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955
Ch : S IN LI

Bi ton 1: CHT IN LI MNH

1. Vit phng trnh cht in li mnh
Axit : HCl, H2SO4 , HNO3 ...
HCl H+ + Cl H2SO4 2H+ + SO422 Bazo : NaOH, Ca(OH)2 ...
NaOH Na+ + OH Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OHMui : NaCl, CaCl2 , Al2(SO4)3
NaCl Na+ + Cl CaCl2 Ca2+ + 2Cl Al2(SO4)3 2Al3+ + 3SO422. XC NH NNG MOL ION
B1 : Tnh s mol cht in li
B2 : Vit phng trnh in li, biu din s mol ln phng trnh in li
n
B3 : Tnh nng mol ion : CM =
V
Bi 1.1. Vit phng trnh in li cc cht sau y (nu c ) :
1. HClO4
2. Sr(OH)2
3. K3PO4
4. BaCl2
5. AgCl
6. Fe(OH)3
7. Al2(SO4)3 8. KMnO4
9. KOH
10. HNO3
11. BaSO4
12.
Bi 1.2. Vit cng thc ca cht m khi in li to ra cc ion :
a. K+ v CrO42- b. Fe3+ v NO3-c. Mg2+ v MnO4d. Al3+ v SO42Bi 1.3. Tnh nng mol cc ion trong dung dch sau :
a. 100 ml dung dch cha 4,26 gam Al(NO3)3
b. 0,2 lt dung dch c cha 11,7 gam NaCl

a. nAl(NO)3 = 0,02 (mol)

Al(NO3)3 Al3+ + 3NO30,02
0,02 0,06 (mol)
3+
[Al ] = 0,02/0,1 = 0,2(M) ; [NO3-] = 0,06/0,1 = 0,6 (M)
Bi 1.4. Tnh nng mol cc ion trong dung dch thu c khi :
a. Trn 200 ml dung dch NaCl 2M vi 200 ml dung dch CaCl2 0,5M
b. Trn 400 ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,2M vi 100 ml dung dch FeCl3 0,3M
c. Trn 200 ml dung dch cha 12 gam MgSO4 v 300 ml dung dch cha 34,2 gam Al2(SO4)3

a).[ Na+] = 0,4/0,4 = 1(M) ; [Ca2+] = 0,1/0,4 = 0,25 (M) ; [Cl-] = (0,4 + 0,2)/0,4 = 1,5 (M)
b). [Fe3+] = 0,38 (M) ; [SO42-] = 0,48 (M) ; [Cl- ] = 0,18 (M)
c). [ Mg2+] = 0,2(M) ; [Al3+] = 0,4 (M) ; [SO42-] = 0,8 (M)
Bi 1.5. a). Ha tan 12,5 gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O trong nc thnh 200 ml dung dch . Tnh nng mol
cc ion trong dung dch thu c .
b). Ha tan 8,08 gam Fe(NO3)3 .9H2O trong nc thnh 500 ml dung dch . Tnh nng mol cc ion
trong dung dch thu c .
.
a.) nCuSO4. 5H2O = 12,5/250 = 0,05 (mol)
CuSO4.5H2O Cu2+ + SO42- + 5H2O
0,05
0,05
0,05 (mol)
[ Cu2+] = [SO42-] = 0,05/0,2 = 0,25 (M)
b.) 0,04 (M) ; 0,12 (M)
Bi 1.6. a). Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,5M c cha s mol H+ bng s mol H+ c trong 0,3 lt dung dch
HNO3 0,2M .
b). Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl 2M trn vi 180 ml dung dch H2SO4 3M c mt dung
dch c nng mol ca H+ l 4,5M . Cho bit H2SO4 in li hon ton.
.
a). VHCl = 0,12 (lit) b). VHCl = 108 (ml)
-1-

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Bi ton 2: NH BO TON IN TCH
B1 : Pht biu nh lut
- Trong dung dch cha cc cht in li, tng s mol in tch
dng v m lun lun bng nhau.
B2 : p dng gii ton
Cng thc chung :

Mol dt (+) = Mol dt ()

Cch tnh mol in tch : ndt = sochi dt. nion

= Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch mmuoi = mcation + manion
Bi 2.1. Dung dch A cha Al3+ 0,1 mol, Mg2+ 0,15 mol, NO3- 0,3 mol v Cl- a mol . Tnh a .

a = 0,3 mol .
Bi 2.2. Dung dch A cha Na+ 0,1 mol , Mg2+ 0,05 mol , SO42- 0,04 mol cn li l Cl- . Tnh khi lng
mui trong dung dch .

m = 11,6 gam.
Bi 2.3. Trong mt dung dch c cha a mol Ca2+ , b mol Mg2+ , c mol Cl v d mol NO3a. Lp biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, v d
b. Nu a = 0,01 ; c = 0,01 v d = 0,03 th b bng bao nhiu ?
a. p dung nh lut BTT : 2a + 2b = c + d
c + d 2a 0,01 + 0,03 2.0,01
=
= 0,01
b. b =
2
2
Bi 2.4. Mt dung dch c cha hai loi cation l Fe2+ (0,1 mol) v Al3+ (0,2 mol) cng hai loi anion l Cl(x
mol) v SO42- (y mol) . Tnh x v y bit rng khi c cn dung dch v lm khan thu c 46,9 gam
cht rn khan .

