Chuyn : Phng trnhBt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

KIN THC CN NH
I.

Hm s m
y=ax; TX D=R
Bng bin thin
a>1
x

0
y
1

th
3

-13 -12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

y
3
2
1

x
1

-1

f(x )= (1 /3 )^x

1
-14

y=3x

-16 -15

x
y

+
+

f (x )=3^x

-17

0<a<1

-16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-2

1
y=
3
1

-1

x
2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4

-5

-5

-6

-6

-7

-7

-8

-8

-9

-9

-10

-10

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-11

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-12

-13

-13

-14

-14

-15

-15

II. Hm s lgarit

x> 0
y=log x, K:
; D=(0;+)
0< a 1
a

Bng bin thin

a>1
x
0
y

0<a<1
0

x
y

+
+

0
+

th

f(x)=ln(x)/ln (3 )

f(x)=3 ^x

y=3x

f(x)=x

-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

f(x)=(1 /3 )^x

3 y = log 1 x

1
y=
3

x
1

y=x

y=log3x

f(x)=ln(x )/ln(1 /3 )
f(x)=x

-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

y=x

-3

-2

-1

-1

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4

-5

-5

-6

-6

-7
-8

x
3

-7
-8

-9

-9

-10

-10

-11

-11

-12

-12

-13

-13

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-14

-15

-15

III. Cc cng thc

1. Cng thc ly tha:
Vi a>0, b>0; m, nR ta c:
1
1
an

= a n m ;( n =a m ; a0=1; a 1= );
m
a
a
a
n
an
a
(an)m =anm ;
(ab)n=anbn;
= m ;
b
b
c
2. Cng thc logarit: logab=ca =b (0<a 1; b>0)
Vi 0<a 1, 0<b 1; x, x1, x2>0; R ta c:
anam =an+m;

Thi Thanh Tng

a n = n am .

Chuyn : Phng trnhBt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

x1
x
loga(x1x2)=logax1+logax2 ;
loga 2 = logax1logax2;

logax =logax;
a log a x = x ;
log b x
1
1
log a x = log a x ;(logaax=x);
logax=
;(logab=
)
log
log
a

b a
b
logba.logax=logbx;
alogbx=xlogba.
IV. Phng trnh v bt phng trnh mlogarit
1. Phng trnh mlogarit
a. Phng trnh m:
a v cng c s
+0<a1: af(x)=ag(x) (1)
f(x)=g(x).

f(x)

+ 0<a 1: a =b

b> 0

.
f ( x) = l o agb

Ch : Nu a cha bin th (1)

(a1)[f(x)g(x)]=0
t n ph: Ta c th t t=ax (t>0), a v mt phng trnh i s..
Lu nhng cp s nghch o nh: (2 3 ), (7 4 3 ), Nu trong mt phng trnh c cha {a2x;b2x;axbx} ta
c th chia hai v cho b2x(hoc a2x) ri t t=(a/b)x (hoc t=(b/a)x.
Phng php logarit ha: af(x)=bg(x) f(x).logca=g(x).logcb,vi a,b>0; 0<c 1.
b. Phng trnh logarit:
a v cng c s:

0< a 1

[ g ( x ) > 0] .
+log f(x)= log g(x) f ( x ) > 0
f ( x) = g ( x)

0< a 1
+log f(x)=g(x)
f ( x) = a g ( x )
a

t n ph.
2. Bt phng trnh mlogarit
a. Bt phng trnh m:

af(x)>ag(x)

t bit:
* Nu a>1 th:

a> 0
;

( a 1) [ f ( x) g ( x ) ] > 0

af(x)>ag(x)
af(x)ag(x)
* Nu 0<a<1 th:
af(x)>ag(x)
af(x) ag(x)
b. Bt phng trnh logarit:

af(x) ag(x)

f(x)>g(x);
f(x) g(x).

f(x)<g(x);

f(x)g(x).

0< a 1

log f(x)>log g(x) f ( x ) > 0, g ( x ) > 0

;
( a 1) [ f ( x ) g ( x ) > 0]

a> 0
.

