Gii phng trnh
2
3 2
2 1
log 3 8 5
( 1)
x
x x
x
= +

( thi HSG tnh Thi Bnh)
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34

Li gii.
1/ iu kin
3 5
cos 2
2 6
x x k
= = + .
2
2
3sin 2 cos 2 5sin (2 3) cos 3 3 2cos 3
3sin 2 cos 2 5sin 3cos 3 0
2 3 sin .cos 1 2sin 5sin 3 cos 3 0
2sin sin (2 3 cos 5) 3 cos 2 0
x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x
+ + + = +
+ =
+ + =
+ + =

t sin , 1 t x t = s . Ta c
2
2 (2 3 cos 5) 3 cos 2 0 t t x x + + = (*)
y l phng trnh bc hai bin t c
2 2 2
(2 3 cos 5) 8( 3cos 2) 12cos 12 3 cos 9 (2 3 cos 3) x x x x x A = + = + =
Do , phng trnh (*) c hai nghim l
(2 3 cos 5) (2 3 cos 3) 1 (2 3 cos 5) (2 3 cos 3)
3 cos 2
4 2 4
x x x x
t t x
+
= = v = = +
-Nu
1 1 7
sin 2 2 ,
2 2 6 6
t x x k x k k

= = = + v = + e (tha mn).
-Nu 3 cos 2 sin 3 cos 2 sin( ) 1 2 ,
3 6
t x x x x x k k

= + + = + = = + e (tha mn).
Vy phng trnh cho c ba h nghim l
7
2 , 2 , 2 ,
6 6 6
x k x k x k k

= + = + = + e .

2/ iu kin
1
2 1 0, 1 0 , 1
2
x x x x > = > = .
2 2 2
3 3 3 2
2 2
3 3
2 1
log 3 8 4 log (2 1) log 3( 1) 3( 1) (2 1)
3( 1)
log (2 1) (2 1) log 3( 1) 3( 1)
x
x x x x x x
x
x x x x
= + =
+ = +

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35

Xt hm s
3
( ) log , 0 f t t t t = + > , ta c
1
( ) 1 0, 0
ln3
f t t
t
' = + > > nn y l hm ng bin.
2 2 2
2
(2 1) (3( 1) ) 2 1 3( 1) 3 8 4 0 2
3
f x f x x x x x x x = = + = = v = .
Ta thy hai nghim ny u tha mn nn phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
2
, 2
3
x x = = .
Nhn xt. bi phng trnh lng gic, n lc rt gn c thnh mt phng trnh ch cha
sin , cos x x ; ta thng dng cch t n ph nh trn i s ha vic gii bi ton, khng phi
d dng c th tm ra cch phn tch nhn t nh trn, nht l nhng bi ton di dng hn.
Nu t sin t x = khng thnh cng, ta hon ton c th chuyn sang cos t x = th v chng
hn, nh bi ton trn, nu t cos t x = th li gii s khng cn d dng na.
Trong thi H khi B nm 2010 cng c mt bi tng t, gii phng trnh sau
sin 2 cos 2 3sin cos 1 0 x x x x + + = . Bng vic p dng cng thc nhn i a phng
trnh v dng (sin , cos ) 0 f x x = , ta tin hnh t n ph sin t x = phn tch thnh nhn t, li
gii kh r rng v t nhin.
Cc bn th gii thm bi ton sau
3 2
4sin sin .cos (7sin 3cos ) (sin 2 cos 2 ) 5(sin cos ) 2cos 0 x x x x x x x x x x + + + + + + = .
Bi 27.
1/ Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2
1
2
1
x y xy y
y
x y
x
+ + + =
+ =
+
.
2/ Gii phng trnh lng gic
2 2
2 2sin 2
tan cot 2
x
x x
+
= +
+

( thi HSG tnh Ph Th)
Li gii.
1/ Ta thy h phng trnh ny khng c nghim tha 0 y = nn ta ch xt 0 y = , khi ,
phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng vi
2
1
1
x
x y
y
+
+ + = .
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36

t
2
1
,
x
u v x y
y
+
= = + . Ta c h
2 2
4 4
4 4 3
1 1
1 2 2 2 1 ( 1) 0
a b b a
b a b a b
a b a a a a
a a
+ = =
= = =

= = = = =

Ta c
2
2 2
1
1
2 1 1 3 2 0
3 3 2
3
5
x
x
y
x x x x
y
y x y x x
x y
y
=
+
= = + = + =

= = =

+ =

=

Vy h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( , ) (1, 2), ( 2, 5) x y = .
2/ iu kin

2 2
sin cos 2
cos 0, sin 2 0, tan cot 2 0 sin .cos 0, 0
cos sin 2
2sin 1 2sin
sin .cos 0, 0 sin cos 0
sin 2
( 2 , 2 ) ( 2 , 2 ),
2 2
x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x
x k k k k k

= = + > = + >
+
= > >
e + + + e

Ta bin i phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 1
1 2 sin 2 ( 2 1) sin 2 1 2 sin 2
1
sin 2
x x x
x
+
= + + = +
t sin 2 , 0 1 t x t = < s . Phng trnh trn chnh l
2
1
( 2 1) 1 2 ( 1)( 2 1) 0 1
2
t t t t t t + = + = = v = (tha iu kin).
-Nu 1 sin 2 1 ,
4
t x x k k
= = = + e.
-Nu
1 1 5
sin 2 ,
2 12 12 2
t x x k k k

= = = + v + e.
So snh vi iu kin ban u, ta thy phng trnh cho c ba h nghim l
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5
2 , 2 , 2 ,
4 12 12
x k x k x k k

= + = + = + e.
Bi 28. Gii phng trnh:
2
1 1
24 60 36 0
5 7 1
x x
x x
+ + =

( thi HSG tnh Qung Ninh)
Li gii.
iu kin:
7
5
x > . Xt hm s
2
1
( ) , 1
1
f t t t
t
= >
. Ta c:
1
( ) 2 0, 1
2( 1) 1
f t t t
t t
' = + > >

nn hm ny ng bin.
Do
7
1
5
x > > v
7
5 6 5. 6 1
5
x > = nn phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 2
1 1 3
(5 6) (5 6) ( ) 5 6
2 5 7 1
x x f x f x x x x
x x
= = = =

.
Th li ta thy tha iu kin bi.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l
3
2
x = .
3 2 3 2 2
3 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 x x x x x x x + + + + + = + +
Li gii.
iu kin xc nh
3 2
3 2
3 2 2 0
3 2 1 0
x x
x x x
+ + >
+ + >

Theo bt ng thc AM GM th
3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2
1 3 2 2 3 2 3
3 2 2 1 3 2 2
2 2
( )
.
x x x x
x x x x
+ + + + +
+ + = + + s =
3 2
3 2 2 1 1 x x x + + = = .
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3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2
1 3 2 1 3 2
3 2 1 1 3 2 1
2 2
( )
.
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ + + + +
+ + = + + s =
3 2
3 2 1 1 1 x x x x + + = = .

3 2 3 2 2
3 2 3 2
3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3
3 2 2 3 2 1
2 2 2
x x x x x x x
x x x x x
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + s + =
2 2 2
2
3 2 3 3 2 3 1
2 2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x x x x x
x x
+ + + + + +
s = + +
2
1 0 1 ( ) x x + = = .
Do , ta lun c
3 2 3 2 2
3 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 x x x x x x x + + + + + s + + .
ng thc phi xy ra, tc l 1 x = . Th li thy tha.

