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Trng THPT Gio Linh

MC LC
Trang

A. T VN
I. Thc trng ca vn ................................................................................2
II. Nhim v v phng php nghin cu.....................................................2
II.1.Nhim v..........................................................................................2
II.2.Phng php.....................................................................................3
III. Phm vi ca ti...................................................................................3
B. NI DUNG
I.Nhng kin thc ton hc b tr................................................................4
I.1.Tnh cht ca phn thc i s...........................................................4
I.2.Tnh cht ca cc hm s lng gic.................................................4
I.3.Bt ng thc C-si............................................................................4
I.4.Tnh cht o hm ca hm s...........................................................4
II.Nhng trng hp vn dng c th...........................................................4
II.1.Bi tp lin quan n iu kin cng hng in.............................4
II.2.Bi tp lin quan n gi tr cc i ca in p trn L,C khi gi tr
L,C thay i.....................................................................................................5
II.3.Bi tp lin quan v gi tr cng sut cc i khi R thay i ..........8
II.4.Bi ton cc tr lin quan n tn s dng in bin thin...............9
III. Mt s vn cn lu khi gii bi tp in xoay chiu.....................11
III.1.V tng tr...................................................................................11
III.2.V in p hai u on mch.....................................................11
III.3.V biu thc in p, cng dng in tc thi....................12
III.4.Ghp t in................................................................................12
III.5.Cc trng hp cc tr.................................................................12
IV.Bi tp ngh.......................................................................................13
C.KT LUN..............................................................................................16

Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu

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A. T VN

I. Thc trng ca vn
Vic thay i hnh thc thi mn vt l ca B GD&T t t lun sang trc
nghim khch quan bc l nhng u im m ti thy rt thit thc l: Ni
dung thi bao qut c chng trnh, trnh c tnh trng hc t nh trc y
v t c th nh gi trnh hc sinh mt cch ton din. Ngoi ra vic
chm bi thi trc nghim c thc hin nhanh chng, khch quan nh s h
tr ca my mc.
Tuy nhin lm tt bi thi trc nghim i hi ngi hc phi ghi nh
y kin thc trng tm, bit cch vn dng linh hot, sng to v nhanh
nhy trong phn on nhn dng cng nh trong tnh ton mi c th t c
kt qu cao.
in xoay chiu l mt phn quan trng trong chng trnh vt l lp 12
v chim t trng ln trong thi ca cc k thi Quc gia hin hnh, v y
cng l mt phn c lng kin thc ln v kh i vi nhiu hc sinh THPT.
Vi l do , ti chn nghin cu ti: BI TON CC TR V MT S
VN CN LU TRONG IN XOAY CHIU nhm trang b cho cc

em hc sinh nhng kin thc c bn, gip cc em c th nhanh chng nh

hnh nhng kin thc cn p dng gii cc bi tp trc nghim phn in
xoay chiu mt cch nhanh chng v trnh c nhng nhm ln.
II. Nhim v v phng php nghin cu
II.1.Nhim v
ti nu ra phng php gii cc dng bi tp lin quan n cc tr trong
phn in xoay chiu, t gip hc sinh hnh thnh phng php lun cn
Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu
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bn gii quyt cc vn khi gp phi, ng thi t cng gip cho cc

em c th phn bit c, p dng c cc iu kin c th trong tng bi
tp.
Bn cnh , trn c s nhng kt qu nghin cu, cc kin thc
c phn loi trong tng trng hp vn dng gip hc sinh ghi nh v p
dng mt cch nhanh chng.
II.2.Phng php
-Vn dng nhng kin thc ton hc tm cc tr, nh:
+Tnh cht ca phn thc i s.
+Tnh cht ca cc hm s lng gic.
+Bt ng thc C-si.
+Tnh cht o hm ca hm s.
-Khi qut ha, phn loi cc trng hp c th gii quyt cc bi tp
trong tng iu kin c th.
III. Phm vi ca ti
ti nghin cu mt vn tng i kh, cp n cc dng bi tp nng
cao thng gp trong thi TSH, C v ch yu dnh cho hc sinh kh
gii. Vi phm vi mt sng kin, kinh nghim trng THPT chng ti ch
cp n mt s vn nh ca mn vt l lp 12:
-Nghin cu v bi ton cc tr trong in xoay chiu v mt s trng
hp vn dng.
-Mt s vn cn lu khi gii bi tp in xoay chiu.

Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu

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B. NI DUNG
I.Nhng kin thc ton hc b tr
I.1.Tnh cht ca phn thc i s
Xt mt phn s P =

A
B

, trong iu kin A l hng s dng, th phn

s P t gi tr ln nht nu mu s B nh nht.
I.2.Tnh cht ca cc hm s lng gic
i vi cc hm s lng gic :
+ y = sinx th

+ y = cosx th

max

max

= 1 khi x = /2 + k
= 1 khi x = k

(kZ)

(kZ)

I.3. Bt ng thc C-si

Vi hai s thc dng a,b th ta lun c : a + b 2

ab

iu kin ng thc xy ra l: a = b, v nu ab khng i th khi

tng (a + b) b nht
I.4. Tnh cht o hm ca hm s
Xt hm s y = f(x); (x R) c o hm ti x = xo v lin tc trong khong
cha xo. Nu hm s t cc tr ti x = xo th f(xo) = 0
V : + Nu f(xo) > 0 th xo l im cc tiu.
+ Nu f(xo) < 0 th xo l im cc i.
Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu
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II.Nhng trng hp vn dng c th

II.1.Bi tp lin quan n iu kin cng hng in.
Cho mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v:

Hiu in th lun duy tr hai u on mch l:

uAB = 200cos(100 t)(V). Cun dy thun cm, c L = (H); in tr thun

c R = 100 ; t in c in dung C thay i c.Vn k c in tr rt ln.
a.iu chnh C cng sut tiu th ca mch t cc i. Tnh cng sut
cc i .
b.Vi gi tr no ca C th s ch vn k V l ln nht, tm s ch .
Bi gii
Ta c ZL = L = 100 ; R = 100 ; U = 200/

= 100
2

a.Cng sut ca mch tnh theo cng thc: P = I R =

U2
R
Z2

Ta thy rng U v R c gi tr khng thay i, vy P ln nht Z =

R 2 + (Z L Z C ) 2

Z = R =>

nh nht ZC = ZL = 100 => C =

Pmax =

U2
R

R 2 + Z L2

= 100

U
Z AM
R

100 2
100
100

U
Z

R 2 + Z L2

khng i, nn UAM ln nht Z nh

nht ZC = ZL = 100 => C = Z

C
=> Uvmax =

(F) v khi

= 200W.

b.S ch vn k l: Uv = UAM = I.ZAM =

D thy do U v

1
10 4
=
Z C

10 4

(F) v khi Z = R

= 200V

Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu

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*Nhn xt: Trong bi tp ny ta p dng tnh cht cc i ca phn thc

i s khi mu s nh nht, y cng l iu kin cng hng in m ta
thng gp.
II.2.Bi tp lin quan n gi tr cc i ca in p trn L,C khi gi tr
L,C thay i.

Cho mch in nh hnh v:

Hiu in th lun duy tr hai u on mch l uAB = 100

cos(100 t)(V).

Cun dy thun cm, c L = 2 (H); in tr thun c R = 50

; t in

c in dung C thay i c.Vn k c in tr rt ln.

a.iu chnh C s ch vn k cc i. Tnh s ch cc i .
b.Tm C cng sut P tiu th trong mch cc i. Phc v th P
theo ZC.
Bi gii
Ta c ZL = L = 50 ; R = 50
a.S ch vn k l UC = I.ZC =
=>

2
C

2
C

U
ZC
Z

U2
Z C2
2
2
R + (Z L Z C )

U2 2
ZC
Z2

U2
1
1
( R 2 + Z L2 ) 2 2 Z L
+1
ZC
ZC

t: x =

1
ZC

; U = 100V

U2
Z C2
2
2
2
R + Z L 2Z L Z C + Z C

; a = R 2 + Z L2 ; b = -2 Z L ; y = ax2 + bx + 1
=>

U C2 =

U2
y

(1)

Ta c: y = 2ax + b
Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu
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y = 0 x = xo =

=> xo l im cc tr.
b

Ta thy rng

UC

ln nht khi y nh nht.

