Cch phn bit cc loi nha

Hng dn mt s phng php n gin xc nh loi nha ca sn phm. phn bit loi nha khi ta khng bit r sn phm c lm t loi nha g, chng ta c th dng cc phng php n gin sau: - Phn bit da trn mu sc t nhin, trong sut ca mu. - Dng phng php cn thy tnh so snh khi lng ring - La chn dung dch ha tan mt cht m khng ha tan cht kia -Dng nhiu x Rntghen so snh (PA c peak tinh th, cn PS l vt liu v nh hnh) -So snh tnh cht nhit (nhit thy tinh ha ca PA v PS l 50 v 100 oC) -So snh da trn c im c tnh... i vi PA v PS tng i d nhm ln, ta c th phn bit nh sau: - Nu c th t c th PA lc chy thy si bt, khi ri ngun la (VD: bt la) s t tt, PS th chy tip - PS trong sut v gin, PA dai v chu mi mn tt, h s ma st vi thp nh. Dng da da th, chng ta c th nhn bit c. Vi nhng kin trn, bn c th nhn bit c nhng sn phm nha dng hng ngy i t gc nha no. Tuy nhin, chc chn hn, c th lm mt th nghim n gin l t. Nha PE, HDPE, PP u thuc mt h c cu to ho hc gn nh nhau, nu c khi lng phn t thp th tng t nh parafin (sp). Do vy, nu chm bt la t, khng c mi kht th y l PE, HDPE hay PP. Nha PET, ABS chy vi ngn la c khi en v c mi kht. Cn nha PVC khng chy thnh ngn la.

c tnh cc loi nha dng lm bao b thc phm

Cng ngh sn xut bao b C TNH CC LOI NHA DNG LM BAO B THC PHM Nguyn liu sn xut nha l ngun hydrocarbon t du ha, c tch trong qu trnh lc du. Vi tr lng du ha t qung m rt ln nn ngun hydrocarbon cng v cng phong ph, gi thnh thp. Do cng ngh ch to bao b nha pht trin a dng, phong ph v chng lai, t tnh nng cao trong cha ng, bo qun cc loi thc phm Loi bao b ny c c dim thng l khng mi, khng v, cng vng cao, chng va chm c hc hiu qu, chng thm kh hi do m bo c p lc cao trong mi trng cha thc phm, c loi bao b trong sut c th nhn thy r sn phm bn trong, c th chu c nhit cao trn 100o C hoc nhit lnh thp hn 0o C. Cc loi bao b nha c th phun mc trn b mt k hiu sn phm d dng. Ngoi ra, tnh cht ni bt hn c l bao b nha nh hn tt c cc loi vt liu bao b khc, rt thun tin trong phn phi, chuyn ch. Loi nha dng lm bao b thc phm thuc loi nha nhit do, nhit cng cao th cng tr nn mm do, khi nhit c h xung th vn tr li c tnh ban u. Hin nay trn th trng ang s dng cc lai bao b nha ph bin nh : PE, PP, PVC, PC, PET. * PE(Polyethylene): c tnh:

- Trong sut, hi c nh m, c b mt bng lng, mm do. - Chng thm hc v hi nc tt. - Chng thm kh O2, CO2, N2 v du m u km. - Chu c nhit cao (di 230o C) trong thi gian ngn. - B cng phng v h hng khi tip xc vi tinh du thm hoc cc cht ty nh Alcool, Acton, H2O2 - C th cho kh, hng thm thu xuyn qua, do PE cng c th hp thu gi mi trong bn thn bao b, v cng chnh mi ny c th c hp thu bi thc phm c cha ng, gy mt gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. Cng dng: - Lm ti xch cc loi, thng (can) c th tch t 1 n 20 lt vi cc dy khc nhau. - Sn xut np chai. Do np chai b hp thu mi nn chai ng thc phm y bng np PE phi c bo qun trong mt mi trng khng c cht gy mi. * PP(Polypropylen): c tnh : - Tnh bn c hc cao (bn x v bn ko t), kh cng vng, khng mm do nh PE, khng b ko gin di do c ch to thnh si. c bit kh nng b x rch d dng khi c mt vt ct hoc mt vt thng nh. - Trong sut, bng b mt cao cho kh nng in n cao, nt in r. - Chu c nhit cao hn 100o C. tuy nhin nhit hn dn m (thn) bao b PP (140oC) - cao so vi PE - c th gy chy h hng mng ghp cu trc bn ngoi, nn thng t dng PP lm lp trong cng. - C tnh cht chng thm O2, hi nc, du m v cc kh khc. Cng dng: - Dng lm bao b mt lp cha ng bo qun thc phm , khng yu cu chng oxy ha mt cch nghim nht. - To thnh si, dt thnh bao b ng lng thc, ng cc c s lng ln. - PP cng c sn xut dng mng ph ngoi i vi mng nhiu lp tng tnh chng thm kh, hi nc, to kh nng in n cao, v d x rch m bao b (do c to sn mt vt t) v to bng cao cho bao b. * PVC(Polyvinylchloride): - Sn phm PVC trc y (1920 tr i) c s dng vi s lng rt ln, nhng ngy nay b PE vt qua. Hin nay, PVC phn ln dng bao bc dy cp in, lm ng thot nc, o ma, mng nha gia dng - Trong PVC c cht vinylchoride, thng c gi l VCM c kh nng gy ung th (pht hin 1970) c tnh: Bao b PVC c nhng khuyt im nh sau : - T trong : 1,4g/cm2 cao hn PE v PP nn phi tn mt lng ln PVC c c mt

din tch mng cng dy so vi PE v PP. - Chng thm hi, nc km hn cc loi PE, PP. - C tnh dn,khng mm do nh PE hoc PP. ch to PVC mm do dng lm bao b th phi dng thm cht ph gia. - Loi PVC c do ha bi ph gia s b bin tnh cng dn sau mt khong thi gian. - Mc d khng ch c d lng VCM thp hn 1ppm l mc an ton cho php, nhng Chu u, PVC vn khng c dng lm bao b thc phm d gi thnh r hn bao b nha khc. Cng dng: - S dng lm nhn mng co cc loi chai, bnh bng nha hoc mng co bao bc cc loi thc phm bo qun , lu hnh trong thi gian ngn nh tht sng, rau qu ti. - Ngoi ra, PVC c s dng lm nhiu vt gia dng cng nh cc lai sn phm thuc cc ngnh khc. * PC(Polycarbonat): c tnh: - Tnh chng thm kh, hi cao hon cc loi PE, PVC nhng thp hn PP, PET. - Trong sut, tnh bn c v cng vng rt cao, kh nng chng mi mn v khng b tc ng bi cc thnh phn ca thc phm. - Chu nhit cao (trn 100oC ). Cng dng: - Vi kh nng chu c nhit cao nn PC c dng lm bnh, chai, np cha thc phm cn tit trng. - Mng PC c tnh chng thm kh, hi km, gi thnh PC cao gp ba ln PP, PET, PP nn t c s dng. * PET(Polyethylene terephthalate): PET l mt loi bao b thc phm quan trng c ch to mng hoc to dng chai l do bi cc tnh cht : - Bn c hc cao, c kh nng chu ng lc x v lc va chm, chu ng s mi mn cao, c cng vng cao. - Tr vi mi trng thc phm. - Trong sut. - Chng thm kh O2, v CO2 tt hn cc loi nha khc. - Khi c gia nhit n 200oC hoc lm lnh 90oC,cu trc ha hc ca mch PET vn c gi nguyn, tnh chng thm kh hi vn khng thay i khi nhit khong 100oC Cng dng: Do tnh chng thm rt cao nn PET c dng lm chai, bnh ng nc tinh khit,

nc gii kht c gas. II. CHT LNG BAO B THC PHM: Bao b nha ng thc phm ni chung khng c ti s dng, v nu ch to bng vt liu ti sinh th c th b nhim c, do vic s dng cc lai ph gia to s mm do, n nh nhit chy mm ca nha d dng ch to. Bao b c sn xut t loi nha tinh khit th lun lun c ghi tn loi nha di y bao b (theo quy nh Quc t trong lnh vc nha) vi k hiu nh sau : Nhng loi bao b ti ch th khng c ghi g c phn bit lai thu hi ti ch v loi tinh khit. Hin nay, theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6096 :2004 ca Nc ung ng chai quy nh chai nha PET, PC tinh khit l loi chai chuyn dng ng gi bao b thc phm http://www.lyxuanlan.com/images/stories/tieu_su/image030.jpg PET- Polyethylene Terephthalate c dng trong chai nha ng nc, giy gi thc n, qun o v thm. http://www.lyxuanlan.com/images/stories/tieu_su/image033.jpg HDPE- Polyethylene t trng cao c dng sn xut nhng chai ng sa, ng dn nc v ng ng dn khi t nhin. http://www.lyxuanlan.com/images/stories/tieu_su/image036.jpg PVC- Polyvinyl Chloride c dng ph bin trong cc si cp in, bch ng mu. N cng c dng trong chi. http://www.lyxuanlan.com/images/stories/tieu_su/image038.jpg LDPE- Polyethylene t trng thp c dng ch to ra phim. LLDPE- Polyethylene thng t trng thp c dng to mng. http://www.lyxuanlan.com/images/stories/tieu_su/image043.jpg PP- Polypropylene http://www.lyxuanlan.com/images/stories/tieu_su/image045.jpg PS-Polystyrene s dng rng ri trong cng nghip nh Tv, my nghe nhc, http://www.lyxuanlan.com/images/stories/tieu_su/image047.jpg Cc loi khc- Cc loi nha khc khng cp n bn trn. Trong sinh hot hng ngy, loi nha thng gp nht l PE (polyethylene). tt c cc ch ln, nh, siu th hay ch ven ng... hng ha giao cho khch hng u ng bng ti PE. Thng gp nht l PE (polyethylene). tt c cc ch ln, nh, siu th hay ch ven ng... hng ha giao cho khch hng u ng bng ti PE m vn b gi nhm ti nilon (nilon l mt loi polyamid c cu to ha hc v tnh cht hon ton khc). Mt loi nha khc gn vi PE l PP (polypropylene). Do PP c tnh cht c hc cao hn PE nn c ko si v dt thnh cc loi bao b ng go, ng, ng, u nnh, lc... Ty theo yu cu, pha trong bao b cn mt lp mng chng m. Si PP cn dt thnh

bt che ma, nng rt ph bin c thnh th v nng thn. Cc loi x, chu, r r cng thng lm bng nha PP - c xem l loi plastic tt nht. Nha PE t trng cao, c gi tt l HDPE (high density polyethylene) hay PVC (polyvinyl chloride) loi chuyn dng cho thc phm sn xut nhng chai ng sa, nc ngt v mt s thc phm lng khc. Tuy nhin, vic sn xut ra HDPE cng s dng ti cc ha cht c nh hexane v benzne. Mt loi hp ng hnh tr c np hay cc ung nc thon y xp thnh chng nhiu chic cho gn khi vn chuyn v sp xp trc khi s dng cng lm t nha PE hay HDPE. Trn np hp c dng ch ni cho bit an ton khi cho vo l vi sng. Nha PET sn xut nhng chai ng nc tinh khit vi cc thng hiu La Vie, Aquafina, Vital,... c dung tch 0,3; 0,5 v 1 lt thng thy trn bn tip khch ca c quan, bn n ca nh hng, gia nh, mang theo i cng tc hay du lch.. Loi nha ny c nhiu u im nh trong sut, c bn c hc tt nn hu nh khng b nt, v khi vn chuyn. Nhng loi chai ln hn c dung tch 5 lt, 20 lt cng lm bng loi nha ny. Mt lng ln chai PET c dung tch khc nhau cn c s dng ng du thc vt (u nnh, m, lc,...) vi cc thng hiu Tng An, Neptune... Tuy nhin, nhng loi nha ny c th r r vo trong nc kim loi antimn v xt ch rt c hi nht l khi ng nc nng hay trong mi trng c nhit cao. Cc nh khoa hc cng khuyn co khng nn s dng li nhng chai nha lm bng PET v kh lm sch v c th cha nhiu loi vi khun gy bnh. Nha ABS (acrylonitrilbutadien- styren) sn xut bnh un nc siu tc, v qut my, v my ht bi ... Loi cht do ny chu c nc si khng b bin dng, c tnh cht c hc tt, c bit c bn va p cao. Chnh v vy khi ht bi trn sn nh c din tch rng, c th ly chn ht mnh cho chy sang v tr khc v nu c va vo chn bn, gh cng khng sao. Tt c nhng loi cht do nu trn nh PE, HDPE, PVC, PET, ABS u thuc h nha nhit do (thermoplastic materials), ngha l khi tng nhit th mm ra ri chy nht v khi lm ngui li tr v trng thi rn ban u. V tt c chng s dng cho nhng mc ch thng thng nn cn gi l nha nhit do thng dng (commodity thermoplastics). Mt loi sn phm c mt Vit Nam do Trung Quc sn xut l bnh pha tr c nhn hnh tr c np vn cht v bn trong c bu lc chn cc l ch khi rt hay ung trc tip. Bnh ny lm bng nha PC (polycacbonat) mu trong sut, c bn c hc rt cao v chu nhit tt hn nha PET nn c th nc si trc tip khi pha tr m khng lm bnh bin dng. Do c bn c hc v chu nhit cao nn nha PC c xp vo loi nha nhit do k thut (engineering thermoplastics). Nilon cng thuc loi nha ny. PC cha nhiu cht c chloride, gy r r dioxin, loi cht cc c gy ung th. Nhiu loi bt, a c cc ha tit rt p mt trn nn trng c v cm trn tay c cm gic khng phi l nha nhng thc ra nhng sn phm ny lm t t hp nha melaminfomandehyt c thm cht n v ph gia, thng gi tt l nha melamin. y l loi nha nhit rn (thermoset plastics), ngha l khi gia nhit n mt nhit nht nh b rn li v c nng nhit ln na cng khng nng chy. Vi nhng kin thc trn, bn c th nhn bit c nhng sn phm nha dng hng ngy i t gc nha no. Tuy nhin, chc chn hn, c th lm mt th nghim n gin l t. Nha PE, HDPE, PP u thuc mt h c cu to ha hc gn nh nhau, nu c khi lng phn t thp th tng t nh parafin (sp). Do vy, nu chm bt la t, khng

