Chng 5: Thit b nghch lu

5.1 Khi nim chung Phn loi

Bin i nng lng in mt chiu thnh nng lng in xoay chiu Phn loi Theo s lng pha: - Mt pha - Ba pha - Nhiu pha Theo s - Hnh cu - Hnh tia Theo c im ngun - Ngun p - Ngun dng

5.2 S nguyn l
S1 R uZ S4 S2 S3

uZ

S1S2

S3S4

S1S2

= t

S nguyn l nghch lu cu mt pha

S1 S2
uZ S1 S2 Ud S1

Ud S1
R

Ud R uZ

= t

uZ Ud S2

S nguyn l nghch lu tia v bn cu mt pha

S1

S3

S5

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 3

S4 Ud

S6

S2

uZ1

Ud 2 = t

1 uZ1 uZ2

2 uZ3

uZ2

Nghch lu cu ba pha ti thun tr

uZ3

5.3 Nghch lu p
Mang tnh cht ngun p: to ra in p xoay chiu. Dng in u ra ph thuc vo ti. u vo ca nghch lu p l ngun in p mt chiu

5.3.1 Dng cng sut hu cng v phn khng

P = UdId P>0 P<0 Id > 0: c. nghch lu Id < 0: c. chnh lu
-id
m

P = Ud.Id p = Ud.id 1 S 2 Ud id VR 3 p1 Z1 p2 Z2 p3 Z3

p = U d id = pn
n =1

5.3.2 Nghch lu p cu mt pha

id VR1 iVR1
L

S1 iS1 iZ
R

S3 Z S2

VR3

S4 Ud VR4

uZ

VR2

: Gc d kin ng cc b kha S: Gc thng dng ca cc b kha R: Gc thng dng ca cc diode ngc

S1,S2 VR1,VR2

S1,S2
S3,S4 VR3,VR4
R S

S1 Z
Ud

iZ

uZ
= t

Ud
-Ud

S2

2 Ud/R

VR3,VR4

iZ

O -Ud/R

Z iZ VR4

VR3

iS1 = iS2

iVR3 = iVR4

S3,S4 S3

O iS3 = iS4 iVR1 = iVR2

iZ Z
Id

S4

5.3.3 Nghch lu p tia mt pha

= Nhp S1: uZ = ua = U d iS1 = id = iZ tng theo ng cong hm m

 Nhp VR2: Ngt xung iu khin a vo S1. Do nh hng ca L trong ti, dng in trong cun th cp v qua dng trong cun s cp vn gi chiu c. Dng trong cun s cp chy qua VR2 v qua na phi ca cun s cp. uZ = ub = -Ud iVR2 = -id = iZ gim theo ng cong hm m Nhp VR2 kt thc khi dng iVR2 gim v gi tr 0

 Nhp S2: Xung iu khin a vo S2 ngay sau khi ngt S1. Khi VR2 ng, dng s chy qua S2. in p trn ti vn khng i, tuy nhin dng iZ s o chiu uZ = ub = -Ud iS2 = id = -iZ tng theo ng cong hm m vi chiu ngc li Nhp S2 kt thc khi ngt xung iu khin a vo S2 v bt u a xung iu khin vo S1

 Nhp VR1: Ngt xung iu khin a vo S2. Do nh hng ca L trong ti, dng in trong cun th cp v qua dng trong cun s cp vn gi chiu c. Dng trong cun s cp chy qua VR1 v qua na tri ca cun s cp. uZ = ua = U d iVR1 = -id = -iZ tng theo ng cong hm m Nhp VR1 kt thc khi dng iVR1 tng ln gi tr 0

5.3.4 Nghch lu p cu ba pha

<

 S1, S5, S6
1
uZ1 Z

3
uZ3

Ud
uZ2

uZ1 = uZ3 = Ud/3 uZ2 = -2Ud/3

 S1, S2, S6
1
uZ1

Ud
uZ2 uZ3

uZ1 = 2Ud/3 uZ2 = uZ3 = -Ud/3

 S1, S2, S3
1
uZ1 Z

2
uZ2

Ud
uZ3

uZ1 = uZ2 = Ud/3 uZ3 = -2Ud/3

 S2, S3, S4
2
uZ2

Ud
uZ1 uZ3

uZ2 = 2Ud/3 uZ1 = uZ3 = -Ud/3

 S3, S4, S5
2
uZ2 Z

3
uZ3

Ud
uZ1

uZ2 = uZ3 = Ud/3 uZ1 = -2Ud/3

 S4, S5, S6
3
uZ3

Ud
uZ1 uZ2

uZ3 = 2Ud/3 uZ1 = uZ2 = -Ud/3

= <

S + R = = S + R >

TI

5.3.5 iu khin nghch lu p cu 3 pha

Nguyn tc thay i tn s xung ln: Ud Tn s: tn s pht xung vo cc b kha uc Phn phi xung Khuych i xung

