Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tourism Demand
Tourism Supply
*Number of person who travel or wish to travel & use tourist facilities & services at places away from their places of work/ residence. ( Cooper et.al, 1993)
Components of tourism
By: Edward Innskeep
* Golf, Swimming, Tennis, Hiking, Biking, Snow Sports, Sight-seeing, Mountaineering, Spelunking, Bird watching, Whale watching, Scuba diving.
Transportation
2. Transportation
Infrastructure
3. Infrastructure
}Water supply }Electric power }Proper waste disposal }Telecommunications }Roads }Airports }Seaports
Accommodation
4. Accommodations
*Hotel *Motel * Bed & Breakfast *Hostels * Apartelles *Resorts *Home stay * Campgrounds
Institutional Elements
6. Institutional Elements
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9 Pillars of Tourism
by: Ritchie & Goeldner
Attraction Sector
Transportation Sector
Accommodation Sector
Foo
Tourism Sector
Events Sector
Entertainment Sector
Systems approach
} Real WTS are people, places, organisation that interact in certain roles when tourism happens. } Models of WTS are representations of real WTS, frameworks for researching and studying tourism in a comprehensive and systematic manner.
What ar
d ls
A model is a representation of reality, used to guide thoughts, and often action, in relation to some sort of ideal or actual phenomena.
Fashion models represent designed styles in body shapes, clothing, hairdressing These are normative models ideals for observers aspirations, dreams or distractions
What ar s st
ic
d ls
They show the elementary components necessary for a particular system to exist.
Not all models are systemic, even some that are described as systems
What is a System?
A system is a set of parts, of elements, that are connected to one another by at least one distinguishing principle (Jordan 1981, p 24)
A simple whole tourism system & its environments (Leiper 1979, 2004)
The reasoning in Leipers mo el for i entifying the elements in whole tourism systems }What is necessary for tourism to occur?
}Whatever is necessary can be thought of as an element in WTS. Anything not necessary is not an element.
occur?
} No. Without hotels, tourism would occur, although in different forms. } Therefore, hotels are not elements in WTS
Many things are not ne essary for tourism to exist, thus not elements in WTS
} } } } } } } } } } } } Theme parks, travel agents, tour operators Airlines, motor vehicles, cruise ships Motels, caravan parks, casinos Annual leave, long weekends, holiday pay Ecological awareness Hospitality National tourism organisations Governmental Ministers of Tourism Professors of Tourism, Schools of Tourism Research Advertisements, marketing campaigns, TV Brands
When tourism o urs, at least one of ea h of these items exists, in an interrelate pro ess.
} a person who becomes a tourist } who departs from a tourist generating place } travels along a transit route } and visits a tourist destination place } using services of a tourism industry
Fi
ts i
r WT
} At least one tourist } One tourist generating place (where trips begin and end) } At least one tourist destination place } At least one transit route } At least one tourism industry
ur.
A transit route (a pla e where travelling, not visiting, is the major a tivity of tourists) is ne essary for tourism to o ur
A tourist estination, with some attra tive attribute, is ne essary for tourism to o ur
} At r
ri i i ti (ii) i t rt ri r i i
ri t
} T t
Fully independent tourists might make no use of any service on offer from tourism industries. This is DIY tourism.
However
}being with dependent tourists }using services on offer from tourism-related businesses Thus, tourism industries are factors shaping all tourism, to some extent and in different ways dependence or avoidance.
Its the onne tion of tourists with pla es that makes a pla e a tourist estination
When tourism o urs, at least one of ea h of these five items exists, in an interrelate pro ess.
} a tourist, } a tourist generating place - where trips begin and end, } a tourist destination place, } a transit route, } a tourism industry.
One way is to begin by describing, in a diagram, the abstract of a tourists itinerary, which will show geographical elements, then adding human and organisational elements
When stating a theory, do not include more details than are needed to understand the theory.
} Keep to essentials
Environments
} Tourism systems are open systems, they interact with environments } Environments are surrounding conditions, which may affect a system and/or be affected by it. } Physical, social, cultural, economic, political, technical, legal etc.
Spectacular scenery, a feature of the physical environment, can be vital for a places role as a tourist destination
Political policies of governments can be vital in determining flows of tourists out of generating regions and into destinations.
International tourists returning to their home countries bring new information & changed attitudes that affect social and culture environments there.
Too many tourists walking on sand have damaged ancient rock art at Uluru (Ayers Rock)
Uses of this
odel of WT
} The model can be overlaid on a map for applications to actual places in itineraries } A place can be viewed and studied as (i) a generating place, (ii) a point in transit and/or (iii) a destination } The model reminds us that one place can have three different roles as geographical elements in different WTS
Uses of this mo el of WTS: as a theoretical construct for general stu ies an research on tourism
Uses of this
odel of WT
}It enables any discipline or mix of disciplines to be applied in research or studying tourism }By not favouring any particular aspect of tourism, the model facilitates unbiased and objective research
} It ignores differences among different forms of tourism } It ignores the major differences occurring in WTS with different levels of industrialisation (i.e. packaged tourism as against DIY independent tourism)
Gunns M del
Its a linear m del, is not systemic Gunn described tourism as a closed system, which is not the case. It is however a valuable model for emphasising the vital function of attractions.