c mi kht th y l PE, HDPE hay PP. Nha PET, ABS chy vi ngn la c khi en v c mi kht. Nha PVC khng chy thnh ngn la. Hu ht, nhng cht do dng lm bao b cha thc phm lng vi cc thng hiu ni ting u an ton v cc nh sn xut phi tun th cc quy nh php l v cht lng bao b nha. Tuy nhin, vn ng lo ngi nht l s dng ty tin nhng bao b c. Tht khng an ton khi dng nhng thng nha ng sn nc mui da, c. Mt s ha cht c hi c trong sn thm vo nha s khuych tn ra mi trng nc - axit ca da, c v c tc hi n sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. Ni chung, tuyt i khng c dng cc thng nha ng ha cht ng nc n hay cc loi thc phm lng. Cn lu , khi cn ng du n, nc mm, du thc vt, ru thuc, nn dng chai PET (mi hay ng nc tinh khit) v loi chai ny c an ton cao v v sinh thc phm

Lm th no nhn bit cc loi nha khc nhau? Many items made out of plastic have a code or letters on to tell you what type of plastic they are. The most commonly recycled plastics are those used for bottles. They are PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and HDPE (High Density Polyethylene). The table below shows different types of plastic and what can be made from that type of plastic when it has been recycled. Nhiu mt hng lm t nha c mt m s hoc k t trn cho bn bit h loi nha g ang c.. nht Cc sn phm nha ti ch thng l nhng ngi s dng cho chai H l PET (polyethylene terephthalate) v HDPE (High Density Polyethylene). Bng di y cho thy cc loi nha v nhng g c th c lm t loi nha khi n c ti ch. Plastic Name of plastic Description M Identity Tn ca nha t Code Nha M Identity polyethylene terephthalate polyethylene terephthalate PET PET Clear tough plastic, may be used as a fibre. Clear nha cng rn, c th c s dng nh mt cht x. Some uses for virgin Some uses for plastic plastic Mt s s made from recycled dng cho nha virgin waste plastic Mt s s dng cho nha c lm t nha ti ch cht thi Soft drink and mineral water bottles, filling for sleeping bags and pillows, textile fibres. ung v chai nc khong, lm cho ti ng v gi, si dt. Soft drink bottles, (multilayer) detergent bottles, clear film for packaging, carpet fibres, and fleecy jackets. Soft chai ung, (nhiu lp) cht ty ra chai, r rng phim cho

bao b, si thm, v o jacket lng gat. high density Very common polyethylene plastic, usually polyethylene mt white or coloured. cao Rt ph bin nha, thng l mu trng hoc HDPE HDPE mu. Crinkly shopping bags, freezer bags, milk and cream bottles, bottles for shampoo and cleaners, milk crates. Crinkly mua sm ti xch, ti t ng, sa v kem chai, chai du gi v cht ty ra cho, thng sa. Clear cordial and juice bottles, blister packs, plumbing pipes and fittings. Clear thn i v chai nc tri cy, v c bao gi v ph kin ng ng h thng ng nc. Garden hose, shoe soles, blood bags and tubing. Vn vi, giy, ti mu v ng. Lids of ice cream containers, bin bags, rubbish bins, black plastic sheet. Np ca hp ng kem, ti rc, thng rc, tm nha mu en. Compost bins, detergent bottles, crates, mobile rubbish bins, agricultural pipes, pallets, kerbside recycling boxes. Phn hu thng, chai cht ty ra, thng, thng rc di ng, ng dn nng nghip, pallets, kerbside hp ti ch. Detergent bottles, tiles, plumbing pipe fittings. Cht ty ra chai l, gch, ng nc ph kin ng ng.

unplasticised Hard rigid plastic, unplasticised may be clear. polyvinyl chloride Hard nha cng, polyvinyl clorua c th c r UPVC Li rng. chng cn trng

plasticised Flexible, clear, polyvinyl chloride elastic plastic. PPVC plasticised Linh hot, r polyvinyl clorua rng, n hi PPVC nha. low density Soft, flexible polyethylene plastic. Mm, do polyethylene mt nha. thp LDPE LDPE polypropylene polypropylene PP PP Hard, but flexible plastic - many uses. Cng, nhng nhiu ngi s dng linh hot nha -.

Hose inner core, industrial flooring. ng bn trong li, sn cng nghip. Film for builders, industry, packaging and plant nurseries, bags. Phim cho cc nh xy dng, cng nghip, bao b v vn m cy, ti xch.

Ice cream containers, Compost bins, kerbside potato crisp bags, recycling boxes, drinking straws, hinged wormeries. Phn hu lunch boxes. Ice cream thng, hp kerbside ti container, khoai ty ti ch, wormeries. r nt, ng ht ung, khp ni cc hp n tra. Yogurt containers, plastic cutlery, imitation crystal "glassware". Yogurt container, nha dao ko, gi tinh th "thy tinh". Clothes pegs, coat hangers, office accessories, spools, rulers, video/CD boxes. Qun o cht, mc o, ph kin vn phng, cun, nh cai tr, video / hp CD.

polystyrene polystyrene PS PS

expanded polystyrene m rng polystyrene Foamed, lightweight, Hot drink cups, energy absorbing, takeaway food EPS EPS thermal containers, meat trays, insulation. Va packaging. Hot ung

Rigid, brittle plastic. Cng, gin nha. May be clear, glassy. C th c r rng, thy tinh.

c to bt, ly, hp ng thc n nh, nng lng takeaway, khay tht, hp th, cch ng gi. nhit. Includes all other plastics, including acrylic and nylon. These cannot be recycled Bao gm tt c cc cht do khc, bao gm acrylic v nylon. Ny khng th c ti ch

All Health Articles Tt c cc bi vit Y t Detoxification Cai nghin Health Documentation Ti liu Y t Health News Tin tc Y t Healthy Body C th khe mnh Healthy Eating n ung lnh mnh Healthy Lifestyle Phong cch sng lnh mnh

How To Recognize Plastic Types & Avoid BPA Lm th no nhn bit cc loi nha & Trnh BPA
Posted on 21st May 2010 c ng vo ngy 21 thng 5 nm 2010 Categorized Under: All Health Articles , BPA Theo phn loi: Tt c cc iu Y t , BPA Share Chia 0diggsdigg

Plastic types. Nha cc loi. Learning about the different plastic types can be beneficial towards your healh as many plastic products contain a chemical compound known as BPA, or bisphenal a. Hc tp v cc loi nha khc nhau c th c li i vi healh ca bn nh nhiu sn phm nha c cha mt hp cht ha hc gi l BPA, hoc bisphenal a. This chemical acts as a phyto estrogen, mimicing the body's own estrogen. ha cht ny hot ng nh mt estrogen phyto, mimicing estrogen ca c th. High levels of estrogen in the blood can cause breast cancer in women and a variety of health issues within men. cp cao ca estrogen trong mu c th gy ung th v ph n v mt lot cc vn sc khe trong ngi. Different plastic types contain BPA while others are deemed safe, this is why it's important to look for the little recycle sign on plastic products. cc loi nha khc nhau c cha BPA trong khi nhng ngi khc c coi l an ton, y l l do ti sao iu

quan trng l tm ti ch rt t du hiu v cc sn phm nha. Inside the little sign, you'll see a number indicating the type of plastic it is. Bn trong rt t du hiu, bn s thy mt s ch loi nha n c. Different types of plastic types will represent whether or not the plastic is recyclable, contains BPA, and is safe for every day use. cc loi khc nhau ca cc loi nha s i din c hoc khng c nha ti ch, cha BPA, v l an ton cho s dng hng ngy. Plastic Type Loi nha 1 PETE (Polyethylene Terephthalate) 1 PETE (Polyethylene terephthalate) Large soft drink bottles, water bottles, cooking oil bottles, peanut butter bottles, mouthwash bottles, salad dressing bottles. Chai nc gii kht ln, chai nc, chai du n, b u phng chai, chai nc sc ming, salad dressing chai. Yes. Vng. PETE is known to leach the chemicals antimony trioxide, pthalate, and di. PETE c bit l cc trixt antimon r r cc ho cht, pthalate, v di. Exposure to these chemicals for a long period of time can cause respiratory and skin problems. Tip xc vi cc ha cht ny cho mt thi gian di c th gy ra cc vn h hp v da. Pthalate's also known to mimic the hormone estrogen and cause cancer. Pthalate cng c bit l bt chc cc hormone estrogen v ung th gy ra. In 1999, pthalate was banned from the use in plastic toys for children under three years of age. Nm 1999, pthalate b cm s dng trong chi bng nha cho tr em di ba tui. Avoid this plastic type. Trnh cc loi nha. 2 HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) 2 HDPE (HighDensity Polyethylene) Detergent bottles, milk containers, bleach bottles, shampoo bottles, garbage bags, yogurt containers, margarine tubs. Cht ty ra chai, hp sa, chai thuc ty, chai du gi u, ti rc, thng cha sa chua, b thc vt bn. Yes. Vng. This plastic type is known to be safe, and is widely accepted at recycling centers. y l loi nha c bit n l an ton, v c chp nhn rng ri ti cc trung tm ti ch. This is usually the preferred plastic to use. iu ny thng l nha a thch s dng.

Uses S dng

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Plastic Type Loi nha

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Plastic Type Loi nha

3 PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) 3 PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Plastic pipes, floor tiles, shower curtains, plastic furniture, microwavable dinners, toys, hard bottles. ng nha, gch lt sn nh, tm rm ca, bn gh nha, n ti microwavable, chi, chai cng. Not usually. Khng thng. PVC is the least recommended plastic type. PVC l loi nha t nht ngh. PVC is known as a health hazard, and is assocciated with a variety of health issues such as asthma, allergies, cancer, liver problems, and bone deformations. PVC c bit n nh l mt mi nguy him sc khe, v l assocciated vi mt lot cc vn sc khe nh bnh suyn, d ng, ung th, vn v gan, v bin dng xng. PVC also contains a compound that acts as a endocrine disrupter mimicing the hormone estrogen. PVC cng cha mt hp cht c tc dng nh mt disrupter ni tit estrogen mimicing cc hormone. Avoid this plastic type. Trnh cc loi nha. 4 LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) 4 LDPE (LowDensity Polyethylene) Produce bags, trash can liners, food storage containers, bread bags, plastic wraps, squeezable bottles. Sn xut ti xch, thng rc c th lt, thc phm container lu tr, ti bnh m, nha kt thc tt p, co th ep c chai. Not usually. Khng thng. LDPE is considered another safe plastic to use. LDPE c xem l mt nha an ton s dng. 5 PP (Polypropylene) 5 PP (Polypropylene) Bottle caps, yogurt containers, ketchup bottles, drinking straws, opaque containers. Chai m, thng cha sa chua, chai ketchup, ng ht ung, thng cha c. Not usually. Khng thng. PP is another safe plastic to use. PP l mt nha an ton s dng.

