Xu Ly Tin Hieu So - Thay Hoang

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
===== =====
SCH HNG DN HC TP
X L TN HIU S
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2006
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
SCH HNG DN HC TP
X L TN HIU S
Bin son :
Ths. NG HOI BC
LI NI U
X l tn hiu s (DSP: Digital Signal Processing) l mn hc cp n cc php x l
cc dy s c c cc thng tin cn thit nh phn tch, tng hp m ho, bin i tn hiu
sang dng mi ph hp vi h thng. So vi x l tn hiu tng t, x l tin hiu s c nhiu u
im nh :
-
chnh xc cao, sao chp trung thc, tin cy.
Tnh bn vng: khng chu nh hng nhiu ca nhit hay thi gian
Linh hot v mm do: thay i phn mm c th thay i cc tnh nng phn cng.
Thi gian thit k nhanh, cc chip DSP ngy cng hon thin v c tch hp cao.
Trong mn hc X l s tn hiu, nhng ni dung chnh c cp bao gm cc khi

nim v tn hiu v h thng, cc php bin i c bn dng trong x l tn hiu s nh bin i z,
bin i Fourier, bin i FFT, cc phng php tng hp b lc FIR, IIR v cu trc b lc.
Ti liu ny c bin son phc v mc ch hng dn hc tp cho sinh vin i hc h
o to t xa ngnh in t Vin thng v Cng ngh thng tin trong mn hc X l tn hiu
s vi ch trng ngn gn, nhiu v d, d hiu. Ni dung ti liu da trn gio trnh X l tn
hiu v lc s ca tc gi Nguyn Quc Trung v mt s ti liu khc chia thnh 9 chng:
Chng I: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n.
Chng II: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min z.
Chng III: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min tn s .
Chng IV: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min tn s ri rc k.
Chng V: Tng hp b lc s c p ng xung c chiu di hu hn FIR.
Chng VI: Tng hp b lc s c p ng xung c chiu di v hn IIR.
Chng VII: Bin i Fourier nhanh - FFT.
Chng VIII: Cu trc b lc s.
Chng IX: Lc s nhiu nhp.
ln bin son u tin, chc ti liu cn mt s cc s st, mong ngi c thng cm v
ng gp cc kin cho tc gi trong qu trnh hc tp, trao i.
H Ni, thng 5 nm 2006
NHM BIN SON
1
Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n
CHNG I: BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC

TRONG MIN THI GIAN RI RC n
GII THIU
Trong chng ny, chng ta s cp n cc vn biu din tn hiu v h thng trong
min thi gian ri rc n, y l min biu din tn hiu sau khi ly mu tn hiu. nm c
kin thc ca chng ny, chng ta s nhc li mt s ni dung chnh sau.
a. Khi nim v tn hiu
V mt vt l: tn hiu l dng biu din vt l ca thng tin.
V d:
- Cc tn hiu ta nghe thy l do m thanh pht ra gy nn s nn dn p sut khng kh a
n tai chng ta.
- nh sng ta nhn c l do sng nh sng chuyn ti cc thng tin v mu sc, hnh khi
n mt chng ta.
V mt ton hc: tn hiu c biu din bi hm ca mt hoc nhiu bin s c lp.
V d:
- Tn hiu m thanh x(t) l hm ca mt bin c lp trong x l hm t l bin.
- Tn hiu nh x(i,j) l hm ca hai bin c lp i v j.
Trong mn hc ny chng ta ch tp trung nghin cu i vi cc tn hiu l hm ca mt
bin c lp.
b. Phn loi tn hiu
Cc tn hiu trn thc t c phn loi nh sau:
TN HIU
Tn hiu lin tc
Tn hiu tng t
Tn hiu lng
t ho
Tn hiu ri rc
Tn hiu ly mu
Tn hiu s
- nh ngha tn hiu lin tc: Nu bin c lp ca biu din ton hc ca mt tn hiu l

lin tc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu lin tc.
Nhn xt: Tn hiu lin tc l tn hiu lin tc theo bin, xt theo hm hay bin ta c tn
hiu tng t v tn hiu lng t ho.
+ nh ngha tn hiu tng t: Nu bin ca tn hiu lin tc l lin tc th tn hiu
gi l tn hiu tng t.
Nhn xt: Tn hiu tng t lin tc theo c bin v hm.
+ nh ngha tn hiu lng t ho: Nu bin ca tn hiu lin tc l ri rc th tn
hiu gi l tn hiu lng t ho.
Nhn xt: Tn hiu lng t ho lin tc theo bin v ri rc theo bin .
xs ( nTs )
xa ( t )
Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts 7Ts 8Ts
nTs
Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts 7Ts 8Ts
nTs
xd ( nTs )
xq ( t )
Ts
Hnh 1.1 Minh ho s phn loi tn hiu
- nh ngha tn hiu ri rc: Nu bin c lp ca biu din ton hc ca mt tn hiu l

ri rc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu ri rc.
Nhn xt: Tn hiu lin tc l tn hiu lin tc theo bin, xt theo hm ta c tn hiu ly mu
v tn hiu s.
+ nh ngha tn hiu ly mu: Nu bin ca tn hiu ri rc l lin tc v khng b
lng t ho th tn hiu gi l tn hiu ly mu.
Nhn xt: Tn hiu ly mu ri rc theo hm, lin tc theo bin.
4
+ nh ngha tn hiu s: Nu bin ca tn hiu ri rc l ri rc th tn hiu gi l

tn hiu s.
Nhn xt: Tn hiu s ri rc theo c bin v theo c hm.
Lu : Vic phn loi tn hiu s l c s phn loi h thng x l, chng hn nh ta c
h thng ri rc hay h thng tng t c phn loi tng ng vi loi tn hiu m h thng
x l l tn hiu ri rc hay tn hiu tng t.
Cc tn hiu c nghin cu trong mn hc ny, chng ta ch cp n tn hiu ri rc do
vy chng ta cn quan tm n nh l ly mu ca Shannon.
nh l ly mu: Nu mt tn hiu tng t xa (t ) c tn s cao nht l Fmax = B , c
ly mu ti tc Fs > 2 Fmax 2 B , th xa (t ) c th c phc hi mt cch chnh xc t gi

tr cc mu ca n nh hm ni suy.
Khi Fs=Fmax = 2B ta gi Fs lc ny l tn s ly mu Nyquist, K hiu l FNyquist hay FN.
Sau khi nhc li cc kin thc c bn v tn hiu nh trn, chng ta s nghin cu cc
kin thc ca mn hc X l tn hiu s bt u vic biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong
min n chng I ny.
Nhng ni dung kin thc c cp trong chng I bao gm:
- Biu din tn hiu
- Cc tn hiu c bn
- H thng tuyn tnh bt bin.
- Php chp (Convolution).
- Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng biu din h thng tuyn tnh bt bin.
- Php tng quan (Correlation).
NI DUNG
1.1. BIU DIN TN HIU RI RC
1.1.1. Cc cch biu din tn hiu ri rc
Trc khi biu din ta c th chun ho x(nTs) nh sau
Ts =1
X (nTs )
x(n) tc l chun ha Ts =1.
a. Biu din theo ton hc

Biu thc ton hc
N1 n N 2
x(n) =
V d 1.1: Ta c th biu din tn hiu

5
n
1
x(n) = 4
0
0n4
n
y ta thy:
x(0)=1; x(1)=3/4; x(2)=1/2; x(3)=1/4; x(4)=0.
b. Biu din bng th
Cch biu din ny cho ta cch nhn trc quan v mt tn hiu ri rc.
V d 1.2
Vi tn hiu nh v d 1.1, ta c th biu din bng th nh sau:
1
3/4
1/2
1/4
Hnh 1.2 Biu din tn hiu bng th

c. Biu din bng dy s
x ( n ) = ..., x ( n 1) , xG ( n ) , x ( n + 1) ,...
0
Lu y, ta phi c mc nh du
G
0 th hin thi im gc.
Do cch biu din ny, ta cn gi tn hiu ri rc l dy

V d 1.3: Biu din bng dy s tn hiu trong v d 1.1 v 1.2:
3 1 1
x ( n ) = 1, , ,
G
0 4 2 4
Ta thy, c ba v d trn u biu din mt tn hiu theo ba cch khc nhau.
1.1.2. Mt s dy c bn (Tn hiu ri rc c bn)
a. Dy xung n v:
Trong min n, dy xung n v c nh ngha nh sau:
1
0
( n) =
n=0
n
(1.1)
-1
(n)
Hnh 1.3 Dy xung n v ( n )

V d 1.4: Hy biu din dy ( n 1)
( n 1)
-1
Hnh 1.4 Dy xung ( n 1)

b. Dy nhy n v
Trong min n, dy nhy n v c nh ngha nh sau:
1 n 0
u ( n) =
0 n
Hnh 1.5 Dy nhy n v u(n)

V d 1.5
1 n 3
0 n < 3
Hy biu din dy u ( n + 3) =
(1.2)
Hnh 1.6 Dy u(n+3)

c. Dy ch nht:
Trong min n, dy ch nht c nh ngha nh sau:
1 0 n N 1
rect N ( n ) =
n cn lai
0
rectN ( n)
Hnh 1.7 Dy ch nht rectN(n)
V d 1.6: Hy biu din dy rect3(n-2)
1 0 n 2 2
rect3 ( n 2 ) =
n cn lai
0
rect3 ( n 2 )
Hnh 1.8 Dy ch nht rect3(n-2)

d. Dy dc n v:
Trong min n, dy dc n v c nh ngha nh sau:
(1.3)
n
r ( n) =
0
n0
n cn lai
(1.4)
Hnh 1.9 Dy dc n v r(n)