( a 1) [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] 0

0< a 1

log f(x) log g(x) f ( x ) > 0, g ( x ) > 0

.
( a 1) [ f ( x ) g ( x ) 0]

t bit:
Thi Thanh Tng

Chuyn : Phng trnhBt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

+ Nu a>1 th:

logaf(x)>logag(x)

+ Nu 0<a<1 th: logaf(x)>logag(x)

f ( x) > g( x)
;

g ( x) > 0
f ( x) < g ( x)
.

f ( x) > 0
*
*

MT S PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNHBT PHNG TRNHH

PHNG TRNH M-LOGARIT
I. Bin i thnh tch
x
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: 2

+x

4.2 x

22 x + 4 = 0 2 x

1 . ( 2 2 x 4) = 0 .

Nhn xt: Mc d cng c s 2 nhng khng th bin i t c n ph do ta phi phn tch thnh tch:

(2

x2 x

1 . ( 22 x 4 ) = 0 . y l phng trnh tch bit cch gii.

V d 2: Gii phng trnh: 2 ( log 9 x ) = log 3 x.log 3

2

2x + 1 1 .

Nhn xt: Tng t nh trn ta phi bin i phng trnh thnh tch: log 3 x 2 log 3 2 x + 1 1 .log 3 x = 0 .
y l phng trnh tch bit cch gii.
Tng qut: Trong nhiu trng hp cng c s nhng khng th bin i t n ph c th ta bin i
thnh tch.
II. t n ph-h s vn cha n
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: 9 x + 2( x 2)3 x + 2 x 5 = 0 . t t = 3x (*), khi ta c:
t 2 + 2 ( x 2 ) t + 2 x 5 = 0 t = 1, t = 5 2 x . Thay vo (*) ta tm c x.

Lu : Phng php ny ch s dng khi l s chnh phng.

2
V d 2: Gii phng trnh: log 3 ( x + 1) + ( x 5 ) log 3 ( x + 1) 2 x + 6 = 0 . t t = log3(x+1), ta c:

t 2 + ( x 5 ) t 2 x + 6 = 0 t = 2, t = 3 x x = 8 v x = 2.
III. Phng php hm s
Cc tnh cht:
Tnh cht 1: Nu hm f tng (hoc gim) trn khong (a;b) th phng trnh f(x)=k (kR) c khng qu mt
nghim trong khong (a;b).
Tnh cht 2: Nu hm f tng (hoc gim) trn khong (a;b) th u, v (a,b) ta c f (u ) = f ( v ) u = v .
Tnh cht 3: Nu hm f tng v g l hm hng hoc gim trong khong (a;b) th phng trnh f(x)=g(x) c
nhiu nht mt nghim thuc khong (a;b).

Thi Thanh Tng

Chuyn : Phng trnhBt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

nh l Lagrange: Cho hm s F(x) lin tc trn on [a;b] v tn ti F'(x) trn khong (a;b) th c ( a; b ) :
F ( b) F ( a )
F ' ( c) =
. Khi p dng gii phng trnh nu c F(b) F(a) = 0 th
b a
c ( a; b ) : F ' ( c ) = 0 F ' ( x ) = 0 c nghim thuc (a;b).
nh l Rn: Nu hm s y=f(x) li hoc lm trn min D th phng trnh f(x)=0 s khng c qu hai nghim
thuc D.
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: x + 2.3log2 x = 3.
Hng dn: x + 2.3log2 x =3 2.3log2 x =3 x, v tri l hm ng bin, v phi l hm nghch bin nn phng
trnh c nghim duy nht x=1.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh: 6 x + 2 x = 5 x + 3x . Phng trnh tng ng 6 x 5 x = 3x 2 x , gi s phng
trnh c nghim . Khi : 6 5 = 3 2 .
Xt hm s f ( t ) = ( t + 1) t , vi t > 0. Ta nhn thy f(5) = f(2) nn theo nh l lagrange tn ti c ( 2;5 )
1
'
c 1 = 0 = 0, = 1 , th li ta thy x = 0, x = 1 l nghim ca
sao cho: f ( c ) = 0 ( c + 1)

phng trnh.
2
2
V d 3: Gii phng trnh: 2 x x + 2 x 1 = ( x 1) 2 . Vit li phng trnh di dng 2 x 1 + x 1 = 2 x x + x 2 x
, xt hm s f ( t ) = 2 t + t l hm ng bin trn R ( ??? ). Vy phng trnh c vit di dng:

f ( x 1) = f ( x 2 x ) x 1 = x 2 x x = 1 .