Nhn xt. Bi ny khng qu kh v ch p dng cc nh gi rt quen thuc ca BT. Tuy
nhin, xc nh c hng i ny cng khng phi n gin; thng thng sau khi nhm ra
c nghim l 1 x = v ng trc mt phng trnh v t c cha cn th ny, ta hay dng
cch nhn lng lin hp; th nhng, cch ri cng s i vo b tc cng nhng tnh ton
phc tp.
2 2
2 2
2 3 4 2 3 4 18
7 6 14 0
( )( ) x x y y
x y xy x y
+ + =
+ + + =


Li gii.
Xt ng thc
2 2
7 6 14 0 x y xy x y + + + = (*)
Ta xem (*) l phng trnh bc hai theo bin x, vit li l
2 2
7 6 14 0 ( ) x x y y y + + + = .
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Phng trnh ny c nghim khi
2 2 2
7
7 4 6 14 0 3 10 7 0 1
3
( ) ( )
y
y y y y y y A = + > + > s s .
Hon ton tng t, xem (*) l phng trnh bc hai theo bin y, vit li l
2 2
6 7 14 0 ( ) ( ) y y x x x + + = .
Phng trnh ny c nghim khi
2 2 2
10
6 4 7 14 0 3 16 20 0 2
3
( ) ( )
x
x x x x x x A = + > + > s s .
Ta xt hm s
2
3
2 3 4 4 3 0 1
4
( ) , ( ) f t t t t f t t t ' = + e = = = < .
Suy ra, trn 1 [ , ) + , hm s ny ng bin. Ta c
2 6 1 3 3 6 18 ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) . f x f f y f f x f y > = > = > = .
T phng trnh th nht ca h th ta thy ng thc phi xy ra, tc l 2 1 , x y = = .
Thay hai gi tr ny vo (*), ta thy khng tha.
Vy h phng trnh cho v nghim.
Nhn xt. tng gii ca bi ny khng kh v cng kh quen thuc khi ch cn tm min xc
nh ca bin thng qua vic tnh Delta ca mt phng trnh bc hai; tuy trong li gii trn c
kho st hm s nhng thc ra cc kt qu c th chng minh bng bt ng thc i s thun
ty nn cng c gii chnh ca bi ny l i s. V do vic hai biu thc ca x v y phng
trnh u ca h ging nhau c th dn n nh gi sai hng m dng gii tch, xt hm s
khai thc phng trnh u tin trong khi iu khng em li kt qu g. Cc h s c chn
ra s rt p chnh l u im ni bt ca bi ton ny.

3
2 2 1 2 1 2 3 2
4 2 2 4 6
( ) ( ) x x y y
x y
+ + + =
+ + + =

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh, ng Nai)

Li gii.
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40

iu kin xc nh:
1
2
2
, x y
> > .
Xt hm s:
3
2 0 ( ) , ( ; ) f t t t t = + e + .
Suy ra:
2
6 1 0 ( ) f t t ' = + > nn y l hm ng bin.
T phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c: 2 1 2 2 1 2 ( ) ( ) f x f y x y + = + = .
Thay vo phng trnh th hai, ta c:
4
4 8 2 4 6 y y + + = (*)
Ta thy hm s:
4
4 8 2 4 6 2 ( ) , ( , ) g y y y y = + + e + c o hm l:
3
4
1 1
0 2
2 4 4 8
( ) , ( , )
( )
g y y
y y
' = + > e +
+
nn ng bin.
Hn na:
4
6 4 6 8 2 6 4 6 0 ( ) . . g = + + = nn (*) c ng mt nghim l 6 y = .
Vi 6 y = , ta c
1
2
x = .
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l
1
6
2
( , ) ( , ) x y = .
Nhn xt. Dng ton ng dng trc tip tnh n iu vo bi ton n gin ha biu thc rt
thng gp. Hng gii ny c th d dng pht hin ra t phng trnh th nht ca h, x v y
nm v mi v ca phng trnh v quan st k hn s thy s tng ng ca cc biu thc v
dn n xt mt hm s nh nu trn. tng bi ny hon ton ging vi bi 5 thi H
mn ton khi A nm 2010.
Gii h phng trnh
2
2 2
(4 1) ( 3) 5 2 0
4 2 3 4 7
x x y y
x y x
+ + =
+ + =
.

4 3 3 2 2
3 3
9 9
7 ( )
x x y y y x x y x
x y x
+ + = + +

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41

( thi chn HSG tnh Hng Yn)
Li gii.
Ta c
4 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 2 2
2 2 2 2
9 9 9 0
9 0 9 0
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x x y y y x x y x x xy x y x y x y
x y x x xy y x y x y x x y
+ + = + + + =

+ + + = + =

T phng trnh th hai ca h, ta thy x y = nn t bin i trn, suy ra:
2 2
9 0 9 ( ) ( ) x x y x x y + = + = (*)
Ta c:
3 3 3 3 3
3
7 7
7 ( ) x y x y x y x
x x
= = = + .
Thay vo (*), ta c:
3 2
3
7
9 ( ) x x x
x
+ + = .
Ta s chng minh rng v tri l mt hm ng bin theo bin x. Tht vy:
( )
2
3 2 2 3 3
3 3 3
2
2
3 3 2 3 3 3 6 2 4
3 3 3
7 7 7
2
7 7
2 2 7 7
( )
.
x x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x
x x
| |
| |
|
+ + = + + + +
|
|
\ .
\ .
| |
= + + + + = + + + +
|
\ .

T (*) suy ra 0 x > v trong biu thc trn, cc s m ca bin x u dng nn y l hm
ng bin; suy ra n c khng qu mt nghim.
Thay trc tip 1 x = vo biu thc, ta thy tha.
Vy h cho c ng mt nghim l: 1 2 ( , ) ( , ) x y = .
Nhn xt. im c bit ca bi ny l x l c h phng trnh mi sau khi bin i, nu nh
ta dng cch i s trc tip, phn tch ra c mt nghim x = 1 th phng trnh bc cao cn
li kh m gii c. Cch lp lun theo tnh n iu ca hm s th ny va trnh c iu
va lm cho li gii nh nhng hn.
3
2
2 2 1 3 1
2 1 2 1
y x x x y
y x xy x
+ =
= + +

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42

( thi chn i tuyn chuyn Nguyn Du, k Lk)
Li gii.
iu kin 1 1 x s s . t
2
1 0 1 a x x a = > = .
3 2 3 3
2 2(1 ) 3 2 2 y a a a y y y a a + = + = +
D thy hm s
3
( ) 2 , f t t t t = + e c
2
( ) 6 1 0, f t t t ' = + > e nn ng thc trn c vit li
l ( ) ( ) 1 f y f a y a y x = = = .
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 x x x x = +
t | | cos , 0, x t t = e , phng trnh trn tr thnh
2 2
2
1 cos 2cos 1 2cos 1 cos
2sin cos 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 sin(2 )
2 2 4
4
2 .2
6 3 4 2
sin sin(2 ) , ,
3 4 2 4
2 .2
4 2 10 5
t t t t
t t
t t t
t
t k t k
t
t k k
t
t k t k

= +
= + = +

= + + = +

= + e e

+ = + = +

Do | | 0, t e nn t hai h phng trnh trn, ta ch nhn gi tr
3
10
t

= .
Khi
3 3 3
cos , 1 cos 2 sin
10 10 20
x y

= = = .
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l
3 3
( , ) (cos , 2 sin )
10 20
x y

= .
Bi 34. Gii h phng trnh:
3 3
2 2
35
2 3 4 9
x y
x y x y
=
+ =

( thi HSG tnh Yn Bi)
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43

Li gii.
2 2
(6 12 8) (9 12 27) 35 x x y y + + + + =
Thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c:
3 3 2 2 3 3
(6 12 8) (9 12 27) ( 2) ( 3) 5 x y x x y y x y x y = + + + + = + = +
Li thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c:
2 2 2
2( 5) 3 4( 5) 9 5 25 30 0 ( 2)( 3) 0 2 3 y y y y y y y y y y + + = + + + = + + = = v = .
Vi 2 y = , ta c 3 x = , vi 3 y = , ta c 2 x = .
Th li ta thy tha.
Vy h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( , ) ( 2, 3), ( 3, 2) x y = .
Nhn xt. Dng ton da trn hng ng thc ny xut hin kh nhiu, chng hn trong thi
VMO 2010 va qua; nu chng ta thy cc biu thc ca x v y trong h phng trnh cha y
cc bc th kh nng gii theo cch dng hng ng thc l rt cao.
Mt bi ton tng t, gii h phng trnh sau
3 3
2 2
9
2 4
x y
x y x y
+ =
+ = +
.