x = 0,2 (mol) v y = 0,3 (mol)

Bi 2.5. (C 07) Dung dch A cha cc ion Al3+ = 0,6 mol, Fe2+ = 0,3 mol , Cl - = a mol, SO42- = b mol . C
cn dung dch A thu c 140,7 gam . Gi tr ca a v b ln lt l :
A. 0,6 ; 0,9
B. 0.9 ; 0,6
C. 0,5 ; 0,3
D. 0,2 ; 0,3
Bi ton 3. CHT IN LI YU
1. Vit phng trnh in li
Axit : CH3COOH, H2S , H3PO4
+
COO
* CH3COOH C
OO H + CH3COO

+
+
2S H
* H2S S
H H + HS ; HS ;; H + S
+
+
22* H3PO4 OH
OH H + H2PO4 ; H2PO4 O
O H + HPO4 ; HPO2
Hirxit lng tnh : Al(OH)3 , Zn(OH)2 ...
Tnh bazo :
3+
A
* Al(OH)3
A Al + 3OH

ZZ Zn2+ + 2OH* Zn(OH)2

Tnh axit :
* Al(OH)3 ll (( H3O+ + AlO2ZZ 2H+ + ZnO22* Zn(OH)2
2. Xc nh in li .
B1 : p dng CT tnh in li
-2-

--

H+ + PO43-

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n
C
so phantu dienli
= dien li = M dien li
so phantu hoa tan nhoa tan CM hoa tan

B2 : S dng phng php ba dng .

A+ + B
AB

Ban u : a
in li : x
Cn bng : a x

0
x
x

0
x
x (M) .

x
a
* = 1 : cht in li mnh
* 0 < < 1 : cht in li yu
* = 0 : cht khng in li
Bi 3.1. Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht sau trong dung dch :
1. Axit mnh H2SeO4 (nc th nht in li mnh)
2. Axit yu ba nc H3PO4 .
3. Hi r xit lng tnh Pb(OH)2 .
4. Na2HPO4 .
5. NaH2PO4
6. Axt mnh HMnO4
7. Bazo mnh RbOH.
Bi 3.2. in li dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M c dung dch c [H+] = 1,32.10-3 M . Tnh in li ca
axit
CH3COOH .
C iu cn nh : bi ton ny cho nng in li ca cht in li
CO
O H+ + CH3COO
CH3COOH C
OO
1,32.10-3
1,32.10-3 (M)
in li ca axit CH3COOH
1.32.103
.100 = 1,32%
=
0,1
Bi 3.3. Tnh nng mol cc ion H+ v CH3COO- c trong dung dch axit CH3COOH 0,1M . Bit phng
+
COO
trnh in li : CH3COOH C
OO CH3COO + H v in li = 4%

C = C0 = 0,1.4% = 0,004 M
T phng trnh in li :[CH3COO-] = [H+] = 0,004 M
Bi 3.4. Cho dung dch HClO c nng mol 0,01M, nng ny HClO c in li l = 0,172% .
a). Tnh nng cc ion H+ v ClO- .
b). Tnh nng mol HClO sau in li .
.
a). [H+] = [ClO-] = 1,72.10-5 (M) .
b). [HClO] = 9,9828.10-3 (M) .
Bi 3.5. Ha tan 3 gam CH3COOH v nc c 250 ml dung dch, bit in li = 0,12 . Tnh nng

mol ca cc phn t v ion trong dung dch .

.
[CH3COOH] = 0,176 (M) ; [H+] = [CH3COO-] = 0,024 (M) .
Bi 3.5. Mt lt dung dch CH3COOH 0,01 M c cha tng s 6,28.1021 ion v phn t CH3COOH . Tnh
in li ca axit ny .
iu cn nh :
- S phn t N = n . 6,02.1023
- cho lng ban u v lng cn li, nn s dng pp ba dng :
Ban u
in li
Khi cn bng

CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COO
Ban u:
0,01
in li:
x
x
x
Khi cn bng
0,01 x
x
x mol
in li : =

-3-

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6,28.1021
= 1,043.102 x = 0,043.10-2 mol
Theo : 0,01 x + x + x =
23
6,02.10
0,043.102
= 4,3.102 = 4,3%
0,01
Bi 3.6. Trong 100 ml dung dch axit nitr nhit nht nh c 5,64.1021 phn t HNO2 v 3,6.1020 ion
NO2-.
a. Tnh in li ca axit nitr trong dung dch nhit .
b. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch ni trn .

HNO2
H+ + NO2Ban u
n0
in li
3,6.1020
3,6.1020
21
Khi cn bng
5,64.10
3,6.1020
S phn t ha tan trong dung dch l : n0 = 3,6.1020 + 5,64.1021 = 6.1021
3,6.1020
=
= 0,06 = 6%
6.1021
6.1021
= 0,1( M ) .
b. Nng dung dch l:
6,02.1023.0,1
Bi 3.7. Tnh nng mol ca cc ion H+ v CH3COO- trong 2 lit dung dch c cha 24 gam CH3COOH ha
tan . Bit in li ca axit l = 1,2%

C0 = 0,2 M
C = 1,2% x 0,2 = 0,0024 M
T phng trnh in li : [ CH3COO-] = [H+] = 0,0024 M
Bi 3.8. Dung dch axit CH3COOH 0,6% c khi lng ring xp x 1 g/ml . in li ca axit = 1% .
Tnh nng mol ca ion H+ trong 1 lt dung dch .