T iu kin (1) ta c:

b
2a

y = 2a > 0 nn y t cc tiu khi x = xo = 2a (1)

Do

=>ZC =

R 2 + Z L2 = Z L Z C

R 2 + Z L2
10 4
(F )
= 100 => Z C =
ZL

U C max =

U
y min

2
2
vi y = ( R + Z L ) Z 2 2 Z L Z + 1 =
C
C

1
2

UCmax = U 2 = 200V.
2

b. -Cng sut tiu th ca mch: P = I R =

U2
R
Z2

D thy Pmax ZL = ZC = 50 => C =

- Ta c: P =

U2
R
R 2 + (Z L Z C ) 2

2.10 4

(F)

5 3.10 6
7500 + (50 Z C ) 2

-Khi ZC = ZCo = 50 th P = Pmax = 1155W

-Khi ZC = 0 th P = Po = 866W
-Khi ZC + th P 0
th:

P(W)

Pmax
Po
O

50

ZC( )

*Nhn xt:
1.Vi bi tp ny c th gii cu a da vo iu kin cc i ca hm
s lng gic nh sau:
Hiu in th hai u mch c biu din bng
Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu
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U nh hnh v.
vc t quay

U = U R +U L +U C

gi , l gc lch pha gia U RL v U so vi

Theo nh l hm s sin ta c:
Uc
=
sin( ')

U
sin(

' )

=>

UC =

I .

sin( ')
.U
cos '

Do L v R khng i nn = const => cos = const, v U cng khng i,

nn khi C bin thin th ch thay i, UC cc i khi sin(- ) = 1
=> - = /2
=> tan = - cotan tan.tan = -1

Z L Z L ZC
= 1 => R 2 + Z L2 = Z L Z C
R
R

2.Trong trng hp L thay i, tm iu kin hiu in th hai u

cun dy c gi tr cc i.
Cch gii tng t nh bi ny, ta d dng tm c iu kin bi ton l:
R 2 + Z C2 = Z L Z C

II.3.Bi tp lin quan v gi tr cng sut cc i khi R thay i

Mt mch in xoay chiu gm:

Cun cm thun c L = (H); t in c C =

2.10 4

(F); R l mt bin tr.

Gia hai u AB c duy tr mt hiu in th u = 120

cos(100 t)(V).

iu chnh R cng sut tiu th ca on mch cc i. Tm R v cng sut

.
Bi gii
1

Ta c ZL = L = 200 ; ZC = C = 50 ; U = 200V
2

Cng sut tiu th ca mch: P = I R =

U2
R
Z2

U2
R
R 2 + (Z L Z C ) 2

Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu

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U2
U2
(Z Z C ) 2
R+ L
(Z L Z C ) 2 =
C th vit: P =
vi
y
=
y
R+
R
R

p dng bt ng thc C-si cho hai s dng a = R v b =

(Z L Z C ) 2
ta lun c: y = R +
R

2Z

=> gi tr nh nht ca y l: ymin = 2

=> R =

Z C

= const

Z L Z C

Z L Z C

V Pmax =

(Z L Z C ) 2
R

(Z L Z C ) 2
<=> R =
R

= 150

U2
U2
=
y min
2 Z L ZC

= 48W

II.4.Bi ton cc tr lin quan n tn s dng in bin thin

Mt on mch xoay chiu gm in tr thun R, cun dy thun cm L v
mt t in C mc ni tip. t vo hai u mch mt hiu in th xoay
chiu: u = U

cos( t),c U = const nhng tn s thay i. Xc nh :

a.hiu in th hiu dng hai u in tr t cc i.

b.hiu in th hiu dng hai u cun cm t cc i.
c.hiu in th hiu dng hai u t in t cc i.
Bi gii
a.Hiu in th hiu dng hai u in tr:UR = I.R =
khng i nn URmax Zmin ZC = ZL => =
b.in p hiu dng hai u t in: UC = I.ZC =

U
R,
Z

d d thy U, R

1
LC

U
ZC
Z

Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu

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U2
U2
U2 2
2
2
2
Z
U
Z
=> C = 2 C = R 2 + ( Z Z ) 2 C = R 2 + Z 2 2Z Z + Z 2 Z C
Z
L
C
L
L C
C
U2
U C2

= 2 C 2 ( R 2 + 2 L2 2 L + 1 ) =
2
2
C

U2
L2 C 24 + ( R 2 C 2 2 LC )2 +1)

t: x = 2 > 0; a = L2C2; b = R2C2 -2LC; y = ax2 + bx + 1

=> U C2

U2
y

Ta c: y = 2ax + b
y = 0 x = xo =

b
2a

=> xo l im cc tr.
b

y = 2a > 0 nn y t cc tiu khi x = xo = 2a (2)

Do
Ta thy rng

UC

ln nht khi y nh nht.