Uses S dng

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Plastic Type Loi nha

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Recyclable Ti ch Notes Ghi ch Plastic Type Loi nha Uses S dng Recyclable Ti ch Notes Ghi ch

Plastic Type Loi nha Uses S dng Recyclable Ti ch

6 PS (Polystyrene) 6 PS (Polystyrene) Styrofoam cups, egg cartons, plastic tableware, meat trays, take away containers. Styrofoam ly, hp ng trng, b n bng nha, khay tht, ly i container. Yes. Vng. PS is known to leach a chemical known as styrene which is another endocrine disrupter. PS c bit l mt ha cht r r cc styrene c bit n nh l mt disrupter ni tit. This plastic type can cause development and reproductive issues. y l loi nha c th gy ra cc vn pht trin v sinh sn. This chemical can also be found in smog, cigarette smoke, and other gassy materials. ha cht ny cng c th c tm thy trong sng m khi thuc l,, v vt liu ging nh hi khc. The chemical is leached faster when it's heated. ha hc l leached nhanh hn khi n b nung nng. Avoid this plastic type. Trnh cc loi nha. 7. 7. OTHER KHC Tupperware, Nalgene bottles, gallon water containers. Tupperware, Nalgene chai, thng cha nc gallon. No. Khng. This plastic type is called the 'OTHER' category because it contains all the plastic types that the other categories don't contain. Loi nha ny c gi l 'KHC' th loi bi v n c tt c cc loi nha m cc loi khc khng cha. Among the plastics allowed in this category, a dangerous one known as polycarbonate can reside. Trong s cc sn phm nha c cho php trong th loi ny, mt nguy him c bit n nh mt trong polycarbonate c th c tr. However, some safer plastics can be used within this type. Tuy nhin, mt s cht do an ton hn c th c s dng trong vng loi ny. While this plastic type is generally safer than 1, 3, and 6, it's not recommended for every day use unless you know what type of plastic the company uses. Trong khi cc loi nha thng l an ton hn 1, 3, v 6, n khng c khuyn khch s dng hng ngy tr khi bn bit cng ty loi nha s dng nhng g.

Notes Ghi ch

Plastic Type Loi nha Uses S dng Recyclable Ti ch

Notes Ghi ch

The safest plastics would be type 2, 4, and 5. Cc sn phm nha an ton nht s l loi 2, 4, v 5. The plastics to avoid would be 1, 3, 6, and 7. Cc sn phm nha trnh s c 1, 3, 6, v 7. Of course, avoiding all plastic products is recommended. Tt nhin, trnh cc sn phm nha c khuyn khch. Try to use glass containers instead of Tuppaware. Hy th s dng hp ng knh thay v Tuppaware. However, if you must use plastic containers try to follow some of these tips: Avoid heating plastic containers, keep plastic toys and containers away from babies and children, and try to use the recommended plastic types. Tuy nhin, nu bn phi s dng hp nha c gng lm theo mt s li khuyn: Trnh lm nng hp nha, chi bng nha v gi container i t tr s sinh v tr em, v c gng s dng cc loi nha cc ngh.

Quy trnh ti ch nha

Pre-Preparation D b Chun b
Enabling plastics to be collected for recycling is as important a part of the process as the physical recycling itself. Bt nha phi thu ti ch cng quan trng mt phn ca qu trnh ti ch vt l nh l chnh n. On their own the plastics are often too light to be viable to collect for recycling, certainly over long distances as the cost would be prohibitive. V vic ring ca h nha thng qu nh c hu hiu thu thp ti ch, chc chn trn mt khong cch di nh chi ph s c cm. Baling Compressing materials in a horizontal or vertical press to produce a bale held together by twine or wire. Baling - vt liu nn trong mt hoc dc ngang bo ch sn xut mt kin c t chc vi nhau bng si xe hoc dy. Particularly useful for products like plastic film where if left uncompressed, takes up large volumes of space (mainly fresh air). c bit hu ch cho cc sn phm nh phim nha m nu khng nn li, chim s lng ln khng gian (ch yu l khng kh trong lnh). The compression rate achieved can be as much as 10:1 enabling you to transport 10 times as much plastic in the same space compared to if it was left un-baled. T l nn c th t c cng nhiu cng 10:01 cho php bn vn chuyn 10 ln nha nhiu trong cng mt khng gian so vi khi n c tri b baled. Compacting Similar to baling, a compactor compresses materials into a smaller space than they would otherwise take up. Nn - Tng t nh baling, m mt vt liu nn vo mt khng gian nh hn so vi h nu khng s mt. In plastics recycling compactors are usually used for Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) where the material is compressed and heated, compacting the EPS into a briquette. Trong nha ti ch my m thng c s dng m rng Polystyrene (EPS) trong vt liu c nn v nung nng, m cc EPS vo mt ming than luyn. The heating helps to encourage the material to bind to itself to form the briquette and stop the material from expanding again afterwards. si m gip khuyn khch vt cht rng buc chnh n to thnh ming than luyn v ngng cc vt liu t m rng mt ln na sau .

Preparation Chun b

As in many areas of business and in life, preparation is the key to successful plastic recycling and producing a quality plastic raw material that can be used for manufacturing new plastic products. V trong nhiu lnh vc kinh doanh v trong cuc sng, chun b l cha kha thnh cng nha ti ch v sn xut mt loi vt liu nha nguyn cht lng c th c dng sn xut sn phm nha mi. Prior to any mechanical recycling process taking place we need to ensure that different plastic types are not mixed, metal parts, paper labels and excess dirt and dust are removed from the plastic scrap. Trc khi lm bt k qu trnh ti ch c kh din ra chng ta cn phi m bo rng cc loi nha khc nhau khng phi l hn hp, cc b phn kim loi, nhn giy v cc cht bn v bi vt c ra khi ph liu nha. The following preparation processes may be required:- Cc quy trnh chun b sau y c th c yu cu: Sorting - Identifying components of differing polymer types to allow them to be processed separately and thus ensure the highest quality plastic raw material feedstocks using a variety of manual, mechanical, optical, density and chemical reaction techniques. Phn loi - Xc nh cc thnh phn ca cc loi polymer khc nhau cho php h c x l mt cch ring bit v do m bo cht lng cao nht nha nguyn liu nguyn liu bng cch s dng mt lot cc hng dn s dng, c kh, quang hc, mt v k thut phn ng ha hc. Sawing Some plastic components (like long lengths of extruded pipe) are just to large to fit into even the largest granulation and shredding equipment and so has to be cut down to more manageable sizes. Ca - Mt s thnh phn nha (nh di di ca ng p n) l ch ln ph hp vi ngay c ln nht v trang thit b to ht shredding v nh vy phi c ct gim xung hn kch thc c th qun l. Stripping Plastic is often only one component part of a product sent for recycling. Tc - Nha thng ch c mt thnh phn phn ca mt sn phm c gi ti ch. Things like computers, televisions, wheeled bins, refridgerators etc. are often complicated assemblies which can include metal parts, different polymer types, plastic or paper labels, foam etc. These items all need to be stripped off and segregated prior to mechanical recycling. Nhng th nh my tnh, v tuyn, cm bnh xe thng, vv refridgerators thng phc tp, c th bao gm cc b phn kim loi, loi polymer khc nhau, nha hoc nhn giy, vv bt Cc mc ny tt c cn phi c lt ra v tch bit trc khi ti ch c kh. Washing / Drying - Some waste plastics sent for recycling from post consumer or post industrial applications may have been sat around gathering dust for a long time or may contain residual contaminaton from its original life (ie. fizzy drink residues in a drinks bottle). Git / sy kh - Mt s nha ti ch cht thi c gi t ngi tiu dng post ln hoc ng dng cng nghip c th c ngi quanh thu thp bi trong mt thi gian di hoc c th cha contaminaton cn st li t cuc sng ban u ca n (v d: ung c ga d lng trong mt chai nc ung). This contamination can reduce the quality of the resultant plastic recyclate and therefore should be removed by washing and

drying. nhim ny c th lm gim cht lng ca cc recyclate nha kt qu v do cn c loi b bng cch ra v sy kh.

Size Reduction Kch thc gim

The final recycling process for most plastics is a heat based process where they plastic recyclate is melted down and either reformed into new product or compounded with additives and colourants and pelletised into a high quality raw material that can then be used to manufacture new products. Qu trnh ti ch cui cng cho hu ht cc cht do nhit l mt qu trnh da trn ni h recyclate l nha nng chy xung v mt trong hai ci cch vo sn phm mi hoc pha ln vi cc cht ph gia v colourants v pelletised thnh mt cht lng cao nguyn liu rng c th c s dng sn xut sn phm mi. Before these heat processes can be used it is usual to have to reduce the plastic waste down in size. Trc khi cc qu trnh nhit c th s dng n l bnh thng c gim thiu cht thi nha xung trong kch thc. This is generally done by one or both of the following processes:- Ny thng c to bi mt hoc c hai quy trnh sau: Shredding - Shredding is a quick and efficient way of reducing large unwieldy plastic components into a manageable size. Shredding - shredding l mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu ca vic gim kh s dng thnh phn nha ln thnh mt kch thc c th qun l. The process involves a spinning rotor which rips the plastic apart. Qu trnh ny lin quan n mt cnh qut quay m x nha ngoi. The resulting output is an irregular shaped, roughly cut - approx. Cc u ra kt qu l mt bt thng hnh, khong ct approx. 60mm (can be smaller) - product that is generally still too large to use into a heat based compounding or thermoforming process. 60mm (c th nh hn) - sn phm ni chung vn cn qu ln s dng vo mt nhit da trn li kp hoc thermoforming qu trnh. It is usual therefore to combine shredding and granulation to provide the best quality feedstocks in the shortest possible time. N l bnh thng do kt hp shredding v to ht cung cp nguyn liu cht lng tt nht trong thi gian ngn nht. Granulation This process is similar to shredding, whereby spinning blades cut the plastic components into irregular shaped pieces usually 10-12mm in diameter (known as 'reground' or 'regrind'). To ht - qu trnh ny tng t nh shredding, theo quay li dao ct cc thnh phn nha thnh hnh ming khng u thng 10-12mm, ng knh (c gi l 'reground' hoc 'regrind'). Unlike shredding however, the use of grids in the grinding process allow us the plastic recycler to control the resulting size of the reground, which can then be used as a raw material for subsequent heat based processes. Khng ging nh shredding Tuy nhin, vic s dng li in trong qu trnh mi cho php chng ta ti ch nha kim sot kch thc kt qu ca reground, m sau c th c s dng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh tip theo da trn nhit.

Blending Trn
Blending is the process of creating a large batch of a homogenous mix of product from multiple smaller batches of the same plastic type. Trn l qu trnh to ra mt l ln ca mt hn hp ng nht ca sn phm t nhiu l nh hn ca cng mt loi nha. The blend may also include the addition of process additives and property enhancing additives (although in modern plastic recycling these enhancing additives are generally dosed in during the heat based processes along with colourants). Cc "pha trn" cng c th bao gm vic b sung cc cht ph gia qu trnh v ti sn nng cao cht ph gia (mc d trong nha ti ch cc cht ph gia hin i ni chung l tng cng dosed ti trong cc quy trnh da trn nhit cng vi colourants). The most common type of blender is a fountain blender where plastic raw material is fed into the bottom of the blender, where a vertical rotating screw continually moves it to the top of the blender where it then fountains or sprays the regrind from the top of the screw. Loi ph bin nht ca my xay l mt my xay i phun nc, ni nguyn liu nha c a vo di cng ca my xay, ni mt lun phin lin tc di chuyn dc trc vt n vo pha trn cng ca my xay, ni n sau i phun nc hoc thuc xt cc regrind t u c vt. Foils on the inside of the blender (similar to those inside a concrete mixer) then help to disperse and mix the material. L bn trong ca my xay (tng t nh bn trong mt my trn b tng), sau gip gii tn v trn vt liu. This process continues until a uniform mix of product is achieved. Qu trnh ny tip tc cho n khi hn hp ng nht ca sn phm l t c. The blending process is often used at various stages of the plastic recycling process to maximise the quality of the resulting raw material. Quy trnh pha trn thng c s dng cc giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh ti ch nha ti a ha cht lng ca cc nguyn liu kt qu. Although the main purpose for doing so is to assure product quality, each stage has its own specific benefit. Mc d mc ch chnh lm nh vy l m bo cht lng sn phm, tng giai on c th c li ch ring ca n. The three stages of blending are as follows:- Ba giai on ca vic trn nh sau: Pre-Blending plastic regrind is often transported in 1 tonne bags known as FIBC's. Pre-Trn - regrind nha thng c vn chuyn trong 1 ti tn c gi l FIBC ca. If you look at these bags you can often see the plastic regrind through the bags and it looks like one of those gifts you buy from the beach with multiple layers of different coloured sand. Nu bn nhn vo ti cc bn thng c th nhn thy regrind ti nha thng qua v c v nh mt trong nhng mn qu bn mua t bi bin vi nhiu lp ct mu khc nhau. The plastic recycler has to be sure that each of the layers in a bag is of the same material type before mixing with other bags of plastics and potentially contaminating large quantities of valuable raw material. Vic ti ch nha c m bo rng mi ca cc

lp trong ti xch l ca cng mt loi vt liu trc khi trn vi ti khc bng plastic v c kh nng ly nhim mt lng ln nguyn liu c gi tr. By blending material from a single source which are supposed to be the same plastic type they can get a representative sample of product to check for contamination and to obtain the physical properties for that batch of feedstock. Bng cht liu pha trn t mt ngun duy nht m c ngha v phi c cng loi nha h c th c c mt mu i din ca sn phm kim tra nhim v c c nhng tnh cht vt l cho rng l nguyn liu. Blending allows the plastic recycler to create a formula for a required specification from a selection of plastics of the same type but possibly with different characteristics or from different sources. Trn - cho php ti ch nha to ra mt cng thc cho mt c im k thut cn thit t mt la chn cc sn phm nha cng loi nhng c th vi cc c tnh khc nhau hoc t cc ngun khc nhau. Again the purpose of blending is to create a homogenous batch of plastic which will produce a consistent quality recycled plastic compound. Mt ln na mc ch ca vic trn l to ra mt lot ng nht ca nha s sn xut mt cht lng ph hp cht nha ti ch. Without this uniformity the characteristics of the resulting plastic compound may vary as it goes through the batch which will cause processing problems for the moulder, increasing production cycyles, increasing scrap rates and potentially reducing product quality. Nu khng c tnh ng nht ny cc c tnh ca hp cht nha kt qu c th khc nhau khi n i qua hng lot s gy ra vn ch bin sup , tng cycyles sn xut, t l ph liu ngy cng tng v c kh nng lm gim cht lng sn phm. Post blending no matter how much attention the recycler gives to ensuring the consistency of their finished compound it is still possible that minor fluctuations throughout the compounding process will cause variations in the physical properties or colour of the resulting product. Post trn - khng c vn ti ch bao nhiu s ch ban cho bo m s thng nht ca cc hp cht hon thnh ca h vn cn c th c bin ng nh trong sut qu trnh kp s gy ra cc bin th trong cc tnh cht vt l hoc mu sc ca sn phm kt qu. Post-blending is a post production process where the finished compound can be mixed to obtain a more consistent final product. Post-trn l mt qu trnh sn xut bi m hp cht hon thnh c th c pha trn c c mt sn phm cui cng nht qun hn.