m = V.D = 1000 gam

maxit = 0,6% x 1000 = 6 gam
naxit = 0,1 mol
[CH3COOH] = 0,1 M
V = 1% C = 0,1x 1% = 0,001 M
[ H+ ] = 0,001 M.
Bi 3.9. Ha tan 3 gam CH3COOH vo nc c 250 ml dung dch, bit in li = 0,12 . Tnh
nng mol ca cc phn t v ion trong dung dch .
3
= 0,05(mol )

S mol ban u ca CH3COOH : nCH3COOH =

60
3
S mol in li ca CH3COOH : nCH3COOH = 0,05.0,12 = 6.10 (mol )
in li : =

Ban u :
in li :
Cn bng :

CO
O H+ + CH3COOCH3COOH C
OO
0,05
0
0
-3
-3
6.10
6.10
6.10-3
-3
-3
0,05 6.10
6.10
6.10-3 (mol).
[CH3COOH] = 0,176 (M) ; [H+] = [CH3COO-] = 0,024 (M).

Bi ton 4. XC NH HNG S IN LI
B1 : Xc nh hng s in li ca axit.
+
HA HA
HA H + A
[ H + ].[ A ]
ka =
[ HA]
- [H+] , [A-], [HA] trng thi cn bng.
- ka : cng ln th tnh axit cng mnh.
-4-

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B2 : Xc nh hng s in li ca bazo.
+
BOH BO
BO OH + B .
kb =

[OH ].[B ]
[BOH ]

- [OH-], [B+], [BOH] trng thi cn bng .

- kb : cng ln th tnh bazo cng mnh.
Bi 4.1. C mt dung dch axit CH3COOH (cht in li yu) . Nu ha tan vo dung dch mt t tinh th
CH3COONa (Cht in li mnh), th nng H+ c thay i khng , nu c th thay i th no ?
Gii thch .
iu cn nh.
- S phn li ca cht in li yu l mt qu trnh thun nghch dn n cn bng ng (cn bng
in li) Cn bng in li cng c hng s cn bng K v tun theo nguyn l L Sa t li .
- in li ch ph thuc vo nhit khi in li .

CH3COO- + H+
.
CH3COOH

[ H + ][CH 3COO ]
[CH 3COOH ]
Khi ha tan cht in li CH3COONa vo dung dch th nng CH3COO- tng ln do s phn li :
CH3COONa Na+ + CH3COOV Ka khng i [H+] gim xung

H+ + CH3COO- . in li ca
Bi 4.2. Cn bng sau tn ti trong dung dch : CH3COOH

CH3COOH bin i nh th no ?
a. Khi nh vo vi git dung dch HCl
b. Khi pha long dung dch
c. Khi nh vo vi git dung dch NaOH
d. Nh vo dung dch vi git dung dch CH3COONa

H + + CH 3COO
.
CH3COOH

k=

[H + ]
[CH 3COO ]
=
[CH 3COOH ] [CH 3COOH ]
a. Khi nh HCl vo lng H+ tng ln cn bng dch chuyn sang phi lng CH3COOH
tng
ln gim
b. Khi pha long dung dch CH3COOH in li nhiu tng
c. Khi nh vo dd NaOH cn bng dch chuyn sang phi, (v H+ + OH-) tng
d. CH3COO- tng ln cn bng dch chuyn chiu nghch (lm gim nng CH3COO- )
gim.
Bi 4.3. Tnh nng mol ion H+ ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M , bit hng s phn li ca axit
Ka = 1,75.10-5 .

H+ + CH3COO.
CH3COOH

B :
0,1
0
0
li :
x
x
x
Cb :
0,1 x
x
x (M)
[H + ][CH 3COO ]
x2
5
k
=

1,75.10
=
Hng s in li ca axit : a
[CH 3COOH ]
0,1 x
V : x << 0,1 0,1 x = 0,1
Do : x2 = 1,75.10-5.0,1 x = 1,32.10-3
Vy : [H+] = 1,32.10-3 (M).
Bi 4.4. Tnh nng mol ca ion OH- c trong dung dch NH3 0,1M , bit hng s phn li bazo kb = 1,8.10 in li : =

-5-

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NH4+ + OH- .
NH3 + H2O

0,1
0
0
x
x
x
0,1 x
x
x (M).
[NH 4+ ].[OH ]
x2
1,8.105 =
Hng s in li ca bazo : kb =
[NH 3 ]
0,1 x
V x << 0,1 0,1 x = 0,1
Do : x2 = 1,8.10-5.0,1 x = 1,34.10-3
Vy [OH-] = 1,34.10-3 (M).
Bi 4.5. Trong 2 lt dung dch axit flohiric c cha 4 gam HF nguyn cht . in li ca axit ny l 8% .
Hy tnh hng s phn li ca axit flohiric .
.
nHF = 4/20 = 0,2 (mol) ; [HF] = 0,2/2 = 0,1 (M)

