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Phn 3 - Ho hc hu c

Chng 8. i cng v ho hc hu c A. tm tt l thuyt


I. Khi nim v ho hc hu c v cht hu c:Ho hc hu c l ngnh khoa hc chuyn nghin cu cc hp cht ca cacbon tr cc hp cht n gin nh cacbon monoxit, cacbon ioxit, cc mui cacbonat, cc hp cht xianua. c im ca cc hp cht hu c:

- S lng cc nguyn t thng xuyn to thnh cc hp cht hu c khng nhiu. Nht thit phi c
cacbon, thng c hiro, hay gp oxi v nit, sau n cc halogen, lu hunh, photpho... Lin kt ho hc ch yu trong hp cht hu c l lin kt cng ho tr. Cc hp cht hu c thng d bay hi, km bn nhit, d chy hn cchp cht v c. Cc phn ng trong ho hc hu c thng din ra chm v khng hon ton theo mt hng nht nh. S lng cc hp cht hu c khong 10 triu cht, so vi cc cht v c ch c khong 100.000 cht. C hai loi ln l hirocacbon v cc dn xut ca hirocacbon (hay cc hp cht hu c cha nhm chc). Hirocacbon c chia thnh ba loi l hirocacbon no, ch c lin kt n, hirocacbon khng no, c c lin kt n v cc lin kt i, ba v cc hirocacbon thm, trong phn t c vng benzen. Thnh phn nguyn t v cng thc phn t Phn loi hp cht hu c v tnh cht mt s cht tiu biu

- Thnh phn nguyn t ca cc hp cht hu c c biu din bng cc cng thc khc nhau:
+ Cng thc tng qut cho bit thnh phn nh tnh cc nguyn t. V d: CxHyOz cho bit cht hu c cho cha ba nguyn t C, H v O + Cng thc n gin nht c xc nh bng thc nghim, cho bit t l v s lng cc nguyn t trong phn t. V d: CH2O + Cng thc phn t cho bit s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t, tc l bit gi tr ca n. V d: (CH2O)n khi n = 2 ta c C2H4O2. xc nh c cng thc phn t cn bit thnh phn cc nguyn t v khi lng mol phn t ca n. Phn tch nh tnh v nh lng cc nguyn t + Phn tch nh tnh l nhn ra cc nguyn t c trong ccht hu c. Nguyn tc a phn tch nh tnh l chuyn cc nguyn t trong cht hu c thnh cc cht v c n gin v d nhn bit da trn cc tnh cht c trng ca chng. V d tm C v H ngi ta nung cht hu c hn hp vi bt CuO (cht oxi ho) trong dng kh nit. Sau nhn ra H 2O trong sn phm bng cht ht nc mnh nh H2SO4 c, CO2 bng nc vi trong. + Phn tch nh lng l chuyn cc nguyn t trong cht hu c thnh cc cht v c n gin, da vo phng php khi lng hay phng php th tch nh lng chng. Xc nh khi lng mol phn t

+ Cc cht kh hoc d bay hi thng c xc nh khi lng mol phn t (M) theo biu thc lin h gia M vi t khi hi d so vi mt kh quen thuc no nh H2 hay khng kh... MA = 29.dA/KK Hoc MA = 2.dA/H2 + Cc cht kh, hoc khng bay hi thng c xc nh khi lng mol phn t (M) bng phng php nghim lnh hay nghim si. Khi ta p dng cng thc: M = K. m trong K l hng s nghim lnh (si), m l khi lng cht tan trong 1000 gam dung t

mi. t l gim nhit ng c, hay tng nhit si. Phng php nghim lnh c dng ph bin hn phng php nghim si. Lp cng thc phn t Theo s phn ng: CxHyOzNt xCO2 + y t H2O + N2 ta c th vit 2 2

44 x 9y 14t M = = = trong a l khi lng cht hu c b oxi ho. mCO2 mH 2O mN 2 a x= M M M mCO2 ; y = mH 2O ; t = mN z c suy ra t x, y. t v M. 44a 9a 14a 2

II. Cu to phn t hp cht hu c 1. Cng thc cu to Cng thc cu to y (khai trin) V d: cng thc cu to ca propan:
H H H H

C
H

C
H

C
H

Cng thc cu to thu gn: CH3-CH2-CH3 2. Thuyt cu to ho hc

- Trong phn t cht hu c, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau theo ng ho tr v theo mt th t nht


nh. Th t lin kt c gi l cu to ho hc. S thay i th t t lin kt s to ra cht mi.

- Trong phn t cht hu c, ccbon c ho tr 4. Nhng nguyn t cacbon c th kt hp khng nhng


vi cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc m cn kt hp trc tip vi nhau to thnh nhng mch cacbon khc nhau (mch thng, nhnh hoc vng).

- Tnh cht ca cc cht ph thuc vo thnh phn phn t (bn cht v s lng cc nguyn t)v cu
to ho hc (th t lin kt ca cc nguyn t). 3. ng ng v ng phn

- ng ng l hin tng cc cht c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau nhng khc nhau mt s nhm
-CH2 v thnh phn phn t. V d: metan CH4, etan C2H6, propan C3H8 l cc cht ng ng ca nhau.

- ng phn l hin tng cc cht c cng thc phn t nh nhau nhng khc nhau v cu to ho
hC.

4. Lin kt ho hc trong hp cht hu c Lin kt cng ho tr l loi lin kt thng gp nht trong cc hp cht hu c. Cc cht hu c c th c cc lin kt n, lin kt i hay lin kt ba. Lin kt n c to thnh bng mt cp electron. Lin kt c mt electron ln nht nm trn ng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t gi l lin kt (s xen ph trc). Lin kt c mt mt electron ln nht nm hai pha ca mt phng lin kt gi l lin kt . Lin kt i bao gm mt lin kt v mt lin kt . Lin kt ba bao gm mt lin kt v hai lin kt . Lin kt hiro l loi lin kt yu, to nn gia nguyn t hiro linh ng v nguyn t c m in cao. Tuy nhin, loi lin kt ny c nh hng ln n tan trong nc, n nhit si, nhit nng chy ca nhiu cht. 5. Trung gian phn ng ho hc hu c Gc hirocacbon l tiu phn trung gian phn ng theo c ch gc t do, khi phn ct d li mt nguyn t hiro ra khi hirocacbon. Gc hirocacbon khng bn, bn tng i ca gc quy nh sn phm no l chnh, sn phm no l ph. Th t gim dn bn ca cc gc hirocacbon nh sau:
R R C > R R R H

C
H

>R

C
H

> H

C
H

Cacbocation l ion dng c in tch dng ti nguyn t cacbon. Cacbocation l tiu phn trung gian phn ng, ni chung khng bn. Tuy nhin, bn tng i ca cacbocation quy nh hng u tin ca phn ng. Th t gim dn bn ca cc cacbocation nh sau:
R R C+ > R R R C+ > R H H C+ H H

> H

C+ H

B. bi 361. Chn khi nim ng nht v ho hc Hu c. Ho hc Hu c l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu: A. cc hp cht ca cacbon. B. cc hp cht ca cacbon, tr CO, CO2. C. cc hp cht ca cacbon, tr CO, CO2, mui cacbonat, cc xianua. D. cc hp cht ch c trong c th sng. 362. Cho hn hp hai cht l etanol (ts = 78,3oC) v axit axetic (ts = 118oC). tch ring tng cht, ngi ta s dng phng php no sau y: A. Chit. B. Chng ct thng. C. Lc v kt tinh li. D. Chng ct p sut thp. 363. xc nh thnh phn % ca nit trong hp cht hu c ngi ta dn lin tc mt dng kh CO2 tinh khit i qua thit b nung cha hn hp nh (vi miligam) cht hu c vi CuO. Sau nung hn hp v dn sn phm oxi ho ln lt i qua bnh ng H2SO4 c v bnh ng dung dch NaOH c, d. Kh cn li l nit (N2) c o th tch chnh xc, t tnh c % ca nit. iu khng nh no sau y l sai?

A. Bnh ng H2SO4 c c mc ch gi hi nc trong sn phm. B. Bnh ng NaOH c, d c mc ch gi cacbonic trong sn phm. C. Thit b ny khng th nh lng c nguyn t cacbon. D. Thit b ny khng th nh lng c nguyn t hiro. 364. Cc cng thc cu to sau biu din bao nhiu cht ng phn?
H H H Cl Cl H H H

a. Cl

C
H

C
H

b. Cl

C
H

C
H

c.

Cl

C
H

C
Cl

Cl

H H

H H

Cl

d. Cl

C
H

C
H

e. Cl

C
Cl

C
H

f. Cl

C
H

C
H

A. Mt cht. C. Ba cht ng phn.

B. Hai cht ng phn. D. Bn cht ng phn.

365. C 6 ng phn X, Y, Z, T, G, H c cng thc phn t l C4H8. Trong 4 cht u X, Y, Z, T lm mt mu dung dch brom ngay c trong bng ti. Khi tc dng vi hiro, c xc tc niken, un nng th ba cht u X, Y, Z cho mt sn phm duy nht. Hai cht X v Y l ng phn hnh hc ca nhau, nhit si ca X nh hn ca Y. Nhit si ca G nh hn ca H. iu khng nh no sau y v cu to ho hc ca X, Y, Z, T, G, H l ng? A. X, Y, Z, T l cc anken, trong X, Y, Z c mch cacbon thng, T l anken c mch cacbon phn nhnh. B. X l trans- but-2-en, Y l cis - but-2-en. C. G l xiclobutan, H l metyl xiclopropan. D. A, B, C u ng. 366. Thuc tnh no sau y khng phi l ca cc hp cht hu c? A. Khng bn nhit cao. B. Kh nng phn ng ho hc chm, theo nhiu hng khc nhau. C. Lin kt ho hc trong hp cht hu c thng l lin kt ion. D. D bay hi v d chy hn hp cht v c. 367. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ng phn trong ho hc hu c l: A. v trong hp cht hu c cacbon lun c ho tr 4. B. cacbon khng nhng lin kt vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc m cn lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch (thng, nhnh hoc vng). C. s thay i trt t lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t. D. v mt l do khc. 368. Cho cng thc xc nh khi lng mol phn t: M = 22,4 x D. Trong M l khi lng mol phn t ca hp cht hu c. D l khi lng ring (gam/lit) ca cht hu c iu kin tiu chun. Cng thc trn c th p dng cho cc cht hu c no sau y: A. C4H10, C5H12, C6H6.

