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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

Li M u: Ngy nay, khi nim k thut s tr thnh quen thuc vi nhiu ngi, bi v s pht trin ca ngnh k thut s ny c nh hng rt ln n ngnh kinh t ton cu. C ngi nu ln tng gi nn kinh t ca thi i chng ta l nn kinh t k thut s , s ha gn nh vt khi ranh gii ca mt thut ng k thut . Nh c u im ca x l s nh tin cy trong truyn dn, tn a thch nghi v kinh t ca nhiu phn mm khc nhau, tn tin li trong iu khin v khai thc mng. S ha ang l xu hng pht trin tt yu ca nhiu lnh vc k thut v kinh t khc nhau. Khng ch trong lnh vc thng tin lin lc v tin hc. Ngy nay, k tht s v ang thm nhp mnh m vo K thut in t, iu khin t ng, pht thang truyn hnh, y t, nng nghipv ngay c trong cc dng c sinh hot gia nh. Ngay t nhng ngy u khai sinh, k thut s ni ring v ngnh in t ni chung to ra nhiu bc t ph mi m cho cc ngng kinh t khc v cn m bo c yu cu ca ngi dng c v cht lng v dch v. ng thi kin thc v k thut s l khng th thiu i vi mi sinh vin, nht l sinh vin in t. V nh mi ngi nhn thy rng, ngy nay trt t giao thng nc ta ang ri ren. V vy vic s dng n giao thng ti nhng giao l l rt cn thit v hiu r hn v nguyn l hot ng v mun pht trin thm v m hnh ny, em chn ti cho n 1 l nghin cu v n Giao Thng .Thc hin bng cc IC 555,4017 kt hp mt s n led hin th v mt s t cng nh in tr to xung nhp. Vi vic s dng cc b IC trn ta c th thc hin n giao thng vi cc b m bt k. I.S nguyn l mch: 1/S khi

B to xung

B m

B gii m hin th

B hin th

B ngun

Mch gm c 5 khi: - B to xung - B m - B gii m hin th - B hin th


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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

- B ngun 2/ Chc nng cc khi 2.1/ B ngun: B ngun cung cp cho ton b mch y ta dng ngun mt chiu khong 5V cung cp cho b to xung IC555 v b m IC 74190 . 2.2 / B to xung: Dng IC 555 to ra xung nhp. Cu to IC 555

U 7 5 4 6 2 8 N D

1 S C HO GU 3 T

C V R S T T H R T R G V C E C 5 5 5 G N 1 D

*S to xung nhp:

*Chu k to xung: Thng thng trong mch dao ng ta c cng thc tnh thi gian ngng dn ca transistor l : T = RCln2 =0.693 RC
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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

Thi gian ngng dn mc p cao cng l lc t C2 np d.ng qua R1+R2 Tn = 0.693*(R1+R2)*C2 Thi gian ngng dn mc p thp cng l lc t C2 x d.ng qua R2 Tx = 0.693*R2*C2 Nh vy chu k ca tn hiu s l : T = Tn+Tx T = 0.693*(R1+2*R2)*C2 . Vi mch nh th LM 555 l mch tch hp Analog- digital. Do c ng vo l tn hiu tng t v ng ra l tn hiu s. Vi mch nh th LM555 c ng dng rt rng ri trong thc t, c bit trong lnh vc iu khin, v nu kt hp vi cc linh kin R, C th n c th thc hin nhiu chc nng nh: nh th, to xung chun, to tn hiu kch, hay iu khin cc linh kin bn dn cng sut nh Transistor, SCR, Triac *S chn LM555 Chn s 1 : (GND) Cho ni mass ly dng cp cho IC , dng in t mas chy vo IC. Chn s 2: (Trigger Input ) Ng vo ca mt tng, y mc p chun bng 1/3 Vcc, ly cu phn p to bi ba in tr 5K.Khi mc p chn 2 xung n mc (1/3)Vcc th chn 3 s chuyn ln mc cao, lc ny kha in t trn chn s 7s h. Chn s 3: (Output) Ng ra tn hiu dng xung (mc p khng thp th cao). Chn s 4 :(Reset) Xc lp trng thi ng ra .Khi chn s 4 cho ni mass th chn s 3 cht mc p thp , ch khi chn s 4 t mc p cao th ng ra chn 3 mi c t do v mi c th lc cao lc thp. Chn s 5:(Control Voltage) Chn iu khin ,chn ny lm thay i cc mc in p chun trn trn cu chia volt. Chn s 6: (Threshold) Ng vo ca mt tng so vi p 1.C mc p chun bng 2/3 Vcc. Chn s 7: (Dirchange) Chn x in, chn ny l ng ra ca mt kha in (tranistor) kha in ny ng m theo mc p chn s 3. Khi chn 3 mc p cao th kha in ng li v cho dng chay qua, ngc li th kha in h v ct dng. Chn s 8: (+Vcc) Chn ngun ni vo ngun nui Vcc cp in cho IC 555. Bn trong vi mch 555 c hn 20 transistor v nhiu in tr thc hin cc chc nng nh hnh 2 gm c: a) Cu phn p gm ba in tr 5k ni t ngun +Vcc xung mass cho ra hai in p chun l 1/3 Vcc v 2/3 Vcc. b) OP-AMP (1) L mch khuch i so snh c ng In- nhn in p chun 2/3 Vcc, cn ng In+ th ni ra ngoi chn 6. Ty thuc in p ca
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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