H+ + FHF

B :
0,1
0
0
li :
x
x
x
CB : 0,1 x
x
x (M) .
Theo : 0,08 = x/0,1 x = 8.10-3 (M)
Hng s in li ca axit HF l :
[H + ].[F ]
(8.103 ) 2
ka =
=
= 6,96.104
3
[HF ]
0,1 8.10
Bi 4.6. Axit propanoic (C2H5COOH) l mt axit hu c, mui ca axit ny c dng bo qun thc
phm lu b mc . Hng s in li ca axit l Ka = 1,3.10-5 . Hy tnh nng ion H+ trong dung
dch C2H5COOH 0,1M .
.
[H+] = 1,1.10-3 (M) .
Bi 4.7. Tnh nng H+ ca cc dung dch sau :
a. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M . Bit Ka = 1,75.10-5 .
b. Dung dch NH3 0,1M . Bit Kb = 6,3.10-5 .
c. Dung dch CH3COONa 0,1M . Bit hng s bazo Kb ca CH3COO- l 5,71.10-10 .
.
B :
li :
CB :

+
14
iu cn nh : [OH ].[H ] = 10

H+ + CH3COO.
a). CH3COOH

B :
0,1
0
0
Li :
x
x
x
CB :
0,1 x
x
x (M).
x2 = 1,75.10-5.0,1 x = 4,18.10-6
Vy : [H+] = 4,18.10-6 (M) .
O
b). NH3 + H2O O
NH4+ + OHB :
0,1
0
0
li :
x
x
x
CB :
0,1 x
x
x
x2 = 0,1.6,3.10-5 x = 7,94.10-6 = [OH-]
Ta c : [H+].[OH-] = 10-14 [H+] = 1,26.10-9 (M).
c). CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
0,1
0,1 (M).
O
CH3COO + H2O O
CH3COOH + OHB :
0,1
0
0
li :
x
x
x
CB :
0,1 x
x
x
-6-

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x2 = 0,1.5,71.10-10 x = 7,56.10-6 = [OH-]
Ta c : [H+].[OH-] = 10-14 [H+] = 1,32.10-9 (M) .
Bi ton 5. XC NH pH DA VO [H+] .
1. Xc nh pH ca axit .
B1 . Tnh s mol axit in li axit .
B2 . Vit phng trnh in li axit .
B3 . Tnh nng mol H+
B4 . Tnh pH pH = lg[ H + ]
2. Xc nh pH ca bazo.
B1 . Tnh s mol bazo in li.
B2 . Vit phng trnh in li bazo.
B3 . Tnh nng mol OH- , ri suy ra [H+] [H + ].[OH ] = 1014
B4 . Tnh pH .
Bi 5.1. Tnh pH ca dung dch cha 1,46 gam HCl trong 400 ml .
.
nHCl = 0,04 (mol)
HCl H+ + Cl0,04
0,04 (mol) .
[H+] = 0,04/0,4 = 0,1 (M).
pH = - lg[H+] = 1 .
Bi 5.2. Tnh pH ca dung dch cha 0,4 gam NaOH trong 100 ml .
.
nNaOH = 0,4/40 = 0,01 (mol) .
NaOH Na+ + OH- .
0,01
0,01 (mol) .
[OH-] = 0,01/0,1 = 0,1 (M) .
Ta c : [H+].[OH-] = 10-14 [H+] = 10-13 pH = 13 .
Bi 5.3. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau :
1). HNO3 0,04M.
2). H2SO4 0,01M + HCl 0,05M .
-3
3). NaOH 10 M
4). KOH 0,1M + Ba(OH)2 0,2M .
.
1). pH = 1,4 2). pH = 1,15
3). pH = 11 4). pH = 13,7 .
Bi 5.4. Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh khi trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M vi 400 ml dung dch NaOH
0,375 M .
.
pH = 13.
Bi 5.5. Ha tan hon ton 2,4 gam Mg vo 100 ml dung dch HCl 3M . Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c .
.
pH = 0.
Bi 5.6. Trn 40 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,25M vi 60 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M . Tnh pH ca dung dch thu
c .
.
pH = 13 .
Bi 5.7. Tnh pH v in li ca :
a). dung dch HA 0,1M c Ka = 4,75.10-5 .
b). dung dch NH3 0,1M c Kb = 1,8.10-5 .
.
a). pH = 2,66 ; = 2,18%
b). pH = 11,13 ; = 1,34% .
Bi 5.8. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau :
a). Dung dch H2SO4 0,05M .
b). Dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,005M .
c). Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M c in li = 1% .
d). Tnh pH ca dung dch hn hp CH3COOH 0,2M v CH3COONa 0,1M . Cho Ka ca CH3COOH
l
1,75.10-5 .
.
a). pH = 1 ; b). pH = 12 ; c). pH = 3
d). CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
0,1
0,1 (M) .
-7-

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B
Li
CB

H+ + CH3COO- .
CH3COOH

0,2
0
0,1
x
x
x
0,2 x
x
x + 0,1 .
[H + ].[CH 3COO ]
Ka =
[CH 3COOH ]
1,75.10-5 (0,2 x) = x.(x + 0,1)
V : x << 0,2 0,2 x = 0,2 x = 3,5.10-5 pH = 4,46 .

Bi ton 6. XC NH NNG MOL DA VO pH .