B. CH3COOH, CH3COONa, C6H5OH. C. C6H14, C8H18, C2H5ONA. D. Poli vinylclorua, poli etilen, etyl axetat. 369. Hn hp X gm mt hirocacbon trong iu kin thng th kh v hiro. T khi ca X so vi hiro bng 6,7. Cho hn hp i qua Ni nung nng, sau khi hirocacbon phn ng ht thu c hn hp Y c t khi vi hiro bng 16,75. Cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon l: A. C3H4. C. C4H8 A. Hai lin kt . B. Hai lin kt . C. Mt lin kt v mt lin kt . D. Phng n khc. 371. Lin kt ba gia hai nguyn t cacbon l do cc lin kt no sau y to nn? A. Hai lin kt v mt lin kt . B. Hai lin kt v mt lin kt . C. Mt lin kt , mt lin kt v mt lin kt cho nhn. D. Phng n khc. 372. Theo thuyt cu to ho hc, trong phn t cc cht hu c, cc nguyn t lin kt ho hc vi nhau theo cch no sau y: A. ng ho tr. B. mt th t nht nh. C. ng s oxi ho. D. ng ho tr v theo mt th t nht nh. 373. Nguyn tc chung ca php phn tch nh tnh cc hp cht hu c l: A. Chuyn ho cc nguyn t C, H, N thnh cc cht v c n gin, d nhn bit. B. t chy cht hu c tm cacbon di dng mui en. C. t chy cht hu c tm nit do c mi kht tc chy. D. t chy cht hu c tm hiro di dng hi nc. 374. xc nh khi lng mol phn t ca cc cht kh bay hi, hoc khng bay hi, ngi ta s dng phng php no sau y? A. Phng php nghim lnh. B. Phng php nghim si. C. Da vo t khi vi hiro hay khng kh. D. A v B ng. 375. Cho cc cht: CaC2, CO2, HCHO, CH3COOH, C2H5OH, NaCN, CaCO3. S cht hu c trong s cc cht cho l: B. C3H6 D. C4H6.

370. Lin kt i gia hai nguyn t cacbon l do cc lin kt no sau y to nn?

A. 1. C. 3.

B. 2. D. 4.

376. tch actemisin, mt cht c trong cy thanh hao hoa vng ch thuc chng st rt, ngi ta lm nh sau: ngm l v thn cy thanh hao hoa vng bm nh trong n-hexan. Tch phn cht lng, un v ngng t thu hi n-hexan. Phn cn li l cht lng st c cho qua ct sc k v cho cc dung mi thch hp chy qua thu tng thnh phn ca tinh du. K thut no sau y khng c s dng? A. Chng ct. C. Chit xut. B. Chng ct li cun hi nc. D. Kt tinh li.

377. Du m l mt hn hp nhiu hirocacbon. c cc sn phm nh xng, du ho, mazut... trong nh my lc du s dng phng php tch no? A. Chng ct thng. B. Chng ct phn on. C. Chng ct p sut thp. D. Chng ct li cun hi nc. 378. t chy hon ton 1,50 g ca mi cht hu c X, Y, Z u thu c 0,90g H2O v 2,20g CO2. iu khng nh no sau y l ng nht? A. Ba cht X, Y, Z l cc ng phn ca nhau. B. Ba cht X, Y, Z l cc ng ng ca nhau. C. Ba cht X, Y, Z c cng cng thc n gin nht. D. Cha d kin. 379. Cc obital trng hay na bo ho p AO c nh hng nh th no trong khng gian so vi mt phng lin kt to nn ng phn hnh hc ca phn t? A. Gc vung. B. Gc nhn. C. Gc bt. D. Gc t. 380. Xt bn ca cc gc ankyl, th t gim dn bn ca cc gc trong trng hp no l ng?
R R H

A.

C > R R

C
H

> R

C
H

> H

C
H
R

.
H H H

B.

C > R R

C
H

> R

C
R

> H

C
H

C.

C R
H

> H

C
H
H

> R

C
R
H

> R

C
H
R

D.

C > H H

C
R

> R

C
R

> R

C
R

381. Cho n-butan tc dng vi clo c nh sng khuch tn thu c hai dn xut monoclo ca butan. Sn phm chnh ca phn ng clo ho butan theo t l mol 1: 1 l:

H C H

H C H

H C H H

A.

Cl

C
H

H C Cl

H C H

H C H H

B.

C
H

H C H

H C Cl

H C H H

C.

C
H

D. B v C u l cng thc cu to ca 2- clo-butan, sn phm chnh. 382. Liopen, cht mu trong qu c chua chn (C40H56) ch cha lin kt i v lin kt n trong phn t. Khi hiro ho hon ton liopen cho hirocacbon no (C40H82). Hy xc nh s ni i trong phn t liopen: A. 10 C. 12.
R R C+ H H

B. 11. D. 13.

383. Xt bn ca cc cacbocation, th t gim dn bn no sau y l ng?


H

A.

C+ > R R

> R

C+ H

> H

C+ H

H C+ H
H C+ H

B.

C+ > R R
R

>R

C+ H
R

> H

C+ H
H

C.

C+ > H R

> R

C+ R

> H

C+ R

H C+ H

D.

C+ > R H

>R

C+ R

> R

C+ R

384. phn tch nh tnh v nh lng cc nguyn t cacbon v hiro trong phn t cc hp cht hu c, ngi ta dng cht oxi ho l CuO, m khng dng oxi khng kh l v: A. khng kh c nhiu tp cht lm gim chnh xc ca php phn tch. B. khng kh cha cacbonic v hi nc lm gim chnh xc ca php phn tch. C. sn phm oxi ho hon ton cht hu c l ton b cacbon chuyn thnh cacbonic v ton b hiro chuyn thnh nc. D. B v C ng. C. hng dn tr li v p s 361. C 362. B 363. D 367. C 368. A 369. A 373. A 374. D 375. C

364. B 370. C 376. B

365. D 371. B 377. B

366. C 372. D 378. C

379. A 380. A 381. D 382. D 383. A 384. D 369. Hng dn: S phn ng: CnH2n +2 - 2m + mH2 CnH2n + 2 iu kin 1 <n < 5. a ma a mol Gi a, b l s mol ca hirocacbon v ca hiro trong hn hp X. Khi lng hn hp l: MX = (a + b) M = (a + b - ma) M
1 2

6, 7 a + b ma M 1 d1 = = = = 0,4. a+b M 2 d 2 16, 75 Xt hn hp c tng s mol bng 1, ta c a + b = 1, thay vo phng trnh trn c ma = 1 - 0,4 = 0,6 (I) a = 0, 6 m

Ma + 2(1 - a) = 13,4 (II) thay (I) vo (II) ta c: M = 19m + 2, kt hp iu kin hirocacbon th kh c M< 58, gi tr ph hp khi m = 2 v cng thc hirocacbon l C3H4. p n A. Chng 9. hirocacbon

A. tm tt l thuyt:Cc hirocacbon l nhng hp cht hu c gm hai nguyn t l cacbon v hiro. Cc hirocacbon l ngun nhin liu quan trng (90%) v l nguyn liu ca cng nghip ho hc (10%).
Dy ng ng ankan Cng thc tng qut: CnH2n + 2 trong n 1. c im cu to: Ch gm cc lin kt n. Cc nguyn t cacbon trng thi lai ho sp3. Gc lin kt l 109028. V d: C2H6 l ng ng ca CH4, (u ch cha lin kt n, thnh phn phn t C2H6 hn CH4 mt nhm CH2) nh vy C2H6 cng c nhng phn ng tng t CH4: c phn ng chy, phn ng th clo. C2H6 + 7/2 O2 t 2 CO2 + 3 H2O CH3 CH3 + Cl2 a s CH3 CH2Cl + HCl Phn ng c trng ca ankan l phn ng th. Khi t chy hon ton ankan, s mol nc thu c ln hn s mol cacbonic.
o

CnH2n +2 +

3n + 1 O2 nCO2 + (n + 1)H2O 2

Dy ng ng xicloankan

Xiclopropan

Xiclobutan

Xiclopentan

Xiclohexan

Do sc cng vng nn cc xicloankan khng bn (tr xiclopentan v xiclohexan). Cng thc tng qut: CnH2n , iu kin n 3 c im chung ca hirocacbon no l ch bao gm cc lin kt n. Xiclopropan c th cng m vng vi hiro hoc brom nguyn cht (khng lm mt mu nc brom). Dy ng ng anken Cng thc tng qut: CnH2n, iu kin n 2

c im cu to: Phn t c mt lin kt i, trong c mt lin kt v mt lin kt . Nguyn t C tham gia lin kt ba trng thi lai ho sp2. ng phn: T C3H6 bt u c ng phn. Ngoi cc ng phn mch cacbon cn cc ng phn v tr ca lin kt i, ng phn hnh hc (cis - trans) Tn gi Tn h c im ng phn thng thng cu to C2H4 1 lin kt i C3H6 Propilen Propen 1 lin kt Xiclopropan i C4H8 Butilen Buten 1 lin kt Xiclobutan, i Metylxiclopropan But-1-en Cis-but-2-en Trans-but-2-en 2-metyl-but-1-en Tnh cht ho hc ca anken: Tham gia phn ng cng (H2, Br2) d dng lm mt mu dung dch nc brom, ngay c trong bng ti. Quy tc Macconhicop: Khi cng hp cht khng i xng (HX) phn mang in tch m s kt hp vi phn mang in tch dng ca cacbon lin kt i v phn mang in tch dng s kt hp vi phn mang in tch m ca cacbon lin kt i. V d:
+ - HBr CH3-CHBr-CH3 sn phm chnh. CH3CH=CH2 + + -

Etilen

Eten

Anken tham gia phn ng trng hp:


t ,xt , p nCH2=CH2 (-CH2-CH2-)n polietilen (PE), n l h s trng hp.
o

Trng hp l qu trnh cng lin tip nhiu phn t nh ging nhau hay tng t nhau thnh phn t ln hay cao phn t. Phn ng oxi ho: CnH2n + axetic. Sc kh etilen qua ng nghim ng dung dch thuc tm long, dung dch thuc tim mt mu: 3C2H4 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O 3CH2(OH)CH2(OH) + 2MnO2 + 2KOH Dy ng ng ankin Cng thc tng qut: CnH2n - 2 , iu kin n 2 c im cu to: Phn t c mt lin kt ba, trong c mt lin kt v hai lin kt . Nguyn t C tham gia lin kt ba trng thi lai ho sp. Ankin tham gia phn ng cng, trng hp v cc ank-1-in tham gia phn ng th. Dy ng ng ankaien
3n O2 2
t nCO2 + nH2O
o

Trong cng nghip, ngi ta oxi ho nh etilen (nh cht xc tc PdCl 2/CuCl2) sn xut anehit

Cng thc tng qut: CnH2n - 2 , iu kin n 3 c im cu to: Phn t c hai lin kt i, trong mi lin kt i c mt lin kt v mt lin kt . Nguyn t C tham gia lin kt i trng thi lai ho sp2. Ankaien tham gia phn ng cng, c bit d trng hp to thnh cao su nhn to. Dy ng ng aren Cng thc tng qut: CnH2n - 6 , iu kin n 6 c im cu to:Vng benzen rt bn vng v c 3 lin kt n xen k 3 lin kt i.
CH3

Benzen, Toluen Benzen v dy ng ng cn gi l cc hirocacbon thm. Tnh thm th hin cc tnh cht: d th hn hirocacbon no, kh cng hn hirocacbon khng no v bn vi cc tc nhn oxi ho. V d: Benzen khng lm mt mu nc brom v dung dch thuc tm. Benzen ch phn ng vi brom nguyn cht, xc bt st v un nng.
Br

Br2

Fe, t0

HBr

Quy tc th vo nhn benzen

Khi vng benzen c sn nhm th loi 1 (ankyl, halogen, NH2, OH), nhm th tip theo c u
tin vo cc v tr octo v para (2, 4, 6).