Compounding Tng Hp
Each stage of the plastic recycling process is designed to improve the quality of the resulting recycled plastic raw material and to thus increase its value and to improve the quality of the resulting new product. Mi giai on ca qu trnh ti ch nha c thit k ci thin cht lng ca cc vt cht liu nha ti ch v do lm tng gi tr ca n v nng cao cht lng ca sn phm mi kt qu.

It is possible to use regrind from the granulation process directly into a heat based process such as injection moulding or sheet extrusion and produce a new moulded product but use of regrind in this way generally has numerous processing and quality downsides and so is generally only used in lower grade applications. C th s dng regrind t qu trnh to ht trc tip vo qu trnh da trn nhit nh c tim hoc n tm v sn xut mt sn phm mi c nhng s dng regrind theo cch ny ni chung ch bin nhiu v nhc im cht lng v do thng ch c s dng trong cp thp hn cc ng dng. The compounding process is a heat based recycling process where plastics and additives are metered into a hopper at one end of a barrel. Qu trnh nhit kp l mt qu trnh m da ti ch nha v cht ph gia l mt ng h o vo phu mt u ca mt thng. The material is transported along the length of the barrel via an Archimedes screw and is melted by applying heat via external heater bands as well as the friction (shear heat) generated by the action of the screw(s) within the barrel of the compounding extruder. Vt liu ny c vn chuyn dc theo chiu di ca nng sng qua mt c vt Archimedes v c nu chy bng cch p dng thng qua cc ban nhc nhit nng bn ngoi cng nh s ma st (ct nhit) c to ra bi cc hnh ng ca trc vt (s) trong thng ca my n kp . As the plastic travels along the barrel, specially designed sections of the screw knead, mix and compound the plastic and special openings (vents) allow any volatiles (noxious gases) and moisture to be removed. Theo cc b phn nha i dc theo thng, thit k c bit ca c vt nho, trn v hp cht nha v cc l c bit (l thng hi) cho php bt k cht d bay hi (kh c hi) v m c g b. Additives and fillers can be added via additional side-feeders. Ph gia v cht n c th c thm qua bn thmfeeders. At the end of the barrel, the melted plastic flows through a wire screen that filters out any residual dirt, grit or other contaminants, and is then forced through a die plate. Vo cui nng sng, chy nha nng chy thng qua mt mn hnh dy rng cc b lc ra bt c cht bn cn st li, grit hoc cht gy nhim khc, v sau buc phi thng qua mt tm cht.

Other Melt Reclamation Processes Cc quy trnh qun l ngun nc tan

Some plastic products are difficult to recycle by following the grind, blend and melt routine on different pieces of equipment. Mt s sn phm nha rt kh ti ch bng cch lm theo xay, trn v tan chy thng xuyn trn phn khc nhau ca thit b. Products such as plastic film, plastic bags, FIBC's, corrugated plastic board (Corex), plastic based fabric etc. are too light to be processed in the usual way. Cc sn phm nh phim nha, ti nha, FIBC ca, Ban tn nha (Corex), vv vi nha da trn qu nh c x l theo cch thng thng.

A melt reclamation plant linked to a shredder at the front end enable such materials to be recycled and like a standard compounding process additives, fillers and colours can be introduced to the polymer pellet produced and offer material to agreed repeatable specifications. Mt nh my khai hoang tan lin kt vi mt shredder cui pha trc cho php vt liu c ti ch v nh mt cht ph gia qu trnh kp tiu chun, cht n v mu sc c th c gii thiu vi cc ming polymer sn xut v cung cp vt liu ng thng s k thut lp li.

Green Ant - Facilitating Plastic Recycling Green Ant To iu kin ti ch nha

As a facilitator of plastic recycling, Green Ant have access to all of these plastic recycling services via their network of plastic recycling associates . L ngi h tr ti ch nha, Green Ant c th truy cp tt c cc dch v ti ch nha thng qua mng li ca h lin kt ti ch nha .

Pht trin th nghim mt h thng phn loi t ng cho ti ch nha DA Wahab, A. Hussain, E. Scavino, MM Mustafa and H. Basri DA Wahab, A. Hussain, E. Scavino, MM Mustafa v H. Basri Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia Khoa K thut, Trng i hc Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43.600 Bangi UKM, DE Selangor, Malaysia Abstract: Automated sorting for plastic recyclables has been seen as the way forward in the plastic Tm tt: t ng phn loi ti ch nha c xem l cch chuyn tip trong cc nha recycling industry. ngnh cng nghip ti ch. Automated sorting provides significant improvements in terms of efficiency and T ng phn loi cung cp ci tin ng k v hiu qu v

consistency in the sorting process. nht qun trong qu trnh phn loi. In the case of macro sorting, which is the most common type of Trong trng hp phn loi v m, l loi ph bin nht automated sorting, efficiency is determined by the mechanical details of the material handling system phn loi t ng, hiu qu c xc nh bi cc chi tit c hc ca vt liu x l h thng as well as the detection system. cng nh h thng pht hin. This paper provides a review on the state of-the-art technologies that Bi bo ny cung cp mt nh gi cho nh nc ca-ngh thut-cng ngh have been deployed by some of the recycling facilities abroad. c trin khai bi mt s cc c s ti ch nc ngoi. The design and development of a cost Thit k v pht trin ca chi ph effective prototype automated system for sorting plastic recyclables is proposed and discussed. hiu qu h thng mu t ng phn loi nha ti ch c xut v tho lun. Key words: Automated sorting, image processing, material handling, plastic recyclables, recycling T kha: t ng phn loi, x l nh, x l vt liu, ti ch nha, ti ch INTRODUCTION GII THIU Plastic materials are generally light, able to contain vt liu nha ni chung l nh, c th cha most consumable and household liquids and as such, hu ht cc h gia nh tiu th v cc cht lng v nh vy, are one of the highly utilized materials for domestic l mt trong nhng s dng vt liu cao cho trong nc packaging. ng gi. Plastic packaging can be made of different bao b nha c th c lm bng khc nhau types of resins and the most common are PET, HDPE, cc loi nha tng hp v ph bin nht l PET, HDPE, LDPE, PVC, PP and PS as listed in Table 1. LDPE, PVC, PP v PS c lit k trong Bng 1. They are H l nhng among the type of plastic materials that have numerous trong s cc loi vt liu nha c rt nhiu recycled applications. ti ch cc ng dng. There are two methods for C hai phng php cho sorting recyclables; either through manual sorting or phn loi ti ch; hoc thng qua phn loi th cng hoc using automated systems. s dng h thng t ng. For plastic materials, sorting i vi vt liu nha, phn loi is normally based on the resin categories. l bnh thng da trn cc loi nha. This is y l important due to the fact that for plastic materials to be quan trng do thc t rng i vi vt liu nha c recycled into useable resins, a pure stream of resin must ti ch thnh cc loi nha s dng c, mt dng sui tinh khit ca nha phi be obtained. thu c. Inefficient sorting that leads to a Phn loi khng hiu qu dn n mt

combination of different types of resins for example, s kt hp ca cc loi nha v d, PVC and PET can result in the release of hydrochloric PVC v PET c th dn n vic pht hnh clohiric gases kh [1] [1] .. Manual sorting relies on plant personnel who Hng dn phn loi da vo nhn vt ngi visually identify and pick plastic bottles as they travel trc quan xc nh v la chn chai nha khi h i du lch along the conveyor belt dc theo bng chuyn [2] [2] . . These bottles are then sorted Nhng chai ny sau c sp xp into the respective containers. vo cc thng cha tng ng. Manual sorting may not Hng dn phn loi c th khng be a suitable option for recycling facilities of high l mt la chn thch hp cho cc c s ti ch cao throughput. thng qua. It has also been noted that the high turnover N cng c ghi nhn rng kim ngch cao among sorting line workers had caused difficulties in gia cc cng nhn ng dy phn loi gy ra kh khn trong achieving consistency in the plastic separation t c nht qun trong vic tch nha process qu trnh [3] [3] .. Automated sorting systems employ a detection h thng phn loi t ng s dng mt pht hin system or a combination of detection systems to h thng hoc s kt hp ca h thng pht hin identify the different types of plastic recyclable. xc nh cc loi nha ti ch. These Nhng detection systems utilize state-of-the art technologies to h thng pht hin s dng nh nc-of-the-ngh thut n cng ngh automatically sort plastics either by resin type, shape, t ng phn loi cht do hoc bng loi nha, hnh dng, color or both. mu sc hoc c hai. Automated sorting for plastic material T ng phn loi vt liu nha can be either whole bottle sorting (macro-sorting) or c th l phn loi ton b chai (v m phn loi) hoc flake sorting (micro-sorting). flake phn loi (phn loi vi sinh). Flake sorting systems sort Flake h thng phn loi sp xp plastic in granulated form and are able to handle large nha dng ct v c kh nng x l ln volume of the material khi lng ca vt liu [2] [2] ..

Table 1: Plastic bottle recycle code system and material Bng 1: Chai nha ti ch h thng m v cht liu Code M s system h thng Material Cht liu Code M s System H thng Material Cht liu 1-PETE 1-PETE Polyethylene Polyethylene Terephthalate Terephthalate 5-PP 5-PP Poly- Polypropylene propylene 2-HDPE 2-HDPE High Density Mt cao Polyethylene Polyethylene 6-PS 6-PS Poly-styrene Poly-styrene 3-V or PVC 3-V hoc PVC Vinyl/ Vinyl / Poly-vinyl Poly-vinyl Chloride Chloride 7-Other 7-Other 4-LDPE Low 4-LDPE thp Density Mt Polyethylene Polyethylene State-of-the-art technologies in automated sorting: Nh nc-of-ngh thut-cng ngh trong phn loi t ng: Whilst flake-sorting system or microsorting is gaining Trong khi flake-phn loi h thng hoc microsorting l c acceptance in the recycling industry, whole bottle chp nhn trong ngnh cng nghip ti ch, c chai sorting or macrosorting is still the most prevalent form phn loi hay macrosorting vn l hnh thc ph bin nht of automated sorting. sp xp t ng. During macrosorting, a detection Trong macrosorting, mt pht hin system will detect the plastic recyclables based on its H thng s pht hin cc nha ti ch ca n da trn resin type or colour or even its physical characteristics. loi hoc nha mu hay thm ch c tnh vt l ca n. Upon analysis, these plastic bottles will be removed Sau khi phn tch, cc chai nha s c g b from the conveyor belt into their respective storage bin, t bng ti vo thng lu tr ca mnh,