3 2 3
2 2 1 27 27 13 2 x x x x = +
( thi HSG Hi Phng, bng A1)
Li gii.
3 3
(3 1) 2(3 1) (2 1) 2 2 1 x x x x + = + .
Xt hm s
3
( ) 2 , f t t t t = + e. Ta thy
2
( ) 6 1 0, f t t t ' = + > e nn y l hm ng bin.
3 3 3
3 2 2
(3 1) ( 2 1) 3 1 2 1 (3 1) 2 1
27 27 7 0 (27 27 7) 0 0
f x f x x x x x
x x x x x x x
= = =
+ = + = =

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44

2 2
2 2
1 1
2( )
2
1 1
2
x y
x y
y x
x y
+ = +

( thi chn i tuyn Qung Ninh)
Li gii.
iu kin , 0 x y = . Cng tng v ca hai phng trnh, ta c
2 2 3 2
2
3 2 3 x y x xy
x
= + = +
Ly phng trnh th nht tr phng trnh th hai, v theo v, ta c
2 2 2 3
1
3 1 3 x y x y y
y
= + = +
Do
3
3 2 3 2 3 2 3
3
3 2 3 2 3 2 3
3
3 1
2 3 3 3 3 3 ( )
3
2
1 1 3 1 3 3 1 ( )
3 1
2
x
x xy x xy y x y x y
x y
x y y x y x xy y x y x y
y
+
=
= + = + + + = +
+ =

= = + = + =

=

Th li, ta thy nghim ny tha.
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l
3 3
3 1 3 1
,
2 2
x y
+
= = .
Nhn xt. Dng ton ny cng xut pht t vic khai trin cc hng ng thc, nhng y l
da trn tnh i xng tm ra s bt i xng nhm sng to ton th v. Cch gii bi ny
theo hng trn l quen thuc v tt hn c, mt bi tng t trong thi HSG ca TPHCM l
Gii h phng trnh
4 4
2 2 2 2
1 1
2( )
2
1 1
(3 )( 3 )
2
y x
x y
x y x y
x y
+ = + +

Bi ny to ra t khai trin nh thc Newton bc nm, nu ta xt khai trin bc by th bi ton
thu c s rt n tng.

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45

3
3
3
3 12 50
12 3 2
27 27
x x y
y y z
z x z
= +
= +
= +

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Phan Chu Trinh, Nng)
Li gii.
Ta c
3 3 2
3 12 50 48 12 3 2 12 4 2 1 ( ) ( )( ) x x y y x x y x x = + = = + (1)
3 3 2
12 3 2 3 18 12 16 3 6 4 2 ( ) ( )( ) y y z z y y z y y = + = + = + (2)
3 3 2
27 27 27 54 27 54 27 2 6 3 ( ) ( )( ) z x z x z z x z z = + = = + (3)
-Nu 1 x = th
2
2 1 0 ( )( ) x x + = , t (1) suy ra 4 y = hay
2
4 2 0 ( )( ) y y + = , t (2) suy ra
6 z = hay
2
6 3 0 ( )( ) z z + = , t (3) suy ra 2 x = , mu thun.
Do , 1 x = khng tha mn h, ta ch xt
2
1 1 0 ( ) x x = + > .
Chng minh hon ton tng t, ta cng c:
2 2
2 0 3 0 ( ) , ( ) y z + > + > .
T (2) suy ra 4 6 , y z cng du.
T (3) suy ra 2 6 , x z cng du.
T , ta c: 2 4 , x y cng du.
Hn na, t (1), ta thy 2 4 , ( ) x y cng du, tc l: 0 2 4 0 ( )( ) x y s s .
Do : 2 x = hoc 4 y = .
T cc phng trnh (1), (2), (3), d thy c hai trng hp trn u cho ta kt qu l:
2 4 6 , , x y z = = = .
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l 2 4 6 ( , , ) ( , , ) x y z = .
Nhn xt. Mu cht ca bi ton l phi c c cc phn tch (1), (2), (3) trn. iu ny ch
c th thc hin c khi on c nghim ca bi ton l 2 4 6 , , x y z = = = v c th tc
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gi bi ton cng xut pht t cc ng thc bin i c nh trn. Dng ny cng
tng xut hin trong thi HSG ca TPHCM nm 2006 2007 vi cch gii tng t.
Gii h phng trnh
3
3
3
3 4
2 6 6
3 9 8
x y x
y z y
z x z
+ = +
+ = +
+ = +

9 2
3
9 1
2 1
3
x x
x
+
= +
( thi chn i tuyn Ph Yn)
Li gii.
9 2 3 9 2 3 2
9 3 3 2 9 3 3
9 1 3(2 1) 9 1 24 36 18 3
3 (27 27 9 1) 9 3 3 (3 1) 3(3 1)
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
+ = + + = + + +
+ = + + + + + + = + + +

Xt hm s
3
( ) 3 , f t t t t = + e, ta c
2
( ) 3 3 0, f t t t ' = + > nn y l hm ng bin.
Phng trnh trn c vit li l
3 3
( ) (3 1) 3 1 f x f x x x = + = + . (*)
Trc ht, ta xt cc nghim tha mn 2 2 x s s ca (*). t 2cos , [0, ] x = e , khi
3
2
(*) 8cos 6cos 1 2cos3 1 cos3 cos
3 9 3
x k

= + = = = + .
M [0, ] e nn ta ch chn 3 nghim ca h trn l
5 7
, ,
9 9 9

= = = , tng ng, ta c
cc nghim ca (*) l
5 7
2cos , 2cos , 2cos
9 9 9
x x x

= = = . R rng ba nghim ny l phn
bit v (*) l phng trnh bc ba, c khng qu ba nghim nn y cng chnh l tt c cc
nghim ca n.
Vy phng trnh cho c cc nghim l
5 7
2cos , 2cos , 2cos
9 9 9
x x x

= = = .
Bi 39.
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47

2
1 1 2 2 x x x x + + + = +
3 3 2
2
3 4 2
1 2 1
y y x x x
x y y
+ = + + +

( thi HSG tnh Ngh An)
Li gii.
1/ iu kin 1 2 x s s . t 1 2 0 t x x = + + > , ta c
2
2 2 2 2
3
3 2 2 ( ) 2
2
t
t x x x x
= + + + = + + .
2
2 2
4 2
4 3 3 2 2
3 2
3 2
3
( 1 2 ) ( 2) 3 2 ( ) 3 2
2
6 4 (3 4 2) 0
(1 2) (1 2) (3 2 2) (2 2 3) (1 2) (5 2) (3 4 2) 0
( 2 1)[ (1 2) (2 2 3) (5 2)] 0
2 1
(1 2) (2 2 3) (5 2) 0
t
x x x x t
t t t
t t t t t t t
t t t t
t
t t t
+ + + + + = + + = +
+ + =
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + =
= +

+ + + + =

D thy phng trnh th hai khng c nghim dng nn ta ch xt 2 1 t = + . Khi
2 2
1 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 1 x x x x x x x x + + = + + + + = + = = v = , tha.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 0, 1 x x = = .