Khi vng benzen c sn nhm th loi 2 (COOH, gc R cha lin kt i, NO 2), nhm th tip
theo c u tin vo cc v tr meta (3, 5). hng dn gii bi tp xc nh cng thc phn t Bc 1: Gi cng thc phn t dng tng qut + Gi thit cho sn phm chy gm (CO2, H2O, N2) hp cht phi cha C, H, N v c th c O. t cng thc phn t l: CxHyOzNt (x, y, t nguyn dng; z nguyn, c th bng 0) xc nh xem c O hay khng phi tnh khi lng cc nguyn t ri ly khi lng hp cht tr i khi lng cc nguyn t c khi lng 0; mO = 0 khng c oxi, mO > 0 c oxi. Bc 2: Xc nh x, y, z, t. Gi cht hu c cn tm l A. Dng 1: Bit khi lng cc nguyn t (mC, mH, mO, mN), khi lng mol phn t (MA), mA. nA = mA / MA mC mH x= y= 12 .n A 1.n A mO mN z= t= 16 .n A 14 .n A Dng 2: Bit thnh phn phn trm khi lng cc nguyn t (%C, %H, %O, %N), mA, khi lng phn t (MA).Tnh khi lng X: mX = %X . mA C khi lng cc nguyn t ri tnh theo dng 1. Dng 3: Bit khi lng sn phm chy mCO2 , mH 2O ; mA, MA, VN 2 Tnh khi lng tng nguyn t:

10

mC = mN =

mCO 2 44
VN 2

. 12 (g)

mH =

mH 2 O 18

. 2 (g).

. 28 (g) mO = mA - mC - mH - mN (g). Lm tip nh dng 1. 22 ,4 Dng 4: Bit mA, MA khi lng sn phm chy mt cch gin tip nh sau: + Dn hn hp sn phm ln lt qua hai bnh: bnh 1 ng dung dch H 2SO4 m c, bnh 2 ng dung dch kim, c d ( NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2): H2O b gi li bnh 1, CO2 b gi li bnh 2, N2 thot ra khi hai bnh. mCO2 = khi lng bnh 1 tng. = khi lng bnh 2 tng. (hoc c th tnh khi lng CO 2 theo khi lng kt ta khi bnh 2 ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 d). + Dn hn hp sn phm qua bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 d: c H2O v CO2 u b gi li, N2 ra khi hai bnh: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O CO2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + H2O nCO2 = n kt ta mCO2 m m m bnh tng = mCO2 + H 2 O H 2 O Dng 5: Cho t l th tch cc cht trong phn ng chy. Ch : khi th tch cc kh o cng iu kin v nhit v p sut th t l v th tch cng chnh l t l v s mol. Bc 3: Kim tra li kt qu tnh ton v kt lun cng thc phn t . Cc bi ton ho hc dng lm cu hi trc nghim khch quan thng l n gin v mt tnh ton, c nhng cch gii nhanh, i hi tr thng minh, suy lun sc bn v rn kh nng phn ng nhanh ca ngi hc. B. bi 385. Chn nh ngha ng v hirocacbon no? Hirocacbon no l: A. nhng hp cht hu c gm hai nguyn t cacbon v hiro. B. nhng hirocacbon khng tham gia phn ng cng. C. nhng hirocacbon tham gia phn ng th. D. nhng hirocacbon ch gm cc lin kt n trong phn t. 386. So snh kh nng phn ng ca tng cp cht, khoanh trn ch nu nhn nh ng hoc ch S nu sai trong cc cu sau y: A. Metan d phn ng vi brom c chiu sng hn toluen. S B, Toluen d phn ng vi HNO3 c (c H2SO4 c) hn benzen S C. Benzen d phn ng vi dung dch nc brom hn anilin. S D. Etilen d phn ng vi dung dch nc brom hn vinyl clorua S 387. Propen phn ng vi nc brom c ho tan mt lng nh NaI to ra nm sn phm. Gii thch no sau y l ng? A. Phn ng din ra theo c ch th gc t do. B. Phn ng din ra theo c ch th electrophin. C. Phn ng din ra theo c ch cng ion, hai giai on. D. Phn ng din ra theo c ch cng gc t do. mH 2 O

11

388. Hai cht A v B c cng cng thc C5H12 tc dng vi clo theo t l mol 1:1 th A to ra mt dn xut duy nht cn B th cho bn dn xut. Cng thc cu to ca A v B ln lt l:
CH3

H3C

C CH3

CH3

H3C

H C CH3

H2 C

CH3

A.
H3C

.
H2 C CH3

CH3

H C CH3
CH3

H3C

C CH3

CH3

B.
H3 C

C CH3

CH3

C.

H3C
H2 C H2 C

H2 C
H3C

H2 C
H C

H2 C
H2 C

CH3
CH3

CH3 HC CH3 D. 3 389. Trong mt bnh kn dung tch V lit c cha mt hn hp A gm hai kh l metan v axetilen. Hn hp

H2 C

A c t khi so vi hiro l 10,5. Nung nng A nhit cao metan b nhit phn mt phn (theo phng trnh ho hc: 2CH4 C2H2 +3H2) th thu c hn hp kh B. iu nhn nh no sau y l ng? A. Thnh phn % theo V ca C2H2 trong hn hp B khng thay i mi thi im phn ng. B. Trong hn hp A, thnh phn % ca metan l 50%. C. p sut ca hn hp kh sau phn ng ln hn p sut ban u. D. A, B, C u ng. 390. Cho hn hp cc ankan sau: pentan (tos 36 oC), hexan (tos 69oC), heptan (tos 98oC), octan (tos 126oC), nonan (tos 151oC). C th tch ring tng cht trn bng cch no sau y: A. Chng ct li cun hi nc. B. Chng ct phn on. C. Chng ct p sut thp. D. Chng ct thng. 391. Sn phm chnh ca s cng hp hiroclorua vo propen l A. CH3CHClCH3. B. CH3CH2CH2Cl. C. CH2ClCH2CH3. D. ClCH2CH2CH3 392. c im cu to ca phn t etilen l: A. tt c cc nguyn t u nm trn mt mt phng, cc obitan nguyn t C lai ho sp2, gc lai ho 1200.. B. c lin kt i gia hai nguyn t C, trong c mt lin kt bn v mt lin kt km bn. C. lin kt c to thnh bi s xen ph trc sp2- sp2, lin kt hnh thnh nh s xen ph bn p - p. D. c A, B, C ng.

12

393. t chy hon ton 5,6 gam mt anken A th kh trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, c t khi so vi hiro l 28 thu c 8,96 lit kh cacbonic(ktc). Cng thc cu to ca A l: A. CH2=CH-CH2CH3 B. CH2=C(CH3)CH3 C. CH3CH=CHCH3 D. c A, B, C ng . 394. Xicloankan c phn ng cng m vng trong s cc cht sau l: A. xiclopropan. B. xiclobutan. C. xiclopentan. D. C A, B . 395. Etilen ln cc tp cht SO2, CO2, hi nc. Loi b tp cht bng cch sau: A. Dn hn hp qua dung dch brom d. B. Dn hn hp qua dung dch natri clorua d, C. Dn hn hp ln lt qua bnh cha dung dch NaOH d v bnh cha dung dch H2SO4 c. D. Dn hn hp ln lt qua bnh cha dung dch brom d v bnh cha dung dch H2SO4c. 396. Sn phm chnh ca phn ng trng hp buta-1,3-ien l:
-CH2-- CHCH
n

A.

CH2

-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-

B.
n

-CH2-CH-CH-CH2-

C.

D. Phng n khc

397. C bn cht etilen, propin, buta-1,3-ien, benzen. Xt kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom ca bn cht trn, iu khng nh no l ng? A. C bn cht u c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom. B. C ba cht c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom. C. C hai cht c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom. D. Ch c mt cht c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom. 398. Hy chn mt dy cc cht trong s cc dy cht sau iu ch hp cht nitrobenzen: A. C6H6, ddHNO3 c B. C6H6, ddHNO3 c, ddH2SO4c C. C7H8, ddHNO3 c D. C7H8, ddHNO3 c, ddH2SO4c 399. Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca dy ng ng ankan l: A. Tham gia phn ng oxi ho hon ton (chy) to ra cacbonic v nc. B. Tham gia phn ng th theo c ch gc t do. C. Tham gia phn ng crackinh. D. Tham gia phn ng oxi ho khng hon ton. 400. Dng dung dch brom (trong nc) lm thuc th, c th phn bit cp cht no sau y: A. metan v etan. B. toluen v stiren. C. etilen v propilen. D. etilen v stiren. 401. Cc cht no sau y u lm mt mu dung dch brom trong nc ? A. CH CH, CH2 = CH2, CH4, C6H5CH = CH2.

13

B. CH C. CH D. CH

CH, CH2 = CH2, CH4, C6H5CH3. CH, CH2 = CH2, CH2= CH CH = CH2 , C6H5CH = CH2. CH, CH2 = CH2, CH3 CH3, C6H5CH = CH2.

402. Ch s octan l mt ch s cht lng ca xng, c trng cho kh nng chng kch n sm. Ngi ta quy c iso octan c ch s octan l 100, cn n-heptan c ch s octan l 0. Xng 92 c ngha l loi c kh nng chng kch n tng ng hn hp 92% iso octan v 8% n-heptan. Trc y, tng ch s octan ngi ta thm ph gia tetra etyl ch (Pb(C2H5)4), tuy nhin ph gia ny lm nhim mi trng, nay b cm s dng. Hy cho bit hin nay ngi ta s dng cht ph gia no lm tng ch s octan? A. Metyl tert butyl ete. B. Metyl tert etyl ete. C. Toluen. D. Xylen. 403. Hirocacbon X c t khi hi so vi hiro l 46. X khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO 4 nhit thp, nhng khi un nng, lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm v to ra sn phm Y c cng thc phn t l C7H5O2K. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch axit sunfuric long th to thnh sn phm Z c cng thc phn t l C7H5O2H. Cng thc cu to ca X, Y, Z ln lt l:
CH3 COOK COOH

A. ;
CH3 CH3

;
CH3

B. ;
HO
CH3 CH3

;
OK HO
CH3 OH OH

OH

C. ;

OK

OH

CH3 KO

CH3 OH HO

CH3 OH

D. ;

404. Cho s phn ng: n-hexan xiclohexan + hiro Bit nhit to thnh ca n-hexan, xiclohexan v hiro ln lt l 167kJ, 103kJ v 435,5 kJ/mol. Nhn nh no v phn ng ng vng n-hexan l ng? A. H > 0. B. H < 0. C. Nhit tng cn bng ho hc chuyn sang chiu thun. D. Tt c cc nhn nh trn u sai. 405. Trong phng th nghim c th iu ch mt lng nh kh metan theo cch no sau y?