using ejectors such as high-pressure air jets ejectors s dng nh my bay phn lc p sut khng kh cao [4] [4] . . Optical Quang hc Sorting systems, Near Infrared Systems and X-Ray Phn loi cc h thng, h thng hng ngoi gn v X-Ray technologies are some of the common technologies cng ngh l mt s cc cng ngh ph bin used in automated sorting systems. c s dng trong cc h thng phn loi t ng. Optical Sorting Systems use visible light to Phn loi cc h thng quang hc s dng nh sng nhn thy separate HDPE plastic bottles by color. ring chai nha HDPE theo mu sc. Optical systems H thng quang hc use black and white cameras for single colour s dng v my nh trng en cho mu sc separation, for example, detecting coloured bottles in a tch, v d, pht hin trong mt chai mu stream of non-pigmented, natural HDPE bottles. dng khng nhum mu, HDPE chai t nhin. Optical sorting systems that provide multiple color Quang phn loi h thng cung cp nhiu mu sc separations use a colour camera. ly thn s dng mt my nh mu sc. Commercially Thng mi available systems can now sort a wide variety of h thng c sn by gi c th sp xp nhiu loi colours including very faint translucent colored bottles. mu sc bao gm rt m nht mu chai m. Page 2 Trang 2 Am. Am. J. Appl. J. Appl. Sci., 3 (7): 1924-1928, 2006 Khoa hc., 3 (7): 1924-1928, 2006 1925 1925 Near Infrared (NIR) Systems is a portion of the light Gn hng ngoi (NIR) H thng l mt phn ca nh sng spectrum that is invisible to the human eye. ph l v hnh vi mt ngi. When Khi plastic bottles are exposed to NIR signals, each plastic chai nha c tip xc vi cc tn hiu NIR, mi nha resin absorbs specific wavelengths and transmits others nha hp th cc bc sng c th v truyn nhng ngi khc that constitute unique characteristic responses, which to thnh c tnh phn ng duy nht, are then detected by sensors. sau c pht hin bi cc cm bin. NIR can be designed to NIR c th c thit k differentiate between a wide range of plastic resin phn bit gia mt lot cc ht nha types. cc loi. The advantage of using NIR is that surface Li th ca vic s dng NIR l b mt contaminants such as labels do not affect the efficiency cht gy nhim nh nhn khng nh hng n hiu qu

of the sorting process. ca qu trnh phn loi. However, it is important to note Tuy nhin, iu quan trng cn lu that NIR detection systems cannot detect bottles that are NIR rng h thng pht hin khng th pht hin c chai blocked by another packaging. b chn bi bao b khc. It is therefore critical for Do quan trng cho bottles to be presented to the detector one at a time to chai phi c trnh by vi mt trong nhng pht hin ti mt thi gian maximize accuracy and therefore quality. ti a ha tnh chnh xc, do cht lng. Xrays are X-quang l used for identifying PVC plastics as it detects the c s dng xc nh nha PVC v n pht hin presence of the chlorine atom found in PVC bottles s hin din ca nguyn t chlorine c tm thy trong chai nha PVC from its unique peak in the X-ray spectrum. t nh im c o ca n trong ph tia X. The use of Vic s dng X-Ray technology however, would require registration X-Ray cng ngh tuy nhin, s yu cu ng k and compliance to the relevant OSHA regulations v tun th cc quy nh c lin quan OSHA [2] [2] .. The development of systems to automatically sort S pht trin ca h thng t ng sp xp post consumer plastic has started since 1989 and two nha tiu dng bt u ng bi t nm 1989 v hai years later the first commercial system that separates nm sau, h thng thng mi u tin phn cch PVC from PET using X-Ray technology, was PVC t PET s dng cng ngh X-Ray, c introduced gii thiu [5] [5] . . Since then, research and development K t , nghin cu v pht trin efforts in this area has escalated rapidly, more so with nhng n lc trong lnh vc ny leo thang nhanh chng, nhiu hn nh vy vi the increasing awareness on engineering life cycle nhn thc ngy cng tng v chu k sng k thut issues cc vn such nh vy as nh design thit k for cho recycling, ti ch, reuse, ti s dng, remanufacture etc. ti sn xut, vv

The current automated systems provide efficient Cc h thng t ng hin ti cung cp hiu qu sorting for plastic materials. phn loi i vi nguyn liu nha. However, it requires high Tuy nhin, n i hi cao investment u t in trong the cc specific ring technologies cng ngh and v machineries. my mc. The use of these technologies are however Vic s dng cc cng ngh ny l tuy nhin inappropriate for low to medium recycling volume for khng ph hp vi khi lng thp n trung bnh cho ti ch example in countries such as Malaysia. V d cc nc nh Malaysia. In view of that, Trong quan im , a study has been conducted to determine the viability of mt nghin cu c tin hnh xc nh tnh kh thi ca imaging technology for automated sorting. hnh nh cng ngh cho phn loi t ng. For i vi purposes of this initial study, plastic recyclables of mc ch ca nghin cu ny ban u, ti ch nha PET/PETE, HDPE and PVC resin type were identified PET / PETE, HDPE v cc loi nha PVC c xc nh and classified into two main classes of plastic v c phn loi thnh hai nhm chnh ca nha recyclables: PET and non PET with the HDPE and ti ch: PET v PET khng HDPE v vi PVC belong to the non PET class. PVC thuc v lp PET khng. The PET bottles are Cc chai PET c mainly designed for edible liquid such as mineral water ch yu l n c thit k cho cht lng nh nc khong and drinking juice while the non PET bottles are v ung nc tri cy trong khi cc chai PET khng c commonly used for chemical based liquid such as thng c s dng cho ha hc da trn cht lng nh household detergent, pesticide etc. h gia nh cht ty ra, thuc tr su, vv System description: The intelligent sorting system H thng m t: H thng phn loi thng minh comprised the material handling system and the bao gm h thng x l cht liu v detection system. H thng pht hin. In a sorting process for either whole Trong mt qu trnh sp xp cho c hai bottle or flake sorting, proper feeding and preparation chai hoc phn loi flake, cho n ng v chun b of the feed stream is critical to the optimal separation ca dng ngun cp d liu l rt quan trng cho vic tch ti u

efficiency of the recyclables and at least equally hiu qu ca vic ti ch v t nht bng nhau important as the quality of the detection system used quan trng l cht lng ca h thng pht hin s dng [5] [5] .. The main components of the material handling system Cc thnh phn chnh ca vt liu x l h thng are the hopper, conveyor belt, the ejector and the l phu, bng ti, may phun v cc collecting bins for the different types of recyclables thu thp cc thng cho cc loi ti ch while the detection system is made up of the machine trong khi h thng pht hin c to ra ca my tnh vision system. tm nhn h thng. Figure 1 illustrates the main components Hnh 1 minh ha cc thnh phn chnh of the automated sorting system. ca h thng phn loi t ng. Fig. Hnh. 1: A diagrammatic illustration of the automated 1: Mt minh ha gian ca t ng sorting system h thng phn loi For the purpose of the prototype system, Vi mc ch ca h thng nguyn mu, recyclables shall be dropped onto the hopper and ti ch s c b vo phu v allowed to fall in a horizontal position and single-filed c xp vo mt v tr nm ngang v np n as they move along the conveyor belt. khi chng di chuyn dc theo bng chuyn. This requirement Yu cu ny is similar to an automated system that uses NIR as the tng t nh mt h thng t ng s dng NIR l detector, whereby recyclables shall be presented to the pht hin, theo ti ch s c trnh ln detector one at a time to maximize accuracy and pht hin cng mt lc ti a ha tnh chnh xc, therefore quality. do cht lng. The prototype system shall be able to H thng nguyn mu th c th handle, detect and sort plastic recyclables of various x l, pht hin v phn loi ti ch nha ca nhiu sizes from as small as a Vitagen bottle (150 ml ) to a kch thc t nh nh mt chai Vitagen (150 ml) vo mt recyclable as large as a domestic cooking oil plastic ti ch to ln nh du nu n bng nha trong nc container (1500 ml ). For the purpose of the prototype, container (1.500 ml). Vi mc ch ca nguyn mu, the category of plastic materials that can be separated is cc chng loi vt liu nha c th c tch ra l limited to PET and non-PET materials only. gii hn PET v PET khng ch vt liu. The material handling system comprised the Cc vt liu bao gm cc h thng x l

hopper and the conveyor system. phu v bng ti h thng. The design of each Thit k ca mi system component underwent the design methodology h thng thnh phn tri qua cc phng php thit k process namely identification of design requirements, c th l qu trnh xc nh cc yu cu thit k, generation of design concepts and evaluation of the th h ca cc khi nim thit k v thm nh ca concepts in view of selecting the final design concept. khi nim v xem la chn cc khi nim thit k cui cng. In defining the requirements for the hopper and the Trong vic xc nh cc yu cu i vi cc phu v conveyor system, constraints such as the length of the h thng bng ti, hn ch nh di ca conveyor belt, capabilities of the detector and cost were Bng ti, kh nng ca cc my d v chi ph c taken into consideration. c xem xt. The design requirements for the material handling Vic thit k cc yu cu cho vic x l vt liu system were specified as follows: h thng c quy nh nh sau: i. i. Capable of holding a small batch of plastic C kh nng nm gi mt l nh bng nha recyclables of various shapes and sizes, from as ti ch ca cc hnh dng v kch c khc nhau, t khi small as a Vitagen bottle to a 1.5 l cooking oil nh nh l mt chai Vitagen n 1,5 l du n container; container; ii. ii. Capable of controlling the movement and flow rate C kh nng kim sot vic vn chuyn v tc dng chy of the plastic recyclables in the hopper. ca ti ch nha trong phu ny. The flow Cc dng chy shall be smooth in order to avoid congestion at the c mn trnh n tc ti exit of the hopper. xut cnh ca phu ny. iii. iii. Capable of dropping plastic recyclables one at a C kh nng ti ch nha ri mt lc mt time on to the conveyor belt so as to prevent thi gian cc bng ti trnh overlapping of the recyclables as they move along chng cho ca ti ch khi chng di chuyn cng the conveyor belt. cc bng ti. This is to facilitate detection and iu ny l to iu kin pht hin v separation of the different types of plastic tch cc loi nha recyclables. ti ch. Development of the system structure for the Pht trin ca cu trc h thng cho cc machine vision module: During the initial stage, the my tm nhn module: Trong giai on ban u,

viability of machine vision for detecting plastic material tnh kh thi ca th gic my pht hin nguyn liu nha Page 3 Page 3 Am. Am. J. Appl. J. Appl. Sci., 3 (7): 1924-1928, 2006 Khoa hc., 3 (7): 1924-1928, 2006 1926 1926 Recognized Image Hnh nh c cng nhn FEATURE C IM EXTRACTOR Cai kep PRE- PREPROCESSOR X l CLASSIFIER Phn loi Digitized Image Hnh nh s ha was studied. c nghin cu. Initially, sorting was based on the material Ban u, phn loi da trn vt liu used for the plastic bottles. s dng cho cc chai nha. By limiting the types of Bng cch hn ch loi plastics to be sorted to PET/PETE and non-PET cht do c sp xp PET / PETE v PET khng materials, the focus of the study would only be on 2- vt liu, trng tm ca nghin cu s ch c trn 2 categorical pattern recognition task. phn minh m hnh cng nhn nhim v. The outcome of Kt qu ca this research can be integrated as an embedded nghin cu ny c th c tch hp nh l mt nhng framework to develop the automated system using khun kh pht trin cc h thng t ng bng cch s dng machine vision. my tm nhn. Figure 2 shows the overall system Hnh 2 cho thy cc h thng tng th design structure, which consists of three main thit k cu trc, trong bao gm ba chnh components namely, the pre-processing, feature cc thnh phn c th l, cc tin x l, tnh nng extraction and classification. khai thc v phn loi. For the development of i vi s pht trin ca the automated sorting system, image-processing h thng t ng phn loi, x l hnh nh techniques were used. k thut c s dng. It involved the feature extraction N lin quan n khai thc tnh nng and image recognition modules ie the sorting of plastic v hnh nh nhn dng m-un ngha l vic phn loi nha bottles/packages was based on images. chai / gi c da trn hnh nh. The images Cc hnh nh were preprocessed and several features such as the preprocessed v mt s tnh nng nh histogram, area, perimeter, centroid, hue etc. were biu , din tch, chu vi, centroid, mu sc vv c

extracted beforehand. trch trc. Fig. Hnh. 2: The overall system structure 2: H thng tng th cu trc The Pre-processing component performs the Cc thnh phn ch bin thc hin D b following operations: thresholding, morphological hot ng sau y: thresholding, hnh thi operation, grid to acquire uniform image and edge , Li hot ng thu c hnh nh thng nht v cnh detection via boundary tracing algorithm. pht hin thng qua ranh gii truy tm thut ton. Thresholding Thresholding is a non-linear operation that converts a gray-scale l mt hot ng phi tuyn tnh c th chuyn i mt mu xm quy m image into a binary image where the two levels are hnh thnh mt hnh nh nh phn, ni hai cp l assigned to pixels that are below or above the specified giao cho im nh c di y hoc trn cc quy nh threshold value. gi tr ngng. Morphological operation applies a structuring Hnh thi hot ng p dng mt c cu element to an input image, creating an output image of yu t mt hnh nh u vo, to ra mt hnh nh u ra ca the same size. cng mt kch c. The most basic morphological operations Cc hnh thi hot ng c bn nht are dilation and erosion. ang gin n v xi mn. Edge detection refers to the Edge pht hin dng ch process of identifying and locating sharp discontinuities qu trnh xc nh v nh v khng lin tc sc nt in an image. trong mt hnh nh. The preprocessed images are further analyzed to Cc hnh nh preprocessed c phn tch r hn extract important features to represent the images in a trch xut cc tnh nng quan trng i din hnh nh trong mt compact and reduced form. nh gn v gim hnh thc. In this work, feature Trong tc phm ny, tnh nng extractions were based on the shape and color context nh c da trn hnh dng v mu sc bi cnh of the plastic bottles. ca chai nha. Fig. Hnh. 3: An example of the design concept (front view) 3: Mt v d v khi nim thit k (xem trc) for the hopper cho hopper Fig. Hnh. 4: A rendered image of the final design concept 4: Mt hnh nh kt xut ca khi nim thit k cui cng There C are c three ba main chnh approaches phng php tip cn to n