T iu kin (2) ta c: =

1
R2
2
LC 2 L

vi R2 <

2L
C

c. in p hiu dng hai u cun cm: UL = I.ZL =

=> U L2 =

U2 2
ZL
Z2

U2
Z L2
R 2 + (Z L Z C ) 2

U
ZL
Z

U2
Z L2
R 2 + Z L2 2 Z L Z C + Z C2

U2
= 1 ( R 2 + 2 L2 2 L + 1 ) = 1 1
R2
2 1
+( 2
)
+1
2
2
4
C 2C 2
2 L2
LC 2
LC
L
U2

U L2

t: x =

> 0; a =

1
R2
2

;
b
=
; y = ax2 + bx + 1
2
2
2
LC
LC
L

=> U L2

U2
y

Ta c: y = 2ax + b
Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu
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y = 0 x = xo =
Do
Ta thy rng

b
2a

=> xo l im cc tr.
b

y = 2a > 0 nn y t cc tiu khi x = xo = 2a (3)

UC

ln nht khi y nh nht.

T iu kin (3) ta c: =

2
2 LC R 2 C 2

vi R2 <

2L
C

III. Mt s vn cn lu khi gii bi tp in xoay chiu

Qua mt thi gian trc tip ging dy mn vt l, bn thn ti c rt c
mt s kinh nghim v phn dng in xoay chiu trong vt l THPT l ngoi
vic nm vng nhng kin thc cn bn trong SGK, cc em hc sinh cn lu
mt s iu nh sau:
III.1.V tng tr: Z =

R 2 + (Z L Z C ) 2

-Nu trong on mch khng c mt ca phn t no th gn cho i

lng tng ng ca n bng 0.
-Nu on mch c nhiu in tr th R chnh l in tr tng ng
ca cc in tr .
-Nu cun dy khng thun cm, c in tr r th xem nh mch in c
thm in tr r ghp ni tip, v khi : Z =

( R + r ) 2 + (Z L Z C ) 2

III.2.V in p hai u on mch

-Biu thc in p hai u on mch: U =

U R2 + (U L U C ) 2

-Khi tnh in p hai u on mch, c th ly cng dng in I

nhn vi tng tr ca on mch .
III.3.V biu thc in p, cng dng in tc thi
Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu
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III.3.1. Nu bit in p tc thi hai u mch l:

u = Uocos( t + )
Biu thc cng dng in tc thi trong mch c dng:
i = Iocos( t + + i)vi Io = Uo/Z; tan i =

ZC Z L
R

III.3.2. Nu bit cng dng in tc thi trong mch l:

i = Iocos( t + )
Biu thc cng dng in tc thi trong mch c dng:
u = Uocos( t + + u ) vi Uo = IoZ; tan u =

Z L ZC
R

III.4. Ghp t in
Hai t in C1, C2
C1C 2

-Ghp ni tip: Cb = C + C
1
2
-Ghp song song: Cb = C1 + C2
III.5. Cc trng hp cc tr
III.5.1. Khi gi tr L,C bin thin, iu kin in p hiu dng trn L,C
t cc i.
-Khi L bin thin, iu kin in p trn L cc i l:
R 2 + Z L2 = Z L Z C

v khi u vung pha vi uRC.

-Khi C bin thin, iu kin in p trn C cc i l:
R 2 + Z L2 = Z L Z C

v khi u vung pha vi uRL.

III.5.2. Khi R bin thin, iu kin cng sut ca mch t cc i l:
Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu
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R=
v khi Pmax =

Z L Z C

U2
2 Z L ZC

III.5.3. Khi tn s dng in bin thin, iu kin :

-in p trn t in C t cc i l:
=

1
R2
2
LC 2 L

vi R2 <

2L
C

-in p trn cun cm thun L t cc i l:

=

2
2 LC R 2 C 2

vi R2 <

2L
C

III.5.4. Trong cc trng hp khc nh:

-in dung C ca t in, t cm L ca cun dy hay tn s dng
in (hay ) bin thin : Imax, Pmax, cos

max

, u cng pha vi i, uL(uC) vung

pha vi u
- t cm L bin thin in p hiu dng UC, UR cc i; in dung
C bin thin in p hiu dng UL, UR cc i
Ta p dng iu kin cng hng:

Z L =Z C

IV.Bi tp ngh
Bi tp 1.Cho on mch nh hnh v:
r = 10 ; L =
u = 100

1
(H ) ;
10

r, L

C
B

C bin thin. Hiu in th hai u mch l:

cos100 t(V).

a. Tm C cng sut tiu th ca on mch cc i.

b.nh gi tr nh nht ca cng sut on mch trong iu kin ng vi
mt gi tr ca cng sut on mch c hai gi tr khc nhau ca C.
Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu
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a.C = 10-3/ (F); b. P = 500W

p s:

Bi tp 2. Cho on mch xoay chiu nh hnh v:

0,6

R = 80 ; L =

(H ) ;

C bin thin.