14

A. Nung axetat natri khan vi hn hp vi ti xt. B. Phn hu ym kh cc hp cht hu c. C. Tng hp t C v H. D. Crackinh n-hexan. 406. C hai ng nghim, mi ng cha 1ml dung dch brom trong nc c mu vng nht. Thm vo ng th nht 1ml n-hexan v ng th hai 1ml hex-1-en. Lc u c hai ng nghim, sau yn hai ng nghim trong vi pht. Hin tng quan st c l: A. c s tch lp cc cht lng c hai ng nghim. B. mu vng nht vn khng i ng nghim th nht. C. ng nghim th hai c hai lp cht lng u khng mu. D. A, B, C ng. 407. iu ch etilen trong phng th nghim t C2H5OH, xc tc H2SO4 c nhit trn 1700C thng ln cc oxit nh SO2, CO2. Chn mt trong s cc cht sau lm sch etilen: A. Dung dch brom d. B. Dung dch natri hiroxit d. C. Dung dch natri cacbonat d. D. Dung dch kali pemanganat long d. 408. Ch no sau y cn tun theo iu ch etilen trong phng th nghim t C2H5OH, xc tc H2SO4 c nhit trn 1700C? A. Dng mt lng nh ct hoc bt vo ng nghim cha C2H5OH, xc tc H2SO4 c trnh hn hp si qu mnh, tro ra ngoi ng nghim. B. Khng thu ngay lng kh thot ra ban u, ch thu kh khi dung dch phn ng chuyn sang mu en. C. Khi dng th nghim phi tho ng dn kh trc khi tt n cn trnh nc trn vo ng nghim gy v, nguy him. D. A, B, C u ng. 409. t chy hon ton m (g) hn hp X gm CH 4, C3H6 v C4H10 thu c 4,4g CO2 v 2,52g H2O, m c gi tr no trong s cc phng n sau? A. 1,48g B. 2,48 g C. 14,8g D. 24,7 g 410. tch ring tng kh tinh khit ra khi hn hp gm propan, propen, propin ngi ta s dng nhng phn ng ho hc c trng no sau y? A. Phn ng th nguyn t H ca ankin-1. B. Phn ng cng nc c xc tc axit ca anken. C. Phn ng tch nc ca ancol ti to anken. D. A, B, C ng. 411. iu kin cht hu c tham gia phn ng trng hp l: A. hirocacbon khng no. B. c lin kt kp trong phn t. C. hirocacbon khng no, mch h. D. hirocacbon.

15

412. Hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon m khi t chy thu c CO 2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau. Hn hp gm cc hirocacbon no sau y? A. Hai ankan. B. Hai xicloankan. C. Hai anken. D. B, C ng. 413. Cho 0,896 lt hn hp hai anken l ng ng lin tip (ktc) li qua dung dch brom d. Khi lng bnh brom tng thm 2,0 gam. Cng thc phn t ca hai anken l: A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. Phng n khc. 3 414. t chy hon ton 10cm mt hirocacbon bng 80cm3 oxi. Ngng t hi nc, sn phm chim th tch 65cm3, trong th tch kh oxi d l 25cm 3. Cc th tch u o iu kin tiu chun. Cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon cho l: A. C4H6. B. C4H8. C. C4H10. D. C5H12. C. hng dn tr li v p s 385. D 391. A 397. B 403. A 409. A 386. 392. D 398. B 404. B 410. D 387. C 393. D 399. B 405. A 411. B 388. A 394. D 400. B 406. D 412. D 389. D 395. C 401. C 407. B 413. B 390. B 396. B 402. A 408. D 414. A

386. So snh kh nng phn ng ca tng cp cht, khoanh trn ch nu nhn nh ng hoc ch S nu sai trong cc cu sau y: A. Metan d phn ng vi brom c chiu sng hn toluen. S B, Toluen d phn ng vi HNO3 c (c H2SO4 c) hn benzen C. Benzen d phn ng vi dung dch nc brom hn anilin. S D. Etilen d phn ng vi dung dch nc brom hn vinyl clorua S 389. Hng dn: Phng trnh ho hc: 2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2

Gi s c xlt CH4 phn ng s to thnh

x 3x lt C2H2 v lt hiro. Khi , th tch ca C2H2 l V + 2 2

x x 3x x , th tch ca hn hp = 2V - x + + = 2(V + ). 2 2 2 2 x 2 Thnh phn % theo th tch ca C2H2 = x x100% = 50%, khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca x, cho 2(v + ) 2 nn thnh phn ca axetilen khng thay i mi thi im ca phn ng. v+

M = 10,5 x 2 = 21, p dng phng php ng cho ta c: MC2H2 = 26, hiu ca ng cho th
nht l 26 -21 = 5; MCH4 = 16, hiu ca ng cho th hai l 21 - 16 = 5. t l mol hay th tch ca metan bng ca axetilen = 50%. Sau phn ng, s mol hn hp kh tng ln, trong khi th tch khng thay i do p sut ca h tng.

16

p s: D 409. Hng dn: Cch gii 1: CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O C3H6 + 4,5O2 3CO2 + 3H2O C4H10 + 6,5O2 4CO2 + 5H2O t nCH4 = x ;nC3H6 = y ;nC 4H10 = z Ta c h phng trnh x + 3y + 47 = 0,1 (I) 2x + 3y + 5z = 0,14 (II) p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: 16x + 42y + 58z = 4,4 + 2,52 - (2x + 4,5y + 6,5z) x 32 => 80x + 186y + 266z = 6,92 (3)

x = 0,03 Gii h phng trnh ta c nghim l y = 0,01 z = 0,01

mCH4 = 0,03 x 16= 0,48(g)


=>

mC3H6 = 0,01x42= 0,42(g) mC4H10 = 0,01x58= 0,58(g) => m= 0,48+ 0,42+ 0,58= 1 ,48g
4,4 2,52 x12+ x2= 1 + 0,28= 1 ,2 ,48(g) 44 18

Cch gii 2: mX = mC + mH =

Vy p n A.

414. Hng dn: y y CxHy + ( x + ) O2 xCO2 + H2O 4 2 y (x + ) V V xV 4 10cm3 55cm3 40cm3 y ( x + ) = 5,5 (I) v x = 4 (II). 4 y = 6. p n A. Chng 10. cc dn xut ca hirocacbon A tm tt l thuyt I. Ru - phenol : 1. Ru nh ngha: Ru l nhng hp cht hu c c mt hay nhiu nhm hiroxi (OH) lin kt vi nhng nguyn t cacbon no ca gc hirocacbon. Ru c mt nhm OH trong phn t gi l ru n chc hay monoancol. Ru c nhiu nhm OH trong phn t gi l ru a chc hay poliancol. cc cht rn. Ru c nhit si cao hn hn cc hirocacbon c cng phn t khi, v gia cc phn t ru c lin kt hiro lin phn t. Tnh cht ho hc 2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2

Tnh cht vt l: Ru l cc cht lng nhit thng, t CH3OH n C12H25OH, t C13 tr ln l

17

C2H5OH 2C2H5OH

>1700C, H2SO4 c <1400C, H2SO4 c

C2H4 + H2O C2H5OC2H5 + H2O


H2SO4

C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O Ring ancol a chc c cc nhm OH lin k c phn ng ho tan Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim, to thnh dung dch mu xanh lam. 2. Phenol:Nhng hp cht hu c c nhm OH lin kt vi nguyn t cacbon trong nhn benzen gi l phenol. Phenol n gin nht l C6H5OH. Sau y l mt s v d v phenol:
OH CH3 CH3

OH OH

Phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol Do nh hng ca nhn benzen, nhm OH tr nn phn cc hn so vi ru, phenol c tnh axit yu. Phenol tc dng vi Na, NaOH, dung dch brom. II. Anehit - axit cacboxylic - este 1. anehit:Anehit l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm chc CHO. Mt s anehit tiu biu nh: HCHO anehit fomic, CH3CHO anehit axetic. Anehit c th tc dng vi oxi, c xc tc to thnh axit cacboxylic tng ng, tc dng vi AgNO3\NH3 (trng gng), hay tc dng vi hiro to thnh ru tng ng. V d: CH3CHO + 2Ag(NH3)2OH 2Ag + CH3COONH4+ + 3NH3 + H2O Anehit fomic c phn ng trng ngng vi phenol to thnh nha phenolfomanehit. Tu theo mi trng axit hay baz v t l mol m to thnh polime c cu trc mch thng hay mng khng gian. 2. Axit cacboxylic Axit cacboxylic l nhng hp cht hu c c nhm chc -COOH (cacboxyl). Do m in ln ca oxi nn lm phn cc mnh lin kt OH trong nhm cacboxyl, do trong cc phn ng axit cacboxylic cho proton. Trong dy ng ng ca axit fomic HCOOH, theo chiu tng ca khi lng mol, tnh cht axit gim dn. Axit cacboxylic c nhit si cao hn nhiu so vi ancol tng ng. V d: ancol etylic c nhit si l 78,3oC, trong khi axit axetic c nhit si l 118oC. Nguyn nhn ca s tng t bin nhit si l do bn ca cc lin kt hiro gia cc phn t axit ln hn gia cc phn t ancol. Axit cacboxylic c th tc dng vi baz, oxit baz, kim loi trc hiro, mui v vi ancol (ho este). 3. Este: Este ca axit cacboxylic l sn phm ca s thay th nhm OH ca axit bng nhm -OR. R v R l cc gc hirocacbon. Este c nhit si thp hn axit tng ng, v trong phn t khng con hiro linh ng nn khng hnh thnh lin kt hiro. Este khng tan trong nc v nh hn nc, l nhng cht lng d bay hi, a s c mi thm. Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca cc este l phn ng thu phn (trong mi trng kim gi l phn ng x phng ho). Este ca glixerol vi axit bo (C17H35COOH, C17H33COOH,..) gi l cht bo (lipit) mt loi thc phm ca con ngi. trnh bnh x va ng mch, cc nh khoa hc khuyn co nn t s dng m ng vt, thay vo s dng cc du thc vt nh du lc, du vng, du nnh...

18

B. bi 415. Ancol 3-metyl- buta-2-ol c cng thc cu to no sau y?


A. CH3
H C H2 C H2 C OH

B.

CH3

CH3 H H C C

CH3

CH3 CH3

OH

C. CH3 C
CH3
H C CH3

H C OH
CH3

CH3

D.

CH3

C OH

CH3

416. Trong dy ng ng ca ancol etylic, khi s nguyn t cacbon tng t hai n bn, tnh tan trong nc ca ancol gim nhanh. L do no sau y l ph hp?A. Lin kt hiro gia ancol v nc yu. B. Gc hirocacbon cng ln cng k nc. C. Gc hirocacbon cng ln cng lm gim linh ng ca hiro trong nhm OH. D. B, C ng. 417. Xp theo th t phn cc tng dn ca lin kt O trong phn t ca cc cht sau: C2H5OH (1), H CH3COOH (2), CH2=CH COOH (3), C6H5OH (4) , CH3C6H4OH (5) , C6H5CH2OH (6) l: A. (1) < (6) < (5) < (4) < (2) < (3). B. (6) < (1) < (5) < (4) < (2) < (3). C. (1) < (2) < (3) < (4) < (5) < (6). D. (1) < (3) < (2) < (4) < (5) < (6). 418. nh hng ca nhm OH n nhn benzen v ngc li c chng minh bi: A. Phn ng ca phenol vi dung dch NaOH v nc brom. B. Phn ng ca phenol vi nc brom v dung dch NaOH. C. Phn ng ca phenol vi Na v nc brom. D. Phn ng ca phenol vi dung dch NaOH v anehit fomic. 419. Cc ru bc 1, 2, 3 c phn bit bi nhm OH lin kt vi nguyn t C c: A. S th t trong mch l 1, 2, 3. B. S orbitan p tham gia lai ho l 1, 2, 3. C. S nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi l 1, 2, 3. D. A, B, C u sai. 420. Xc nh tn IUPAC ca cc axit cacboxylic theo bng s liu sau: STT S nguyn t S nguyn t H S nguyn t Tn gi C O 1 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 3 1 2 2 421. Tnh cht baz ca metylamin mnh hn ca anilin v: A. Khi lng mol ca metylamin nh hn. B. Nhm metyl lm tng mt e ca nguyn t N. C. Nhm phenyl lm gim mt e ca nguyn t N.