2/ iu kin 1 1, 0 2 x y s s s s .
3 3
( 1) ( 1) y y x x + = + + + .
Xt hm s
3
( ) , f t t t t = + e , ta c
2
( ) 3 1 0, f t t t ' = + > nn y l hm ng bin.
Phng trnh trn c vit li l ( ) ( 1) 1 f y f x y x = + = + . Thay vo phng trnh th hai
ca h, ta c
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x x + = = + + (*)
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t
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 0 2 2 1 1
2
t
t x x t x x

= + + > = + = .
Do
2
2
2
(*) 1 2 0 2
2
t
t t t t
= = = .
Khi
2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 x x x x x + + = + = = = , tha iu kin. Tng ng vi
mi gi tr x, ta c 0, 2 y y = = .
Vy h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( , ) ( 1, 0), (1, 2) x y = .
Nhn xt. bi 1, cch t n ph v phn tch nh th ch mang tnh cht tham kho v n kh
thiu t nhin. Ta hon ton c th kho st hm s
2
( ) 1 1 2 2 f x x x x x = + + + trn
[ 1, 2] , tnh o hm cp 2 chng minh phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c khng qu hai nghim
phn bit ri nhm nghim hoc ta cng c th dng phng php nhn lng lin hp gii
quyt cng kh thun tin.

Bi 40.
1/ Gii h phng trnh
3 3 2
4 4
8 4 1
2 8 2 0
x y xy
x y x y
+ =
+ =

2011 3 3 2
( 1) 2( 1) 3 3 2 x x x x x + + = + + + .
( d b thi HSG tnh Ngh An)
Li gii.
1/ t 2y t = , h cho tr thnh
3 3 2 3 2 2
4 4 3 3
1 1 ( )
4 4 0 4 ( 1) ( 1) 0
x t xt t x t x
x t x t x x t t
+ = =

+ = + =

Thay
3 2 2
1 ( ) t x t x = t phng trnh th nht vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c
3 2 2
3 3 2
0
4 ( 1) ( ) 0
4( 1) 0
x
x x xt t x
x t tx
=
+ =

+ =

D thy 0 x = khng l nghim ca h nn ta ch xt
3 3 2 3 3 2
4( 1) 0 4 4 x t tx x t tx + = + = .
Phng trnh th nht ca h c vit li l
3 3 2
4 4 4 4 x t xt + = . Do
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3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2
4 4 4 4 0 x t xt x t tx t tx t t x + = + = = v = .
D thy 0 t = khng tha mn h cho nn ch xt t x = .
-Nu t x = , ta c h
3 3 2 3
4 4 4
. 1 1
1
4 4 0 5 5 0
x x x x x
x
x x x x x x
+ = =

=

+ = =

.
Khi
1
1
2
t x y = = = , h cho c nghim
1
( , ) (1, )
2
x y = .
-Nu t x = , ta c h
3 3 2 3
4 4 4
( ) 1 1
4 ( ) 4 ( ) 0 5 3 0
x x x x x
x x x x x x
= =

+ = =

, h ny v nghim.
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l
1
( , ) (1, )
2
x y = .
2011 3 3 2
( 1) 2( 1) 3 3 2 x x x x x + + = + + + .
iu kin 1 x > . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2011 3 3
( 1) 2( 1) ( 1) 1 x x x + + = + + .
t 1 0 t x = + > . Ta cn chng minh phng trnh
2011 3 6
2 1 t t t = + c ng mt nghim
dng.
Xt hm s
2011 6 3
( ) 2 1, 0 f t t t t t = > . Ta c (0) 1, lim ( )
x
f f t
+
= = + v ( ) f t lin tc trn
(0, ) + nn phng trnh ( ) 0 f t = c t nht mt nghim dng.
Ta c
2011 3 6 2011 3 2
2 1 ( 1) 0 0 t t t t t t = + = + > > , m vi 0 t > , ta c
2011 3 2
( 1) 1 1 t t t = + > > .
Khi
2010 5 2 2010 2010 5 2010 2
( ) 2011 6 6 1999 6( ) 6( ) 0 f t t t t t t t t t ' = = + + > nn y l hm
ng bin, tc l n c khng qu mt nghim.
Kt hp cc iu ny li, ta thy rng phng trnh
2011 3 6
2 1 t t t = + c ng mt nghim dng,
tc l phng trnh cho c ng mt nghim. Ta c pcm.
Nhn xt. Bi 2 tuy hnh thc kh phc tp nhng qua php t n ph a v mt phng
trnh a thc thng thng. tng gii nh trn tng xut hin trong B tuyn sinh ca
B GD T, l bi ton sau
Chng minh phng trnh
5 2
2 1 x x x = + + c ng mt nghim.
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3
3
3
3 12
4 6
9 2 32
x y x
y z y
z x z
+ =
+ =
+ = +

( thi chn i tuyn H KHTN H Ni, vng 1)
Li gii.
H cho tng ng vi
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 6 6 3( 2) ( 2)( 2 3)
4 16 10 4( 4) ( 2)( 2 5)
2 4 9 28 2( 2) ( 4)( 4 7)
y x x y x x x
z y y z y y y
x z z x z z z
+ = + = + +

+ = + + + = + +

= + = + +

Nhn tng v cc phng trnh ca h, ta c
2 2 2
2 2 2
24( 2)( 2)( 4) ( 2)( 2)( 4) ( 2 3)( 2 5)( 4 7)
( 2)( 2)( 4) 0
( 2 3)( 2 5)( 4 7) 24
x y z x y z x x y y z z
x y z
x x y y z z
+ + = + + + + + +

+ + =

+ + + + =

-Nu ( 2)( 2)( 4) 0 2 2 4 x y z x y z + + = = v = v = .
Ta thy rng nu 2 x = th theo phng trnh th nht, 2 y = ; theo phng trnh th hai,
4 z = v h cho c nghim ( , , ) (2, 2, 4) x y z = .
Tng t nu 2 y = hoc 4 z = .
-Nu
2 2 2 2 2 2
( 2 3)( 2 5)( 4 7) 24 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 4 ( 2) 3 24 x x y y z z x y z + + + + = + + + + =

Ta thy rng
2 2 2
( 1) 2 ( 1) 4 ( 2) 3 2.3.4 24 x y z + + + + > =

nn ng thc phi xy ra, tc
l 1, 1, 2 x y z = = = .
Th li, ta thy b ny khng tha mn h cho.
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l ( , , ) (2, 2, 4) x y z = .
Nhn xt. Bi ny cng c dng tng t nh mt bi cp trn v ni chung th dng ny
kh quen thuc; tuy nhin, im mi ca bi ny l khng phi nhn c nghim
( , , ) (2, 2, 4) x y z = thng qua cc bt ng thc so snh vi nghim na m l qua vic chng
minh b nghim qua vic chng minh n l duy nht vi vic dng cc tam thc bc hai.
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2 2
2
2
2 2
1
1
3 2 6 2 2 1 l og ( ) l og ( )
y x
x
e
y
x y x y
+
=
+ + = + + +

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Cao Lnh, ng Thp)
Li gii.
iu kin xc nh
2 6 0
2 0
x y
x y
+ + >
+ + >

Xt hm s: 1 0 ( ) ( ), [ , )
t
f t e t t = + e + . Ta c 1 2 0 ( ) ( ) ( )
t t t
f t e t e e t ' = + + = + > nn y l hm
ng bin. Do
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1
1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
y x x y
x
e e x e y f x f y x y x y
y
+
= + = + = = =
+
.
2 2
3 2 6 2 2 1 l og ( ) l og ( ) x y x y + + = + + +
3 2 3 2
2 2
2 6 2 2 2 6 2 2 l og ( ) l og ( ) ( ) ( ) x y x y x y x y

+ + = + + + + = + +

(*)
Xt hai trng hp
-Nu x y = th thay vo (*), ta c
3 2
3 6 2 2 2 ( ) ( ) x x + = + .
Theo iu kin ban u th 2 2 0 2 4 2 2 0 x x x + > + > + > .
Hn na:
3 2 2 3 2
3 6 2 2 4 2 27 46 0 3 6 2 2 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x x x + + = + + > + > + .
Do :
3 2 2
3 6 2 2 4 2 2 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x + > + > + nn phng trnh ny v nghim.
-Nu x y = , thay vo (*), ta c
3 2 3
6 2 2 6 8 6 2 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x + = = = = .
Suy ra: 4 y x = = . Th li thy tha.
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l 4 4 ( , ) ( , ) x y = .
Nhn xt. H dng ny rt quen thuc vi tng chnh l dng tnh cht ca hm n iu:
( ) ( ) f a f b a b = = . bi trn cng ch cc nh gi trong trng hp x = y, bi v khi
phng trnh bc ba thu c phi gii theo cng thc tng qut, iu thng b trnh cc k
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thi HSG; do , vic tm mt nh gi thch hp chng minh nghim ca n khng tha
bi l mt iu kh t nhin.