1. Tnh nng mol ca axit .
B1 : Tnh [H+] t pH
- pH = a [H+] = 10-a .
B2 : Vit phng trnh in li
- T [H+] [ axit ] .
2. Tnh nng mol bazo .
B1 : Tnh [H+] t pH , ri suy ra [OH-] .
- pH = a [H+] = 10-a
- [H+].[OH-] = 10-14 [OH-]
B2 : Vit phng trnh in li bazo .
- T [OH-] [bazo] .
] Ch :
pH > 7 : mi trng bazo .
pH < 7 : mi trng axit .
Ph = 7 : mi trng trung tnh .
Bi 6.1. Mt dung dch axit sunfuric c pH = 2 .
a). Tnh nng mol ca axit sunfuric trong dung dch . Bit rng nng ny, s phn li ca
H2SO4 thnh ion l hon ton .
b). Tnh nng mol ca ion OH- trong dung dch .
.
a). [H2SO4] = 0,005 (M) .
b). [OH-] = 10-12 (M) .
Bi 6.2. Cn bao nhiu gam NaOH pha ch 300 ml dung dch c pH = 10 .
.
pH = 10 [H+] = 10-10.
Ta c : [H+].[OH-] = 10-14 [OH-] = 10-4 (M) nOH- = 3.10-5 (mol) .
NaOH Na+ + OH- .
3.10-5
3.10-5 (mol)
mNaOH = 1,2.10-3 (g) .
Bi 6.3. Cho m gam Na vo nc, ta thu c 1,5 lt dung dch c pH = 13 . Tnh m .
.
m = 3,45 (g) .
Bi 6.3. Pha long 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 bng 1,3 lt H2O thu c dung dch c pH = 13 . Tnh nng

mol ban u ca dung dch Ba(OH)2 .

iu cn nh : khi pha long cht tan s mol khng thay i
.
pH = 13 [H+] = 10-13
Ta c : [H+].[OH-] = 10-14 [OH-] = 10-1 (M) nOH- = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 (mol) .
Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OH0,075
0,15 (mol) .
[Ba(OH)2] = 0,075/0,2 = 0,375 (M) .
Bi 6.4. V lt dung dch HCl c pH = 3 .
a). Tnh nng mol cc ion H+ , OH- ca dung dch .
b). Cn bt th tch H2O bng bao nhiu V thu c dung dch c pH = 2 .
c). Cn thm th tch H2O bng bao nhiu V thu c dung dch c pH = 4 .
-8-

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a). pH = 13 [H+] = 10-3 (M) [OH-] = 10-11 (M) .
b). 10-3 V = 10-2 (V + V) V = - 0,9 V
Vy cn bt th tch H2O 0,9V c dung dch c pH = 2 .
c). 10-3V = 10-4(V + V) V = 9V
Vy cn thm th tch H2O 9V thu c dung dch c pH = 4 .
Bi 6.5. Trn 250 ml dung dch HCl 0,08M v H2SO4 0,01M vi 250 ml dung dch NaOH a (M), c 500
ml
dung dch c pH = 12 . Tnh a.
.
HCl H+ + Cl- ; H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- .
0,02
0,02
2,5.10-3 5.10-3 (mol) .
NaOH Na+ + OH- .
0,25a
0,25a (mol).
H+ + OH- H2O .
0,0225
(mol)
Theo : pH = 12 [OH-] = 10-2 (M)
Do : 0,01. 0,5 + 0,025 = 0,25a a = 0,12 (M).
Bi 6.6. Cn thm bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl c pH = 2 vo 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,05M thu c
dung dch c pH = 1,2 ?
.
V = 70 ml .
Bi 6.7. Dung dch NH3 0,4M c pH = 12 . Tnh in li ca cht in li trong dung dch .
.
= 2,5% .
Bi 6.8. Tnh in li trong cc trng hp sau :
a). Dung dch HCOOH 1M c Ka = 1,77.10-4 .
b). Dung dch CH3COOH 1M , bit dung dch c pH = 4 .
.
a). = 1,3% ; b). = 0,01% .
Bi 6.9. a). pha 5 lt dung dch CH3COOH c pH = 3 th cn ly bao nhiu ml dung dch CH3COOH 40%
c khi lng ring D = 1,05 g/ml . Bit axit c Ka = 1,74.10-5 .
b). Tnh in li ca dung dch c pH = 3.
c). Ly 1 lt dung dch CH3COOH c pH = 3 ni trn, ha tan vo 0,1 mol HCl . Gi s th tch
dung dch khng thay i . Hy tnh pH v in li ca dung dch mi thu c .
.
a). pH = 3 [H+] = 10-3 (M)

H+ + CH3COOCH3COOH

B
a
0
0
L
10-3
10-3
10-3
CB
a 10-3
10-3
10-3 (M).
-5
-3
-3 2
1,74.10 (a 10 ) = (10 ) a = 0,0585 (M) .
S mol CH3COOH ban u : n1 = 0,0585.5 = 0,2925 (mol) .
Khi pha long s mol cht tan khng i : mdd = 0,2925.60.100/40 = 43,875 (g)
V = mdd/D = 41,8 (ml).
b). in li ca dung dch c pH = 3 .
= 10-3/0,0585 = 1,7% .
c).
pH = 3 [H+] = 10-3 (M) nH+ = 10-3.1 = 10-3 (mol) .
HCl H+ + Cl0,1
0,1 (mol) .
nH+ = 0,1 + 10-3 = 0,101 (mol) [H+] = 0,101 (M) pH =

H+ + CH3COO- .
CH3COOH

10-3
0
0
Bi ton 7. AXIT , BAZO V CHT LNG TNH THEO HAI THUYT.
.

-9-

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Thuyt A r ni ut (thuyt in li)
t Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra H+ .
HCl H+ + Cl- .
Bazo l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra OH- .
NaOH OH- + Na+ .