19

D. B v C ng. 422. Axit fomic c phn ng trng gng v trong phn t: A. c nhm chc anehit CHO. B. c nhm chc cacboxyl COOH . C. c nhm cabonyl C=O. D. l do khc. 424. Chn li gii thch ng cho hin tng phenol t tan trong nc lnh, nhng tan tt trong nc c ho tan mt lng nh NaOH?A. Phenol to lin kt hiro vi nc. B. Phenol to lin kt hiro vi nc to kh nng ho tan trong nc, nhng gc phenyl k nc lm gim tan trong nc ca phenol. C. Phenol to lin kt hiro vi nc to kh nng ho tan trong nc, nhng gc phenyl k nc lm gim tan trong nc lnh ca phenol. Khi nc c NaOH xy ra phn ng vi phenol to ra phenolat natri tan tt trong nc. D. Mt l do khc. 425. Cho dy cc axit: phenic, picric, p-nitrophenol, t tri sang phi tnh cht axit: A. tng B. gim C. khng thay i D. va tng va gim 426. C mt hn hp gm ba cht l benzen, phenol v anilin, chn th t thao tc ng bng phng php ho hc tch ring tng cht. A. Cho hn hp tc dng vi dung dch NaOH. B. Cho hn hp tc dng vi axit, chit tch ring benzen. C. Chit tch ring phenolat natri ri ti to phenol bng axit HCl. D. Phn cn li cho tc dng vi NaOH ri chit tch ring anilin. Th t cc thao tc l :.......... 427. un nng dung dch fomalin vi phenol (d) c axit lm xc tc thu c polime c cu trc no sau y?A. Mng li ko gian. B. Mch thng. C. Dng phn nhnh. D. C ba phng n trn u sai. 428.Tnh cht axit ca dy ng ng ca axit fomic bin i theo chiu tng ca khi lng mol phn t l: A. tng B. gim C. khng thay i D. va gim va tng 429. Cho mt dy cc axit: acrylic, propionic, butanoic. T tri sang phi tnh cht axit ca chng bin i theo chiu:A. tng B. gim C. khng thay i D. va gim va tng 430. Glixerol phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 to dung dch mu xanh lam, cn etanol khng phn ng v: A. linh ng ca hiro trong nhm OH ca glixerol cao hn. B. nh hng qua li ca cc nhm OH. C. y l phn ng c trng ca ru a chc vi cc nhm OH lin k. D. C A, B, C u ng. 431. Khi lm khan ru etylic c ln mt t nc c th s dng cch no sau y: A. Cho CaO mi nung vo ru. B. Cho CuSO4 khan vo ru. C. Ly mt lng nh ru cho tc dng vi Na, ri trn vi ru cn lm khan v chng ct. D. C A, B, C u ng. 432. S bin i tnh cht axit ca dy CH3COOH, CH2ClCOOH, CHCl2COOH l: A. tng. B. gim. C. khng thay i. D. va gim va tng. 433. S bin i nhit si ca cc cht theo dy: CH3CHO, CH3COOH, C2H5OH l: A. tng. B. gim. C. khng thay i. D. va tng va gim. 434. Cho 1,24g hn hp hai ru n chc tc dng va vi Na thy thot ra 336 ml H 2 (ktc) v m (g) mui natri. Khi lng mui natri thu c l:A. 1,93 g B. 2,93 g C. 1,9g D. 1,47g 435. Cho 3,38g hn hp Y gm CH3OH, CH3COOH, C6H5OH tc dng va vi Na thy thot ra 672 ml

20

kh( ktc) v dung dch. C cn dung dch thu c hn hp rn Y1. Khi lng Y1 l: A. 3,61g B. 4,7g C. 4,76g D. 4,04g 436. Chia hn hp gm hai anehit no n chc thnh hai phn bng nhau: - t chy hon ton phn th nht thu c 0,54g H2O. - Phn th hai cng H2(Ni, t0 ) thu c hn hp X. Nu t chy hon ton X th th tch kh CO2 thu c( ktc) l: A. 0,112 lt B. 0,672 lt C. 1,68 lt D. 2,24 lt 437. Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm hai ru M v N ta c hn hp Y gm cc olefin. Nu t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76g CO2. Vy khi t chy hon ton Y th tng khi lng nc v cacbonic to ra l:A. 2,94g B. 2,48g C. 1,76g D. 2,76g 438. Trong cng nghip, sn xut gng soi v rut phch nc, ngi ta s dng phn ng ho hc no sau y? A. Axetilen tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3. B. Anehit fomic tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3. C. Dung dch glucoz tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3. D. Dung dch saccaroz tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3.

Gng soi

Phch nc

439. Phng php no iu ch ru etylic di y ch dng trong phng th nghim? A. Cho hn hp kh etilen v hi nc i qua thp cha H3PO4.. B. Cho etilen tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long, nng. C. Ln men ng glucoz. D. Thu phn dn xut halogen trong mi trng kim. 441. Cho cc cht sau y: 1. CH3 CH COOH NH2 2. OH CH2 COOH 3. CH2O v C6H5OH 4. C2H4(OH)2 v p - C6H4(COOH)2 5. (CH2)6(NH2)2 v (CH2)4(COOH)2 Cc trng hp no sau y c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng ngng? A. 1, 2 B. 3, 5 C. 3, 4 D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 442. Khi thu phn C4H6O2 trong mi trng axit ta thu c hn hp hai cht u c phn ng trng gng. Vy cng thc cu to ca C4H6O2 l mt trong cc cng thc no sau y? A. CH3 C O CH = CH2 O

21

B. H C O CH2 CH = CH2 O C. H C O CH = CH CH3 O D. CH2 = CH C O CH3 O 443. t chy hon ton mt ete X n chc ta thu c kh CO2 v hi H2O theo t l mol X c to ra t: A. Ru etylic B. Ru metylic v n propylic C. Ru metylic v iso propylic D. A, B, C u ng 444. Thu phn cc hp cht sau trong mi trng kim: 1. CH3 CH Cl 2. CH3 COO CH = CH2 Cl 3. CH3 COOCH2 CH = CH2 4. CH3 CH2 CH Cl OH 5. CH3 COOCH3 Sn phm to ra c phn ng trng gng l: A. 2 B. 1, 2 C. 1, 2, 4 D. 3, 5 445. un nng 0,1 mol X vi lng va dung dch NaOH thu c 13,4g mui ca axit hu c a chc B v 9,2g ru n chc C. Cho ru C bay hi 1270C v 600 mmHg s chim th tch 8,32 lt. Cng thc phn t ca cht X l: COOCH3 A. CH COOCH3 COOCH3 B. CH2 COOCH3 CH2 COOCH3 C. COO C2H5 COO C2H5 D. COOC3H5 COOC3H5 446. Cho 4,2g este n chc no E tc dng ht vi dung dch NaOH ta thu c 4,76g mui natri. Vy cng thc cu to ca E c th l: A CH3 COOCH3 B. C2H5COOCH3 C. CH3COOC2H5 D. HCOOC2H5 448. C bn cht lng ng trong bn l b mt nhn: toluen, ru etylic, dung dch phenol, dung dch axit fomic. nhn bit bn cht c th dng thuc th no sau y? nH 2O nCO2 = 5 : 4. Ete

22

A. Dng qu tm, nc brom, natri hiroxit. B. Natri cacbonat, nc brom, natri kim loi C. Qu tm, nc brom v dung dch kali cacbonat. D. C A, B, C u ng. 449. Khi t chy ln lt cc ng ng ca mt loi ru ta nhn thy s mol CO 2 v s mol H2O do phn ng chy to ra c khc nhau nhng t s

nH 2 O nCO 2

l nh nhau. Cc ru thuc dy ng ng no?

A. Ru no n chc. B. Ru khng no ( c 1 lin kt i), n chc. C. Ru khng no ( c mt lin kt ba), n chc. D. Ru khng no ( 2 lin kt i), n chc. 450. C bao nhiu ng phn ca ankin C6H10 to kt ta vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 452. Cho 3,0 gam mt anehit tc dng ht vi dung dch AgNO 3 trong ammoniac, thu c 43,2 gam bc kim loi. Cng thc cu to ca anehit l: A. HOC CHO B. CH2 = CH CHO C. H CHO D. CH3 CH2 CHO 453. Cho hn hp HCHO v H2 i qua ng ng bt Ni nung nng. Dn ton b hn hp thu c sau phn ng vo bnh nc lnh ngng t hi cht lng v ho tan cc cht c th tan c, thy khi lng bnh tng 11,8g. Ly dung dch trong bnh cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 trong NH3 thu c 21,6g bc kim loi. Khi lng CH3OH to ra trong phn ng hp hiro ca HCHO l: A. 8,3g B. 9,3 g C. 10,3g D. 1,03g 454. Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol HCOOH v 0,2 mol HCHO tc dng ht vi dung dch AgNO 3 trong NH3 th khi lng Ag thu c l:A. 108g .B. 10,8g. C. 216g. D. 21,6g. 455. Cho cc hp cht hu c: phenyl metyl ete (anisol), toluen, anilin, phenol. Trong s cc cht cho, nhng cht c th lm mt mu dung dch brom l: A. Toluen, anilin, phenol. B. Phenyl metyl ete, anilin, phenol. C. Phenyl metyl ete, toluen, anilin, phenol. D. Phenyl metyl ete, toluen, phenol. 456. C bn cht: axit axetic, glixerol, ru etylic, glucoz. Ch dng thm mt cht no sau y nhn bit?A. Qu tm. B. CaCO3. C. CuO. D. Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim. 458. Chia hn hp X gm hai axit (Y l axit no n chc, Z l axit khng no n chc cha mt lin kt i). S nguyn t trong Y, Z bng nhau. Chia X thnh ba phn bng nhau: - Phn 1 tc dng ht vi 100ml dung dch NaOH 2M. trung ha lng NaOH d cn 150ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5M. - Phn 2: Phn ng va vi 6,4g Br2 - Phn 3: t chy hon ton thu c 3,36 lt CO2(ktc). a. S mol ca Y, Z trong X l: A. 0,01 v 0,04. B. 0,02 v 0,03.