Bi 43. Gii phng trnh sau:
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
1 2 1 4
x x x x
x
x x x x
+ +
=
+ + + + +

( thi HSG tnh Bnh Phc)
Li gii.
iu kin xc nh
2 2
1 17
0 2 4, 0 4 1
2
x x x x x
+
s + s s + s s s .
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
1 4 ( 2) 1 4 ( )
x x x x
x
x x x x
+ +
=
+ + + +

Xt hm s | | ( ) , 0, 4
1 4
t
f t t
t
= e
+
, ta c
| |
2
1 4 1
( ) ( ) 0, 0, 4
2 2 4 (1 4 )
t t
f t t
t t t
+
' = + > e
+
nn y l hm ng bin.
2 2 2
( 2) ( ) ( 1) 0 f x x f x x x + + = (*).
Ta xt hai trng hp
-Nu
2 2 2 2
1 17
1 2 ( 2) ( )
2
x x x x x f x x f x x
+
< s + < + + < + , ng thi
2
1 0 x > ,
khi
2 2 2
( 2) ( ) ( 1) 0 f x x f x x x + + < .
-Nu
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 ( 2) ( ) x x x x x f x x f x x < < + > + + > + , ng thi
2
1 0 x < , khi
2 2 2
( 2) ( ) ( 1) 0 f x x f x x x + + > .
Th trc tip thy 1 x = tha mn (*)
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Nhn xt. Vic pht hin ra hm s | | ( ) , 0, 4
1 4
t
f t t
t
= e
+
nh trn khng kh, c th thy
ngay t vic quan st biu thc v t iu kin xc nh; tuy nhin, vic ny cng d khin ta
lm tng n vic xt hm s no m khng ngh ra cch nh gi kiu nh trn.
Mt bi ton c cng cch nh gi nh trn l
3
3 2
( ) ln( 1)
x x
e x x x e + + = .
Cc bn th gii thm bi ton sau
2 2
2 2
2
1
1 2 1 4
x x x x
x
x x x x
+ +
=
+ + + + +
.
Bi 44.
1/ Gii phng trnh
3 2 3
3 4 3 2 x x x x + = + +
2/ Tm s nghim ca phng trnh
2011 2009 4 2011 2009 2 2
(4022 4018 2 ) 2(4022 4018 2 ) cos 2 0 x x x x x x x + + + + + =
( thi chn i tuyn Chuyn Nguyn Du)
Li gii.
3 3
3 4 2 3 ( 1) x x x + + + = +
t
3
1 3 4 y x + = + . Ta c h phng trnh
3
3
( 1) 2 4
( 1) 3 4
x x y
y x
+ = + +
+ = +

Tr hai phng trnh ca h, v theo v, ta c
2 2
2 2
( ) ( 1) ( 1)( 1) ( 1)
0
( 1) ( 1)( 1) ( 1) 1
x y x x y y y x
x y
x y
x x y y
+ + =

=
=
+ + =

Suy ra
3 3 2 2 3
1 3 4 ( 1) 3 4 3 4 ( 1)( 2) 0 1 2 x x x x x x x x x x + = + + = + + = + = = v = .
Th li ta thy tha.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit l 1, 2 x x = = .
2/ t
2011 2009
4022 4018 2 t x x x = + + . Ta c
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2 2 2
4 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 sin 2 (sin cos )
2 cos 2 0 ( 1) sin 2
1 sin 2 (sin cos )
t x t x x
t t x t x
t x t x x
= = +
+ = =

= =

Ta c bn phng trnh sau
sin cos , (sin cos ), sin cos , sin cos t x x t x x t x x t x x = + = + = = + .
Ta thy hm s
2011 2009
( ) 4022 4018 2 t x x x x = + + l l nn ch cn xt cc phng trnh
( ) sin cos , ( ) cos sin t x x x t x x x = + = .
Ta c
2011 2009
( ) sin cos 4022 4018 2 sin cos t x x x x x x x x = + + + = + .
Xt hm s
2011 2009
( ) 4022 4018 2 (sin cos ) g x x x x x x = + + + c
2010 2008
( ) 4022.2011 4018.2009. 2 (cos sin ) 0 g x x x x x ' = + + > nn l hm ng bin.
Hn na (0) 1, (1) 0 (0). (1) 0 g g g g = > < , ng thi ( ) g x lin tc trn (0,1) nn phng
trnh ( ) 0 g x = c ng mt nghim thuc (0,1) , tc l phng trnh ( ) sin cos t x x x = + c ng
mt nghim thc.
Tng t, phng trnh ( ) cos sin t x x x = cng c ng mt nghim thc thuc (0,1) .
Do , mi phng trnh ( ) cos sin t x x x = + v ( ) cos sin t x x x = + cng c mt nghim thc.
Vy phng trnh cho c ng 4 nghim thc.

2 2 2 2 2
(2 )(1 2 )(2 )(1 2 ) 4 10 1
2 2 1 0
x x y y z
x y z xz yz x y
+ + = +
+ + + + + + =

( thi chn i tuyn H Tnh)
Li gii.
Ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 1 0 ( ) ( 1) 0 x y z xz yz x y x y z xy + + + + + + = + + + = hay
1 1
0, 1 , ( ) ( ) x y z xy y z x y x
x x
+ + = = = = + = + .
Thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c
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55

2 2
2
2 2
1 2 1
(2 )(1 2 )(2 )(1 ) 4 1 10( )
1 2 2 1
(2 )(1 2 )( )( ) 4 1 10( )
(4 )(1 4 ) 1 1 1
4 1 10( ) 4( ) 17 4 1 10( )
x x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + = +
+ +
= +

= + + = +

t
1
2 t x t
x
= + > . Ta c
2 2
2
1
2 t x
x
= + , thay vo phng trnh trn, ta c
2 2 2 2
2
4( 2) 17 4 1 10 4 25 4 1 10 (4 25) 16(1 10 ) 0
7
(4 20 29)(2 3)(2 7) 0
2
t t t t t t
t t t t t
= = =
+ + + = =

Vi gi tr t ny, ta c
2
1 7 7 33
2 7 2 0
2 4
x x x x
x

+ = + + = = .
-Vi
7 33
4
x

= , ta tnh c
7 33 7
,
4 2
y z
+
= = .
-Vi
7 33
4
x
+
= , ta tnh c
7 33 7
,
4 2
y z

= = .
Th li ta thy tha.
Vy h cho c hai nghim phn bit l
7 33 7 33 7 7 33 7 33 7
( , , ) ( , , ), ( , , )
4 4 2 4 4 2
x y z
+ +
= .
Nhn xt. Vic pht hin ra hng ng thc trn l khng kh nhng vic thay cc gi tr vo
v tm ra cch t n ph thch hp qu l khng n gin, cn c cch bin i chnh xc. Bi
ton c hnh thc v tng cng kh th v.
Bi 46.
2
2010 ( 1 ) 1
x
x x + = .
2/ Gii h phng trnh
4 2 4
3 3
4 2 5
2 2
xy x
x y
y x
x y
+
+ =
+ = +