shape hnh dng representation: 1) boundary or contour-based 2) region i din: 1) hoc da trn ranh gii 2) khu vc bao quanh or area based and 3) skeleton based hoc khu vc v da trn 3) da trn b xng [6] [6] . . The identified Vic xc nh feature vectors are histogram of the images, histogram vect tnh nng c biu ca hnh nh, biu of FCC, Fourier descriptor and centroidal method. ca FCC, Fourier v phng php m t centroidal. Thus Do far, the boundary-based approach was implemented n nay, cc phng php tip cn da trn ranh gii c trin khai using Freeman Chain Code (FCC) algorithm, which s dng Freeman Chain M (FCC) thut ton, m was introduced by Herbert Freeman in 1961. c gii thiu bi Herbert Freeman nm 1961. Design and development work Thit k v pht trin cng vic Design of the hopper: Challenges in designing the Thit k ca phu l: Nhng thch thc trong thit k hopper lies in the requirement for handling recyclables phu nm trong yu cu x l ti ch of different shapes and sizes whilst ensuring a hnh dng v kch c khc nhau trong khi m bo singulated flow on the conveyor belt. singulated dng chy trn bng chuyn. Several design concepts were generated and Mt s khi nim thit k c to ra v evaluated based on the design requirements. nh gi da trn cc yu cu thit k. Figure 3 Hnh 3 shows an example of the design concept generated for cho thy mt v d v khi nim thit k to ra cho the hopper. cc phu. The hopper was designed with two plates phu ny c thit k vi hai tm attached to the wall. gn lin vi tng. These plates were placed at Cc tm ny c t ti different heights and on opposite sides of the wall. chiu cao khc nhau v trn cc cnh i din ca bc tng. The Cc function of the plates is to reduce the flowrate of the chc nng ca cc tm l gim flowrate ca recyclables. ti ch. At the bottom of the hopper is a rotating di cng ca phu l mt lun phin blade that gently rotates for the same purpose. blade m nh nhng quay cho cng mt mc ch. Based on Da trn this concept, several other design options were khi nim ny, mt s ty chn thit k khc c generated and proposed including the use of two to ra v xut bao gm vic s dng hai

rotating blades; one at the upper part and another at the quay li; mt phn trn v mt Page 4 Trang 4 Am. Am. J. Appl. J. Appl. Sci., 3 (7): 1924-1928, 2006 Khoa hc., 3 (7): 1924-1928, 2006 1927 1927 Sensor 2 B cm bin 2 Non- Khng PET PET PET PET Flow of recyclables Lu lng ti ch Compressed Nn air khng kh lower part of the hopper. thp hn mt phn ca cc phu. The upper rotating blade Vic lun phin trn li rotates at a slower speed compared to the lower rotating quay tc chm hn so vi quay thp blade in order to control the flowrate of the recyclables. li iu khin cc flowrate ca ti ch. All the proposed concepts were evaluated and a final Tt c cc khi nim c xut c nh gi v mt trn chung kt concept was selected as shown in Fig. khi nim c la chn nh hnh. 4. 4. The final Trn chung kt concept incorporates a special purpose tray consisting khi nim kt hp mt khay mc ch c bit gm of different apertures sizes based on the size categories kch thc ca khu khc nhau da trn cc loi kch thc of the recyclables. ca ti ch. The tray which acts as a flow control Khay m hnh vi nh mt iu khin dng chy mechanism is placed at a declining position at the exit c ch c t ti mt v tr ti thot khi suy gim of the hopper. ca phu. Fig. Hnh. 5: An example of the ejector using compressed 5: Mt v d v may phun bng cch s dng nn air (top view) khng kh (mi nht xem) For the purpose of the prototype, the length of the Vi mc ch ca nguyn mu, di ca conveyor was limited to 1.5 m . Bng chuyn c gii hn trong 1,5 m. An ejector that separates An may phun phn cch the non-PET from the PET material shall be placed at cc PET khng t vt liu PET s c t ti the end of the conveyor belt. s kt thc ca bng ti. Several ejecting Mt s ejecting mechanisms were proposed including the use of a cc c ch c xut bao gm vic s dng mt movable plate that flaps down 45 di chuyn tm rng cnh t xung 45 oo or 90 hoc 90

oo from its t ca n horizontal position depending on the type of materials v tr nm ngang ty thuc vo loi vt liu for the respective bins. cho thng tng ng. Other options include the use of ty chn khc bao gm vic s dng a pressurised air jet (Fig. 5) and a double acting mt my bay phn lc khng kh p sut cao (Hnh 5) v mt i din xut pneumatic cylinder. xi lanh kh nn. Upon detection by the vision Khi pht hin bi tm nhn system, these ejectors will eject non-PET from the h thng, cc ejectors s y phi PET t material flow, into their respective collecting bins. dng chy vt cht, thu thp ca h vo thng tng ng. Each design concept was evaluated based on the Mi khi nim thit k c nh gi da trn specified requirements. quy nh cc yu cu. The use of pressurized air jets Vic s dng my bay phn lc khng kh p sut cao was felt to be inappropriate for use in the prototype cm thy l khng ph hp s dng trong nguyn mu system due to difficulties in controlling the amount and h thng do kh khn trong vic kim sot s lng v direction of the air from the orifice. hng ca khng kh t cc l chai. The pressure of the p lc ca air jet required to blow off a sample of higher density my bay phn lc khng kh cn thit thi tt mt mu ca mt cao hn for example, a shampoo bottle made of High Density v d, mt chai du gi u lm bng mt cao Polyethylene (HDPE) material would certainly differ Polyethylene (HDPE) vt cht chc chn s khc nhau from a much lighter recyclable for example, a Vitagen t mt ci bt la c th ti ch nhiu v d, mt Vitagen bottle. chai. For the prototype system, pneumatic cylinder i vi h thng nguyn mu, xi lanh kh nn was selected as the ejector. c chn lm may phun ny. The main requirement for the machine vision Yu cu chnh cho cc my tm nhn system is the capability to identify plastic bottles h thng c kh nng xc nh cc chai nha arriving at random times in random positions and n vo nhng thi im ngu nhin cc v tr ngu nhin v orientations on a moving conveyor belt. nh hng trn mt bng chuyn chuyn ng. Moreover, the Hn na, speed in the image acquisition and treatment as well as tc trong vic mua li hnh nh v iu tr cng nh in pattern recognition plays a fundamental role trong nhn dng mu ng mt vai tr c bn

for cho industrial applications in view of the amount of waste cng nghip ng dng trong xem ca lng cht thi to be processed. c x l. When considering the economics of a machine Khi xem xt kinh t ca mt my tnh vision system for the identification and sorting of tm nhn h thng cho vic xc nh v phn loi (a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) Fig. Hnh. 6: Non PET and PET sample for (a) original (b) 6: Non PET v PET cho mu (mt) bn gc (b) binarized and (c) feature binarized v (c) tnh nng plastic bottles, the most cost effective choice was for a chai nha, chi ph hiu qu nht cho s la chn c mt cheap commercially available computer camera for thng mi sn c my tnh gi r cho my nh image acquisition. hnh nh mua li. A customize software was developed Mt ty chnh phn mm c pht trin using standard image processing techniques; feature s dng cc k thut x l hnh nh tiu chun; tnh nng extraction and classification were performed by khai thc v phn loi c thc hin bi analysis of shape as well as artificial intelligence phn tch hnh dng cng nh tr tu nhn to techniques. k thut. The camera, a commercially available color web- Cc my nh, mt thng mi sn c mu webcam, was placed vertically over a stretch of the cam, c t theo chiu dc trn mt on ca conveyor belt in order to encompass its whole width. Bng ti bao gm ton b chiu rng ca n. The repetition rate of the camera alone was limited by T l lu ban ca my nh c gii hn bi mt mnh the amount of light on the object plane and was lng nh sng trn my bay i tng v c typically 1/20s in laboratory conditions. thng 1/20s trong iu kin phng th nghim. At present, the Hin nay, camera is capable of taking a new image every 1/5s, ie camera c kh nng tham gia mt hnh nh mi mi 1/5s, tc l after analysis of the previously acquired image. sau khi phn tch hnh nh thu c trc . The Cc identification of objects in an image was performed by xc nh cc i tng trong mt hnh nh c thc hin bi calculating the gradient of each color plane. tnh gradient ca mi chic my bay mu. An edge Mt cnh

point was selected if the sum of the three gradients was im c la chn nu tng ca ba gradients c over a pre-selected threshold. hn mt la chn trc ngng. Both, the raw image and C hai, hnh nh nguyn the binary image obtained using the edge detection was hnh nh nh phn thu c bng cch s dng c pht hin cnh treated with standard noise reduction filters. iu tr bng cc b lc gim ting n tiu chun. The extraction of features was based on the shape Vic khai thc cc tnh nng da trn hnh dng of the binarized image. ca hnh nh binarized. This technique is fast and K thut ny c nhanh chng v reliable and allows the identification of multiple objects ng tin cy v cho php vic xc nh cc i tng nhiu in a single image; however it requires a database trong mt hnh nh duy nht, tuy nhin n i hi mt c s d liu containing all the features of known bottles and it is not cha tt c cc tnh nng ca chai c bit n v n khng phi l capable of identifying a new specimen when it appears c kh nng xc nh mt mu mi khi n xut hin on the conveyor belt. trn bng chuyn. Nevertheless, even in an industrial Tuy nhin, ngay c trong cng nghip application, all unidentified objects can be easily ng dng, tt c cc i tng khng xc nh c th d dng separated for insertion in the database and then tch ra chn vo c s d liu v sau recirculated for processing. recirculated ch bin. The database on features of known bottles was C s d liu v cc tnh nng ca chai c bit n l built for testing purposes. xy dng cho mc ch th nghim. It consists of a set of 35 N bao gm mt tp hp ca 35 different plastic bottles and contains a set of features for chai nha khc nhau v cha mt tp hp cc tnh nng cho every bottle including the type of plastic. mi chai bao gm c cc loi nha. The extracted Cc chit xut features include the length and width along the tnh nng bao gm chiu di v chiu rng dc theo principal axes, the area, the aspect ratio, and the cc trc chnh, khu vc, t l, v perimeter evaluated in polar coordinates out of the area nh gi trong chu vi ta cc ra khi khu vc centroid of the binarized image over 90 predefined centroid ca hnh nh binarized trn 90 c xc nh trc angles. gc. The color properties of the original image were Cc tnh cht mu sc ca cc hnh nh ban u c not taken into account at this stage because of the khng c xt n giai on ny v extreme influence of the lighting conditions. cc nh hng ca iu kin nh sng.

Several techniques have been tested for the pattern Mt s k thut c th nghim cho m hnh matching and the identification of the plastic bottles in ph hp v xc cc s chai nha trong Page 5 Trang 5 Am. Am. J. Appl. J. Appl. Sci., 3 (7): 1924-1928, 2006 Khoa hc., 3 (7): 1924-1928, 2006 1928 1928 an image. mt hnh nh. The Euclidean distance between a subset of Khong cch Euclide gia mt tp hp con ca stored and measured features proved to be very reliable lu tr v o cc tnh nng c minh chng rt ng tin cy even in cases of bottles with similar shape. ngay c trong trng hp chai vi hnh dng tng t. Several Mt s artificial neural network models were considered m hnh mng thn kinh nhn to c coi l [7,8] [7,8] and the Self Organized Maps (SOM, or Kohonen maps) v t t chc Maps (SOM, hoc Kohonen bn ) was used in this implementation in which it learns the c s dng trong vic thc hin ny, trong n hc cc geometrical dimensions in pixels of the image. hnh hc kch thc bng pixel ca hnh nh. Moreover, a group of neural networks were trained to Hn na, mt nhm cc mng nron c o to identify the objects with the perimeter in polar xc nh cc i tng vi chu vi vng cc coordinates as input. ta nh u vo. The output of each pattern Sn lng ca mi mu recognition technique was a "factor of merit" whose k thut cng nhn l mt yu t "bng khen" c value indicated the likelihood of positive identification. gi tr ch ra kh nng nhn dng tch cc. The final choice could be simply the highest value of all S la chn cui cng c th c ch n gin l gi tr cao nht ca tt c factors of merit or a combination. yu t bng khen hoc s kt hp. As the aim of this prototype was a selective Theo mc ch ca th nghim ny l mt chn lc repartition of PET and non PET objects, all the bottles phn vng li ca PET v PET cc i tng khng, tt c cc chai which were not positively identified as PET would m khng tch cc xc nh l PET s trigger an extraction routine which activated the kch hot thng xuyn khai thc m kch hot pneumatic cylinder. xi lanh kh nn. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION KT QU V THO LUN