23

C. 0,03 v 0,02. D. 0,04 v 0,01. b. Cng thc phn t ca Y v ca Z l: A. C2H4O2 v C2H2O2 B. C3H6O2 v C3H4O2 C. C4H8O2 v C4H6O2 D. C4H6O4 v C4H4O4 460. C bn dung dch long khng mu ng trong bn ng nghim ring bit, khng dn nhn: anbumin, glixerol, CH3COOH, NaOH. Chn mt trong cc thuc th sau phn bit bn cht trn? A. Qu tm. B. Phenolphtalein. C. HNO3 c. D. CuSO4. hng dn tr li v p s 415. B 416. D 417. A 421. D 422. A 423. A

418. B 424. C

419. C 425. D

427. B 428. B 429. B 430. D 431. D 433. D 434. C 435. B 436. B 437. B 439. D 440. C 441. D 442. C 443. D 445. C 446. B 447. D 448. B 449. B 451. B 452. C 453. C 454. A 455. B 457. B 458.a. A 458.b. B 459. C 460. D 420. Xc nh tn IUPAC ca cc axit cacboxylic theo bng s liu sau: STT S nguyn t S nguyn t H C 1 2 2 2 3 1 434. Cch gii 1: 2 4 2 S nguyn t Tn gi O 4 2 2

420. 426. A-C-BD 432. A 438. C 444. C 450. D 456. D

Axit etainoic Axit etanoic Axit metanoic R - OH (x mol), R1 - OH (y mol)

t cng thc ca hai ru l Phng trnh ho hc: R - OH + Na R - ONa + H2 x y x y 0,5x 0,5y (I) R1 - OH + Na R1 - ONa + H2 Theo u bi ta c h phng trnh: (R + 17) x + (R1+ 17)y = 1,24 0,5x + 0,5y = 0,015 (II) <=> x + y = 0,03 Khi lng mui natri: m = (R + 39)x + (R1 + 39)y

=> Rx + R1y = 1,24 - 17 x 0,03 = 0,73

= Rx + R1y + 39(x+y) = 0,73 + 39 x 0,03 = 1,9 (g) p n C. Cch gii 2:


nH2O = 0,015mol nH = 0,03(mol) 1 R OH + Na R ONa + H 2 2

24

Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: m = 1,24 + 0,03. (23 - 1) = 1,9 (g) 435. Cch gii 1: CH3OH + Na CH3ONa + H2 CH3COOH + Na CH3COONa + H2 C6H5OH + Na C6H5ONa + H2 Ta c nH2 = Vy p n (C) ng

0,672 = 0,03(mol) 22,4

nNa = 2nH 2 = 0,06(m mNa = 0,06x23= 1 ol) ,38g


mY1 = 3 + 1 0,03x2= 4,7g ,38 ,38
p n B. Cch gii 2: nH = 2nH2 = 0,03(mol) . V ba cht trong hn hp Y u c mt nguyn t H linh ng

Na

= 2n

H2

= 0, 06(mol ) .

Theo phng trnh, p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:

mY1 = 3,38+ (23 1)x0,06= 4,7(g)


436. Cch gii 1:

p n B.

t cng thc tng qut ca hai anehit l Phn 1: CnH2nO + O2 nCO2 + nH2O x nx nx

CnH2nO (x mol) CmHmO (y mol)

nx + my = 0,03

CmH2mO + O2 mCO2 + mH2O y


Ni

my

my

Phn 2:

CnH2nO + H2 CnH2n+2 O t0
x
Ni

CmH2mO + H2 CmH2m+2O t0
y x y => nx my y CnH2n+2O + O2 nCO2 + (n+1) H2O CmH2m+2O + O2 mCO2 + (m+1) H2O

CO2

= nx + m = 0,3 y
p n B.

VCO2 = 0,3x22,4= 0,672 lt ( ktc)

*Cch gii 2:Phn 1: hn hp l anehit no n chc

nCO2 = nH2O = 0,03(mol)

Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t v bo ton khi lng:

25

nC(P1) = nC(A ) = 0,03(mol)


=> nCO2 (P2 ) = nC(A ) = 0,03(mol)

VCO2 = 0,672l ( ktc) t

p n B.

437. Cch gii 1: Khi tch nc t ru olefin. Vy hai ru M, N phi l ru no n chc. t cng thc tng qut hai ru l CnH2n+1OH (x mol); CmH2m+1OH (y mol) Phng trnh ho hc:
H2SO4 CnH2n+1OH CnH2n + H2O 1700C

(1) (2) (3)

x
H2SO4 1700C

CmH2m+1OH CmH2m + H2O y y CnH2n+1OH + O2 nCO2 + (n+1) H2O y my Y: CnH2n v CmH2m CnH2n + O2 nCO2 + nH2O x nx CmH2m + O2 mCO2 + mH2O y my Theo phng trnh (4), (5) ta c: nx + my =

(4) (5)

1 ,76 = 0,04mol 44

Theo phng trnh (4), (5). S mol CO2 = nx + my = 0,04

,76 => mCO2 = 0,04x44 = 1 (g)


S mol H2O = nx + my = 0,04 => mH2O = 0,04x18= 0,72 (g) m = 2,48(g) p n B. Cch gii 2:
H2O X Y nC(X ) = nC(Y ) nCO2 (doX ) = nCO2(doY ) = 0,04 (mol) + O2 M khi Y s mol CO2 = nH2O = 0,04 mol

mCO2+ H2O =1 + (0,04x18) = 2,48(g)p n B. ,76


(CxH2xO2)

458. Cch gii 1:t cng thc ca hai axit: CnH2n+1 - COOH CnH2n-1 - COOH (CxH2x-2O2)

Phn 1: CnH2n+1 - COOH + NaOH CnH2n+1 - COONa + H2O CnH2n-1 - COOH + NaOH CnH2n-1 - COONa + H2O 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O nNaOH ban u = 0,2 mol nNaOH d = 2 x 0,075 = 0,15 mol nNaOH phn ng (1)(2) = 0,2 - 0,15 = 0,05 Theo phng trnh: nX = nNaOH = 0,05 (mol)

26

Phn 2: X tc dng vi dung dch Br2: CnH2n-1 - COOH + Br2 CnH2n-1COOHBr2 0,04 mol 0,04 mol a. p n A ng. Phn 3: CxH2xO2 = O2 xCO2 + xH2O 0,01 0,04 0,04x 0,01 CxH2x-2O2 + O2 xCO2 + (x-1)H2O nCO2 = 0,01x + 0,04x = 0,05x = 0,15 x = 3 Vy CTPT ca hai axit l C3H6O2 ; C3H4O2 b. p n B. Cch gii 2:a. Da vo cu to hai axit. V hai axit u n chc: nX = nNaOH = 0,2 - 0,15 = 0,05 mol B c mt lin kt i nB = nBr2 = nA = 0,05 - 0,04 = 0,01 mol b. V A v B u c cng s nguyn t C. CxHyO2 + O2 xCO2 + H2O
x= nCl 2 nX = C H O 0,15 = 3 CTPT A,B 3 6 2 p n B 0,05 C3H4O2

nA = 0,05 - 0,04 = 0,01 (mol)

6,4 = 0,04 (mol) 160

459. Cch gii 1:t CTTQ ca X l: (H2N)x - R - (COOH)y PTP: (H2N)x - R - (COOH)y + xHCl (ClH3N)x - R(COOH)y 0,01mol 0,01mol (2) (H2N)x - R - (COOH)y + yNaOH (H2N)x - R - (COONa)y + H2O nHCl = 0,01mol ; nNaOH = Theo phng trnh (1): x = (2) y = (1)

3,2x25 = 0,02(mol) 40x100


0,01 = 1 mt nhm NH2 0,01

0,02 = 2 2 nhm COOH 0,01


1 ,835 = 183,5 MR = 1835 - (45 x 2) - 36,5 - 16 0,01

Mmui =

MR = 41 C3H5 Vy cng thc X: H2NC3H5(COOH)2 Cch gii 2: S mol X = nHCl = 0,01mol X c 1 nhm NH2 nX = nNaOH X c 2 nhm COOH Vy trong bn phng n trn ch c C tha mn

27

Vy p n C .

Chng 14. Mt s phng php giI nhanh bi tp ha hc 1. Phng php bo ton a. Bo ton in tch - Nguyn tc: Tng in tch dng lun lun bng tng in tch m v gi tr tuyt i. V th dung dch lun lun trung ho v in. - Cc v d: V d 1: Kt qu xc nh nng mol ca cc ion trong mt dung dch ghi bng di y: Ion S mol Na+ 0,05 Ca2+ 0,01 NO30,01 Cl0,04 HCO30,025

Hi kt qu ng hay sai? Ti sao? Gii: Do in tch ca mt ion trong dd bng tch ca in tch v s mol ca n, nn ta c: Tng in tch dng l: (+1).0,05 + (+2).0,01 = + 0,07 Tng in tch m l: (-1).0,01 + (-1).0,04 + (-1).0,025 = - 0,075. Gi tr tuyt i ca in tch dng khc in tch m. Vy kt qu trn l sai. V d 2: Dung dch A cha cc ion Na+: a mol; HCO3-: b mol; CO32-: c mol; SO42-: d mol. to ra kt ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100 ml dd Ba(OH) 2 nng x mol/l. Lp biu thc tnh x theo a v b. Gii: HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O bmol b Ba2+ + CO32- BaCO3 Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 Dung dch sau phn ng ch c Na+: a mol. V bo ton in tch nn cng phi c: a mol OH-. tc dng vi HCO3- cn b mol OH-. Vy s mol OH- do Ba(OH)2 cung cp l (a + b) mol Ta c: nBa ( OH ) 2 =
a +b v nng x = 2

a +b 2 = a + b mol/l 0,1 0,2

b) Bo ton khi lng - Nguyn tc: + Trong mt phn ng ha hc tng khi lng ca cc sn phm bng tng khi lng ca cc cht phn ng. + Khi c cn dd th khi lng hn hp mui thu c bng tng khi lng ca cc cation kim loi v anion gc axit. - Cc v d: V d 1: Cho t t mt lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 un nng thu c 64g st, kh i ra sau phn ng cho i qua dd Ca(OH)2 d c 40g kt ta. Tnh m. Gii: Kh i ra sau phn ng gm CO2 v CO d

28

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O 0,4 ta c: nCO = nCO = 0,4


pu 2

40 = 0,4 100

Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: m + 28.0,4 = 64 + 44.0,4 m = 70,4g. V d 2: Mt dd c cha 2 cation l Fe2+: 0,1mol v Al3+: 0,2mol v 2anion l Cl-: x mol v SO42-: y mol. Tnh x v y, bit rng khi c cn dd thu c 46,9 g cht rn khan. Gii: Do bo ton khi lng: 56.0,1 + 27.0,2 + 35,5x + 96y = 46,9 (1) Do bo ton in tch: 2.0,1 + 3.0,2 = 1.x + 2.y (2) T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,2; y = 0,3. V d 3: un 132,8 g hn hp 3 ru no, n chc vi H2SO4 c 1400C thu c 111,2g hn hp cc ete trong cc ete c s mol bng nhau. Tnh s mol mi ete. 3( 3 +1) = 6 ete. Gii: un hn hp 3 ru c 2 Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: mru = mete = m H 2O
m H 2O = mru - mete = 132,8 111,2 = 21,6 g.
2 ,6 1 = 1,2 1 8

Tng s mol cc ete = s mol H2O = S mol mi ete =


1,2 = 0,2 mol. 6

V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp gm mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr I v mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II vo dd HCl thu c 0,2mol kh CO 2. Tnh khi lng mui mi to ra trong dung dch. Gii: t cng thc ca cc mui l M2CO3 v RCO3 M2CO3 + RCO3 + 4HCl 2MCl + RCl2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O 0,4 0,2 mol 0,2 Theo nh lut BTKL: 23,8 + 0,4.36,5 = mmui + mCO 2 + mH 2O hay: 23,8 + 0,4.36,5 = mmui + 0,2.44 + 0,2.18 mmui = 26g c. Bo ton electron - Nguyn tc: Trong qu trnh phn ng th: S e nhng = s e thu hoc: s mol e nhng = s mol e thu Khi gii khng cn vit phng trnh phn ng m ch cn tm xem trong qu trnh phn ng c bao nhiu mol e do cht kh nhng ra v bao nhiu mol e do cht oxi ho thu vo. - Cc v d: V d 1: Trn 60g bt Fe vi 30g bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu c cht rn A. Ho tan A bng dd axit HCl d c dd B v kh C. t chy C cn V lt O2 (ktc). Tnh V, bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.