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56

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT So Nam, tnh Qung Nam)
Li gii.
2
2010 1
x
x x = + + .
Ta s chng minh phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht l 0 x = . Tht vy
Xt hm s
2
( ) 2010 ( 1 )
x
f x x x = + + , ta c
2
( ) 2010 .ln 2010 ( 1)
1
x
x
f x
x
' = +
+

-Nu 0 x > th
2
1
( ) ln 2010 ( 1) 0
1
1
f x
x
' > + >
+
nn y l hm ng bin, m (0) 0 f = nn
phng trnh ny c ng mt nghim 0 x = vi 0 x > .
-Nu 1 x s , ta c
2 3
2 3 2 5
1 3 1
( ) 2010 .(ln 2010) , ( ) 2010 .(ln 2010) . 0
2
( 1) ( 1)
x x
f x f x
x x
'' ''' = = + >
+ +
.
Suy ra ( ) f x '' l hm ng bin nn
2
(ln 2010) 1
( ) ( 1) 0
2010 2 2
f x f '' '' s = < nn ( ) f x ' l hm
nghch bin, suy ra
2
( ) lim ( ) lim[2010 ( 1 )] 0
x
x x
f x f x x x

< = + + = nn phng trnh (0) 0 f =
khng c nghim vi 1 x s .
-Nu
1
1
2
x

< s th
2 2
1 1 5 1
1 ( ) 1
2 2 2
x x

+ + > + = ,
1 5 1
2010
2 2010
x

s < nn trong
trng hp ny phng trnh v nghim.
-Nu
1
0
2
x
< < th
2
( ) 2010 .ln 2010 ( 1) 0
1
x
x
f x
x
' = + >
+
nn y l hm ng bin, suy ra
( ) (0) 0 f x f < = .
Tm li, phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l 0 x = .
2/ Gii h phng trnh
4 2 4
3 3
4 2 5
2 2
xy x
x y
y x
x y
+
+ =
+ = +

T phng trnh th hai ca h v tnh ng bin ca hm s
3
( ) 2
t
f t t = + , ta c x y = .
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57

2 2
4 2 4 4 ( 1) 3 4
2 2
4 2 5 5 4 2 8 4 3 0
( 1) ( 2 3) 0 1
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
+ +
+ = + = > + s
+ + s =

Th li, ta thy tha; tng ng vi gi tr x ny, ta c 1 y = .
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l ( , ) (1,1) x y = .

11 10 22 12
4 4 2 2
3
7 13 8 2 (3 3 1)
x xy y y
y x y x x y
+ = +
+ + = +

( thi chn i tuyn TP.HCM)
Li gii.
Ta thy h ny khng c nghim tha 0 y = nn ta ch xt 0 y = , khi ta c
11 10 22 12 11 11
( )
x x
x xy y y y y
y y
+ = + + = + .
Xt hm s
11 10
( ) , ( ) 11 1 0, f t t t t f t t t ' = + e = + > e nn y l hm ng bin.
ng thc trn chnh l
2
( ) ( )
x x
f f y y x y
y y
= = = .
2 2 2
3
3
2 3 2
7 13 8 3 1
7 13 8 2 (3 3 1) 2 3 x x x x x x
x x x x x
+ + = + + + = + .
t
1
0 t
x
= > . Ta c
3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2
7 13 8 2 3 3 (2 1) 2(2 1) (3 3 ) 2 3 3 t t t t t t x t t t t + + = + + + + = + + +
Xt hm s
3 2
( ) 2 , 0 ( ) 3 2 0 f a a a a f a a ' = + > = + > nn hm ny ng bin. Phng trnh
trn chnh l
3 3 2 2 3 2 2
(2 1) ( 3 3 ) 2 1 3 3 (2 1) 3 3 ( 1)(8 5 2) 0 f t f t t t t t t t t t t t + = + + = + + = + + + + =
Do 0 t > nn khng c gi tr no tha mn.
Vy h phng trnh cho v nghim.
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58

Nhn xt. Do phng trnh thu c sau khi tm ra quan h gia x v y khng c nghim dng
nn ta c th dng bt ng thc nh gi thay v dng hm s nh trn.
2
2
2
2009 2010 ( )
2010 2011 ( )
2011 2009 ( )
x y x y
y z y z
z x z x
+ =
+ =
+ =

( thi chn i tuyn chuyn Quang Trung, Bnh Phc)
Li gii.
t 2009 0 a = > , ta xt h tng qut hn l
2
2
2
( 1) ( )
( 1) ( 2) ( )
( 2) ( )
ax a y x y
a y a z y z
a z ax z x
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + =
(*)
Ta tnh c
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
2
x y z x y z
ax x y x z
+
= =
Tng t ( 1) ( )( ), ( 2) ( )( ) a y y z y z a z z x z y + = + =
T y suy ra | |
2
.( 1) .( 2) ( )( )( ) 0 ax a y a z x y y z z x + + = s
Mt khc, t (*) ta thy rng tng ca tng cp trong ba gi tr , ( 1) , ( 2) ax a y a z + + u khng
m, ta s chng minh rng c ba gi tr ny u khng m.
Tht vy, gi s 0 0 ax x < < , t phng trnh th nht v phng trnh th ba ca (*), suy ra
( 1) 0, ( 2) 0 , 0 a y a z y z + > + > > hay , 0 ( )( ) 0 x y x z ax x y x z < = > , mu thun.
Do 0 ax > . Tng t, ta cng c ( 1) , ( 2) 0 a y a z + + > .
Nhng tch ca ba s ny li khng m nn ta phi c ( 1) ( 2) 0 ax a y a z x y z = + = + = = = .
Th li thy tha. Vy h cho c ng mt nghim l 0 x y z = = = .

Nhn xt. R rng cc h s ban u l chn da theo thi quen chn h s trng vi nm cho
nn ta hon ton c th xt bi ton tng qut vic bin i thun tin hn. Bi ton thc
s th v sau khi c ( )( ), ( 1) ( )( ), ( 2) ( )( ) ax x y x z a y y z y z a z z x z y = + = + = . Nu
khng dng bt ng thc nh gi m c gng dng cc php th th kh c th thnh cng.
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59

2 2
2
1
5
57
4 3 (3 1)
25
x y
x x y x
+ =
+ = +

( thi chn i tuyn Ngh An)
Li gii.
H cho tng ng vi
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
10
2( ) 5( ) 1
25
57
47
4 3 3
2 2 3 3
25
25
x y x y
x x xy y
x y x xy y
+ = + =

+ + + =

+ + + =

Ta thy
2 2
47 47
2 2 3 3 (2 )( 2 ) (2 ) ( 2 )
25 25
x y x xy y x y x y x y x y + + + = + + + + =
t 2 , 2 x y a x y b = + = , ta c
2 2 2 2
2
7
5
12
1 ( ) 2 1 2 ( ) 1
25
47 94 144
17 2 2( ) ( 1)
25 25 25
25
132
25
a b
ab
a b a b ab ab a b
ab a b ab a b a b
a b
ab
+ =
= + = + = = +

+ + = + + = + + =

+ =

=

Ta thy h phng trnh th hai v nghim, h th nht c hai nghim l
3 4 4 3
( , ) ( , ), ( , ) ( , )
5 5 5 5
a b a b = = , tng ng l
2 1 11 2
( , ) ( , ), ( , )
5 5 25 25
x y = .
Vy h phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit l
2 1 11 2
( , ) ( , ), ( , )
5 5 25 25
x y = .