V d 1.7
Hy biu din dy r(n-1).
n 1 n 1 0 ( n 1)
r ( n 1) =
n cn lai
0
Hnh 1.10 Dy dc n v r(n-1)

e. Dy hm m:
Trong min n, dy hm m c nh ngha nh sau:
a n
n0
e (n) =
0 n cn lai
V d 1.8: Hy biu din e(n) vi 0 a 1.
Hnh 1.11 Dy hm m e(n)
(1.5)
1.1.3. Mt s nh ngha
a. Dy tun hon:
Ta ni rng mt dy x(n) l tun hon vi chu k N nu tha mn iu kin sau y:

x(n) = x (n + N)= x (n + lN)
l: s nguyn; N: chu k
Khi cn nhn mnh tnh tun hon, ngi ta k hiu du ~ pha trn. K hiu: x ( n ) N .
V d 1.9
Biu din dy tun hon x ( n ) vi N = 4.
Hnh 1.12 Dy tun hon x ( n )4

b. Dy c chiu di hu hn:
Mt dy c xc nh vi s hu hn N mu ta gi l dy c chiu di hu hn vi N l
chiu di ca dy.
L: Ton t chiu di
L[x(n)] = [0, 3] = 4
Hnh 1.13 Dy c chiu di hu hn

c. Nng lng ca dy:
Nng lng ca mt dy x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:
Ex =
x ( n)
(1.6)
n =
V d 1.10
10
Tm nng lng ca 3 dy
x1 ( n ) = ( n )
x2 ( n ) = rect N ( n )
x3 ( n ) = u ( n )
Gii:
Ex1 =
Ex2 =
Ex3 =
( n)
=1
Dy c nng lng hu hn
n =
n =
rect N ( n ) = N
2
u (n)
Dy c nng lng hu hn
Dy c nng lng v hn (khng tn ti thc t)
n =
d. Cng sut trung bnh ca mt tn hiu
Cng sut trung bnh ca mt tn hiu x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:
1
P = lim
N 2N + 1
x(n )
(1.7)
n=N
Nu ta nh ngha nng lng ca tn hiu x(n ) trong mt khong hu hn N n N l:

N
EN =
x (n )
(1.8)
n=N
Th c th biu din nng lng tn hiu E nh sau:
E lim E N
(1.9)
v cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu x(n) l
1
EN
N 2 N + 1
P lim
(1.10)
Nh vy, nu E l hu hn th P = 0 . Mt khc, nu E l v hn th cng sut trung bnh

P c th l hu hn hoc v hn. Nu P l hu hn (v khng zero) th tn hiu gi l tn hiu
cng sut.
e. Tng ca 2 dy:
Tng ca 2 dy nhn c bng cch cng tng i mt cc gi tr mu i vi cng mt

tr s ca bin c lp.
V d 1.11
11

Hy thc hin x3 ( n ) = x1 ( n ) + x2 ( n )
x1 ( n )
x2 ( n )
x3 ( n )
Hnh 1.14 Tng ca hai dy

f. Tch ca 2 dy:
Tch ca 2 dy nhn c bng cch nhn tng i mt cc gi tr mu i vi cng mt tr

s ca bin c lp.
V d 1.12
Hy thc hin x3 ( n ) = x1 ( n ) .x2 ( n )
12
x1 ( n )
x2 ( n )
x3 ( n )
Hnh 1.15 Tch ca hai dy
g. Tch ca mt dy vi hng s:
Tch ca mt dy vi cc hng s nhn c bng cch nhn tt c cc gi tr mu ca dy

vi hng s .
V d 1.13
x2 ( n ) = .x1 ( n ) , l hng s gi s cho bng 2 ta c:

x1 ( n )
x2 ( n )
Hnh 1.16 Tch ca dy vi hng s 2

h. Tr:
Ta ni rng dy x2 ( n ) l dy lp li tr ca dy x1 ( n ) nu c quan h sau y:
x2 ( n ) = x1 ( n n0 )
n0 : nguyn
V d 1.14
13
Biu din tn hiu x(n) c m t nh sau:
3
1
1
x ( n ) = ( n ) + ( n 1) + ( n 2 ) + ( n 3 )
4
2
4
Gii:
Ta biu din ln lt cc thnh phn trong m t trn, sau thc hin php cng nh minh
ha di y xc nh x(n).
( n)
3
( n 1)
4
1
( n 2)
2
1
( n 3)
4
n
0n4
1
x ( n) = 4
n
0
Hnh 1.17 Minh ho x(n) trong v d 1.14
T v d 1.14, ta thy rng: Mt dy x(n) bt k u c th biu din di dng sau y:
x ( n) =
x ( k ) . ( n k )
k =
14
(1.11)
Trong ta ch x(k) l gi tr x(n) ti thi im n = k, do vy v mt bn cht x(k) v x(n)

khc nhau (n l bin thi gian ri rc, k l ch s), nhng v mt th hin x(n) v x(k) l nh nhau.
1.2. CC H THNG TUYN TNH BT BIN

1.2.1. Cc h thng tuyn tnh
a. Mt s khi nim
Kch thch v p ng:
+ Dy vo ca h thng c gi l kch thch

+ Dy ra c gi l p ng ca h thng ng vi kch thch ang kho st.
Ton t T:
+ Mt h thng tuyn tnh c trng bi ton t T lm nhim v bin i dy vo

thnh dy ra.
T x ( n ) = y ( n )
(1.12)
T
x ( n )
y ( n)
b. H thng tuyn tnh:
i vi cc h thng tuyn tnh ton t T phi tun theo nguyn l xp chng, tc l phi
tun theo quan h sau y:
T a.x1 ( n ) + b.x2 ( n ) = a.T x1 ( n ) + b.T x2 ( n )
= a. y1 ( n ) + b. y2 ( n )
(1.13)
c. p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh:
Trong (1.11) ta c biu din ca tn hiu u vo x ( n ) =
x ( k ) . ( n k )
k =
Thc hin bin i theo ton t T ta xc nh y(n)
y ( n ) = T x ( n ) = T x ( k ) . ( n k ) = x ( k ) .T ( n k )
k =
k =
y ( n) =
x ( k ) .h ( n )
k =
(1.14)
15
hk ( n ) = T ( n k ) c gi l p ng xung.
(1.15)
p ng xung hk ( n ) c trng hon ton cho h thng thay cho ton t T.

1.2.2. Cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin
a. nh ngha:
Nu ta c y(n) l p ng vi kch thch x(n) th h thng c gi l bt bin nu y(n - k)

l p ng ng vi kch thch x(n - k).
b. Php chp:
(n )
y ( n ) = T ( n ) = h ( n )
T ( n h ) = h ( n k )
(n k )
x ( k ) .h ( n k )
y ( n) =
(1.16)
k =
y ( n) = x ( n) * h ( n)
(1.17)
y h(n) c gi l p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin (TTBB)

Du hoa th (*) k hiu php chp.
h (n)
Nh vy, p ng ra ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin (TTBB) s bng dy vo chp vi p
ng xung.
Phng php tnh php chp
V nguyn tc chng ta phi tnh y(n) = x(n) * h(n) theo cch tm tng gi tr y(n) ng vi
tng gi tr n c th t n = - n n = .
y ( n) =
x ( k ) .h ( n k )
(n: - )
k =
n=0
y ( 0) =
x ( k ) .h ( 0 k )
k =
n=1
y (1) =
x ( k ) .h (1 k )
k =
n=2 ..... C thay vo nh vy v nguyn tc ta phi tnh n gi tr n = .

i vi cc gi tr n < 0 ta cng phi tnh ln lt
16
n = -1
y ( 1) =
x ( k ) .h ( 1 k )
k =
n = -2 v phi tnh n gi tr n = -
Tp hp cc gi tr tm c ta c kt qu php chp y(n) cn tm.
d dng trong vic tnh ton ngi ta a ra nhiu phng php tnh php chp trong
c phng php th nh sau:
Cc bc tnh php chp bng th:
Bc 1: i bin n thnh bin k, x(n) -> x(k), h(n) -> h(k), c nh h(k)
Bc 2: Quay h(k) i xng qua trc tung thu c h(-k), tc h(0-k) ng vi n=0.
Bc 3: Dch chuyn h(-k) theo tng gia tr n, nu n>0 dch chuyn v bn phi, nu n<0
dch chuyn v pha tri ta thu c h(n-k).
Bc 4 Thc hin php nhn x(k).h(n-k) theo tng mu i vi tt c cc gi tr ca k.
Bc 5 Cng cc gi tr thu c ta c mt gi tr ca y(n), tng hp cc kt qu ta c dy
y(n) cn tm.
Lu : ta c th c nh h(k) ri ly i xng x(k) qua trc tung ri tin hnh cc bc nh
trn, kt qu s khng thay i do php chp c tnh cht giao hon.
Cc bc trn s c minh ho v d 1.15

V d 1.15
Cho mt HTTTBB c:
x ( n ) = rect5 ( n )
n
1
h (n) = 4
0
0n4
n cn lai
Hy tm p ng ra ca h thng y(n)?
Gii:
Ta thc hin theo phng php tnh php chp bng th:
+ i bin n thnh bin k
+ Gi nguyn x(k), ly i xng h(k) thnh h(-k)
+ Dch h(-k) sang tri (n<0) hoc sang phi (n>0) theo tng mu, sau tnh tng gi tr
ca y(n) ng vi tng n c th nh th sau.
17
x ( k ) = rect5 ( k )
Hnh 1.18 Minh ho tnh php chp bng th trong v d 1.15
Tip tc tnh nh trn ta c cc gi tr:

18
y(3) = 2,5
y(5) = 1,5
y(7) = 0,25
y(4) = 2,5
y(6) = 0,75
y(8) = 0
y(-1) = 0
y(- ) = 0
y( ) = 0
Da vo kt qu tnh ton, ta v c p ng ra ca h thng:
Hnh 1.19 Kt qu php chp trong v d 1.15

c. Cc tnh cht ca php chp:
- Tnh giao hon:
y ( n) = x ( n) * h ( n) = h ( n) * x ( n) =
h(k ) x (n k )
(1.18)
k =
ngha:
Trong mt h thng, ta c th hon v u vo x(n) v p ng xung h(n) cho nhau th p

ng ra y(n) khng thay i.
- Tnh kt hp:
y ( n ) = x ( n ) * h1 ( n ) * h2 ( n ) = x ( n ) * h1 ( n ) * h2 ( n )
ngha:
19
(1.19)
h1 ( n) * h2 ( n)
h1 ( n )
x ( n ) * h1 ( n )
h2 ( n )
Nu ta c hai h thng ghp ni tip vi nhau th p ng xung ca h thng tng qut s l

chp ca p ng xung ca cc h thng thnh phn.
- Tnh phn phi (chp v cng):
y ( n ) = x ( n ) * h1 ( n ) + h2 ( n ) = x ( n ) * h1 ( n ) + x ( n ) * h2 ( n )
(1.20)
ngha:
h1 ( n ) + h2 ( n )
h1 ( n )
h2 ( n )
x ( n) * h1 ( n)
x ( n) *h2 ( n)
Nu ta c hai h thng ghp song song vi nhau th p ng xung ca h thng tng qut s
l tng p ng xung ca cc h thng thnh phn.
1.2.3. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin v nhn qu
nh ngha: Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c gi l nhn qu nu p ng ra ca n
thi im bt k n = n0 hon ton c lp vi kch thch ca n cc thi im tng lai, n > n0.
nh l: p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin v nhn qu phi bng 0 vi n < 0
(h(n) = 0 vi mi n <0).
- Mt dy x(n) c gi l nhn qu nu x(n) = 0 vi n < 0.