29

Gii: n Fe > nS =

30 nn Fe d v S ht. 32

Kh C l hn hp H2S v H2. t C thu c SO2 v H2O. Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh phn ng l Fe v S nhng e, cn O2 thu e. Nhng e: Fe 2e Fe2+
60 60 mol .2 50 56

4e S+4 (SO2)

20 30 mol .4 32 32

Thu e: Gi s mol O2 l x mol. O2 + 4e 2O-2 2 mol 4x Ta c: 4 x =


60 30 .2 + .4 gii ra x = 1,47 mol. 56 32

VO2 = 22 ,4.1,47 = 32 ,928 lit

V d 2: Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi R1, R2 c ho tr x, y khng i (R1, R2 khng tc dng vi nc v ng trc Cu trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi). Cho hn hp A phn ng hon ton vi dd HNO3 d thu c 1,12 l kh NO duy nht ktc. Nu cho lng hn hp A trn phn ng hon ton vi dd HNO 3 th thu c bao nhiu lt N2. Cc th tch kh o ktc. Gii: Trong bi ton ny c 2 th nghim: th nghim 1: R1 v R2 nhng e cho Cu2+ chuyn thnh Cu sau Cu li nhng e cho N thnh N (NO). S mol e do R1 v R2 nhng ra l: N + 3e
+5 +2 +5

N
1,12

+2

0,15 22 ,4 = 0,05 th nghim 1: R1 v R2 trc tip nhng e cho N to ra N2. Gi x l s mol N2, th s mol e thu vo l:
0 2 N + 10e N 2

+5

+5

10x x mol Ta c: 10x = 0,15 x = 0,015


VN 2 = 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lit

V d 3: Cho 1,35 g hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dd HNO3 thu c hn hp kh gm 0,01 mol NO vo 0,04 mol NO2. Tnh khi lng mui to ra trong dung dch. Gii: t x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al. Nhng e: Cu 2e = Cu x 2x x Mg 2e = M g y 2y y
2+

2+

30

Al 3e = Al z 3z z Thu e:
+5 +2

3+

N + 3e = N (NO) 0,03 0,01

N + 1e = N (NO2)
0,04 0,04 Ta c: 2x + 2y + 3z = 0,03 + 0,04 = 0,07 (1) Nhng 0,07 cng chnh l s mol NO3Khi lng mui nitrat l: 1,35 + 62.0,07 = 5,69g. 2. Phng php i s a. Cch gii: Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. t n s cho cc i lng cn tm. Tnh theo cc phng trnh phn ng v cc n s lp ra phng trnh i s. Gii phng trnh i s (hoc h phng trnh) v bin lun kt qu (nu cn). b. V d: (Trch thi vo HSP H Ni 1998) m gam bt st (A) ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp (B) c khi lng 12 gam gm Fe, FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3. Cho B tc dng hon ton vi dd HNO3 thy sinh ra 2,24l kh NO duy nht ktc. Tnh m. Gii: Trong khng kh st tc dng vi oxi to ra cc oxit 2Fe + O2 2FeO 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe3O4 3Fe + 2O2 Fe2O3 Hn hp B tc dng vi dd HNO3: Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O 3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 14H2O Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O t s mol ca Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 ln lt l x, y, z, t ta c: Theo khi lng hn hp B: 56x + 72y + 232z + 160t = 12 (1) Theo s mol nguyn t Fe: x + y + 3z + 2t =
m (2) 56

+5

+4

Theo s mol nguyn t O trong oxit: y + 4z + 3t = Theo s mol NO: x + 3 + 3 = 22 ,4 = 0,1 (4)
y z 2,24

12 m (3) 16

Nhn xt trc khi gii h phng trnh i s trn: - C 5 n s nhng ch c 4 phng trnh. Nh vy khng s phng trnh tm ra cc n s, do cn gii kt hp vi bin lun. - u bi ch yu cu tnh khi lng st ban u, nh vy khng cn phi i tm y cc n x, y, z, t. y c 2 phng trnh, nu bit gi tr ca n ta d dng tnh c khi lng st ban u l phng trnh (2) v (3). + Tm c gi tr ca (2), l s mol Fe. Nhn gi tr vi nguyn t khi ca Fe l 56 ta c m.

31

+ Tm c gi tr ca (3), l s mol nguyn t O trong oxit. Nhn gi tr vi nguyn t khi ca O l 16 ta c khi lng ca oxi trong cc oxit st. Ly khi lng hn hp B tr i khi lng oxi ta c khi lng st ban u, tc m. - Thc hin cc php tnh trn: + Tm gi tr ca phng trnh (2): Chia (1) cho 8 c: 7x + 9y + 29z + 20t = 1,5 (5) Nhn (4) vi 3 c: 3x + y + z = 0,3 (6) Cng (5) vi (6) c: 10x + 10y + 30z + 20t = 1,8 (7) Chia (7) cho 10 c:x + y + 3z + 2t = 0,18 Vy: m = 56.0,18 = 10,08g + Tm gi tr ca phng trnh (3): Nhn (5) vi 3 c: 21x + 27y + 87z + 60t = 4,5 (8) Nhn (6) vi 7 c: 21x + 7y + 7z = 2,1 (9) Ly (8) tr i (9) c: 20y + 80z + 60t = 2,4 (10) Chia (10) cho 20 c: y + 4z + 3t = 0,12 m = 12 (0,12.16) = 10,08g Qua vic gii bi ton trn bng phng php i s ta thy vic gii h phng trnh i s nhiu khi rt phc tp, thng thng HS ch lp c phng trnh i s m khng gii c h phng trnh . V mt ha hc, ch dng li ch HS vit xong cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc v t n tnh theo cc phng trnh phn ng (da vo mi tng quan t l thun) cn li i hi HS nhiu v k nng ton hc. Tnh cht ton hc ca bi ton ln t tnh cht ha hc, lm lu m bn cht ha hc. Trn thc t, HS ch quen gii bng phng php i s, khi gp mt bi ton l ch tm cch gii bng phng php i s, mc d thng b tc. Ta hy gii bi ton trn bngnhng phng php mang tnh c trng ca ha hc hn, l phng php bo ton khi lng v phng php bo ton electron. *) Phng php bo ton khi lng: Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: (k hiu khi lng l m)
mB + mHNO3 pu = mFe ( NO3 ) 3 + m NO + mH 2O

(1)

Tnh cc gi tr cha bit ca (1): + nFe ( NO


3 3

= nFe =

m m . Vy mFe ( NO 3 )3 = 242 . 56 56

+ Mun tnh m HNO 3 cn tnh n HNO 3 . y s mol HNO3 c dng vo 2 vic l to ra NO v to ra mui:
n HNO 3
to NO

= nNO = 22 ,4 =0,1 = 3.nFe = 3.


m 56

2,24

n HNO 3
n HNO 3
p

to mui

= 0,1 +

3m 3m . Vy m HNO 3 p = 63 .0,1 + 56 5 6

+ Tnh n H 2O : ta c n H 2O = Vy m H O = 18 . 0,1 +
2

1 n HNO 3 2

3m 1 0,1 + 2 56

1 2

3m 56

Thay cc gi tr tm c vo (1) c phng trnh bc nht, ch cha n m:

32

12 + 63 .0,1 +

1 3m 3m m = 242. + 30.0,1 + 18 . . 0,1 + 56 2 56 56

Gii ra m = 10,08g Nhn xt: Tuy hi di nhng cch ny d hiu, c tc dng khc su nh lut bo ton khi lng v c u im l p dng cho mi qu trnh oxi ho - kh hoc khng oxi ho - kh. c. Phng php bo ton electron: S mol e do Fe nhng phi bng s mol e do oxi thu v N ca HNO3 thu: Ta c: 56 .3 = 32
m 12 m .4 + 2,24 .3 22 ,4
+5

Gii ra m = 20,08g Nhn xt: Cho kt qu rt nhanh, tnh ton rt nh nhng, khc su bn cht nhng e v thu e ca cc qu trnh ha hc. Hn ch l ch p dng c cho cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh. 3. Phng php trung bnh (khi lng mol trung bnh, s nguyn t trung bnh) a. Cch gii: - Phng php trung bnh ch p dng cho bi ton hn hp cc cht. - Gi tr trung bnh dng bin lun tm ra nguyn t khi hoc phn t khi hay s nguyn t trong phn t hp cht. - Khi lng mol trung bnh l khi lng ca mt mol hn hp (k hiu l M M = Khi lng hn hp b. Cc v d: V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 4,68g hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi A v B k tip trong nhm IIA vo dd HCl thu c 1,12 lit CO2 ktc. Xc nh tn kim loi A v B. Gii: t M l NTK trung bnh ca 2 kim loi A v B
M CO3 + 2HCl EMBED Equation.3 Cl2 + CO2 + H2O

S mol hn hp

0,05 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 CO3 = EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 = 93,6 60 = 33,6 Bin lun: A < 33,6 A l Mg = 24 B > 33,6 B l Ca = 40. V d 2: t chy hon ton a g hn hp hai ru no, n chc lin tip trong dy ng ng thu c 3,584 lt CO2 ktc v 3,96g H2O. Tnh a v xc nh CTPT ca cc ru. Gii: Gi EMBED Equation.3 l s nguyn t C trung bnh v x l tng s mol ca hai ru. EMBED Equation.3 x mol EMBED Equation.3
nx n + x 1

EMBED Equation.3 nCO2 = nx =

3,584 = 0,16 22,4

(1) (2)

EMBED Equation.3 n H 2O = n + 1 .x =

3,96 = 0,22 18

T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,06 v EMBED Equation.3 n = 2,67 Ta c: a = (14 EMBED Equation.3 n + 18).x = (14.2,67) + 18.0,06 = 3,32g EMBED Equation.3 n = 2,67 EMBED Equation.3 C 2 H 5 OH C3 H 7 OH

33

V d 3: Hn hp 3 ru n chc A, B, C c tng s mol l 0,08 v khi lng l 3,387. xc nh CTPT ca A, B, C, bit rng B v C c cng s nguyn t cacbon v s mol ru A bng EMBED Equation.3 5 tng s mol ca ru B v C. 3 EMBED Equation.3 M = 3,38 = 42,2 0,08

Gii:

Nh vy phi c t nht mt ru c M < 42,2. Ch c CH3OH = 32 Ta c: EMBED Equation.3 n A = 0,08.5 = 0,05 ; 5+3 mA = 32.0,05 = 1,67. 0,08.3 = 0,03 5+3

mB + C = 3,38 1,6 = 1,78g; nB + C = EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 M B ,C = 1,78 = 59,3 0,03

Gi EMBED Equation.3 y l s nguyn t H trung bnh trong phn t hai ru B v C Ta c: CxH EMBED Equation.3 y OH = 59,3 hay 12x + EMBED Equation.3 y + 17 = 59,3 Rt ra: 12x + EMBED Equation.3 y = 42,3 2 18,3 3 6,3 4 <0 Bin lun: x 1 EMB 30,3 ED Equati on.3

y Ch c nghim khi x = 3. B, C phi c mt ru c s nguyn t H < 6,3 v mt ru c s nguyn t H > 6,3. C 2 cp nghim: C3H5OH (CH2 = CH CH2OH) v C3H7OH C3H3OH (CH C CH2OH) v C3H7OH V d 4: Cho 2,84g hn hp 2 ru n chc l ng ng lin tip nhau tc dng vi mt lng Na va to ra 4,6g cht rn v V lt kh H2 ktc. Tnh V v xc nh CTPT ca cc ru. Gii: t EMBED Equation.3 R l gc hirocacbon trung bnh v x l tng s mol ca 2 ru. EMBED Equation.3 R OH + Na EMBED Equation.3 R Ona + Equation.3 1 H2 2 xmol x EMBED Equation.3 x 2 (1) EMBED

Ta c: ( EMBED Equation.3 R + 17).x = 2,84 hay EMBED Equation.3 R x + 17x = 2,84 (2) T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,08 v EMBED Equation.3 R = 18,5

( EMBED Equation.3 R + 39).x = 4,6 hay EMBED Equation.3 R x + 39x = 4,6

Phi c mt gc R < 18,5 Duy nht ch c CH3 = 15 v ru l CH3OH. ng ng lin tip nn ru kia phi l C2H5OH.