Hiu in th hai u mch l: u = 240

V1

V2

V3

cos100 t(V). Khi C thay i, hy

tnh gi tr cc i mi vn k v gi tr in dung C ng vi cc s ch cc
i ny.

p s:

U1max = 240V; C = C1 =

53 F
U2max = 180V; C = C2 = 53 F
U3max = 300V; C = C3 19 F
Bi tp 3. Cho on mch xoay chiu:
10 4

in tr thun R = 100 ; C =

(F); cun dy thun cm, c L bin thin.

Hiu in th hai u mch l: u = 200cos100 t(V).

a.Tnh L h s cng sut ca on mch cc i. Tnh cng sut ca
mch khi .
b.Tnh L in p hiu dng trn L t cc i.
p s: a. L = 1/ (H); Pmax = 200W
b. L = 2/ (H)
Bi tp 4.

Mt mch in xoay chiu AB

gm bin tr R v cun cm thun c L =0,09/ (H) ghp ni tip nh hnh
v. Hiu in th hai u mch AB l: u = 5

cos100 t(V).

Tnh R cng sut ca on mch cc i. Tnh cng sut cc i .

p n: R = 9,0 ; Pmax 1,4W
Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu
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Bi tp 5.
Mt mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v:

r, L

Cun dy c t cm L = 0,5/ (H) v in tr ni r = 10

c C =

10 4

(F). in p hai u mch: uAB = 100

; T in

cos100 t(V).

a.Tnh cng sut tiu th ca mch.

b. in p hai u cun dy cc i, phi mc thm mt t Co vo
mch, nu cch ghp v gi tr Co.
c. cng sut on mch cc i, phi mc vo on mch ban u
mt in tr R. Nu cch mc v tm gi tr R.
p s:

a.P = 62W
b.Co = C; ghp Co //C.
c.R = 10( 5

) , ghp ni tip.

Bi tp 6.Cho mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v:

Bit uAB =120

cos100 t(V).

in tr thun R = 100
t in c C =

10 3
(F ) ;
15

Cun dy thun cm c L bin thin.

a.Tm L in p uL hai u cun dy lch pha

so vi in p uAB

hai u on mch.
b. Mc song song in tr R vi in tr R0 thay i L thy s ch ca
vn k thay i v c gi tr cc i l 240(V). Tm R0 , L khi .
p s:

a. L = 1,5/ (H)
b.L = 2/ (H); Ro = 75

( )

Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu

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C. KT LUN
Xut pht t kinh nghim ca bn thn, t thc t nhiu nm ging dy, bn
thn ti c rt thnh kinh nghim mong em li cho cc em hc sinh mt ci
nhn tng qut hn v bi ton cc tr trong in xoay chiu v mt s lu
khi lm tp phn ny. Vic gii bi tp loi ny i hi hc sinh khng nhng
c kin thc vng vng v nm c bn cht vt l m cn phi c kin thc
c bn v ton hc ti thiu nh ti cp: Tnh cht ca phn thc i s;
Tnh cht ca cc hm s lng gic ; Bt ng thc C-si v c bit l cng
c o hm ca hm s
Chng ti phn loi cc trng hp thng gp v iu kin vn
dng hc sinh c th tham kho v qua c th nhanh chng kim tra, i
chiu khi lm cc bi tp trc nghim.
Cc bi tp p dng trong ti ny c th c nhiu cch gii tuy
nhin vi mi bi tp, hc sinh phi phn tch k bi t chn phng
php gii ph hp nht.
Bn cnh , chng ti a ra nhng bi tp ngh nhm gip cc em
hc sinh la chn cch gii ph hp rn luyn k nng v phng php lm
bi.
Do thi gian c hn nn ti ny cha c p dng rng ri v chc
chn khng trnh ht nhng thiu st. V vy rt mong c s gp ca qu
thy c gio v cc bn ng nghip ti c hon thin hn v c p
dng thc hin trong nhng nm hc ti.
Xin chn thnh cm n!

Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu

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17
Trng THPT Gio Linh

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Bi Quang Hn Gii ton Vt l 12 NXB Gio dc, 2004

2. Nguyn Th Khi, V Thanh Khit Sch gio khoa Vt l 12 NXB Gio
dc, 2008.
3. V Thanh Khit, Nguyn Th Khi Bi tp Vt l 12 Nng cao NXB
Gio dc, 2008.

Bi ton cc tr v mt s vn cn lu trong in xoay chiu

Trn Trung Tuyn