Xt php chp xc nh p ng ra y(n) vi tn hiu v h thng TTBB nhn qu.
- Nu x(n) nhn qu:
20
y ( n ) = x ( k ) .h ( n k )
x(k) 0 khi k 0
k =0
- Nu h(n) nhn qu: h(n) 0 khi n 0:
V h(n k) 0 ; (n k) 0 y ( n ) = x ( k ) .h ( n k )
k =0
1.2.4. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin v n nh

nh ngha: Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin gi l n nh nu ng vi dy vo b chn ta
cng c dy ra b chn (bin b hn ch ).
x (n) < y (n) <
(1.21)
H thng ny cn c gi l h thng BIBO (Bounded Input Bounde Output)

nh l v h thng n nh:
Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c gi l n nh nu v ch nu p ng xung h(n) ca

n tho mn iu kin sau y:
S=
h (n) <
(1.22)
n =
(Tng gi tr tuyt i ca mi gi tr p ng xung)

V d 1.17
Xt s n nh ca cc h thng c p ng xung sau:
h1 ( n ) = u ( n )
an
h2 ( n ) =
0
n0
n<0
Gii:
S1 =
S2 =
n =
n =
h2 ( n ) = 1 =
H thng khng n nh
n=0
h3 ( n ) = a n =
n=0
1
nu a < 1
1 a
H thng n nh
1 a n +1
= nu a 1
1 a
H thng khng n nh
1.3. PHNG TRNH SAI PHN TUYN TNH H S HNG

1.3.1. Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s bin i
V mt tn hiu, mt h thng tuyn tnh (HTTT) s c m t bi mt phng trnh sai

phn tuyn tnh c dng:
21
a ( n) y ( n k ) = b ( n) x ( n r )
k =0
(1.23)
r =0
k =1
r =0
a0 ( n ) y0 ( n ) + ak ( n ) y ( n k ) = br ( n ) x ( n r )
M
y (n) =
r =0
y ( n) =
br ( n )
a0 ( n )
x (n r )
k =1
ak ( n )
a0 ( n )
y (n k )
(1.24)
x (k ) h (n)
k =
ak ( n ) , br ( n ) h s phng trnh c trng hon ton cho h thng tuyn tnh, thay cho
p ng xung.
1.3.2. Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng
Mt HTTT bt bin v mt ton hc c m t bi mt phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh

h s hng dng tng qut sau y:
N
a y (n k ) = b x (n r )
k =0
r =0
(1.25)
ak , br h s hng.
N: Bc ca phng trnh
M
N
br
a
x (n r ) k y (n k )
r = 0 a0
k =1 a0
y ( n) =
a0 = 1, th
M
r =0
k =1
y ( n ) = br x ( n r ) ak y ( n k )
(1.26)
br , ak c trng cho h thng, thay cho p ng xung.

p ng ra y(n) c xc nh bi phng trnh sai phn (PTSP) nh trn tng ng vi
p ng ra c xc nh theo php chp:
y (n) = x (n)* h (n) =
x (k ) h (n k )
k =
p ng xung h(n) c trng cho h thng.

Lu : Nu u vo l xung n v ( n ) th u ra ta c p ng xung h(n).
x ( n) = ( n)
h (n)
22
y ( n) = h( n)
(1.27)
C hai phng php gii phng trnh sai phn xc nh p ng ra y(n), p ng xung
h(n):
- Phng php th
- Phng php tm nghim tng qut: gii phng trnh tm nghim thun nht, nghim
ring ri xc nh nghim tng qut.
Vic gii phng trnh sai phn theo phng php th s c m t trong v d 1.18.
V d 1.18
Cho phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng sau:

y(n) = Ay(n-1) + x(n)
Hy tm p ng xung h(n) ca phng trnh sai phn m t vi iu kin: y(-1) = 0.
Gii:
N = 1, a0 = 1: Phng trnh bc 1.
a1 = -A, M = 0, b0 = 1, cho x ( n ) = ( n ) y ( n ) h ( n )
h ( n ) = Ah ( n 1) + ( n )
Tm h(n) vi h thng nhn qu. Thay vo:
n = 0: h ( 0 ) = Ah ( 1) + ( 0 ) = 0 +1
h(0) = 1 (Do h(-1)=y(-1)=0)
n = 1: h (1) = Ah ( 0 ) + (1) = A.1 + 0
h(1) = A
n = 2: h ( 2 ) = Ah (1) + ( 2 ) = A. A + 0
h(2) = A2
n = 3: h ( 3) = Ah ( 2 ) + ( 3) = A. A2 + 0
h(2) = A3
..................
C th tip tc ta c:
An
h (n) =
0
n0
n
Phng php tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn s bng tng nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh thun nht y0(n) v nghim ring ca phng trnh yp(n):
y(n) = y0(n) + yp(n)
Tm y0(n):
23
(1.28)
Phng trnh thun nht l phng trnh sai phn m u vo x(n) = 0, theo (1.25) n s c
N
a y (n k ) = 0
dng:
k =0
(1.29)
Ta thng tm nghim di dng hm m y0(n) = n, thay vo ta c:
a0 n + a1 n 1 + a2 n 2 + ... + a N 1 N 1 + aN N = 0
(1.30)
n N ( a0 N + a1 N 1 + a2 N 2 + ... + aN 1 + a N ) = 0
Nghim n N = 0 tc =0 l nghim tm thng ta khng xt n, t (1.30) ta c phng

trnh c trng
a0 N + a1 N 1 + a2 N 2 + ... + aN 1 + aN = 0
(1.31)
Phng trnh ny s c n nghim, nu cc nghim ny l nghim n ta c s c dng

nghim ca phng trnh thun nht nh sau:
N
y0 (n) = A11n + A2 2 n + A3 3n + ... + AN 1 Nn 1 + AN Nn = Ak k n
(1.32)
k =1
Cc h s A1 v A2 c xc nh nh cc iu kin u.
Tm yp(n):
y chnh l nghim phng trnh sai phn khi u vo x(n) 0, N s c dng ca phng
trnh sai phn nh m t (1.25) :
N
k =0
r =0
ak y ( n k ) = br x ( n r )
y ta thng chn yp(n) ging dng u vo x(n):
- Nu dng u vo x ( n ) = n ( k ) ta t y p (n) = B. n
- Nu dng u vo x ( n ) = n m trng vi dng nghim k ca phng trnh c trng
ta phi t y p (n) = B.n. n
Sau ta xc nh B bn cch thay yp(n) vo phng trnh (1.25)
Xc nh nghim tng qut y(n):
n y ta s c:
N
n
n
Ak k + B.
k =1
y(n) = y0(n) + yp(n) = N
A n + B.n. n
k k
k =1
( k )
(1.33)
( = k )
Cc h s A1 v A2 s c xc nh nh cc iu kin u.
Ta s tm hiu c th cch gii phwong trnh sai phn tm nghim tng qut thng qua v d
1.19 nh sau.
24
V d 1.19
Hy xc nh p ng y(n ), n 0 ca h c biu din bi phng trnh sai phn bc hai:
y(n ) 3 y (n 1) 4 y(n 2) = x(n ) + 2 x(n 1)

khi u vo l: x ( n ) = 4n v iu kin u: y ( 1) = y ( 2) = 0
Gii:
Tm y0(n)
Ta chn dng nghim ca y0(n) = n ta c:

Ta c phng trnh c trng : 2 -3 - 4 = 0 c 2 nghim 1 = -1; 2 = 4.
Dng nghim thun nht s l:
y0 ( n ) = A1 ( 1) + A2 ( 4 )
n
Tm yp(n)
Nghim ring l mt chui hm m ging nh x(n) . Do 2 = 4 trng vi dng ca x(n) = 4n

nn dng nghim s l:
y p ( n ) = B.n. ( 4 )
Thay vo phng trnh u bi cho ta c:
B.n ( 4 ) 3 B. ( n 1)( 4 )
n
n 1
4 B ( n 2 )( 4 )
n2
= ( 4) + 2 (4)
n
n 1
Gii ra ta c B = 65 . Do vy:
y p ( n ) = 65 n ( 4 )
Xc nh nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn:
Nghim chung ca phng trnh sai phn c c bng cch cng nghim thun nht vi
nghim ring ta c:
y ( n ) = A1 ( 1) + A2 ( 4 ) + 65 n ( 4 )
n
n0
y, cc hng s C1 v C 2 s c xc nh theo iu kin u y ( 1) = y ( 2) = 0 .