34

V = EMBED Equation.3 4. Phng php ghp n s

0,08 .22,4 = 0,896 lt. 2

a. Cch gii: Mt s bi ton cho thiu d kin nn gii bng phng php i s ta c s n nhiu hn s phng trnh v c dng v nh, khng gii c. Nu dng phng php ghp n s ta c th gii loi bi ton ny mt cch d dng. b. Cc v d: V d 1: t chy hon ton ag hn hp hai ru no, n chc c hn hp kh v hi. Cho hn hp kh v hi ny ln lt i qua bnh 1 ng H 2SO4 c v bnh 2 ng nc vi trong d, thy bnh 1 tng 1,98g v bnh 2 c 8g kt ta. Tnh a. Gii: t CTPT ca cc ru l CnH2n+1-OH v CmH2m+1-OH. Gi x, y l s mol cc ru. CnH2n+1OH + EMBED Equation.3 x nx 3m 3n O2 nCO2 + (n + 1)H2O 2 (n + 1)x

CmH2m+1OH + EMBED Equation.3 y my

O2 mCO2 + (m + 1)H2O 2 (m + 1)y

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O 8 = 0,08 100 Ta lp c 2 phng trnh i s theo s mol CO2 v s mol H2O: 0,08 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 nCO2 = nx + my = 0,08 (1) 1,98 = 0,11 (2) 18 y, vi 4 n s (n, m, x, y) m ch c 2 phng trnh nn c dng vo nh. Ta trin khai (2) ghp n s EMBED Equation.3 n H 2O = ( n + 1) x + ( m + 1) y = T (2): EMBED Equation.3 n H 2O = nx + x + my + y = (nx + my) + (x + y) = 0,11 Thay nx + my = 0,08, rt ra x + y = 0,11 0,08 = 0,03. Tnh a: a = (14n + 18)x + (14m + 18)y hay a = 14nx + 18x + 14my + 18y. Ghp n s c a = 14(nx + my) + 18(x + y). Thay cc gi tr bit c a = 14.0,08 + 18.0,03 = 1,66g V d 2: un p gam hn hp 2 ru vi H2SO4 c thu c V lt (ktc) hn hp 2 anken. t chy hon ton hn hp anken thu c x lt CO2 (ktc) v y gam H2O. Lp biu thc tnh x, y theo p, V. Gii: un nng vi H2SO4 c thu c hn hp 2 anken, suy ra hn hp 2 ru phi thuc loi no, n chc. CnH2n+1OH
H2SO4 1400C

CnH2n + H2O

(1)

35

a mol CmH2m+1OH CmH2m + H2O b mol b

a (2) 3n O2 nCO2 + nH2O 2 3m O2 mCO2 + mH2O 2

CnH2n + EMBED Equation.3 a mol na na

(3)

CmH2m + EMBED Equation.3 b mol Theo (1), (2): a + b = nCO2 = n H 2O = na + mb (6) mb

(4)

mb V (5). Theo (3), (4): 22,4 EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

Khi lng 2 ru l: (14n + 18)a + (14m + 18)b = p hay 14(na + mb) + 18(a + b) = p (7) Th (5) vo (7) c: na + mb = EMBED Equation.3 p 18. 14 EMBED Equation.3 9 p 7,23V 7 EMBED Equation.3 11,2 p 9V 7 VCO2 = x = EMBED Equation.3 p 18. 14 Equation.3 x = V 22,4 .22,4 EMBED mH 2O = y = EMBED Equation.3 p 18. 14 Equation.3 y = V 22,4 .18 EMBED V 22,4

5. Phng php tng gim khi lng a. Cch gii: Khi chuyn t cht ny sang cht khc khi lng c th tng hoc gim do cc cht khc nhau c khi lng mol khc nhau. Da vo mi tng quan t l thun ca s tng gim ta tnh c lng cht tham gia hay to thnh sau phn ng. b. Cc v d V d 1: Nhng thanh km vo dd cha 8,32g CdSO4. Sau khi kh hon ton ion Cd2+ khi lng thanh km tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Hi khi lng thanh km ban u. Gii: Gi khi lng thanh km ban u l a gam th khi lng tng thm l EMBED Equation.3 2,35a gam. 100 Zn + CdSO4 ZnSO4 + Cd 65g 1mol 112g tng 112 65 = 47g

36

EMBED Equation.3 2,35a g 100

8,32 = 0,04 mol 208

EMBED Equation.3

1 47 = Ta c t l: EMBED Equation.3 0,04 2,35a . 100 Gii ra a = 80g. V d 2: Nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr 2 vo dd CuSO4, sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra thy khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dd Pb(NO 3)2, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng tng 7,1%. Xc nh M, bit rng s mol CuSO4 v Pb(NO3)2 tham gia 2 trng hp nh nhau. Gii: Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, A l NTK ca kim loi, x l s mol mui phn ng. M + CuSO4 MSO4 + Cu Ag 1mol xmol 0,05m Rt ra:x = EMBED Equation.3 100 A 64 M + Pb(NO3)2 M(NO3)2 + Pb Ag 1mol xmol 7,1m Rt ra:x = EMBED Equation.3 100 207 A 207 tng (207 A)g tng EMBED Equation.3 (2) 7,1m g 100 64g gim (A 64)g EMBED Equation.3 (1) 0,05m g 100

0,05m 7,1m T (1) v (2) ta c: EMBED Equation.3 100 = EMBED Equation.3 100 (3) A 64 207 A T (3) gii ra A = 65. Vy kim loi M l km. V d 3: Cho 3,78g bt Al phn ng va vi dd mui XCl3 to thnh dd Y. Khi lng cht tan trong dd Y gim 4,06g so vi dd XCl3. xc nh cng thc ca mui XCl3. Gii: Gi A l NTK ca kim loi X. Al + XCl3 AlCl3 + X 3,78 = 0,14 0,14 0,14 27 Ta c: (A + 35,5.3).0,14 (133,5.0,14) = 4,06 Gii ra A = 56. Kim loi X l Fe v mui FeCl3. V d 4: Nung 100g hn hp gm Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng i c 69g cht rn. xc nh phn trm khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp. Gii: Ch c NaHCO3 b phn hy. t x l s gam NaHCO3. EMBED Equation.3 2NaHCO3 EMBED Equation.3 t Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
0

2.84g xg

gim: 44 + 18 = 62g gim: 100 69 = 31g

37

2,84 62 = x = 84 g x 31 Vy NaHCO3 chim 84% v Na2CO3 chim 16%. V d 5: Ho tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr I v mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II vo dd HCl thy thot ra 0,2mol kh. Khi c cn dd sau phn ng th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan? Gii: K hiu kim loi ho tr I l M, s mol l x kim loi, ho tr II l R, s mol l y. Ta c: EMBED Equation.3 M2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + CO2 + H2O (1) 1mol(2M+60)g xmol RCO3 2(M+35,5) tng (2M+71)-(2M+60) = 11gam 11gam

+ 2HCl RCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2) (R+71) tng (R+71)-(R+60) = 11g 11ygam

1mol(R+60)g ymol

T (1) v (2): mhh = x + y = EMBED Equation.3 nCO2 = 0,2 Theo (1), (2): (x + y)mol hn hp phn ng th khi lng hh mui tng (11x + 11y)g = 11(x + y) = 11.0,2 = 2,2g. Vy khi lng mui thu c bng khi lng mui ban u cng vi khi tng tng thm. mmui = 23,8 + 2,2 = 26g. 6. Phng php ng cho a. Cch gii: - Phng php ng cho thng dng gii bi ton trn ln cc cht vi nhau c th ng th hoc d th nhng hn hp cui cng phi l ng th. - Nu trn ln cc dung dch th phi l cc dung dch ca cng mt cht (hoc cht khc, nhng do phn ng vi H2O li cho cng mt cht. V d trn Na2O vi dd NaOH ta c cng mt cht l NaOH). - Trn hai dung dch ca cht A vi nng khc nhau, ta thu c mt dung dch cht A vi nng duy nht. Nh vy lng cht tan trong phn c gim xung phi bng lng cht tan trong phn long tng ln. S tng qut ca phng php ng cho nh sau: D1 x1 x x2 x EMBED Equation.3 D1 x x2 = D2 x1 x

D2 x2 x1 - x x1, x2, x l khi lng cht ta quan tm vi x1 > x > x2 D1, D2 l khi lng hay th tch cc cht (hay dung dch) em trn ln. b. Cc v d: V d 1: Cn thm bao nhiu gam nc vo 500g dung dch NaOH 12% c dd NaOH 8% ? Gii: EMBED Equation.3 mH 2O
8

mdd12%

12

38

4 mH 2O = 250 g 500 8 ( y x1 = 0, v nc th nng NaOH bng 0). V d 2: Cn trn H2 v CO theo t l th tch nh th no c hn hp kh c t khi so vi metan bng 1,5. EMBED Equation.3 = Gii: EMBED Equation.3 M hh = 1,5.16 = 24 EMBED Equation.3 VH 2 24 EMBED Equation.3 VCO 28 2 4 EMBED Equation.3 22 VH 2 VCO = 4 2 = 22 11

m H 2O

V d 3: Ho tan 4,59g Al bng dd HNO3 long thu c hn hp kh NO v N2O c t khi so vi H2 bng 16,75. Tnh t l th tch kh trong hn hp. Gii: EMBED Equation.3 M hh = 16,75.2 = 33,5 44 3,5 EMBED Equation.3 30 10,5 V N 2O V NO = 3,5 1 = 10,5 3 EMBED Equation.3 VN 2O 33,5 EMBED Equation.3 VNO

V d 4: Trn 2 th tch CH4 vi 1 th tch hirocacbon X thu c hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi so vi H2 bng 15. Xc nh CTPT ca X. Gii: 2V EMBED Equation.3 M hh = 15.2 = 30 16 30 1V MX 30 16 2V M X 30 = M X = 58 1V 30 16 MX - 30

EMBED Equation.3

Vi 12x + y = 58 ch c nghim khi x = 4 v y = 10 C4H10 V d 5: T 1 tn qung hematit (A) iu ch c 420kg st. T 1 tn qung manhetit (B) iu ch c 504kg st. Phi trn 2 qung trn vi t l v khi lng l bao nhiu c 1 tn qung hn hp m t 1 tn qung hn hp ny iu ch c 480kg st ? Gii: mA 420 24 m A 24 2 = = 480 EMBED Equation.3 mB 60 5 mB 504 60

39

40

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