This prototype system was tested for speed and H thng ny c th nghim cho mu th nghim tc v accuracy. chnh xc. The requirement for rapid industrial Cc yu cu nhanh chng cng nghip processes has led to the deployment of shape analysis cc quy trnh dn n vic trin khai cc hnh dng phn tch method for the identification of meaningful objects. Phng php xc nh cc i tng c ngha. In Trong this study, a non-compiled software has been developed nghin cu ny, mt phn mm khng c bin dch c pht trin on a standard PC. trn mt my tnh tiu chun. In this configuration, it is possible to Trong cu hnh ny, n c th perform the whole procedure from image acquisition to thc hin cc th tc mua li ton b t hnh nh n classification in150ms regardless of the number of phn loi in150ms bt k s lng objects in the image. cc i tng trong hnh nh. The system alone would be H thng s c mt mnh capable of processing a minimum of 400,000 bottles in kh nng x l ti thiu l 400.000 chai ti a day based on a 24-hour operating scheme while mt ngy da trn mt gi iu hnh n 24, trong khi requiring very little human intervention, if any. i hi phi c rt t s can thip ca con ngi, nu bt k. The sorting accuracy was evaluated for each chnh xc phn loi c nh gi cho mi pattern recognition technique, under normal laboratory m hnh cng nhn k thut, theo phng th nghim bnh thng lighting. nh sng. Every bottle of the database was dropped on Mi chai ca c s d liu c th xung the conveyor belt dozens of times under varying cc bng ti hng chc ln di khc nhau lighting condition. iu kin nh sng. When considering the accuracy of Khi xem xt tnh chnh xc ca the final classification for each kind of bottle, all phn loi cui cng cho tng loi chai, tt c techniques k thut provided cung cp around xung quanh 95% 95% of ca correct chnh xc identifications, with smaller values around 80% in cases yu t, vi gi tr nh hn khong 80% trong cc trng hp of poor lighting conditions. cc iu kin nh sng km. In such cases, failure in the Trong trng hp nh vy, tht bi trong

procedure would generally be due to the lack of edge th tc ni chung s l do s thiu cnh identification rather than during the pattern recognition xc hn l trong nhn dng mu phase. giai on. At this stage, mistakes in identification were giai on ny, nhng sai lm trong nhn dng c mostly due to confusion on very similar 0.5 l water ch yu l do s nhm ln trn tng t 0,5 l nc rt bottles, posing similar challenges to a sorting operator. chai, t ra nhng thch thc tng t nh mt nh iu hnh phn loi. When considering the final classification in terms of the Khi xem xt phn loi cui cng trong iu khon ca material type, accuracy reaches almost 100%. loi vt liu, chnh xc t gn nh 100%. However, Tuy nhin, under poor lighting condition some mismatch may trong iu kin nh sng yu mt s c th khng ph hp occur. xy ra. CONCLUSION KT LUN Existing automated sorting systems that deploy Hin ti h thng phn loi t ng trin khai state-of-the-art technology such as Near Infra-Red, nh nc-of-the-ngh thut-cng ngh nh Near Infra-Red, Infra Red and X-ray require high investments and are Infra v X-quang i hi u t cao v c justifiable for recycling facilities of high throughput. chnh ng cho cc c s ti ch ca thng lng cao. In Trong Malaysia, despite the growing awareness on recycling, Malaysia, mc d nhn thc ngy cng tng v ti ch, the activity is still at its infancy. hot ng vn cn giai on trng nc. The recycling volume Khi lng ti ch at the local Plastic Recycling Facilities (PRF) can be ti a phng nha ti ch thit b (PRF) c th c categorized as low to medium, hence the need for a loi l thp n trung bnh, v vy cn phi cho mt cheaper yet efficient technology. r hn nhng hiu qu cng ngh. This paper has Bi bo ny c described the development of a prototype automated m t s pht trin ca mt mu th nghim t ng sorting system comprising the material handling system h thng phn loi bao gm cc ti liu h thng x l and the material detection system using image v h thng pht hin vt liu bng cch s dng hnh nh processing. ch bin. With the use of machine intelligence, a Vi vic s dng my tnh bo, mt hazard-free gy nguy him-Vit mechanism for sorting plastic materials c ch phn loi vt liu nha was developed. c pht trin. With Vi

further improvement in its tip tc ci tin trong ca n capability and efficiency, the proposed system would nng lc v hiu qu, h thng s xut be capable of providing a much c kh nng cung cp mt nhiu cleaner and sch hn v more cost effective method for plastic recycling. nhiu phng php hiu qu chi ph ti ch nha. Further studies will be conducted in view of nghin cu su hn s c tin hnh xem improving both the speed and the accuracy of the ci thin c tc v tnh chnh xc ca system. h thng. Speed can be increased by building a stand- Tc c th tng ln bng cch xy dng mt standalone electronic module in order to avoid the sharing of mt mnh module in t trnh vic chia s resources of a normal PC, hence a reduction in costs ngun lc ca mt my tnh bnh thng, do gim chi ph and material. v vt cht. Accuracy can be improved by controlling chnh xc c th c ci thin bng cch kim sot the lighting of the objects and setting up a hood in order nh sng ca cc i tng v thit lp mt mui xe theo th t to avoid varying light from the surrounding areas. trnh nh sng khc nhau t cc khu vc xung quanh. In Trong such controlled conditions, new refined routines could nh kim sot iu kin, thi quen c th tinh ch mi involve the use of color and brightness as a further tool lin quan n vic s dng mu sc v sng nh mt cng c tip for pattern recognition. cho m hnh cng nhn. A refinement of the routines, Mt sng lc ca cc thi quen, involving artificial intelligence techniques also in the lin quan n tr tu nhn to k thut cng c trong edge detection could be useful for high-speed conveyor cnh pht hin c th c ch cho bng ti tc cao belts which would tend to blur the acquired images. vnh ai m s c xu hng lm m hnh nh thu c. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Li cm n The authors would like to thank UKM for Cc tc gi xin cm n UKM cho sponsoring this work under Fundamental Project ti tr cho cng tc ny theo d n c bn KK012/2004. KK012/2004. REFERENCES TI LIU LIN 1. 1. Bruno, EA, Automated Sorting of Plastics for Bruno, EA, t ng sp xp ca Nha cho Recycling. Ti ch. http://www.p2pays.org. http://www.p2pays.org. 2. 2. Clean Washington Center, Automated Sorting Washington sch Trung tm, t ng phn loi Systems for Bottles and Regrind in Sorting HDPE H thng cho Bottles v Regrind trong Phn loi HDPE

Bottles From Other Plastic and Non-Plastic T chai nha khc v nha khng Containers: Containers: Introduction Gii thiu and v Overview. Tng quan. http://www.cwc.org/hdpe/hdpe4.htm pp: 9-18. http://www.cwc.org/hdpe/hdpe4.htm pp: 9-18. 3. 3. Dinger, P., 1997. Dinger, P., 1997. Automated sorting for mixed T ng phn loi cho hn hp plastics, Citing Internet sources URL nha, Trch dn cc ngun Internet URL 4. 4. http://www.cepis.ops.oms.org/muwww/full. http://www.cepis.ops.oms.org/muwww/full. 10 10 May 2004 Thng nm nm 2004 5. 5. Phillips, M., 2001. Phillips, M., 2001. Sorting it all out , Citing Phn loi tt c ra, Trch dn Internet Internet sources, ngun, URL URL http://www.recyclingtoday.com. http://www.recyclingtoday.com. 29 Jan. 2004. Ngy 29 thng mt nm 2004. 6. 6. Kenny, GR, MG Roe and Hottenstein. Kenny, GR, MG Roe v Hottenstein. Automated Plastic Bottle Sorting Systems. Chai nha t ng H thng phn loi. 7. 7. Economic and Technical Experience and New Kinh t v Kinh nghim v k thut mi Resin Resin Identification, Xc nh, R'99. R'99. http://www.magsep.com/PprR99.htm, pp: 1-10. http://www.magsep.com/PprR99.htm, trang: 10-10. 8. 8. Gonzalez, RC and RE Woods, 2002. Gonzalez, RC v Woods RE, 2002. Digital K thut s Image processing. X l hnh nh. Upper Saddle River. Upper Saddle River. Prentice Ngi cha thao ngh Hall. Hall. nh danh nha 1 Nm, 8 Thng trc y Vic nh danh vt liu quan trng, bi v khi sn xut sn phm no th cu hi u tin l sn phm y c ch to t vt liu g? Vic nh danh nha i khi phi kt hp nhiu phng php. Cc phng php dng nh danh nha k n l: 1. Da vo ngoi quan. Phng php da vo ngoi quan c th ph thuc kinh nghim ca ngi nh danh. Mi loi nha c nhng c trng ring m gic quan ca con ngi c th cm nhn

c. V d nh khi cm mu nha polyolefin s c cm gic mm do hn so vi khi cm mu nha l nha k thut nh polyamide, nu cho ri mt mu nha th nha polystyrene c m thanh trong hn 2. Da vo dung mi ha tan Cc loi nha khc nhau s ha tan c trong cc dung mi khc nhau. Phng php ny hu hiu trong vic xc nh loi nha. V d nh mu nha c d on l PVC th nht nh s tan c trong cc dung mi tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, methyl ethyl ketone, dimethyl formamide, v khng tan c trong cc dung mi methanol, acetone, heptane. 3. Da vo t trng Cc loi nha c t trng khc nhau, da vo t trng ta s phn bit c s b l loi nha no. V d nh: T trng (g/cm3) 0.85-0.92: polypropylene; 0.89-0.93: High-pressure (low-density) polyethylene 0.91-0.92 olybutene-1 0.91-0.93 olyisobutylene Tuy nhin, nu nha n CaCO3 th t trng nng hn, do khng th da vo t trng phn bit c, hoc nu trn hai hay nhiu loi nha th cng khng dng phng php t trng c. 4. Da vo phng php th ngn la t mu nha bng ngn la c th xc nh c s b l loi nha g cn c vo: - Kh nng bt chy - Khi - Mi - Quan st ngn la c chy sng hay khng, mu sc ca ngn la. Th ngn la l phng php th quan trng trong cc phn tch s b nhn bit nha. Nu ngi nh danh c kinh nghim, ch da vo phng php th ngn la l h c th on c loi nha g vi chnh xc rt cao. V d khi t nha PVC: nha PVC rt kh khn bt chy, c ngn la mu xanh, mi acid hydrochloric. 5. Da vo phn tch hng ngoi IR Ph hp th hng ngoi chnh l ph dao ng quay v khi hp th bc x hng ngoi th c chuyn ng dao ng v chuyn ng quay u b kch thch. Theo quan nim dao ng nhm, nhng nhm nguyn t ging nhau trong cc phn t c cu to khc nhau s c nhng dao ng nh v th hin nhng khong tn s ging nhau. Nhng tn s ng vi cc dao ng nhm rt c ch trong vic nhn ra cc nhm nguyn t trong phn t v vy c gi l tn s c trng nhm. Phn tch IR dng nhn bit cc nhm chc ca nha, t c th bit c l loi nha no. V d : nhm O-H : tn s dao ng ha tr 3650-3200 cm-1, N-H: 3500-2900 cm-1, CH: 3300-2700cm-1

6. Da vo nhit nng chy, nhit chuyn thy tinh Mi mt loi nha u c nhit nng chy v nhit chuyn thy tinh ring, da vo c trng ny ta c th bit c l loi nha no. Phng php ph bin l kho st DSC c nhng nhit c trng ny. V d nhit nng chy ca PA6: 220-230oC; PET: 250-285oC 7. Da vo quy trnh Cc loi nha khc nhau s c cc quy trnh th ring nhn bit loi nha . V d di y l quy trnh nhn bit nha polystyrene. Khi polystyrene c gia nhit trong mt ng th nghim th mono styrene to thnh c nhn bit d dng bi mi c trng. Polystyrene (nha PS) v hu ht copolymer cha styrene c th c nh danh bi t mt mu nh trong mt ng th, thm vo 4 git acid nitric, v acid s bay hi trong khi polymer b phn hy. Phn polymer b phn hy ny sau c gia nhit trn mt ngn la nh trong xp x 1 pht. Nt cht u ng th nghim bi mt mu giy lc. Chun b mu giy bng cch thm t dung dch m c 2,6-dibromoquinone 4-chlorimide trong ether v sau kh trong khng kh. Lm m vi vi git ammonia long, giy s chuyn mu xanh nu mu th nghim c cha polystyrene. Nu mu vn cn cha mt t acid nitric t do, th nghim ny s b tc ng v giy s tr nn nu, mu nu che giu mu xanh (nn nhn thy mu nu). Phng php nh danh ny cng hu ch cho styrene butadien copolymer nh l ABS (acrylonitril butadien-styrene copolymer). S hin din ca acrylonitril c th c xc nh bi php th cho nitrogen. 8. Kt lun Ngoi cc phng php nh danh nha k trn cn c nhiu phng php khc. Tuy nhin, v c bn, cc phng php trn gip ch rt nhiu xc nh c mt mu nha l nha g

Ti ch Close-Up Sort Plastic Scrap Fast By Resin, Color & Additives Phn loi nha ph liu nhanh theo nha, mu & Ph gia By Mikell Knights Bi Hip s Mikell