Thay vo:
y ( 1) = A1 ( 1) + A2 ( 4 ) + 65 (1) ( 4 ) = 0
1
y ( 2 ) = A1 ( 1) + A2 ( 4 ) + 65 (2) ( 4 ) = 0
2
Gii ra ta c kt qu:
A1 =
3
50
v A2 =
36
25
Vy, ta c kt qu cn tm l:
25
3 ( 1)n + 36 ( 4 )n + 6 n ( 4 )n
25
5
y ( n ) = 50
0
n0
n
1.4. CC H THNG KHNG QUY V QUY

1.4.1. Cc h thng khng qui
T phng trnh sai phn tng qut:

N
k =0
r =0
ak y ( n k ) = br x ( n r )
Trong trng hp c bit cho N = 0 th:
M
a0 y ( n ) = br x ( n r )
r =0
a0 = 1:
y ( n ) = br x ( n r )
r =0
nh ngha: Mt HTTT bt bin c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s

hng bc 0 c gi l h thng khng qui.
Nhn xt:
y ( n ) = F x ( n ) , x ( n 1) ,..., x ( n M ) ch ph thuc u vo thi im hin ti v cc

thi im qu kh.
T phng trnh ny, ta i ch r thnh ch k, bk thnh hk, ta thy y chnh l quan h ca
php chp
M
y ( n ) = h ( k ) .x ( n k ) = h ( n ) * x ( n )
k =0
h(n) nhn qu v n < 0 th h(n) = 0.

V chiu di ch chy t 0 n M
L h ( n ) = [ 0, M ] = M + 1
Nh vy, t nhn xt trn ta thy:
H thng khng qui chnh l h thng c p ng xung chiu di hu hn. K hiu FIR
(Finite-Duration Impulse Response)
Xt n nh:
Tiu chun n nh: S =
n =
n =0
h ( n) < ; S = h ( n) <
26
iu kin n nh i vi p ng xung lun lun c tha mn, v vy h thng FIR l h

thng lun lun n nh, y l c im u vit nht ca h thng ny nn hay dng trong a s
mch in.
1.4.2. H thng qui
Phng trnh sai phn:

N
a y (n k ) = b x (n r )
k =0
r =0
Nu N > 0, a0 = 1:
M
r =0
k =1
y ( n ) = br x ( n r ) ak y ( n k )
nh ngha: Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c m t bi phng trnh sai phn bc N
> 0 c gi l h thng qui.
Nhn xt:
+ u ra ph thuc
y ( n ) = F x ( n ) , x ( n 1) ,..., x ( n M ) , y ( n 1) , y ( n 2 ) ,..., y ( n N )
Trong trng hp ny u ra (p ng h thng) khng nhng ch ph thuc vo u vo
cc thi im hin ti v qu kh, m cn ph thuc vo u ra cc thi im qu kh. Chng
hn ta xem xt h thng c biu din theo phng trnh sai phn sau:
y ( n ) = Ay ( n 1) + x ( n ) ,
N = 1: phng trnh bc nht.
Nh trn ta c, gii phng trnh trn ta c:
An
h (n) =
0
n0
n< 0
L h ( n ) = , p ng xung ca h thng c chiu di v hn, do vy h thng ny (h

thng qui) cn gi l h thng c p ng xung chiu di v hn IIR. (Infinite-Duration
Impulse Response)
Xt n nh:
S=
1
1 A
+ H thng qui n nh khi tham s A < 1

+ H thng ny khng n nh nu tham s A 1
Nh vy h thng quy c th n nh hoc khng n nh. Khi xt h thng quy, ta
phi xt tnh n nh h thng.
27
1.4.3. H thng qui thun ty
N > 0, M = 0: ta c h thng qui thun ty
a0 = 1 :
y ( n ) = b0 x ( n ) ak y ( n k )
k =1
N=1>0, M=0, a0 = 1 c: y ( n ) = Ay ( n 1) + x ( n )
nh ngha: Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c m t bi phng trnh sai phn bc
N>0 v M= 0 c gi l h thng qui thun ty (trng hp ring ca h thng qui).
1.5. THC HIN H THNG

1.5.1. Cc phn t thc hin
C 3 phn t chnh thc hin h thng trong min ri rc nh sau:

+ Phn t tr:
+ Phn t cng:
x1 ( n )
x2 ( n )
L
x ( n)
xL ( n )
i =1
+ Phn t nhn:
x1 ( n )
x2 ( n )
L
x ( n)
i
xL ( n )
i =1
1.5.2. Thc hin h thng
T cc phn t trn ta s m t cc h thng quy, khng quy, quy thun tu nh

sau:
H thng khng qui:
M
r =0
r =1
y ( n ) = br x ( n r ) = b0 x ( n ) + br x ( n r )
28
b x ( n r ) = F x ( n 1) ,..., x ( n M )
r =1
b0
b0 x ( n )
F1 x ( n 1) ,..., x ( n M )
H thng qui:
M
r =1
k =1
y ( n ) = b0 x ( n ) + br x ( n r ) + ( ak ) y ( n k )
M
b x ( n r ) = F x ( n 1) ,..., x ( n M )
r =1
( a ) y ( n k ) = F
k =1
b0
y ( n 1) ,..., y ( n N )
b0 x ( n )
F2 y ( n 1) ,..., y ( n N )
F1 x ( n 1) ,..., x ( n M )
H thng qui thun ty:

N
y ( n ) = b0 x ( n ) + ( ak ) y ( n k )
k =1
b0
b0 x ( n )
F2 y ( n 1) ,..., y ( n N )
V d 1.20
29
Hy biu din HTTTBB c m t bng phng trnh sai phn sau y:

3
r =1
k =1
y ( n ) = b0 x ( n ) + br x ( n r ) + ( ak ) y ( n k )
Gii:
Dng cc phn t thc hin h thng ta c s cu trc nh sau:
b0
b0 x ( n)
b1
b1 x ( n 1)
a1
b2
b2 x ( n 2)
a2
b3
b3 x ( n 3)
a3
Hnh 1.20 S h thng trong v d 1.20
Khi thc hin cc h thng c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng
bng phn cng, ta s thc hin bng cc thanh ghi dch, b nh v cc b x l ton hc nh sau
b 0 b1 b 2
a0 a1 a2
bM
br
aN
ak
Hnh 1.21 S thc hin h thng.
30
1.6. TNG QUAN TN HIU

Php tng quan thng dng so snh nhn bit cc tn hiu, phn bit tn hiu vi
nhiu, pht hin vt th... rt hay dng khi x l cc tn hiu Radar dng trong qun s, c hai loi
tng quan:
Tng quan cho (cross correlation):
Tng quan cho gia tn hiu x(n) vi y(n) (mt trong hai tn hiu phi c nng lng hu
hn) c nh ngha nh sau:
R xy (n) =
x(m).y(m n)
(1.34)
m =
T tng quan (auto correlation):
Trong php tng quan cho khi x(n) y(n) ta c php t tng quan ca tn hiu x(n) vi
chnh n v c nh ngha nh sau:
R xx (n) =
x(m).x(m n)
(1.35)
m =
Sau y chng ta s tm hiu cch thc hin php tng quan thng qua v d 1.21.
V d 1.21
Hy xc nh chui tng quan cho Rxy ( n ) ca cc chui
x(n) = ..., 0, 0, 2, 1, 3, 7, 1, 2, 3, 0, 0,....
y (n) = ..., 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 1, 2, 5, 0, 0,....
0
Gii :
Ta dng nh ngha (1.34) tnh Rxy ( n ) .

- i vi n = 0 , ta c
Rxy (0) =
x ( m) y ( m)
n =
Rxy ( 0 ) = 7
- i vi n > 0 , ta dch y(n) sang phi n n v so vi x ( m ) , tnh tch x ( m ) y ( m n ) v
ly tng theo tt c gi tr ca tch.
Kt qu ta c
31
Rxy (1) = 13 Rxy ( 2 ) = 18 Rxy ( 3) = 16 Rxy ( 4 ) = 7

Rxy ( 5 ) = 5
Rxy ( 6 ) = 3
Rxy ( n ) = 0
n7
- i vi n < 0 , ta dch y(n ) sang tri n n v so vi x ( m ) , tnh tch x ( m ) y ( m n ) v

ly tng theo tt c gi tr ca tch.
Kt qu ta c:
Rxy ( 1) = 0
Rxy ( 2 ) = 33
Rxy ( 3) = 14 Rxy ( 4 ) = 36
Rxy ( 5 ) = 19 Rxy ( 6 ) = 9 Rxy ( 7 ) = 10
Rxy ( n )
= 0, n 8
Bi vy, chui tng quan cho ca x(n ) v y(n ) l
Rxy ( n ) = 10, 9,19,36, 14,33, 0, 7,13, 18,16, 7,5, 3
TM TT V HNG DN HC TP CHNG 1
Chng 1 l chng cp n cc khi nim c bn nht v tn hiu ri rc, h thng x
l tn hiu ri rc, cc biu din c bn, cc php ton c bn, tt nhin tt c cc vn c
cp trong chng ny u c xt min thi gian ri rc.
Nhng vn chnh c cp trong chng ny cn lu l:
1. nh l ly mu
Ta ch rng mt tn hiu s c khi phc khi tn s ly mu phi ln hn hoc bng hai

ln b rng ph ca tn hiu. Fs 2B (B=Fmax)
2. Phn loi tn hiu, h thng x l tn hiu.
Theo nh ngha v mt ton hc, tn hiu bao gm tn hiu lin tc v tn hiu ri rc.
Tn hiu lin tc bao gm tn hiu tng t v tn hiu lng t ho.
Tn hiu ri rc bao gm tn hiu ly mu v tn hiu s.
Cc h thng x l tn hiu c phn loi theo tn hiu xut hin trong h. V d: cc tn
hiu trong h thng l tn hiu s th h thng gi l h thng x l tn hiu s.
Ch : Phn bit khi nim x l tn hiu s v x l s tn hiu.
3. Cch biu din tn hiu ri rc.
Lu khi biu din tn hiu ngi ta thng chun ho chu k ly mu Ts = 1. Tc l

x(nTs) = x(n).
C 3 cch biu din tn hiu:
- Biu din bng biu thc ton hc.
- Biu din bng th.
32
- Biu din bng dy s.