V d 4: Gii phng trnh: 3x + 2 x = 3 x + 2 . D dng ta tm c nghim: x = 0 v x = 1. Ta cn chng minh

khng cn nghim no khc.
Xt hm s f ( x ) = 3x + 2 x 3x 2 f '' ( x ) = 3 x ln 2 3 + 2 x ln 2 2 > 0 th ca hm s ny lm, suy ra
phng trnh khng c qu hai nghim.
x
e = 2007

V d 5: Chng minh h phng trnh

e y = 2007

y
y 1
2

c ng hai nghim tha mn x > 0, y > 0.

x2 1

x
HD: Dng tnh cht 2 ch ra x = y khi xt hm s f ( x ) = e +

2007 .
x2 1
1
Nu x < 1 th f ( x ) < e 2007 < 0 suy ra h phng trnh v nghim.
Nu x > 1 dng nh l Rn v ch ra vi x0 = 2 th f(2) < 0 suy ra iu phi chng minh.
b
a
1
1
V d 6: Cho a b > 0 . Chng minh rng 2a + a 2 b + b (H Khi D2007)
2
2

HD: BT

1
1
b ln 2a + a a ln 2b + b
2
2

1
1
1
ln 2a + a ln 2b + b
ln 2 x + x
2
2 . Xt hm s

f ( x) =
a
b
x

vi x > 0
Suy ra f(x) < 0 vi mi x > 0, nn hm s nghch bin vy vi a b > 0 ta c f ( a ) f ( b ) (pcm).
IV. Mt s bi ton (c bit l cc bi logarrit) ta thng phi a v phng trnh h phng trnh
bt phng trnh m ri s dng cc phng php trn.
1.Dng 1: Khc c s:
V d: Gii phng trnh log 7 x = log3 ( x + 2) . t t = log 7 x x = 7t Khi phng trnh tr thnh:
t

1
7
7t + 2 1 =
+ 2. .

3
3
2.Dng 2: Khc c s v biu thc trong du log phc tp
V d 1: Gii phng trnh log 4 6 ( x 2 2 x 2) = 2 log
t = log 3 ( 7t + 2) 3t =

t t = x2 2x 3 ta c log 6 ( t + 1) = log5 t .

Thi Thanh Tng

( x 2 2x 3 ) .

Chuyn : Phng trnhBt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

log x
V d 2: Gii phng trnh log 2 x + 3 6 = log 6 x . t t = log 6 x , phng trnh tng ng
t

3
6t + 3t = 2t 3t + = 1 .
2
3. Dng 3:

log

( x +c x) =

( iu kin: b = a + c )

V d 1: Gii phng trnh 4log7 ( x +3) = x . t t = log 7 ( x + 3) 7t = x + 3 , phng trnh tng

t

4
1
ng 4t = 7t 3 + 3. = 1 .
7
7
V d 2: Gii phng trnh 2 log3 ( x + 5 )

= x + 4 . t t = x+4 phng trnh tng ng 2 log3 ( t +1) = t

V d 3: Gii phng trnh 4log3 ( x +1) ( x 1) 2log3 ( x +1) x = 0 .

4. Dng 4:

s ax b+ c= lo
dx
g
+++
e( x
s

, vi d = ac + , e = bc +

Phng php: t ay + b = log s (dx + e) ri chuyn v h hai phng trnh, ly phng trnh hai tr phng
trnh mt ta c: s ax +b + acx = s ay +b + acy . Xt f ( t ) = s at +b + act .

V d: Gii phng trnh 7 x 1 = 6 log 7 (6 x 5) + 1 . t y 1 = log 7 ( 6 x 5 ) . Khi chuyn thnh h

x 1
7 x 1 = 6 ( y 1) + 1
7 = 6 y 5

7 x 1 + 6 x = 7 y 1 + 6 y . Xt hm s f ( t ) = 7t 1 + 6t suy ra x=y, Khi

y 1
y 1 = log 7 ( 6 x 5 )
7 = 6 x 5
x 1
: 7 6 x + 5 = 0 . Xt hm s g ( x ) = 7 x 1 6 x + 5 p dng nh l Rn v nhm nghim ta c 2
nghim ca phng trnh l: x = 1, x = 2.
5. Dng 5: t n ph chuyn thnh h phng trnh.
8
2x
18
V d: Gii phng trnh x 1
+ x
= x 1 1 x
2 +1 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2
8
1
18
+ 1 x
= x 1 1 x
HD: Vit phng trnh di dng x 1
, t u = 2 x 1 + 1, v = 21 x + 1.u , v > 0 .
2 +1 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2
18
8 1
+ =
Nhn xt: u.v = u + v. T ta c h: u v u + v
u.v = u + v
Bi tp
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

a. ( 2 + 3 ) + ( 2 3 ) 4 = 0
x

b.