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Recyclers of mixed plastics waste can detect materials containing flame retardants, heavy-metal additives, and Learn More Tm hiu fillers--or they can sort bottles at high rates by color or by thm polymer--thanks to new technologies unveiled at the second Get More Information in annual Identiplast Conference held recently in Brussels, Belgium. Ti ch cht thi nha hn hp c th pht hin vt Nhn thm thng tin ti liu c cha cht chng chy, kim loi nng, ph gia, v cht PT Online's Materials Zone PT online Khu Vt n - hoc h c th sp xp chai vi tc cao theo mu sc hoc bng polymer - nh vo cng ngh mi cng b ti liu Hi ngh hng nm ln th hai Identiplast t chc mi y ti Brussels, B. The three-day conference was organized by the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe, the American Plastics Council, (Washington, DC), the European Plastics Converters, and the Japanese Plastic Waste Management Institute. Hi ngh ba ngy c t chc bi Hip hi cc nh sn xut nha chu u, Hi ng Nha M, (Washington, DC), cc Plastics Converters chu u, v Nht Bn Nha Vin Qun l cht thi. Sort by resin or color Phn loi bi nha hoc mu sc The trouble with around 90% of today's equipment for sorting and separating colored bottles from clear is that it identifies only one contaminant color and potentially lets all others slip through, says Edward Sommer Jr., executive vp and technical director at National Recovery Technologies (NRT) Inc. in Nashville, Tenn. To remove this limitation, NRT has upgraded its MultiSort color-sorting technology to "see" the full visible color spectrum. Vn vi khong 90% cc thit b ngy nay sp xp v tch chai mu t r rng l n ch c mt mu xc nh cht gy nhim v c kh nng cho php tt c nhng ngi khc phiu thng qua, ni rng Edward Sommer Jr, iu hnh v gim c k thut vp ti quc gia Recovery Technologies (NRT ) Inc ti Nashville, Tennessee loi b hn ch ny, NRT nng cp cng ngh MultiSort mu phn loi ca mnh "nhn" y mu sc quang ph nhn thy c. The new MultiSort ES comes pre-programmed with a basic library of eight colors. Cc MultiSort ES mi n lp trnh trc vi mt th vin c bn ca tm mu sc. An operator programs the system to search for one or several or all eight colors in a waste stream. Mt nh iu hnh cc chng trnh h thng tm kim mt hoc mt s hoc tt c tm mu sc trong mt dng cht thi. MultiSort ES can sort 5000 lb/hr of material on a 1-meter-wide conveyor that operates at 8-10 ft/sec. MultiSort ES c th sp xp 5.000 / gi ca cc ti liu trn mt bng ti 1 mt rng hot ng 80-10 ft / sec. A color video camera scans the entire width of the conveyor and transmits data to a controller, which can interpret 10-20 objects/second based on observing just 0.5 sq in. of bottle surface. Mt camera video mu qut ton b chiu rng ca bng ti v truyn d liu n mt b iu khin, c th gii thch 10-20 i tng / giy da trn quan st ch cn 0,5 sq nhp ca b mt chai. An array of air jets receives a signal from the controller to divert a colored bottle from the clear stream. Mt lot cc my bay phn lc khng kh nhn c mt tn hiu t iu khin chuyn hng mt chai mu t dng r rng.

A new automated near-infrared scanning system sorts bottles by polymer type at rates up to 8800 lb/hr. A t ng mi cn hng ngoi qut h thng cc loi chai theo loi polymer mc gi ln ti 8.800 / gi. Developed by TiTech Autosort of Oslo, Norway, the system analyzes bottles traveling on a conveyor at up to 8.2 ft/sec. Pht trin bi TiTech Autosort ca Oslo, Na Uy, h thng phn tch chai i trn bng ti mt lc ln n 8,2 ft / sec. Good bottles drop off the end of the conveyor onto a second conveyor, while reject bottles are blown upwards by an air jet. Good chai th ra khi cui ca bng ti ln mt bng ti th hai, trong khi t chi chai c thi ln bi mt my bay phn lc khng kh. The unit can detect up to 12 different polymers. Cc n v c th pht hin ln n 12 polyme khc nhau. Recyclers who handle ground flake rather than whole bottles can now sort flake by polymer as it flows down a chute at rates up to 5000 lb/hr. Ti ch nhng ngi x l flake mt t ch khng phi l ton b chai by gi c th sp xp flake bi polymer nh n chy xung mt ci rnh mc gi ln ti 5.000 / gi. The new Flake Sorter from NRT uses proprietary infrared sensing technology and high-speed spectral analysis to identify PVC, PET, HDPE, PP, PS, and acrylonitrile resins. Cc Flake mi Sorter t NRT s dng cng ngh cm bin hng ngoi s hu c quyn v tc cao phn tch quang ph xc nh PVC, PET, HDPE, PP, PS v nha acrylonitrile. It shows a 9598% removal rate of contaminant flakes (using air valves), with a good-product loss of less than 0.5%. N cho thy mt t l loi b 95-98% mnh cht gy nhim (s dng van kh), vi mt s mt mt sn phm tt, t hn 0,5%. NRT sells the flake sorter in modules, each capable of sorting 1250 lb/hr. NRT bn sorter flake trong m-un, mi kh nng phn loi 1.250 / gi. The first unit is operating in the US, NRT reports. Cc n v u tin c iu hnh M, NRT bo co. Spot undesirable additives Spot ph khng mong mun New models of polymer detection devices are doing more than just sensing the base resin. New m hnh ca cc thit b pht hin polymer ang lm nhiu hn l ch cm nhn cc gc nha. Materials containing flame retardants, heavy-metal additives, or fillers can be identified with a new hand-held instrument from AGR MbH of Essen, Germany. Vt liu c cha cht chng chy, cc cht ph gia kim loi nng, hay cht n c th c xc nh vi mt dng c cm tay mi t AGR mbH ca Essen, c. The new SlideSpec-S2 model can identify 22 different polymers, as well as the presence of certain additives, in 0.5 to 1 sec. Cc SlideSpec-S2 m hnh mi c th xc nh 22 polyme khc nhau, cng nh s hin din ca cc cht ph gia nht nh, trong 0,5-1 giy. A laser-like "spark" thermally vaporizes a small spot on the part surface. Mt laser ging nh "tia la" nhit bc hi mt im nh trn b mt mt phn. The material components in the spark plasma are atomized and activated to emit radiation. Cc thnh phn vt cht trong tia plasma c atomized v kch hot pht ra bc x. The atomic emission spectra are then analyzed to reveal common polymer types (including styrenics) and flame retardants containing halogens, phosphorus, magnesium hydroxide, or alumina trihydrate. Cc quang ph pht x nguyn t ny sau c phn tch cho thy loi polymer thng thng (bao gm c styrenics) v cht chng chy c cha halogen, pht pho, magi hydroxide, hoc trihydrat alumina.

The unit also detects heavy metals in pigments or stabilizers (such as cadmium, lead, and zinc) and fillers such as calcium carbonate or talc. n v ny cng pht hin kim loi nng trong cc cht mu hay cht n nh (nh cadmium, ch, v km) v cht n nh canxi cacbonat hoc talc. Detection is not inhibited by the presence of paint or surface contaminants. Pht hin khng b c ch bi s hin din ca sn hoc cc cht nhim b mt. The system has a spark pistol that contains the inspection head, which is attached by a 3meter cord to the computer, whose screen displays the major and minor components of the sample. H thng ny c mt tia la khu sng lc c cha cc u thanh tra, c km theo mt si dy 3 mt vo my tnh, c mn hnh hin th cc thnh phn chnh v ph ca mu. The unit fits in a portable carrying case and runs on a DOS platform using normal 220-v current. Cc n v ph hp trong mt trng hp mang xch tay v chy trn mt nn tng h iu hnh DOS bng cch s dng bnh thng 220-v hin hnh. Scrap parts containing flame retardants can be kept out of the recycling stream with new sensing capability in the P/ID 22 FT-NIR spectrometer from Bruker Optics, Billerica, Mass. The instrument was first developed for the automotive industry, but its new abilities extend its use to the electronics field. phn ph liu c cha cht chng chy c th c gi trong dng ti ch vi kh nng cm bin mi trong P / ID 22 FT-NIR ph k t Bruker Optics, Billerica, Mass Cc nhc c ln u tin c pht trin cho ngnh cng nghip t, nhng kh nng mi ca n m rng vic s dng n vo lnh vc in t. A simple upgrade to the materials library adds the flame-retardant identification capability. Mt n gin nng cp th vin cc ti liu b sung thm kh nng nhn dng ngn la, kh nng khng chy. The device must touch the part and takes 3 sec to scan an object. Cc thit b phi chm vo mt phn v mt 3 giy qut mt i tng. The expandable library contains up to 36 materials. Th vin m rng cha ln n 36 ti liu. Identification updates Xc nh cp nht The KID 1700 NIR identification unit from WMM-Sensorik of Pfinztal, Germany, has been improved with a larger material library, greater spectral range, and faster response. Cc n v KID 1700 NIR xc nh t WMM-Sensorik ca Pfinztal, c, c ci thin vi mt th vin vt liu ln hn, ln hn phm vi quang ph, v phn ng nhanh hn. The unit uses a diode array spectrometer to analyze a part. n v s dng mt ph k mng diode phn tch mt phn. Up to 10 of the 13 material models in the library can be selected at one time. Ln n 10 ca 13 m hnh vt liu trong th vin c th c chn cng mt lc. The unit renders a reading in 1.5 sec when 10 materials are studied and takes about 100 millisec when one material from the library is selected. Cc n v m c trong 1,5 giy khi 10 nguyn vt liu c nghin cu v mt khong 100 millisec khi mt ti liu t th vin c chn. The system also uses a wider spectral range (950-1700 nm) to gather more information on the polymer for improved identification accuracy. H thng ny cng s dng mt phm vi rng hn quang ph (950-1700 nm) thu thp thm thng tin v cc polymer cho chnh xc nhn dng c ci thin. The sensing head, designed by Zeiss of

Yenol, Germany, can measure moving granules to PE film 50 microns thick and does not require a smooth product surface. Ngi ng u cm bin, c thit k bi Zeiss ca Yenol, c, c th o chuyn ng ht PE phim dy 50 micron v khng cn mt b mt sn phm trn tru. WMM also showed a simpler plastics-identification device, the DAG-1, which recognizes only five resin types. WMM cng cho thy mt thit b nhn dng cht don gin, cc Dag-1, cng nhn ch c cc loi nha nm. It uses a light source, spectrometer, and PC to read 10-15 opaque or transparent pieces/second. N s dng mt ngun nh sng, quang ph, v PC c 10-15 c, ming minh bch / giy. For a quite different approach to plastics identification, try rubbing parts with the Tribopen from Peter Walker Systems of Bergheim, Germany. i vi mt cch tip cn hon ton khc nhau xc nh cht do, hy th xt cc b phn vi Tribopen t Peter Walker Systems ca Bergheim, c. The pen has a piston-type sensor head that generates an electrostatic charge when rubbed on the part. bt ny c mt u cm bin kiu piston m to ra mt in tch tnh in khi ch xt vo phn. Each material generates a different charge. Mi ti liu to ra mt khon ph khc nhau. LEDs on the back end of the pen light to indicate the polymer. n LED phn cui ca nh sng tr li bt ch ra polymer. The Tribopen can be designed to distinguish up to four materials using a multi-head pen. Cc Tribopen c th c thit k phn bit ln n bn vt liu bng cch s dng mt bt a u. However, it cannot distinguish between closely related members of the same resin family, such as LDPE from HDPE. Tuy nhin, n khng th phn bit gia cc thnh vin lin quan cht ch ca gia nh cng nha, nh LDPE t HDPE. Special pens are offered to identify materials in cables, separate PET from celluloid films, or sort vehicle bumpers. bt c bit c cung cp xc nh nguyn vt liu trong cc loi cp, PET ring bit t b phim nha, hoc cn xe sp xp. Peter Walker Systems also developed a new mobile infrared inspection system that can be taken from plant to plant. Peter Walker H thng mi cng pht trin mt h thng kim tra in thoi di ng hng ngoi c th c ly t cy trng cho cy trng. The new Portasort PolyAna 420 fits on a desk and is composed of an optical cell system with a spectrometer, PC, and software. Cc Portasort mi Polyana 420 ph hp trn bn lm vic v bao gm mt h thng t bo quang vi mt ph k, PC, v phn mm. A userdefinable database of 40 different resins, blends, and fillers can be expanded using an IRspectrum database of more than 2000 polymers. Mt c s d liu ngi dng theo kiu ca 40 loi nha khc nhau, pha trn, v cht n c th m rng bng cch s dng mt c s d liu IR-quang ph ca hn 2.000 polyme. Operation requires a 10-mm-diam. Hot ng i hi mt 10-mm-Diam. flat surface of a part to be placed against the spectrometer's viewing port. phng b mt ca phn mt c t chng li cng xem ca ph k.