Thuyt Bron stt (thuyt proton)

Axit l cht nhng proton H+ .
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- .
Bazo l cht nhn proton H+ .

NH4+ + OH- .
NH3 + H2O

Hiroxit lng tnh khi tan trong nc va c

Cht lng tnh va c th nhng
th phn li nh axit, va c th phn li theo bazo. proton, va c th nhn proton .
Bi 7.1. a) Hy vit phng trnh ha hc m t tnh axit ca CH3COOH theo quan im ca A r ni
ut
v quan im Bron stt . Vit biu thc tnh hng s phn li cho cc cn bng . So snh hai
biu thc tm c .
b) Vit biu thc tnh hng s phn li ca : NH3 , NH4+ , CO32- , HNO2 .
.
a). Theo A r ni ut :
[H + ].[CH 3COO ]
+

CH3COOH
H + CH3COO Ka = [CH COOH]
3
Theo Bron stt :
[ H 3O + ].[CH 3COO ]
+

CH3COOH + H2O
H
O
+
CH
COO

K
=
3
a
3
[CH 3COOH ]
Hai biu thc ny ging nhau, ch khc nhau cch vit H+ v H3O+ .
[NH 4+ ].[OH ]
+

b). NH3 + H2O

.
NH4 + OH Kb =
[NH 3 ]

H3O+ + NH3 Ka =
NH4 + H2O

[H 3O + ].[NH 3 ]
[NH 4+ ]

[H + ].[NH 3 ]
[NH 4+ ]
Bi 7.2. Trong cc phn ng di y, phn ng no nc ng vai tr l mt axit, phn ng no
nc ng vai tr l mt bazo (theo Bron stt).
1. HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl2. Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 .

NH4+ + OH- .
3. NH3 + H2O

4. CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O .

.
1. HCl H+ + ClH2O + H+ H3O+
H2O nhn proton H+ th hin tnh bazo .
3. NH3 + H+OH NH4+
H2O nhng proton H+ th hin tnh axit .
Bi 7.3. a). Theo nh ngha ca Bron stt, cc ion : Na+ , NH4+ , CO32- , CH3COO- , HSO4- , K+ , ClHCO3- l axit , bazo, lng tnh hay trung tnh ? Ti sao ?
b). Trn c s , hy d on cc dung dch ca tng cht cho di y s c pH ln hn, nh
hn hay bng 7 :Na2CO3, KCl, CH3COONa, NH4Cl, NaHSO4 .
.
Axit : NH4+ , HSO4- .

NH3 + H3O+ hoc : NH4+

NH3 + H+ .
NH4+ + H2O

H+ + NH3 Ka =
Hoc : NH4

SO42- + H3O+ .
HSO4- + H2O

Bazo : CO32- , CH3COO- .

HCO3- + OH- .
CO32- + H2O

CH3COOH + OH- .
CH3COO- + H2O

Lng tnh : HCO3- .

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CO32- + H3O+ .
- Tnh axit : HCO3- + H2O

CO2 + H2O + OH- .

- Tnh bazo : HCO3- + H2O

Trung tnh : Na+, K+ , Cl- .

- V khng c kh nng cho v nhn proton H+ .
b) .
Na2CO3 v CH3COONa c pH > 7 .
NH4Cl v NaHSO4 c pH < 7 .
KCl c pH = 7 .
Bi 7.4. Khi tan trong nc cc cht hiro bromua (HBr), hi ro telurua (H2Te), etyl amin (C2H5NH2) c
phn ng sau y :
HBr + H2O H3O+ + Br- .
(1)
+

H3O + HTe .
H2Te + H2O
(2)

C2H5NH3+ + OH- .
C2H5NH2 + H2O
(3)

a) . Cho bit cht no l axit, cht no l bazo ? Gii thch .

b) . Nc l axit, l bazo trong phn ng no ? Gii thch .
. a) . HBr v H2Te l axit v nhng proton H+ .
C2H5NH2 l bazo v nhn proton H+ .
b). (1) v (2) H2O l bazo v nhn proton H+ .
(3) H2O l axit v nhng proton H+ .
Bi 7.5. Qu tm s xut hin mu g khi cho vo cc dung dch : Na2S , NH4Cl . Gii thch .

HS- + OH- .
.
Na2S Na+ + S2- ; S2- + H2O

Dung dch Na2S lm qu tm ha xanh .

NH3 + H3O+ .
NH4Cl NH4+ + Cl- ; NH4+ + H2O

Dung dch NH4Cl lm qu tm ha .

Bi ton 8. PHN NG TRAO I ION .
B1 : Tnh s mol cht phn ng .
B2 : Vit phng trnh in li, ri suy ra s mol ion .
B3 : Vit phng trnh phn ng ion thu gn .
B4 : p dng cng thc gii ton .
Tnh pH ca dung dch : pH = - lg[H+].
. nh lut bo ton mol in tch : moldt (+ ) = moldt () .
Bi 8.1. trung ha 50 ml dung dch hn hp 2 axit HCl 1M v H2SO4 0,75M th cn bao nhiu ml dung
dch NaOH 1,25M ?
.
nHCl = 0,05 (mol) ; nH2SO4 = 0,05.0,75 = 0,0375 (mo) .
HCl H+ + Cl- ; H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- .
0,05
0,05
0,0375
0,075 (mol) .
nH+ = 0,125 (mol) .
Phng trnh p : H+ + OH- H2O .
0,125
(mol)
VOH- = VNaOH = 0,1 (lit) .
Bi 8.2. trung ha 50 ml dung dch hn hp 2 axit HCl 0,3M v HBr 0,2M cn dng bao nhiu ml dung
dch hn hp NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,05M ?
.
V = 125 ml .
Bi 8.3. Cn phi thm bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl 0,2M vo 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,25M thu c
dung dch c pH = 2 .
.
V = 126,84 (ml).
Bi 8.4. Cn phi thm bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,15M vo 50ml dung dch HCl 0,2M thu c
dung dch c pH = 12 .
.
V = 75 (ml).
- 11 -