Cn mt cch biu din na rt quan trng chng ta cn phi nh l mt tn hiu bt k
x(n) u c biu din thng qua p ng xung dng tng qut nh sau:
x ( n) =
x ( k ) . ( n k )
k =
4. Cc tn hiu (dy) c bn
Cc dy c bn cn nh bao gm:
- Dy xung n v (n)
- Dy nhy n v u(n)
- Dy ch nht rectN(n)
- Dy dc n v r(n)
- Dy hm m e(n)
C th xem thm dy tun hon.
5. Cc php ton c bn
Cc php ton c bn cn nh bao gm:

- Php cng, php nhn hai tn hiu.
- Php nhn mt tn hiu vi hng s.
- Php tr tn hiu.
6. Cc khi nim c bn
Mt s khi nim c bn bao gm:

- Dy tun hon x ( n ) N
- Dy c chiu di hu hn N.
- Nng lng ca dy.
- Cng sut ca dy.
7. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin (TTBB). p ng xung h(n)
- Cn lu h thng tuyn tnh bt buc phi tho mn nguyn l xp chng:

T[a.x1(n) + b.x2(n)] = a.T[x1(n)] + b.T[x2(n)].
- H thng tuyn tnh bt bin: ng vi kch thch u vo x(n) ta c p ng ra l y(n) th
tng t ng vi kch thch u vo x(n-k) ta c p ng ra l y(n-k).
- Khi ta c u vo h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l xung n v (n) th u ra l p ng
xung h(n). p ng xung h(n) l c trng hon ton cho h thng tuyn tnh bt bin.
8. Php chp
33
y l php ton quan trng nht trong x l tn hiu xc nh u ra y(n) h thng khi
bit u vo x(n) v p ng xung h(n).
y ( n) =
x ( k ) .h ( n k )
k =
php chp c tnh cht: giao hon, phn phi, kt hp.

9. H thng TTBB nhn qu, tn hiu nhn qu.
H thng TTBB c gi l h thng nhn qu khi p ng xung h(n) ca n tho mn h(n)

= 0 vi n<0.
Tn hiu x(n) c gi tn hiu nhn qu khi n tho mn x(n) = 0 vi n<0.
Lu : Cc h thng nhn qu v tn hiu nhn qu mi tn ti trong thc t.
H thng TTBB n nh
H thng n nh l h thng BIBO, p ng xung h(n) ca n phi tho mn iu kin sau:
S=
h (n) <
n =
10. Phong trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng.
Quan h vo ra ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin s c m t bi phng trnh sai phn

tuyn tnh h s hng c dng nh sau:
N
k =0
r =0
ak ( n ) y ( n k ) = br ( n ) x ( n r )
Trong
x: u vo.
y: u ra.
Cc h s ak, br c trng hon ton cho h thng c vai tr tng t nh
p ng xung h(n).
Vic gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng tm ra u ra y(n) c hai phng
php chnh:
- Phng php th.
- Phng php tm nghim ring v nghim thun nht.
T phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng trn ta s c mt s khi nim v:
- H thng khng quy khi N = 0. Bn cht ca h thng ny l khng c thnh phn hi
tip.
- H thng quy khi N 0. Bn cht ca h thng ny l c thnh phn hi tip.
- H thng quy thun tu khi N 0. M = 0. H thng ny ch gm duy nht cc thnh
phn quy.
Lu : Nh vy n y ta c hai cch th hin quan h vo ra h thng ri rc.
34
- Th hin theo php chp: y(n) = x(n)*h(n)

- Th hin theo phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng:
M
r =0
k =1
y ( n ) = br x ( n r ) ak y ( n k ) thng phi chun ho a0 = 1

11. Thc hin h thng
Cc phn t thc hin h thng bao gm: phn t cng, phn t nhn, nhn vi hng s,
phn t tr D.
Khi thc hin h thng phi da vo phng trnh phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s
M
r =0
k =1
hng, lun nh phi chun ho h s a0 =1 c y ( n ) = br x ( n r ) ak y ( n k ) ri mi v

s h thng. Trn thc t ngi ta s dng cc b x l ton hc ALU, cc thanh ghi dch...
thc hin h thng x l tn hiu s theo s .
12. Tng quan tn hiu
Php tng quan thng dng nhn bit cc tn hiu, phn bit tn hiu vi nhiu, pht
hin vt th... c hai loi tng quan:
T tng quan: Tng quan tn hiu x(n) vi chnh n: R xx (n) =
Tng quan cho: Tng quan tn hiu x(n) vi y(n): R xy (n) =
Nhc li kin thc ton hc
Tng cp s nhn.
n =0
an =
n =0
1
Nu a < 1 v
1 a
1 a N +1
1 a
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 1
Bi 1.1
Cho tn hiu tng t
xa (t ) = 3 cos 50t + 10 sin 300t cos100t

Hy xc nh tc ly mu Nyquist i vi tn hiu ny?
Bi 1.2
Cho tn hiu xa (t ) = 3 cos100t

35
x(m).x(m n)
m =
x(m).y(m n)
m =
a) Xc nh tc ly mu nh nht cn thit khi phc tn hiu ban u.

b) Gi s tn hiu c ly mu ti tc Fs = 200 Hz. Tn hiu ri rc no s c c
sau ly mu?
Bi 1.3
Tm quan h gia dy nhy n v u(n) v dy xung n v ( n )

Bi 1.4
Tng t bi trn tm quan h biu din dy ch nht rectN(n) theo dy nhy n v u(n).
Bi 1.5
Hy biu din dy ( n + 1)
Bi 1.6
Xc nh x(n) = u(n-5)-u(n-2)
Bi 1.7
Xc nh nng lng ca chui
(1 2 )2
x(n ) = n
3
n0
n<0
Bi 1.8
j n
Hy xc nh nng lng ca tn hiu x(n ) = Ae 0
Bi 1.9
Xc nh cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu nhy bc n v u(n)

Bi 1.10

Bi 1.11
j n
Hy xc nh cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu x(n ) = Ae 0
Bi 1.12
p ng xung v u vo ca mt h TTBB l:
1 n = 1
2 n=0
h (n ) = 1
n =1
1 n = 2
n
0
1 n = 0
2 n = 1
x ( n ) = 3 n = 2
1 n = 3
0 n
Hy xc nh p ng ra y(n) ca h.
36
Bi 1.13
Tng t nh bi trn hy tnh php chp x3(n) = x1(n)*x2(n) vi:
n
1
a) x1(n) = 3
0
n0
x2(n) = rect2(n-1).
b) x1(n) = ( n + 1) + ( n 2 ) ;
x2(n) = rect3(n).
Bi 1.14
Cho HTTT bt bin c h(n) v x(n) nh sau:
a n
h (n) =
0
n0
n
bn
x (n) =
0
n0
n
0 < a < 1, 0 < b < 1, a b. Tm tn hiu ra (p ng ra)?

Bi 1.15
Hy xc nh xem cc h c phng trnh m t quan h vo ra di y c tuyn tnh

khng:
a) y (n ) = nx(n )
b) y (n ) = x 2 (n )
Bi 1.16
Hy xc nh xem cc h c phng trnh m t quan h vo ra di y c tuyn tnh

khng:
( )
a) y (n ) = x n 2
b) y (n ) = Ax(n ) + B
Bi 1.17
Xc nh xem cc h c m t bng nhng phng trnh di y l nhn qu hay khng:

a) y (n ) = x(n ) x(n 1)
b) y (n ) = ax(n )
Bi 1.18
Xc nh xem cc h c m t bng nhng phng trnh di y l nhn qu hay khng:

a) y(n ) = x(n ) + 3x(n + 4) ;
( )
b) y (n ) = x n 2 ;
c) y (n ) = x(2n ) ;
37

d) y(n ) = x( n )
Bi 1.19
Xt tnh n nh ca h thng c p ng xung h(n) = rectN(n).

Bi 1.20
Xc nh khong gi tr ca a v b cho h TT BB c p ng xung
a n
h(n ) = n
b
n0
n<0
l n nh.
Bi 1.21.
Hy tm p ng xung h(n) ca mt h thng s c cho bi s sau y:
h2 ( n )
x(n)
h1 ( n )
h3 ( n )
y(n)
Bi 1.22
Cho mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c m t bng phng trnh sai phn sau y:
y ( n ) = b0 x ( n ) + b1 x ( n 1) + b2 x ( n 2 ) + b4 x ( n 4 )
Hy biu din h thng .
Bi 1.23
Hy biu din bng th tn hiu y (n ) = x(2n ) , y x(n) l tn hiu c m t nh

sau:.
x(n )
-7 -6 -5 -4
-3 -2 -1 0 1
2 3 4 5 6
Bi 1.24
Hy xc nh nghim ring ca phng trnh sai phn.

38
y (n ) = 5 y ( n 1) 1 y ( n 2) + x( n)
6
khi hm cng bc u vo x(n ) = 2 n , n 0 v bng khng vi n khc.

