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Measuring and marking operation


While making any metal job first of all correct measuring and then accurate marking is needed. Accurate measuring is taken by accurate measuring tools such as screw gauge and vernier caliper. Marking is held by scriber.

Measuring tools
1)

Micrometer screw gauge:A micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device having a calibrated screw used widely for precise measurement of small distances in mechanical engineering and machining .

2)

Vernier caliper:Vernier caliper is a device used to measure the distance between two opposing sides of an object. It measure by the difference of two sliding scales. One is called main scale and other is called vernier scale.

2. Sawing operation
Metal sawing is done by hack saw. A hacksaw is a fine-tooth saw with a blade under tension in a frame, used for cutting materials such as metal or bone. Hand-held hacksaws consist of a metal arch with a handle, usually a pistol grip, with pins for attaching a narrow disposable blade. A screw or other mechanism is used to put the thin blade under tension. The blade can be mounted with the teeth facing toward or away from the handle, resulting in cutting action on either the push or pull stroke. On the push stroke, the arch will flex slightly, decreasing the tension on the blade.

3. Filing operation
Filling is done by a file. A file is a metalworking and woodworking tool used to cut fine amounts of material from a work piece. It most commonly refers to the hand tool style, which takes the form of a hardened

steel bar with a series of sharp, parallel ridges, called teeth. Most files have a narrow, pointed tang at one end to which a handle can be fitted.

4. Punching operation
Punching in metalworking is the process of using a punch press to push a punch through the material and into a die to create a hole in the work piece. A scrap slug from the hole is deposited into the die in the process. Depending on the material being punched this slug may be recycled and reused or discarded. The hole walls will show burnished area, rollover, and die break and must often be further processed. Punching is often the cheapest method for creating holes in sheet metal in medium to high production.

5.

Reaming Operation:
Operation Used to accurately size and finish hole previously formed by drilling is called reaming operation. This is done with the help of a reamer.

6. Drilling operation
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole in solid materials. The drill bit is a multipoint, end cutting tool. It cuts by applying pressure and rotation to the work piece, which forms chips at the cutting edge.

7. Counter sinking operation


A countersink is a conical hole cut into a manufactured object, or the cutter used to cut such a hole. A common usage is to allow the head of a countersunk bolt or screw, when placed in the hole, to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding material.

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Counter boring Operation:

Operation that enlarges the end of a predrilled hole to allow room for a head of a screw or nut is called counter boring operation.

9.

Spot facing Operation:

Spot facing is a machining operation where material is removed from a surface to make it flat and smooth, usually for a fastener or bearing. It is usually required on work pieces that are forged or cast. A counter bore is typically used to cut the spot face, although end mills are also used. Only enough material is removed to make the surface flat.

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Taping operation ( threading )

Taps and dies are cutting tools used to create screw threads, which is called threading. A tap is used to cut the female portion of the mating pair (e.g., a nut). A die is used to cut the male portion of the mating pair (e.g., a screw). The process of cutting threads using a tap is called tapping, whereas the process using a die is called threading.

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Dieing operation

A die is a specialized tool used in manufacturing industries to cut or shape material using a press. Like molds, dies are generally customized to the item they are used to create. Products made with dies range from simple paper clips to complex pieces used in advanced technology. Forming dies are typically made by tool and die makers and put into production after mounting into a press. The die is a metal block that is used for forming materials like sheet metal and plastic. For the vacuum forming of plastic sheet only a single form is used, typically to form transparent plastic containers (called blister packs) for merchandise. Vacuum forming is considered a simple molding thermoforming process but uses the same principles as die forming. For the forming of sheet metal, such as automobile

body parts, two parts may be used, one, called the punch, performs the stretching, bending, and/or blanking operation, while another part, called the die block, securely clamps the work piece and provides similar, stretching, bending, and/or blanking operation. The work piece may pass through several stages using different tools or operations to obtain the final form. In the case of an automotive component there will usually be a shearing operation after the main forming is done and then additional crimping or rolling operations to ensure that all sharp edges are hidden and to add rigidity to the panel.

12.Filleting Operation:
Blending and filleting operations are important tools in any contemporary geometric modeling environment. The ability to smooth corners or to continuously connect two adjacent surfaces into a single object is considered mandatory in any modeling environment.

Assignment No.7 Fundamental Fitting Shop Operations


Submitted to:
Sir Amjad Ahmad

Submitted by:
Muhammad Suleman Roll No : CH-46 10-

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