chn 6 so vi in p chun 2/3 Vcc m OP-AMP (1) c in p ra mc cao hay thp lm tn hiu R (reset), iu khin Flip- Flop (F/F). c) OP-AMP (2) L mch khuch i so snh c ng In+ nhn in p chun 1/3 Vcc, cn ng In- th ni ra ngoi chn 2. Ty thuc in p chn 2 so vi in p chun 1/3 Vcc m OP-AMP (2) c in p ra mc cao hay thp lm tn hiu S(set), iu khin Flip Flop (F/F). d) Mch Flip-Flop(F/F) l loi mch lng n kch mt bn. Khi chn set (S) c in p cao th thin p ny kch i trng thi ca F/F ng Q ln mc cao v ng Q xung mc thp. Khi ng set ang mc cao xng mc thp th mch F/F khng i trang thi. Khi chn Reset(R) c in p cao th in p ny kch i trng thi ca F/F lm ng Q ln mc cao v ng Q xung mc thp. Khi ng Reset ang mc cao xung thp th mch F/F khng i trng thi.

hnh 2 : Cu trc bn trong ca LM 555 e) Mch Output l mch khuch i ng ra tng khuch i dng cp cho ti. y l mch khuch i o, c ng vo l chn Q ca F/F, nn khi Q mc cao th ng ra chn 3 ca IC s c in p thp ( 0V), v ngc li, khi Q mc thp th ng ra chn 3 ca IC s c in p cao ( Vcc). f) Transistor T1 c chn E ni vo in p chun khong 1,4 V, l loi Transistor PNP. Khi cc B ni ra ngoi bi chn 4, c in p cao hn 1.4V, th T1 ngng dn, nn T1 khng nh hng m hot ng ca mch. Khi chn 4 c in tr tr s nh thch hp ni mass th T1 dn bo ha, ng thi cng lm mch OUTPUT dn bo ha, v ng ra xung thp. Chn 4 c gi l chn Reset c ngha l n Reset IC 555 bt chp tnh trng cc ng vo khc. Do , chn Reset dng kt thc xung ra sm khi cn. Nu khng dng chc nng Reset th ni chn 4 ln Vcc trnh mch b Reset do nhiu.
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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

g) Transistor T2 l transistor c cc C h ni ra chn 7 ( Discharge = x ). Do cc B c phn cc bi mc in p ra Q ca F/F, nn khi Q mc cao th T2 bo ha v cc C ca T2 coi nh ni mass. Lc , ng ra chn 3 cng mc thp. Khi Q mc thp th T2 ngng dn cc C ca T2 b h, lc , ng ra chn 3 c in p cao. Theo nguyn l trn, cc C ca T2 ra chn 7 c th lm ng ra ph c mc in p ging mc in p ca ng ra chn 4. *Nguyn l hot ng: K hiu 0 l mc thp bng 0V, 1 l mc cao gn bng VCC. Mch FF l loi RS Flip-flop, Khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v Khi R = [1] th = [ 0]. = [0]. Sau , khi S = [0] th Q = [1] v = [1] v Q = [0].

Tm li, khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v khi R = [1] th Q = [0] bi v = [1], transisitor m dn, cc C ni t. Cho nn in p khng np vo t C, in p chn 6 khng vt qu V2. Do li ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0, FF khng reset. Giai on ng ra mc 1: Khi bm cng tc khi ng, chn 2 mc 0. V in p chn 2 (V-) nh hn V1(V+), ng ra ca Op-amp 1 mc 1 nn S = [1], Q = [1] v = [0]. Ng ra ca IC mc 1. Khi = [0], transistor tt, t C tip tc np qua R, in p trn t tng. Khi nhn cng tc ln na Op-amp 1 c V- = [1] ln hn V+ nn ng ra ca Opamp 1 mc 0, S = [0], Q v vn khng i. Trong khi in p t C nh hn V2, FF vn gi nguyn trng thi . Giai on ng ra mc 0: Khi t C np tip, Op-amp 2 c V+ ln hn V- = 2/3 VCC, R = [1] nn Q = [0] v V = [1]. Ng ra ca IC mc 0. khng i gi tr, t C x in thng qua = [1], transistor m dn, Op-amp2 c V+ = [0] b hn V-, ng ra ca

Op-amp 2 mc 0. V vy Q v transistor.