Bi 1.25
Hy gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng sau

y(n) 3y(n-1) + 2y(n-2) = x(n) + x(n-2)
Vi iu kin u y(-1) = y(-2) = 0 v x(n) = 5 n
Bi 1.26
Cho x(n) = rect3(n)

Hy xc nh hm t tng quan Rxx(n).
Bi 1.27
Hy cho bit cch no sau y biu din tng qut mt tn hiu ri rc bt k x(n)?
a)
x ( n) =
x(n) (n k )
b)
k =
c)
x ( n) =
x(n) = x(k ) (n k )
k =0
x(k ) (n k )
d) x(n) =
k =
x(n) (k n)
k =
Bi 1.28
H thng c c trng bi p ng xung h(n) no sau y l h thng nhn qu:

a) h(n) = u(n+1)
b) h(n) = -u(n-1)
c) h(n) = -u(-n-1)
d) h(n) = -u(n+1)
Bi 1.29
Php chp lm nhim v no sau y:

a) Phn tch mt tn hiu min ri rc
b) Xc nh p ng ra ca h thng
c) Xc nh cng sut ca tn hiu
d) Xc nh nng lng tn hiu
Bi 1.30
Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng m t h thng ri rc no sau y:

a) H thng tuyn tnh bt bin.
b) H thng tuyn tnh.
c) H thng n nh.
d) H thng bt bin.
39
Chng 2: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min Z
CHNG II: BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC

TRONG MIN Z
GII THIU
Php bin i l mt cng c quan trng trong phn tch tn hiu v cc h thng tuyn tnh
bt bin theo thi gian. Chng 2 ny s trnh by v php bin i z , cc tnh cht ca bin i
z chng minh tm quan trng ca n trong vic phn tch c trng ca cc h thng tuyn tnh
bt bin ri rc theo thi gian.
Nh ta bit, ti min thi gian ri rc n cc tn hiu c biu din trc quan, thy ngay
cc kt qu c th. Nhng khi phn tch mch l rt kh ging trng hp ta gp min thi gian
lin tc t khi nghin cu cc h thng tng t, do vy cn c s bin i vic nghin cu tr
nn d dng hn.
y, ta s thy, vai tr ca bin i z trong phn tch tn hiu ri rc v cc h thng
tuyn tnh bt bin tng t nh bin i Laplace trong phn tch tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian
v cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin lin tc. Sau khi bin i Z, cc php ton s tr nn n gin
hn. Chng hn, trong min z php chp hai tn hiu min thi gian l tng ng vi php
nhn cc bin i z tng ng ca chng. Tnh cht ny lm n gin ng k vic phn tch
p ng ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin i vi cc loi tn hiu khc nhau. Ngoi ra, bin i z
cn cung cp cho ta phng php c trng ho mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin, p ng ca n
i vi cc loi tn hiu theo cc im cc - im khng (zero) ca h thng.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s nghin cu cch phn tch tn hiu v h thng trong min z,
khi chng ta nh x cc tn hiu min thi gian ri rc n sang min z thng qua bin i z. Sau
khi nghin cu chng ta s thy s thun li khi phn tch h thng trong min z, (ging min
Laplace khi phn tch h thng tng t).
Cc ni dung chnh ca chng bao gm:
+ Bin i z (ZT).
+ Bin i z ngc (IZT).
+ Quan h gia bin i z v phng trnh sai phn.
+ Biu din h thng trong min z Hm truyn t.
+ S n nh ca h thng trong min z.
40
NI DUNG
2.1. BIN I Z (ZT: Z TRANSFORM)
2.1.1. nh ngha bin i z
nh ngha: Bin i z ca mt dy x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:
X (z) =
x (n) z
(2.1)
n =
nh ngha trn cn c gi l bin i z 2 pha

Ta s c bin i z mt pha nu thay i cn n chy t 0 n + :
X ( z ) = x ( n ) z n
n =0
K hiu bi ton t:
ZT x ( n ) = X ( z )
ZT
x ( n )
X (z)
y ta phi thy c z l mt bin s phc v c biu din theo hai dng:

+ Biu din theo phn thc, phn o Re[z], Im[z]
z = Re[z] + j.Im[z]
Im[z]
Mt phng Z
Re[z]
0
+ Biu din theo ta cc:
z = re j = r ( cos + j sin ) = r cos + j sin = Re [ z ] + Im [ z ]
41
Hnh 2.1. Biu din z trn mt phng phc

- Trng hp c bit: z = r = 1 , ta c vng trn n v.
Hnh 2.2. Vng trn n v

Ta s tm hiu k hn v bin i z thng qua cc v d sau:
V d 2.1
Tm zT ca cc dy sau:
n
a. x1 ( n ) = ( n )
d. x4 ( n ) = 1 u ( n )
b. x2 ( n ) = ( n 1)
e. x5 ( n ) = 2 n u ( n )
c. x3 ( n ) = ( n + 1)
Gii:
a. X 1 ( z ) = ZT x1 ( n ) =
x ( n ) z n =
n =
b. X 2 ( z ) = ZT x2 ( n ) =
( n 1) z
(n) z
= 1.z 0 = 1
n =
= 1.z 1 = z 1
n =
42
c. X 3 ( z ) = ZT x3 ( n ) =
( n + 1) z
= 1.z1 = z
n =
1
1
1
d. X 4 ( z ) = ZT x4 ( n ) = u ( n ) z n = z n = z 1
n = 2
n=0 2
n=0 2
X4 (z) =
1
1
1 1
1
vi z 1 < 1
<1 z >
1 1
2
2 z
2
1 z
2
e. X 5 ( z ) = ZT x5 ( n ) =
2 u (n) z
n =
n =0
n =0
= 2n z n = ( 2 z 1 ) =
n
1
1 2 z 1
vi z > 2
2.1.2. Min hi t ca bin i z
Tp hp tt c cc gi tr ca z m ti chui X ( z ) =
x (n) z
n =
min hi t ca bin i z.
K hiu: RC: min hi t (Region of Convergence)
V d 2.2: Hy tm min hi t ca bin i z trong v d 2.1
a. RC X1 ( z ) , RC X 2 ( z ) Ton b mt phng z nh hnh 2.3
Hnh 2.3. Min hi t ca X1(z), X3(z)

b. RC X 2 ( z ) : Ton b mt phng z tr gc ta z = 0 nh hnh 2.4
43
hi t c gi l
Hnh 2.4. Min hi t ca X2(z)

c. RC X 4 ( z ) : Ngoi vng trn bn knh nh hnh 2.5.
RC X 5 ( z ) : Ngoi vng trn bn knh 2 nh hnh 2.6.
2.2. CC V KHNG (POLE AND ZERO)

2.2.1. nh ngha im khng
Trong bin i z nu ti cc im zor m ti X(z) trit tiu X ( z )
cc im khng ca X(z).
44
z = zor
= 0 th zor gi l
Biu din: X ( z ) =
N ( z)
D(z)
Nh vy zor l nghim ca a thc N(z).

Nu N(z) c bc l M v vit l:
N ( z ) = b0 + b1 z + b2 z 2 + ... + bM z M
M nghim X(z) c M im khng.
Vit li di dng cc nghim:
M
N ( z ) = bM ( z z01 )( z z02 ) ... ( z z0 M ) = bM ( z z0 r )

r =1
2.2.2. nh ngha im cc
Nu ti cc im zpk m ti X(z) khng xc nh X ( z )
z = zpk
th nhng im zpk
ny gi l cc im cc ca X(z).
Nh vy zpk chnh l nghim ca D(z) (mu s).
Nu D(z) c bc l N v vit l:
D ( z ) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + ... + a N z N
N nghim X(z) c N im cc z p1 , z p 2 , , z pN .
N
D ( z ) = a N ( z z p1 )( z z p 2 ) ... ( z z pN ) = aN ( z z pk )
k =1
N (z)
b
X ( z) =
= M
D ( z ) aN
( z z )
0r
r =1
N
( z z )
pk
k =1
V d 2.3
Cho X ( z ) =
1
. Tm im cc v im khng?
1 1
1 z
2
Gii: Bin i:
X (z) =
N (z)
D(z)
z
z
1
2
N ( z ) = z z01 = 0
45
D( z) = z
1
1
z p1 =
2
2
Hnh 2.7. Biu din im cc, im khng trong mt phng z
2.3. BIN I Z NGC (IZT: INVERSE Z TRANSFORM)

2.3.1. nh ngha bin i z ngc
IZT X ( z ) = x ( n )
IZT
X ( z )
x (n)
Bin i z ngc c nh ngha nh sau:
x (n) =
2 j >C
X ( z ) .z n 1dz ,
(2.2)
Ta hon ton c th chng minh c bng nh l cosin
>
- ng cong kn i qua gc ta . Tch phn ng i theo chiu dng.
C 3 phng php tm tch phn ng ny:

1. Phng php thng d tm trc tip tch phn, cho chng ta cch tm c bn..
2. Khai trin thnh chui ly tha, tm bin i z ngc c bn.
3. Khai trin thnh cc phn thc ti gin.
2.3.2. Phng php thng d
Trong phng php ny ta tnh trc tip tch phn theo cng thc sau:
x ( n ) = R es X ( z ) .z n 1
z = z pk
(2.3)
zpk : cc ca X(z) nhn vi z n1 .

Vit di dng: X ( z ) .z n 1 =
(z)
( z z pk )
46
sk
(2.4)
zpk : cc bi bc sk
( z ) = ( z z pk ) X ( z ) .z n 1
sk
Thng d tm c bng cng thc sau y:

0
1 d (z)
=
z = z pk
0! dz 0
R es X ( z ) .z n 1
z = z pk
= ( z pk )
V d 2.4
Cho X ( z ) =
1
; min hi t RC[X(z)]: |z| > 1/2.
1 1
1 z
2
Gii:
X ( z ) z n 1 =
z
z
1
2
zn
z n 1 =
1
2
x ( n ) 0 , x(n) nhn qu.