Pht xung

Nguyn tc iu bin rng xung - PWM S1, S3, S5 S2, S4, S6 uZ1 = uZ2 = uZ3 = 0
IN P RNG CA iN P IU KHIN

5.4 Nghch lu dng

5.4.1 Hai chc nng ca b chuyn mch trong nghch lu dng

t in p ngc ln thyristor, ng thyristor. Tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn mch

5.4.2 Nghch lu dng mt pha

Gi s V1, V2 m, dng in qua ti iZ = Id in p trn cc t uC1 < 0, uC2 < 0. Mun ng V1, V2: m V11, V12. Dng iZ = Id chy qua V11, C1, C2, V12 in p trn cc t o chiu. Trong thi gian in p trn cc t cn <0, V1 v V2 phc hi kh nng kha. B chuyn mch thc hin chc nng th nht. Xung iu khin c a vo V3, V4, cng vi V11 v V12, tuy nhin cha m do uV3 = uC1 + uZ <0, uV4 = uC2 + uZ < 0.

i vi ti L: uV3 = uC1, uV4 = uC2 V3, V4 m khi uC1 = uC2 = 0 Dng in chy qua V11, C1, Z, C2, V12 gim dn. Dng in chy qua V3, Z, V4 tng dn. B chuyn mch thc hin chc nng th hai Qu trnh chuyn mch kt thc khi iV3 = iV4 = -iZ = Id

5.4.3 Nghch lu dng 3 pha

Thyristor chnh: V1, V2, , V6 T chuyn mch: C13, C35, , C 26, C24 Diode phn cch: V11, V12, , V16.

= 1200

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 iZ1 -Id iZ2 Id

iZ3

 Nhp V1, V2, V11, V12 iZ1 = Id; iZ2 = 0; iZ3 = -Id uC13 > 0 uV3 = uC13 > 0: V3 ang trng thi kha Nhp V3, V11, V2, V12 a xung iu khin m V3. uC13 ng V1. Dng Id chy qua V3, C13, song song vi C13 l C35 v C15, V11, vo pha 1. uV13 = uZ12 uC13 < 0 ... V13 vn ng. Id s o chiu in p trn C13. B chuyn mch thc hin chc nng th 1

 Nhp V3, V11, V13, V2, V12 Khi uV13 = uZ12 uC13 = 0 ... V13 m ... Dng chy qua V3 v V13 vo pha 2. Qu trnh chuyn mch: dng chy vo pha 1 gim dn, dng chy vo pha 2 tng dn. B chuyn mch thc hin chc nng th 2: tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn mch Qu trnh chuyn mch kt thc khi dng chy vo pha 1 gim v 0 v dng chy vo pha th 2 bng Id. Chuyn sang nhp V3, V13, V2, V12

5.4.4 iu khin nghch lu dng

Chng 6: Thit b bin tn

6.1 Khi nim chung Phn loi

Dng bin i nng lng in xoay chiu bng cch thay i tn s Phn loi theo s lng pha - Mt pha - Ba pha - m-pha Phn loi theo s - Trc tip - Gin tip + Ngun p + Ngun dng

6.2 Bin tn trc tip

Bin i trc tip in p xoay chiu thnh in p xoay chiu c tn s khc

T1 T2 = T1 + 2(n 1) p

n: s na chu k in p u vo to nn na chu k in p u ra

f 2 T1 p = = f1 T2 p + 2(n 1)

T1 T1 T2 = [ p + 2(n 1)] = q p p

i vi bin tn 3 pha:

T1 T1 T2 = [ p + 2(n 1)] = q p p

Tn s in p u ra f2 < 25Hz v khng th iu khin v cp Bin tn trc tip t c s dng

6.3 Bin tn gin tip

6.3.1 Bin tn ngun p
UdII > 0
NGHCH LU P CHNH LU Cf, Lf: mch lc Mch lc cng vi chnh lu to thnh ngun p mt chiu u vo ca UdI > 0 nghch lu p IdI > 0 Cf: nhn dng phn khng. PI > 0 Cng sut khng th o chiu Nguyn tc iu khin:

Nguyn tc iu khin tn s xung: f2: tn s xung pht vo nghch lu U2: s dng chnh lu c iu khin, hoc s dng chnh lu khng iu khin v b bin i xung p Nguyn tc PWM chnh lu ch cn l khng iu khin.