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Bi 8.5. Cn phi thm bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl 0,15M vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm 2 bazo
NaOH 0,1 M + Ba(OH)2 0,075M thu c dung dch c pH = 2 ?
.
185,71 (ml) .
Bi 8.6. Mt dung dch Y c cha cc ion Cl-, SO42- , NH4+ . Khi cho 100 ml dung dch Y phn ng vi
200 ml dung dch dung dch Ba(OH)2 thu c 6,99 gam kt ta v thot ra 2,24 lt kh (ktc) .
a). Tnh nng mol cc ion trong dung dch Y .
b). Tnh nng mol ca dung dch Ba(OH)2 dng .
.
a). [NH4+] = 1 M ; [Cl-] = 0,4M ; [SO42-] = 0,6M .
b). [Ba(OH)2] = 0,25M .
Bi 8.7. Dung dch A cha HCl v H2SO4 theo t l mol 3:1 . Bit 100 ml dung dch A trung ha va 50
ml
dung dch NaOH 0,5M .
a). Tnh nng mol mi axit .
b). Tnh khi mui thu c sau phn ng .
c). Hi 200 ml dung dch A trung ha va bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp NaOH 0,2M v
Ba(OH)2 0,1M .
.
a). 0,05 M ; 0,15M b). 125 ml
c). 4,3125 gam .
Bi 8.8. Ha tan 1,65 gam (NH4)2SO4 v 2,61 gam K2SO4 trong nc thu c 250 ml dung dch A . l
cc cht in li mnh .
a). Tnh nng mol cc cht trong dung dch A .
b). Ly 50 ml dung dch A tc dng vi 50 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M, lc, ra kt ta to thnh ,
thu
c m1 gam kt ta v 120 ml dung dch A1 . Tnh m1 v nng mol cc ion thu c trong dung
dch A1 .
.
a). [NH4+] = 0,1M ; [K+] = 0,12M ; [SO42-] = 0,11M .
b). m1 = 1,2815 gam v [K+] = 0,05M ; [OH-] = 0,042M ; [Ba2+] = 0,0375M.
Bi 8.9. Thm t 400 gam dung dch H2SO4 49% v nc v iu chnh lng nc thu c ng 2 lt
dung dch A . Coi H2SO4 in li ha ton c hai nc .
1). Tnh nng mol H+ trong dung dch A .
2). Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 1,8M cn thm vo 0,5 lit dung dch A thu c :
a). dung dch c pH = 1 .
b). dung dch c pH = 13 .
Bi 8.10. Hy tnh m v x khi :
a). Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,08M v H2SO4 0,01M vi 250 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 c
nng x M thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dung dch c pH = 12 . Hy tnh m v x .
b). Trn 300 ml dung dch c cha NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,025M vi 200 ml dung dch H2SO4
x(M) , thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dung dch c pH =2 . Hy tnh m v x .
BITPTNGHP
BI 15: Tnh nng mol ca cc dung dch thu c khi:
a. Trn 200 ml dung dch NaCl 2M vi 200 ml dung dch CaCl2 0,5M
b. Trn 400 ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,2 M vi 100 ml dung dch FeCl3 0,3M
c. Trn 200 ml dung dch cha 12 gam MgSO4 v 300 ml dung dch cha 34,2 gam Al2(SO4)3

a. [Na+] = 1M ; [Ca2+] = 0,25 M ; [Cl-] = 1,5 M

b. [Fe2+] = 0.38 M ; [SO42-] = 0,48 M; [Cl-] = 0,18 M
c. [Mg2+] = 0,2M ; [Al3+] = 0,4M ; [SO42-] = 0,8 M
BI 16:
a. Tnh th tch dung dch KOH 14% (D = 1,128 g/ml) c cha s mol OH- bng s mol OH- c cha
trong 0,2 lt dung dch NaOH 0,5 M
b. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,5M c cha s mol H+ bng s mol H+ c trong 0,3 lt dung dch
HNO3 0,2 M

a. 89 ml ; b. 120 ml
BI 17: Cho dung dch HNO2 0,1 M c hng s in li K = 0,0005 .
a. Hy tnh nng cc ion H+ , NO2b. Tnh in li ca dung dch ny
- 12 -