c mt cc n z pk =
x ( n ) = R es X ( z ) .z n 1
1
; sk = 1
2
1
z=
2
1
=
2
( z ) = ( z z pk ) X ( z ) .z n 1 = z n
sk
1 1
= , n 0
2 2
1 n
x ( n ) = 2
0
n0
n<0
2.3.3. Phng php khai trin thnh chui ly tha

phng php ny, ta khai trin bin i z thnh mt chui ly tha c dng:
X (z) =
n =
z n , trong n l h s ca chui ly tha.
So snh vi nh ngha:
47
(2.5)
X (z) =
x (n) z
n =
x ( n ) n : nhn thy rng, h s ca chui chnh l cc mu ca
tn hiu x(n).
V d 2.5
Cho X ( z ) =
z
z2
Tm x(n) vi iu kin min hi t RC X ( z ) : z > 2 (nm ngoi vng trn bn knh 2).
Gii:
Bin i X ( z ) =
z
1
=
z 2 1 2 z 1
Thc hin chia a thc:
1 2 z 1
1 + 2 z 1 + 4 z 2 + 8 z 3 + 16 z 4 ...
1
1 2 z 1
2 z 1
2 z 1 4 z 2
4 z 2
4 z 2 8 z 3
8 z 3
8 z 3 16 z 4
16 z 4 ...
X ( z ) = 2 z 1
n =0
Vy: x ( n ) = ( 2 ) u ( n )
n
2.3.4. Phng php khai trin thnh cc phn thc ti gin
X ( z) =
N ( z)
D(z)
; Bc ca N(z) l M, bc ca D(z) l N.
* M N: phn thc ti gin th:
X ( z) =
N ( z)
D( z)
= S (z) +
P( z)
Q( z)
D(z) Q(z)
Bc ca S(z): M N
48
, vi S(z) l phn nguyn.
S ( z ) = BM N z M N + BM N 1 z M N 1 + ... + B1 z1 + B0
s ( x ) = BM N n + ( M N ) + BM N 1 n + ( M N 1) + ... + B1 [ n + 1] + B0
* M < N:
X ( z) =
Xt X ( z ) =
P( z)
Q( z)
N ( z)
D( z)
P( z)
Q( z)
,M<N
- Trng hp 1: X(z) ch c cc cc n
N
X ( z) =
k =1
Ak
z z pk
(2.6)
z pk : im cc ca Q(z), c N cc
Ak = ( z z pk )
P( z)
Q ( z ) z=z
(2.7)
pk
- Trng hp 2: X(z) c mt cc bi, cn li l n

Gi s X(z) c mt cc bi l z pl bc s
s
Cj
Ak
+
j
k =1 ( z z pk )
j =1 ( z z )
pl
N s
X ( z) =
(2.8)
z pl : Cc bi bc s
z pk : Cc n
Ak = ( z z pk )
P( z)
Q ( z ) z=z
(2.9)
pk
s P(z)
d s j
1
Cj =
z
z
(
)
pl
Q ( z )
( s j )! dz s j
z = z pl
(2.10)
- Trng hp 3: X(z) c L cc bi
Gi s X(z) c L cc bi bc s1 , s2 ,..., sL . Cc cc cn li l cc n.
L si
C jsi
Ak
+
k =1 ( z z pk )
i =1 j =1 z z
pli
N'
X ( z) =
49
(2.11)
N ' = N si
i =1
z pl i : Cc bi bc si
z pk : Cc n
Ak = ( z z pk )
C jsi =
P( z)
Q ( z ) z=z
d si j
1
( si j )! dz si j
(2.12)
pk
z z pli
P z
) Q (( z ))
si
(2.13)
z = z pl i
Ta lu :
n n 1 ... n m + 1
) (
) z n mu n
z
= (
IZT
( )
pk
n 1
(z z )
m!
pk
V d 2.6
Cho X ( z ) =
z+2
, hy tm x(n).
z 3z + 2
2
Gii:
Ta phn tch X(z)/z thnh phn thc ti gin:
X ( z)
z
X ( z)
z
z+2
c 3 im cc z p1 = 1 , z p 2 = 2 , z p 3 = 0
z 3z + 2 z
2
A
A1
A
z+2
=
+ 2 + 3
( z 1)( z 2 ) z ( z 1) z 2 z
u l cc n nn:
A1 = ( z 1)
A2 = ( z 2 )
A3 = z
z+2
= 3
( z 1) ( z 2 ) z z =1
z+2
( z 1) ( z 2 ) z z =2
z+2
( z 1)( z 2 ) z
=2
=1
z= 0
50
Vy:
X (z)
z
3
2
1
+
+
( z 1) z 2 z
X (z) =
3 z
2z
+
+1
z 1 z 2
m = 0 th:
x ( n ) = ( 3) . (1) u ( n ) + 2.2n u ( n ) + ( n )
n
z
nu (n) )
z
( V
Nh vy hon thnh bin i z ngc.
2.4. CC TNH CHT CA BIN I Z

Cc tnh cht ca bin i z c tng kt li trong bng sau:
Bng 2.1 Cc tnh cht bin i Z

Min n
x (n) =
2 j >C
Min z
X ( z ) z 1dz
X (z) =
x (n) z
n =
ax1 ( n ) + bx2 ( n ) ; a,b l hng s
aX 1 ( z ) + bX 2 ( z )
x ( n n0 )
z n0 X ( z )
an x ( n )
X a 1 z
nx ( n )
dX ( z )
dz
x*(n) ; (*: lin hp phc)
X*(z*)
x ( n )
1
X
z
x1 ( n ) * x2 ( n )
X1 ( z ).X 2 ( z )
x1 ( n ) .x2 ( n )
X (v) X
2 j >
1
2.5. BIU DIN H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN Z

2.5.1. Hm truyn t
- Hm truyn t:
51
z 1
v dv
v
Min n:
Trong min thi gian ri rc n ta c quan h vo ra ca h thng c th hin qua php
chp:
h ( n)
y(n) = x(n) * h(n)
Min z: Trong min z ta c:
X(z) = ZT [x(n)]
H(z) = ZT [h(n)]
(2.14)
Y(z) = ZT [y(n)]
Y(z) = X(z).H(z)
Trong min z php chp c chuyn thnh php nhn i s thng thng, y chnh l
mt trong nhng u im ca bin i Z.
H( z) =
Y( z)
(2.15)
X( z)
h(n) = IZT [H(z)]

Trong min z quan h vo ra ca h thng c thc hin nh php nhn i s thng
thng thay th cho php chp, iu ny dn n hiu nng tnh ton cao.
H(z): Hm truyn t ca h thng ri rc l bin i z ca p ng xung) hay n cn c
xc nh bng t s gia bin i z ca tn hiu ra trn bin i z ca tn hiu vo.
H(z) l hm truyn t ca h thng c trng hon ton cho h thng trong min z c vai
tr tng t nh p ng xung h(n) trong min thi gian ri rc.
- Lin h vi phng trnh sai phn:
Xt phng trnh sai phn tng qut:
N
k =0
r =0
ak y ( n k ) = br x ( n r )
Bin i z hai pha ca phng trnh sai phn:
ZT ak y ( n k ) = ZT br x ( n r )
k =0
r =0
52
k =0
r =0
ak ZT y ( n k ) = br ZT x ( n r )
N
k =0
r =0
ak z kY ( z ) = br z r X ( z )
N
k =0
r =0
Y ( z ) ak z k = X ( z ) br z r
Ta rt ra:
M
H (z) =
Y ( z)
X ( z)
b z
a z
r =0
N
(2.16)
k =0
Nu a0 = 1 s c:
M
H ( z) =
Y (z)
X ( z)
b z
r =0
N
1 + ak z
(2.17)
k
k =1
y chnh l hm truyn t ca h thng ri rc tm c thng qua bin i Z i vi

phng trnh sai phn.
Thc hin h thng:
Trong min z cc phn t thc hin h thng cng tng t nh chng 1, ch c th hin
khu tr l khc nhau.
+ Cc phn t thc hin:
- Phn t tr:
Min n:
Min z:
ZT x ( n ) X ( z )
ZT x ( n 1) z 1 X ( z )
Z 1
z1X ( z )
- Phn t cng:
53
x1 ( n )
x2 ( n )
L
x ( n)
xL ( n )
i =1
- Phn t nhn vi hng s:
X( z)
Cch mc s h thng trong min z:

- Nu c cc h thng mc song song vi nhau th hm truyn t ca h thng tng qut s
bng tng cc hm truyn t ca cc h thng thnh phn.
N
H(z) =
H (z)
i =1
(2.18)
- Nu c cc h thng mc ni tip vi nhau th hm truyn t ca h thng tng qut s

bng tch cc hm truyn t ca cc h thng thnh phn.
N
H(z) =
H (z)
i =1
(2.19)
- Nu H2(z) mc hi tip vi H1(z) th hm truyn t ca h thng tng qut s bng:
H(z) =
H1 ( z )
1 H1 ( z ).H 2 ( z )
V d 2.7
Cho h thng ri rc c s sau y:
X1 ( z )
z 1
Tm hm truyn t H(z)? Tm p ng xung h(n) ca h thng?

Gii:
H ( z) =
Y ( z)
X (z)
54
(2.20)
X1 ( z ) = X ( z ) + z 1 X1 ( z )
X ( z ) = X1 ( z ) 1 z 1
Y ( z ) = X1 ( z ) + z 1 X1 ( z ) = X1 ( z ) 1 + z 1
H(z) =
1 + z 1
1 z 1
Tm h(n) = ?
Phn tch H(z) lm 2 thnh phn:
H(z) =
1
1 z 1
z 1
1 z 1
z 1
1 z 1 1 z 1
z
z
=
+ z 1
z
z
H( z) =
nu ( n )
n1u ( n 1)
h ( n ) = n u ( n ) + n 1u ( n 1)
2.5.2. n nh
Ta nhc li iu kin n nh hc trong chng 1
iu kin n nh trong min thi gian ri rc n:
S=
h (n) <
n =
iu kin n nh trong min z:

Trong min z mt h thng n nh s phi tha mn nh l sau:
nh l n nh: Mt HTTTBB nhn qu l n nh nu v ch nu tt c cc im cc ca
hm truyn t H(z) nm bn trong vng trn n v (tc l ch cn mt im cc nm trn hoc
nm trong vng trn n v l h thng mt n nh).
V d 2.9
Cho HTTTBB c m t bi phng trnh sai phn sau y:
y(n) = Ay(n) +x(n)
Hy tm hm truyn t H(z), tm h(n) v xt n nh trong min z.
Gii:
Ly bin i z c hai v
55
Y ( z ) = Az 1Y ( z ) + X ( z )
Y ( z ) 1 Az 1 = X ( z )
H ( z) =
Y ( z)
X ( z)
1
z
=
, im cc z = A.
1
zA
1 Az
An
h ( n ) = IZT H ( z ) =
0
n0
n<0
Xt n nh:
H (z) =
z
zA
D(z) = z A zp1 = A.
A < 1 H thng n nh.
A 1 H thng khng n nh.
Tiu chun n nh Jury:
Theo tiu chun ny vic xt tnh n nh s n gin hn v i vi h thng c bc cao,
tc l s im cc nhiu th vic xc nh cc im cc gp nhiu kh khn. Sau y chng ta s
xem xt tiu chun Jury:
Ta bit hm truyn t ca h thng c biu din nh sau:
M
H ( z) =
b z
r =0
N
1 + ak z k
k =1
T cng thc ny, gi D ( z ) = 1 + ak z k .