6.3.2 Bin tn ngun dng

Lf: Mch lc Chnh lu v mch lc phi c tnh cht ngun dng mt chiu Id > 0 UdI > 0 hoc < 0 Cng sut c th o chiu
NGHCH LU DNG

CHNH LU

Nguyn tc iu khin: f2: tn s xung pht vo nghch lu I2: s dng chnh lu c iu khin.

Chng 7 B kha xoay chiu v thit b bin i in p xoay chiu

7.1 Khi nim chung Phn loi

B kha xoay chiu: ng, ct dng xoay chiu Thit b bin i in p xoay chiu: thay i gi tr in p xoay chiu Phn loi theo s lng pha - Mt pha - Ba pha - m-pha Phn loi theo s - C bn - Tit kim Phn loi theo phng php iu khin - iu khin hon ton - Bn iu khin

7.2 B kha xoay chiu

7.2.1 B kha xoay chiu mt pha
NG

diZ RiZ + L = u = U m sin d

Z: gc bt u iz(z) = 0

NGT

Z = R + L ; = arctan
2 2 2

L
R
z

Um Um sin( ) iZ = e Z Z
f1()

R ( Z ) L sin(
f2()

NG NGT

7.2.2 B kha xoay chiu ba pha

Gm 3 b kha 1 pha

7.3 Thit b bin i in p xoay chiu

7.3.1 Thit b bin i in p xoay chiu mt pha

Ti thun tr R

Ti R, L: Khi < < Z =

Um sin( ) iZ = Z Um e Z
R ( ) L sin(

Khi 0 < < Khng iu khin c in p. Thit b lm vic nh b kha xoay chiu

Ti L Khi /2 < < = /2

Um iZ = (cos cos ) L
Khi 0 < < /2 Khng iu khin c in p. Thit b lm vic nh b kha xoay chiu

7.3.2 Thit b bin i in p xoay chiu ba pha

Gm c ba b bin i in p xoay mt pha mc vi nhau

CHNG 8: BO V V IU KHIN CC THIT B BIN I

8.1 Bo v cc phn t in t cng sut

8.1.1 Cng sut tn tht v lm mt

P = p1 + p2 p1

P p1
p2

Cng sut tn tht Cng sut tn tht chnh Cng sut tn tht ph

P = U T 0 I ( AV ) + RF I 2

Nhit mt ghp

T j = Ta + Rth P Rth = R jv + Rvr + Rra

Tj Nhit mt ghp Ta Nhit khng kh mi trng Rjv in tr nhit gia mt ghp v v linh kin bn dn Rvr in tr nhit gia v v cnh tn nhit Rra in tr nhit gia cnh tn nhit v khng kh mi trng Lm mt: Cnh tn nhit Cnh tn nhit + qut gi Cnh tn nhit + nc Ngm trong du bin th

8.1.2 Bo v dng in
Cu ch: CC phi chu c dng lm vic nh mc ca thit b Nhit dung chu ng ca CC phi nh hn nhit dung ca thit b cn bo v nhit lng (I2t)CC < (I2t)TB in p h quang ca CC phi tng i ln Gim nhanh dng in v tiu tn nng lng trong mch. Khi CC t, in p phc hi phi ln Khng lm cho h quang chy li gia hai cc ca cu ch Lp t: c nhiu cch Tng pha ca cun dy s cp hoc th cp MBA Ni tip vi tng van Ni tip vi tng nhm van mc song song u ra ca thit b bin i

8.1.3 Bo v qu p
Qu p trong S tch t in tch trong cc lp bn dn (qu trnh ng ca diode v thyristor) Bo v bng mch R C u song song vi diode hoc thyristor

Qu p ngoi Ct khng ti MBA trn ng dy, CC bo v nhy, sm st, Bo v bng mch R C mc gia cc pha th cp ca MBA ng lc R .. 10 1000 C 0.01 1 F

8. 2 iu khin cc thit b bin i

8.2.1 Khuych i thut ton Khuych i o

R2 u r = uv R1
Mch so snh

U cc ... u > u+ ur = +U cc ... u+ > u

Mch tch phn

1 ur = uv dt RC

Mch vi phn
R

ur

duv ur = RC dt

8.2.2 Mch to xung chun s dng IC 555

t1 = 0.693C ( R1 + R2 ); t2 = 0.693CR2 T = t = t1 + t2 = 0.693C ( R1 + 2 R2 )

Mch lt n s dng IC 555

T = 1.1RC
1 Vcc 3