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a. Phng trnh in li : HNO2
H+ + NO2Ban u
0,1
in li
x
x
x
Khi cn bng
0,1 x
x
x (mol)
x2
K = 0,0005 =
(x < 0,1)
0,1 x
x = 6,82.10-3 M
b. in li
x
= 6,82.10 2 = 6,82%
=
0,1 x
BI 18: 500 ml mt dung dch A c cha x mol Fe3+ ; 0,04 mol Na+ ; y mol SO42- v 0,09 mol Cl- . Nu c
cn dung
dch ny th thu c 7,715 gam mui khan . Tnh nng mol cc ion Fe3+ v SO42- trong
dung dch
[Fe3+] = 0,06 M ; [SO42-] = 0,04 M
BI 19: Dung dch A c cha cc ion CO32- , SO32- , SO42- , 0,1 mol HCO3- v 0,3 mol Na+ . Thm V lt dung
dch Ba(OH)2 1M vo dung dch A th thu c lng kt ta ln nht . Gi tr ca V l :
A. 0,15
B. 0,2
C. 0,25
D. 0,5
BI 20: Cht no sau y khng dn in c ?
A. KOH nng chy
B. MgCl2 nng chy
C. HI trong dung mi nc
D. KCl khan
BI 21: Cht no di y khng phn li ra ion khi ha tan trong nc ?
A. MgCl2
B. HClO3
C. C6H12O6
D. Ba(OH)2
BI 22: C mt dung dch cht in li yu . Khi thay i nng ca dung dch (nhit khng thay i)
th :
A. in li v hng s in li u thay i
B. in li v hng s in u khng thay i
C. in li thay i v hng s in li thay i
D. in li khng i v hng s in li thay i
BI 23: Trong 1 ml dunhg dch HNO2 nhit nht nh c 5,64.1019 phn t HNO2 v 3,6 .1018 ion NO2a. Tnh in li ca HNO2
b. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch ni trn
a. HNO2
H+ + NO2Ban u :
n0
in li :
3,6.1018
3,6.1018
14
Cn bng:
5,64.10
3,6.1018
n0 = 3,6.1018 + 5,6.1014 = 6.1019
3,6.1018
=
= 0,06 = 6%
6.1019
6.1019
= 0,1M
b. Nng mol ca dung dch :
6,02.10 23.0,001
BI 24: Cho V lt CH3COOH c 4.103 cation H+ ,4.103 CH3COO- v 2.106 phn t axit . Tnh in li ca
axit ny

CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOBan u : n0
in li : 4.103
4.103
Cn bng : 2.106
n0 = 4.103 + 2.106 = 2,004.106
4.103
=
= 0,1996%
2,004.106

- 13 -

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BI 25: 10 ml dung dch axit HCOOH 0,3M c cha tng s ht l n0 (phn t v ion) Nu bit in li
ca axit l = 2% th n c gi tr bng bao nhiu ?

HCOOH
H+ + HCOOBan u:
3.10-3.6,02.1023 = 1,806.1021
in li :
0,02 x 1,806.1021 = 3,612.1019
n = 1,806.1021 + 3,612.1019 = 18,42.1020
BIT
PPD

NG

BI 1: Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht sau trong dung dch :
1. Axit H2SeO4 (nc th nht in li mnh)
2. Axit yu ba nc : H3PO4
3. Hidroxit lng tnh : Pb(OH)2
4. Na2HPO4 5. NaH2PO4 6. Axit mnh HMnO4
7. Bazo mnh : RbOH
. 8 [Ag(NH3)2]2SO4
BI 2: Cho cc phn t v ion sau :
S2- , NH4+ , H2PO4- , HI , C6H5O- , NH3 , PO43- , CH3COO- , [Fe(H2O)]3+ , HSO4- , HS- , HSO3Theo thuyt Bron stet phn t v ion no l axit, bazo hay lng tnh ? Minh ha bng phn ng
ca chng
trong nc .
Axit : HI, NH4+ , [Fe(H2O)]3+ HSO4* HI + H2O
H3O+ + I* NH4+ + H2O
H3O+ + NH3
* [Fe(H2O)]3+ + H2O
H3O+ + Fe(OH)2+
H3O+ + SO42* HSO4- + H2O
Bazo : NH3 , S2- , CH3COO- , C6H5O* NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OH* S2- + H2O
HS- + OH* CH3COO- + H2O
CH3COOH + OH* C6H5O- + H2O
C6H5OH + OH Lng tnh : HS- , HSO3- , H2PO4* HS- + H2O
H3O+ + S2* HS- + H2O
H2S + OH* HSO3- + H2O
H3O+ + SO32* HSO3- + H2O
SO2 + H2O + OH* H2PO4- + H2O
H3O+ + HPO42* H2PO4- + H2O
H3PO4 + OHBI 3: Trong cc cht di y, phn ng no H2O ng vai tr l mt axit, phn ng no H2O ng
vai
tr l mt bazo theo Bron stet
1. HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl2. Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
3. NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OH4. CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O
(1) Bazo ; (2) Axit
V
N

2
: HNG S PHN LI AXIT V BAZO
1. Hng s phn li axit :
HA
H+ + A[ H + ].[ A ]
Ka =
[ HA]
* K ph thuc vo bn cht axit v nhit
a

* Ka cng nh lc axit cng yu

2. Hng s phn li bazo :
BOH
OH- + B+

- 14 -

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Kb =

[OH ].[ B + ]
[ BOH ]

* Kb ph thuc vo nhit , bn cht bazo

* Kb cng nh lc bazo cng yu
BI TP P DNG
Bi 1: Vit hng s phn li axit Ka v hng s phn li bazo Kb cho cc trng hp sau :
CH3COO- , NH4+ , F- , HF
CH3COO- + H2O
CH3COOH + OH[CH 3COOH ].[OH ]
Kb =
[CH 3COO ]

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