Kt qu cui cng: Ng ra OUT c tn hiu dao ng dng sng vung, c chu k n nh 2.3 /B m: Dng IC 74190 b m thp phn *S cu to:
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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

: 2.4/B gii m:

2.5/B hin th: B hin th l thit b th hin s m, v thit b hin th b n giao thng

S th hin s m

Hin th n giao thng

*S Lc V Cc Linh Kin Chnh Trong Mch. a) My bin p My bin th hay my bin p l thit b in gm hai hoc nhiu cun dy, hay 1 cun dy c u vo v u ra trong cng 1 t trng. Cu to c bn ca
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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

my bin th thng l 2 hay nhiu cun dy ng cch in c qun trn cng 1 li st hay st t ferit. My bin th c th thay i hiu in th xoay chiu, tng th hoc h th, u ra cho 1 hiu in th tng ng vi nhu cu s dng. My bin th ng vai tr rt quan trng trong truyn ti in nng. My bin th hot ng tun theo 2 hin tng vt l:

dng in chy qua dy dn to ra t trng (t trng) s bin thin t thng trong cun dy to ra 1 hiu in th cm ng (cm ng in)

Dng in c to ra trong cun dy s cp khi ni vi hiu in th s cp, v 1 t trng bin thin trong li st. T trng bin thin ny to ra trong mch in th cp 1 hiu in th th cp. Nh vy hiu in th s cp c th thay i c hiu in th th cp thng qua t trng. S bin i ny c th c iu chnh qua s vng qun trn li st. Khi NP, UP, IP, P v NS, US, IS, S l s vng qun, hiu in th, dng in v t thng trong mch in s cp v th cp (primary v secondary) th theo nh lut Faraday ta c: v

Nu S = P th

ngoi ra

Nh vy b) T in:

T in mt chiu, hay t phn cc (Electrolytic Capacitor): Khi u ni phi ng cc m - dng. Thng trn t quy c cc m bng cch sn mt vch mu sng dc theo thn t, hoc khi t cha ct th chn di hn l cc dng.

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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

T in xoay chiu: hay t khng phn cc

T in l mt linh kin th ng cu to ca t in l hai bn cc bng kim loi ghp cch nhau mt khong d gia hai bn t l dung dch hay cht in mi cch in c in dung C. c im ca t l cho dng in xoay chiu i qua, ngn cn dng in mt chiu. Cng thc tnh in dung ca t: C = .S/d l hng s in mi S l in tch b mt t m2 d l b giy cht in mi T in phng gm hai bn phng kim loi din tch t song song v cch nhau mt khong d. Cng in trng bn trong t c tr s E=

l hng s in mi tng i ca mi trng; i vi chn khng 1, giy tm du = 3,6, gm = 5,5; mica = 4 5

0 = 8.86.10-12

C2/ N.m2 l hng s in mi ca chn khng.

c) in tr: in tr l linh kin th ng c tc dng cn tr c dng v p. in tr c s dng rt nhiu trong cc mch in t. R =/S hoc R=U/I Trong l in tr sut ca vt liu S l thit din ca dy. l chiu di ca dy.

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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

d) Diode:

Diode c cu to gm hai lp bn dn p-n c ghp vi nhau. Diode ch hot ng dn dng in t cc anot sang catot khi p trn hai chn c phn cc thun (VP>VN) v ln hn in p ngng. Khi phn cc ngc (VP<VN) th Diode khng dn in. e) IC n p
D A C D 1 D 3

(LM 78xx)
4 D 2 L G N D 1 V I N 7 V 8 O 0 5 U 2 T + 5 v

2 0

/ 2

l m G N D 1 V I N

3 7 V

8 O

1 U

2 2 + 1 T 2 v

7 8

/ T O

Trong mch in t th khi ngun l quan trng nht, n quyt nh s hot ng hay khng ca c mch . mt b ngun tt s lm cho mch hot ng n nh v m bo s bn vng lu di cho cc linh kin c trong mch . Chc nng chnh ca khi ngun l bin i dng in AC thn dng in DC nui mch hot ng.C th dng nhiu loi IC nhng thng dng nht l h IC 78xx loi IC ny c 3 chn rt tin cho vic thit k b ngun nh v n nh hay cc n p trn xe t .