Nhn xt. Cch phn tch phng trnh th hai qu tht rt kh thy. Bi ton ny thc cht
xut pht t mt h i xng thng thng, nhng qua cc php th v tch biu thc, n tr nn
phc tp v vic bin i ngc li thng phi m mn. Ta cng c th nhn phng trnh th
nht vi 25 v phng trnh th hai vi 200 ri cng li, ta c
2
25(3 1) 144 x y + + = , cc gi tr
25 v 50 ny chn bng phng php h s bt nh vi mong mun tm ra mt quan h p gia
x v y, nh bnh phng trn chng hn.
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60

Bi 50. Cho cc tham s dng , , a b c . Tm nghim dng ca h phng trnh sau :
2 2 2
4
x y z a b c
xyz a x b y c z abc
+ + = + +

( kim tra i tuyn Ninh Bnh)
Li gii.
2 2 2
4
a b c abc
yz zx xy xyz
+ + + = .
t
1 1 1
, ,
a b c
x y z
yz zx xy
= = = , suy ra
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 x y z x y z + + + = (*).
D thy
1 1 1
0 , , 2 x y z < < nn tn ti cc gi tr u, v tha 0 ,
2
u v

< < v
1 1
2sin , 2sin x u y v = = .
Thay vo (*), ta c
2 2 2
1 1
4 .sin .sin 4sin 4sin 4 0 z z u v u v + + + = .
y l phng trnh bc hai theo bin
1
z , ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(2sin .sin ) (4sin 4sin 4) 4(1 sin )(1 sin ) 4cos .cos 0 u v u v u v u v ' A = + = = > .
Suy ra phng trnh ny c hai nghim l
1
1
2sin sin 2cos cos 0
2sin sin 2cos cos 0
z u v u v
z u v u v
= >

= + <

Do 2 .sin , 2 .sin , 2 (cos cos sin sin ) a yz u b zx v c xy u v u v = = = .
2 2
2 .sin 2 .sin 2 (cos cos sin sin )
( cos cos ) ( sin sin ) 0
cos cos sin sin 0
x y z yz u zx v xy u v u v
x v y u x v y u z
x v y u x v y u z
+ + = + +
+ + =
= + =

Ta tnh c sin sin
2 2 2 2
a y b x a b a b
z x v y u z
zx yz z
+ +
= + = + = =
Tng t, ta cng c ,
2 2
c a b c
y x
+ +
= = .
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61

Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l ( , , ) ( , , )
2 2 2
b c c a a b
x y z
+ + +
= .
Nhn xt. y l bi ton trong IMO Shortlist, bi v li gii thc s rt hay, l mt kt hp
p gia i s v lng gic. Ta cng c th gii bng bin i i s nh cch t n ph
, ,
2 2 2
b c c a a b
x u y v z w
+ + +
= = = v nh gi bng bt ng thc.
Bi 51. Gii h phng trnh sau trn tp hp s thc
2 2
2 2
3
3
3
0
x y
x
x y
x y
y
x y

+ =

( thi chn i tuyn Chuyn Vnh Phc, tnh Vnh Phc)
Li gii.
Ta s gii h phng trnh ny bng s phc.
Nhn phng trnh th hai ca h vi i (n v o
2
1 i = ) ri cng vi phng trnh th nht,
ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3( ) ( )
3 ( ) 0
x y xi yi x yi i x yi
x yi x yi
x y x y x y

+ + = + + =
+ + +

t
2 2
1 x yi
z x yi
z x y
= + =
+
. ng thc trn c vit li l
2
3 3 (1 2 )
0 3 3 0 2 1
2
i i
z z z i z z i z i
z
+
+ = + = = = + v = .
-Nu 2 z i = + , suy ra 2 2, 1 x yi i x y + = + = = .
-Nu 1 z i = , suy ra 1 1, 1 x yi i x y + = = = .
Th li ta thy tha.
Vy h cho c hai nghim l ( , ) (2,1), (1, 1) x y = .
Nhn xt. Dng ton ny cng kh ph bin v u chung tng l gii quyt bng s phc.
Cc bi ton tng t
2 2
2 2
3 10
1
10 3
2
x y
x
x y
x y
y
x y
+
=
+ =
,
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
0
x y
x
x y
x y
y
x y
+
+ =
+ =
( chn i tuyn H Ni 2007)

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62

Trn thc t, ta cng c th gii bng cch dng bin i i s, nhn x v y thch hp vo tng
v ca cc phng trnh ri tr li thu c quan h n gin hn gia cc bin ny.

4 4
2 2 3
2
3 ( )
x x y y
x y

( kim tra i d tuyn trng THPT Chuyn HSP H Ni)
Li gii.
t
3
3 , , x y a x y b c + = = = .
T phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c
( )
3
3
ab c ab c = = .
Ta c
2 2
,
a b a b
x y
+
= = . Suy ra
2 2
4 4 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
( )( )( ) ( )
a b a b ab
x y x y x y x y ab a b

| | | | +
= + + = + = +
| |

\ . \ .

, hn na:
3
3
2
2 2 2
( )
( )
a b a b a c b
x y a b
+ +
= + = =
Do , phng trnh th nht ca h cho tng ng vi
3
2 2 2 2 3
2 2
( ) ( )
ab a c b
a b c a b a c b
+
+ = + = +
Ta c h mi l
2 2 3 2 4
2 4 3 3 4 3 3
2
1 0
( )
( ) ( )( )
c a b a c b c c
c a a ca c a ac ca a c
a a ab c
+ = +
+ = + + = + =

1
a a c
c
= v = .
Suy ra h ny c hai nghim l
2
1
1 ( , ) ( , ); ( , ) a b c c
c
= .
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63

Xt hai trng hp
- Nu 1 , a c b = = th
3 3
1 3 1 3 1
2 2 2
,
c
x y
+ +
= = = .
- Nu
2
1
, a b c
c
= = th
3 3
2 2
3 3
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3
,
c c
x c y c
c c c c
| | | | +
= + = = = = =
| |
\ . \ .

Vy h cho c hai nghim l:
3 3
3 3
3 1 3 1 2 1
2 2
3 3
( , ) , , , x y
| |
| |
+
= |
|
|
\ .
\ .
.
Bnh lun. y l mt h phng trnh rt p, hnh thc ca n d lm chng ta bi ri khi
khng th nhm c nghim no cng nh tm c mt hm s no kho st nh
tng thng thng. Li gii thun ty i s v cch t n ph nh bi cn phi ch , n
tng xut hin trong VMO 2005
3 2
2 2
3 49
8 6 17
x xy
x xy y y x
+ =
+ =

Mt bi ton tng t nh trn cng c li gii rt th v
4 4
2 2 5
3 1
4 2
( ) 5 0
x y
y x
x y
+ =

2 3 5 3
2 .sin .cos 2 1 1 x x x x x x x x + + + = + +
( thi chn i tuyn H Ni)
Li gii.
Ta thy phng trnh khng c nghim
1
2
x = nn ta ch xt
1
2
x = .
Xt hm s
2 5 3 3
1
( ) 2 .sin .cos 2 1 1,
2
f x x x x x x x x x x = + + + + = .
Ta c
2 4 2
2
3
2
( ) 3 .sin (2 1) cos 5 3 1
3 (2 1)
f x x x x x x x
x
' = + + + +
+

Ta s chng minh nh gi mnh hn l
2 4 2
3 .sin (2 1) cos 5 3 1 0, x x x x x x x + + + > e (*)
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64