2 3

) +(
x

2+ 3

=4

c. ( 7 + 4 3 ) 3 ( 2 3 ) + 2 = 0
x

d. ( 3 + 5 ) + 16 ( 3 5 ) = 2 x+3
x

e.

) (

2 1 +

2 + 1 2 2 = 0 (H_Khi B 2007)

f. 3.8x+4.12x18x2.27x=0. (H_Khi A 2006)

2
2
g. 2 x + x 4.2 x x 22 x + 4 = 0 (H_Khi D 2006)
2

k. 2 x x 22 + x x = 3 (H_Khi D 2003)
i. 3.16 x + 2.8 x = 5.32 x
1

S: x=1.
S: x=0, x=1.
S: x=1, x=2.

j. 2.4 x + 6 x = 9 x
Bi 2: Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
4 x + y = 128
a. 3 x 2 y 3
=1
5
Thi Thanh Tng

S: x=1, x=1.

5 x + y = 125

b.
2
4( x y ) 1 = 1
5

Chuyn : Phng trnhBt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

2 x + 2 y = 12
c.
x + y = 5
log 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 1 + log 2 ( xy )
d. 2
2
3x xy + y = 81

(H_Khi A 2009) S: (2;2), (2;2)

x 1 + 2 y = 1
e.
2
3
3log 9 ( 9 x ) log 3 y = 3
1

log 1 ( y x ) log 4 y = 1
f. 4
x 2 + y 2 = 25

(H_Khi B 2005) S: (1;1), (2;2).

(H_Khi A 2004) S: (3;4)

23 x = 5 y 2 4 y

g. 4 x + 2 x +1
=y
x
2 +2
Bi 3: Gii v bin lun phng trnh:
a . ( m 2 ) .2 x + m.2 x + m = 0 .

(H_Khi D 2002) S: (0;1), (2;4).

b . m.3x + m.3 x = 8 .

Bi 4: Cho phng trnh log 32 x + log 32 x + 1 2m 1 = 0 (m l tham s). (H_Khi A 2002)

a. Gii phng trnh khi m=2.
3
b. Tm m phng trnh c t nht mt nghim thuc on 1; 3 .
S: a. x = 3 3 , b. 0 m 2
16
x 1
m. 2 x + 1 > 0
Bi 5: Cho bt phng trnh 4
a. Gii bt phng trnh khi m= .
9
b. nh m bt phng trnh tha x R .
Bi 6: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a. log5 x = log5 ( x + 6 ) log5 ( x + 2 )
b. log5 x + log 25 x = log 0,2 3

x+3
=0
x 1
(H Khi A_2008) S: x=2; x=5/4.
(H_Khi D 2008) S: x=1, x=3.

2
c. log x 2 x 5 x + 4 = 2

d. lg( x 2 + 2 x 3) + lg

e. log2x1(2x2+x1)+logx+1(2x1)2=4
f. log 22 ( x + 1) 6 log 2 x + 1 + 2 = 0
x
x
g. log 2 ( 4 + 15.2 + 27 ) + 2 log 2

1
4.2 3
x

=0

(H_Khi D 2007) S: x=log23.

Bi 7: Gii bt phng trnh:

a. 2 log3 (4 x 3) + log 1 ( 2 x + 3) 2

(H Khi A_2007) S: 3/4 x 3.

x2 + x
b. log 0,7 log 6
<0
x+4

(H_Khi B 2008) S: 4< x < 3, x > 8.

x
x 2
c. log 5 ( 4 + 144 ) 4 log 5 2 < 1 + log 5 ( 2 + 1)

x 3x + 2
0
x
2

d. log 1
2

(H_Khi B 2006) S: 2 < x < 4.

) (

(H_Khi D 2008) S: 2 2;1 U 2; 2 + 2 .

Thi Thanh Tng