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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

H IC 78xx chn 1 l ng vo , chn 2 l ng ra, in p ng ra chn 2 c gi tr l xx vnhu7 c ghi trn IC (v d nh IC 7805,7812,...th in p ng ra c gi tr l 5v, 12v,..). Ty vo dng in ng ra ngi ta thm vo ch nh l: 78 L xx : dng ch danh nh l 100mA 78 xx : dng in ra l 1A 78H xx : dng in ra danh nh l 5A Cc t 0.33uF v 0.1uF dng chng nhiu v ci thin p ng qu ca n p . cc t ny t cng gn IC cng t 78xx l dng h in t dng bin i hiu in th t cao xung thp ty thuc vo c tnh ca tng loi h 78 v d 7805,7812

Ta xt nguyn l hot ng ca h 78:

Ta thy h 78 c 3 chn 2 chn vo v 1 chn ra (c chung cc m) Khi t hiu in th nht nh vo chn 1 (hiu in th chn vo phi ln hn chn ra).Khi ti chn ra s cho ta hiu in th chng ta cn theo tng loi chc nng m ca h 78. f) Phn t o (NOT) Chc nng: Thc hin php ton logic O (NOT) Cng O ch c 1 u vo:

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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

k hiu:

Bng tht: Biu thc: out = A

A 0 1

out 1 0

g) Phn t AND Chc nng thc hin php nhn logic Cng AND gm hai u vo v mt hm ra K hiu : X1 Y X2

*Bng hot ng: 1x 2x 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 y 0 0 0 1

h) Phn t OR: cng OR gm hai tn hiu vo mt tn hiu ra chc nng thc hin cng logic s ic 7432 : * Bng hot ng:

1x 2x 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

y 0 1 1 1

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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

*S Nguyn L Mch Ngun V Mch To Xung: Ngun Ac hoc Dc 15V uc ly t con 3 (my bin p) dn qua cu diode nn in dn qua t lc gn sng qua IC n p 78xx qua t chng nhiu 104 qua IC 741 to xung vung n cc. -S Nguyn L Mch Ngun:

Ngun v xung c ly t mch ngun v mch xung, xung c cung cp cho IC 74190 m chy ui sau mi chu k xung t Q0-Q9. Nhim v ca diode t D1-D9 chng dng in quay ngc tr v IC 4017.Khi Q0-Q3 ln lc tch cc mc cao v a vo cc b ca U2, in tr Rb phn cc cho C1815 by gi BJT dn n Xanh_1 sng ng thi kch cho U3 dn n 2 sng.Nhim v ca cc in tr cc E ca BJT l h p cho Led. n lc Q4 tch cc mc cao kch cho U4 dn lm cho n Vng 1 v n 2 sng.Tng t cho chu k tch cc mc cao ca IC4017.n giao Thng ny hot ng theo nguyn l n = n Vng + n Xanh. n sng nhanh hay chm ta chnh chu k xung mch to xung. Mch ny c hai tr ring bit, 4 tr ta gn cc led song song vi nhau. -S Nguyn L Mch To Xung: Mch dng IC 555 c lp theo s nguyn l nh hnh v

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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

*Thit k b hin th n giao thng: Nguyn l: cc trng thi chuyn tip theo th t lp tun hon

Bng trng thi tng qut: 1Z 1 0 0 V 2Z 0 1 0 X 3Z 0 0 1

(t)s 0s 1s 2s

(1+t)s 1s 2s 0s

Bng m ha trng thi: 1y2y 00 01 10

Bng trng thi m ha:

s 0s 1s 2s

* Chn JKFF lp bng kch: 1y2y 00 01 10 1K1J X1 1X X0 2K2J X0 X1 1X

1y2y 00 01 10

1Y2Y 01 10 00

3Z2Z1Z 100 010 001

3Z2Z1Z 100 010 001

Ti thiu hm ra theo ba cacno ta c: J2= y2 ; Z1= K2= 1 ; ; J1 = y2 Z2=y1 ; K1= 1 ; Z3=y2


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y2 y1

GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

* S thit k b xung kch trng thi hin th n giao thng:

* S nguyn l b m thp phn ngc ng b:

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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

II. S v nguyn l hot ng ca mch dng IC s iu khin n giao thng ng t:

III.Kt Lun: Mch n giao thng ny cn mang tnh s si mang v tnh cht m phng.Qua em rt ra kinh nghim lm mch, cng nh p dng l thuyt vo thc hnh.

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GVHD: Nguyn Vn Cng

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