Ta thy biu thc ny khng thay i khi thay x bi x nn ta ch cn xt 0 x > .
Ta cn chng minh bt ng thc sau
3 2
sin , cos 1 , 0
6 2
x x
x x x x > > > .
Xt hm s
2
( ) cos 1
2
x
g x x = + , 0 x > , ta c
( ) sin , ( ) cos 1 0 ( ) sin (0) 0 g x x x g x x g x x x g ' '' ' ' = + = + > = + > = . Do , ( ) g x l hm
ng bin trn [0, ) + , suy ra
2 2
( ) (0) 0 cos 1 0 cos 1
2 2
x x
g x g x x > = + > > .
Tng t, ta cng c
3
sin
6
x
x x > .
T hai nh gi ny, ta c
3 2
2 4 2 2 4 2
3 .sin (2 1) cos 5 3 1 3 ( ) (2 1)(1 ) 5 3 1
6 2
x x
x x x x x x x x x x x + + + > + + + .
Hn na, ta cng c
3 2 4 4 2
2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2
3 7 3
3 ( ) (2 1)(1 ) 5 3 1 3 1 5 3 1 0
6 2 2 2 2
x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
+
+ + + = + + + = >
nn
2 4 2
3 .sin (2 1) cos 5 3 1 0, x x x x x x x + + + > e.
Do (*) ng hay ( ) 0, f x x ' > e. Suy ra ( ) f x l hm ng bin nn phng trnh cho
c khng qu mt nghim. Mt khc (0) 0 f = nn 0 l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Nhn xt. im quan trng nht ca bi ton l chng minh ( ) 0 f x ' > , nhng l mt biu
thc va c cha c sin , cos x x v cn thc, ng thi s hng t do ca hm s li m nn tht
s rt kh d on c phi lm g trong trng hp ny. Vic b i biu thc cha cn trn
rt quan trng v n gip ta c c mt hm s chn v ch cn xt biu thc trn min [0, ) + ;
trn min , ta cn c thm hai nh gi
3 2
sin , cos 1
6 2
x x
x x x > > nn bi ton a v chng
minh bt ng thc thng thng. Nu khng a cc yu t lng gic v a thc th phi tip
tc o hm v cha chc iu ny kh thi. Bt ng thc (*) c th lm mnh thm na l
2 4 2
3 9
3 .sin (2 1) cos 1 0,
2 2
x x x x x x x + + + > e .
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65

2 2
2
2 2
( 2) ( 3) ( 3)( 2)
5 9 7 15 3
8 18 18 18 84 72 24 176
x y y x z
x x z y yz
x y xy yz x y z
+ + + = + +
+ + =
+ + + =

( thi chn i tuyn HSP H Ni, ngy 2)
Li gii.
t 2, 3 a x b y = + = + .
Thay vo tng phng trnh ca h cho, ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2
( 2) ( 3) ( 3)( 2) ( 4) 4 0 x y y x z a b b a z a ab b bz b + + + = + + + = + + + + = ,
2 2
5 9 7 15 3 7 3 0 x x z y yz a a b bz + + = + + =
2 2
2 2
2 2
8 18 18 18 84 72 24 176
8 2 18 72 18 18 30 94 0
8 2 18( 4 ) 30 94 0
x y xy yz x y z
a a b b ab bz z
a a b ab bz b z
+ + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =

Suy ra
2 2
2
2 2
4 0
7 3 0
8 2 18( 4 ) 30 94 0
a ab b bz b
a a b bz
a a b ab bz b z
+ + + =
+ + =
+ + + + =
(*)
T phng trnh th nht v phng trnh th ba, ta c
2
2 2 2
5 47
8 2 18 30 94 0 10 2 30 94 0
15
a a
a a a z a a z z
+
+ = + + = = .
Thay vo phng trnh th hai, ta c
2 2 2
2 2
2
5 47 5 12 5( )
7 0
5 5 5 12
a a a a a a
a a b b b a a b
a a
| | | | + + +
+ = = + =
| |
+
\ . \ .
.
Nhn phng trnh th nht ca h (*) vi 3 ri tr cho phng trnh th hai, ta c
2 2
2 3 3 5 0 a a ab b b + + =
Thay
2
5 47
15
a a
z
+
= v
2
2
5( )
5 12
a a
b
a a
+
=
+
vo phng trnh ny, ta c
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66

2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 5 4 3 2
2 2
15 ( ) 5( ) 25( )
2 3 0
5 12 5 12 5 12
(2 )(5 12) 15 ( ) 25( ) (5 12) 75( ) 0
50 70 208 94 482 156 0
( 2)(5 14 13)(5 11 3) 0
0
a a a a a a a
a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a
+ + +
+ + =

+ + +

+ + + + + + + =

+ + + =
+ + + + =
=
11 61
2
10
a a

v = v =

Tng ng vi cc gi tr ny, ta tm c bn nghim ca h cho l
47 4 29 31 61 2 61 28 13 61
( , , ) ( 2, 3, ), ( 4, , ), ( , , ),
15 3 15 10 15 15
61 31 2 61 28 39 61
( , , )
10 15 15
x y z
+
=
+ +

Nhn xt. Vic t n ph 2, 3 a x b y = + = + lm cho h cho n gin i kh nhiu nhng
cc lin h phc tp gia cc bin th vn cn. Bi ton y c th c gii theo mt cch
nhn cc phng trnh cho mt i lng thch hp ri cng li nhng r rng iu ny khng
phi d dng thc hin c. Vic dng php th tuy phc tp nhng li rt t nhin v cng
may mn l phng trnh cui khng c cha cn g na. y tnh ton kh nng v cng
khng d dng m t tin bin i biu thc nhn c sau php th khi cha chc g n c
nghim p m nh gi.

Bi 55.
Tm , , x y z tha mn h
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 ( ) 1
1 2 2 2
(3 1) 2 ( 1)
z x y x y
y z xy zx yz
y x x x
+ + =
+ = + +
= +

( thi chn i tuyn trng H KHTN H Ni, vng 3)
Li gii.
T phng trnh th ba ca h, ta c
2 3 2 3
2 2 2
2 ( 1) (3 ) 2 ( 1) 3
(3 1) (3 1) 3 1
x x x x x x x x
y x y x y
x x x
+ +
= + = + =

.
t tan , ( , ) cos 0
2 2
x

= e = . Ta c
3
2
tan 3tan
tan tan3 tan
3tan 1
y y

+ = =
.
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67

T phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c
2 2 2
1 (2tan tan3 ). tan3 1 2tan . tan3 tan 3 1
2( ) 2tan3 2tan3
tan3 cot 3 1 sin3 cos3 1
tan tan ( ) tan
2 2 cos3 sin 3 sin 6
x y
z
x y

= = =
+
+
= = + =

T phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2 1 ( ) 1
1
(tan3 tan tan tan ) 1 tan
sin 6
sin3 1 1 2sin 3 1 1
( tan ) ( tan )
cos3 2sin3 cos3 cos 2sin3 cos3 cos
cos6 1 cos 6 cos sin 6 sin
( tan ) (
sin 6 cos
x y z xy zx yz x y z x x

+ + + = + + = +
+ = +
= =
+
+ =
2
2
2
2
1
)
sin 6 cos cos
cos5 1
( ) cos5 cos sin 6 cos cos5 cos( 6 )
sin6 cos cos 2
2
cos5 cos( 6 ) 5 ( 6 ) 2 , 2
2 2 22 11 2
2
cos5 cos( 6 ) 5 ( 6 ) 2 , 2
2 2 22 11 2
k
k k
k
k k

=
= = =

= = + = + =

= + = + + = + =

, k

Do ( , )
2 2

e nn hai h nghim 2 ,
2
k k
= e khng tha mn.

Vi hai h nghim
2
22 11
k
= + , ta tm c tt c 10 gi tr tha mn l
3 5 7 9
, , , ,
22 22 22 22 22

= .
Vy h phng trnh cho c cc nghim l
1 3 5 7 9
( , , ) (tan , tan3 tan , tan ), , , , ,
sin 6 22 22 22 22 22
x y z

= = .
Nhn xt. Cch dng lng gic y c l l con ng duy nht gii bi ny bi v vi cc
nghim nh trn th khng th c cch i s no m tm ra c. tng quan trng nht ny
xut pht t biu thc ca x y + hon ton ging h s ca khai trin tan 3 . Do , bi ny tuy
bin i phc tp nhng tng cng kh t nhin!

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1

TUYN CHN CC BI TON

+ = = (d thy trong trng hp ny 0 y = ), thay vo phng trnh

. Suy ra x y = , thay vo h cho, ta c

, phng trnh trn tr thnh

nn nu x l nghim ca phng trnh

( chn i tuyn H Ni 2007)

= e khng tha mn.

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