k =1
T cc h s ak ca D(z) chng ta lp bng Jury c 2N 3 hng bng cch sau y:

Hng
H s
a1
aN
aN 1 aN 2 aN 3 ...
c0
c1
cN 1 cN 2 cN 3 cN 4 ... c1
d0
d N 2 d N 3 d N 4 d N 5 ...
#
2N 3
#
r0
d1
r1
a2
c2
d2
r2
56
a3
c3
d3
...
aN 1 aN
a1
... cN 2 cN 1
...
c0
Cng thc tnh:
1
ci = det
aN
aN 1
= ai aN .aN i ;
ai
cN 1i
c
di = det 0
= c0 ci cN 1.cN 1i ;
ci
cN 1
i: 0 N 1.
i: 0 N 2.
Sau khi lp xong 2N 3 hng nh vy ta c tiu chun

Mt h thng l n nh nu v ch nu cc iu kin sau y c tha mn:
>0
1.
D(z)
z =1
2.
D(z)
z =1
> 0 vi N chn
D(z)
z =1
< 0 vi N l
1 > aN
c0 > c N 1
d 0 > d N2
3.
.................
r0 > r2
Ch cn khng tha mn mt trong ba iu kin trn l h thng khng n nh.
V d 2.10
Cho HTTTBB c m t bng phng trnh sai phn sau y:
y ( n ) + a1 y ( n 1) + a2 y ( n 2 ) = x ( n )
Tm H(z)
Xt n nh theo tiu chun Jury.
Gii:
Ly bin i z c 2 v
Y ( z ) + a1 z 1Y ( z ) + a2 z 2Y ( z ) = X ( z )
Y ( z ) 1 + a1 z 1 + a2 z 2 = X ( z )
H (z) =
1
1
1 + a1 z + a2 z 2
Ta c:
D ( z ) = 1 + a1 z 1 + a2 z 2
57
Theo chun Jury nh trnh by trn ta c:

1.
2.
3.
D(z)
z =1
= 1 + a1 + a 2 > 0
a 2 > (1 + a1 )
D(z)
z =1
= 1 a1 + a 2 > 0
a 2 > (1 a1 )
N chn
1 > a 2 1 < a 2 < 1
Da vo 3 iu kin trn ta s xc nh c min n nh ca h thng theo hai tham s a1

v a2 nh sau:
a2
a1
a1 1
a1 1
Hnh 2.8 Min n nh ca h thng trong v d 2.10
TM TT V HNG DN HC TP CHNG II.

Trong chng 2, chng ta xem xt cch biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min
z. C th ni rng, vai tr ca bin i z trong min ri rc tng t nh vai tr ca bin i
Laplace trong min lin tc. Khi thc hin bin i z, nh x cc tn hiu v h thng t min n
sang min z, ta thy cc cng c ton hc trong min z n gin hn so vi cc cng c ton hc
trong min thi gian ri rc n, v d nh trong min z, h thng x l tn hiu u c kho st
bng cc phng php i s thng qua hm truyn t ca h thng, cn trong min thi gian ri
rc n chng ta phi kho st thng qua phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng, khi bc ca
phng trnh sai phn ln hn 2 ta thy vic gii phng trnh ny gp nhiu kh khn. Hn na,
trong min z, php chp trong min thi gian ri rc n c chuyn thnh php nhn.
Nhng vn cn tp trung xem xt k trong chng 2 bao gm:
1. Bin i z
nh ngha bin i z :
58
X (z) =
x (n) z
n =
Nu thay i cn:
X ( z ) = x ( n ) z n
n =0
Ta c bin i Z mt pha.
Nh rng Z l mt bin s phc nn c th c biu din theo 2 cch.
2. Min hi t ca bin i Z
Tp hp tt c cc gi tr ca Z m ti chui X ( z ) =
x (n) z
hi t c gi l
n =
min hi t ca bin i Z.
K hiu min hi t l RC. Ta phi ch n min hi t khi thc hin bin i z.
3. im cc im khng
Cn phn bit im cc, im khng ca tn hiu v im cc, im khng ca h thng.
Nu tn hiu X(z) c dng phn thc X ( z ) =
N ( z)
D(z)
th:
- im cc zpk ca tn hiu X(z) l tp cc im lm cho X(z) khng xc nh:
X ( z)
z = zpk
= . Ngha l zpk l nghim ca D(z)
- im khng z0r ca tn hiu X(z) l tp cc im lm cho X(z) trit tiu: X ( z )
z = zor
= 0.
Ngha l z0r l nghim ca N(z)

Lu rng im cc im khng ca h thng c xc nh theo hm truyn t H(z).
- im cc ca h thng l tp cc im zpk lm cho H(z) khng xc nh H ( z )
- im khng ca h thng l tp cc im z0r lm cho H(z) trit tiu H ( z )
z = z0r
z = zpk
=0
Do vy hm truyn t H(z) cn c biu din theo dng im cc v im khng:

M
N ( z)
b
H ( z) =
= M
D ( z ) aN
( z z )
r =1
N
0r
(z z )
k =1
hay:
pk
H ( z ) = G.
( z z )
r =1
N
0r
Trong G=
( z z )
k =1
pk
59
bM
l h s truyn
aN
4. Bin i Z ngc
nh ngha bin i Z ngc:
x (n) =
X ( z ) .z
2 j >
n 1
dz
Trong
>
- ng cong kn i qua gc ta i ngc chiu kim ng h.
Chng ta phi nh 3 phng php tm tch phn ng ny:

1. Phng php thng d tm trc tip tch phn.
2. Khai trin thnh chui ly tha, tm bin i z ngc c bn.
3. Khai trin thnh cc phn thc ti gin.
Trong cc bi tp s tp trung phng php th ba. Khi lm bi tp v bin i Z
ngc chng ta phi nh cc bin i tng ng hay gp nh:
N
Nu ta a X(z) v dng phn thc ti gin X ( z ) =

k =1
Ak
z z pk
th ta phi s dng bin i tng ng

min z min n
Ak
Ak.(zpk)n-1.u(n-1)
z z pk
5. Cc tnh cht bin i z
Phi nh tnh cht quan trng l khi chuyn sang min z th php chp tr thnh php nhn
thng thng.
x1(n)*x2(n) X1(z).X2(z).
6. Biu din h thng trong min z.
Ta phi nh rng c trng cho h thng trong min z l hm truyn t H(z). Hm truyn
t c vai tr nh p ng xung h(n) ca h thng trong min thi gian ri rc.
Hm truyn t H(z) c hiu theo hai khi nim:
- Hm truyn t H(z) l t s ca bin i z tn hiu ra trn bin i z tn hiu vo.
H ( z) =
Y ( z)
X ( z)
- Hm truyn t H(z) l bin i z ca p ng xung h(n).

7. Lin h gia bin i z v phng trnh sai phn.
Bin i z hai v ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng:
60
k =0
r =0
ak y ( n k ) = br x ( n r )
ta thu c:
M
H ( z) =
Y ( z)
X ( z)
b z
r =0
N
1 + ak z
nn nh lun chun ho a0 = 1 d v s thc hin.

k
k =1
Cc phn t thc hin h thng trong min z cng ging nh trong min thi gian ri rc n:
phn t cng, nhn, nhn vi hng s. Phn t tr D trong min n khi sang min z tr thnh phn
t z-1.
C 3 dng cu trc thng thng ca h thng: song song, ni tip, hi tip. Cch xc inh
hm truyn t h thng tng qut tng ng nh sau:
- Nu c N h thng mc song song vi nhau th hm truyn t ca h thng tng qut l:
N
H (z)
H(z) =
i =1
- Nu c N h thng mc ni tip vi nhau th hm truyn t ca h thng tng qut l:

N
H(z) =
H (z)
i =1
- Nu H2(z) mc hi tip vi H1(z) th hm truyn t ca h thng tng qut s bng:
H(z) =
H1 ( z )
1 + H1 ( z ).H 2 ( z )
8. S n nh ca h thng trong min z.

Mt h thng TTBB nhn qu trong min z mun n nh phi tho mn:
Tt c cc im cc zpk ca hm truyn t H(z) phi nm bn trong vng trn n v tc l:
z pk < 1 .
Ta c H ( z ) =
N ( z)
D( z)
. Khi bc N ca h thng tc bc ca a thc c trng D(z) ln hn 2
th ta phi dng tiu chun Jury xt tnh n nh.

Mt s php ton cn nm vng lm hc tp trong chng ny.
- Cc khi nim v chui, chui hi t.
- Cc php ton v s phc.
- Tng cp s nhn.
an =
n =0
1
1 a
Nu a < 1
v tng qut
an =
n =0
61
1 a N +1
1 a
Bi 2.1
Xc nh bin i z ca cc tn hiu hu hn sau
a) x1 (n ) = {1 2 5 7 0 1}
b) x2 (n ) = 1 2 5 7 0 1
c) x3 (n ) = {0 0 1 2 5 7 0 1}
d) x4 (n ) = 2 4 5 7 0 1
Bi 2.2
Xc nh bin i z ca cc tn hiu hu hn sau
a) x 1 ( n ) = ( n k ) , k > 0
b) x 2 ( n ) = ( n + k ) , k > 0
Bi 2.3
Xc nh bin i z ca tn hiu:
a n
x(n ) = u (n ) =
0
n
Bi 2.4
n0
n<0
[ ( ) ( )]
Cho x (n ) = 3 2 n 4 3 n u (n )
Xc nh X(z).
Bi 2.5
Xc nh bin i z ca tn hiu:
1
x(n ) =
0
0 n N 1
Bi 2.6
Cho X ( z ) =
z
z+
1
3
Xc nh x(n) bng phng php khai trin thnh chui ly tha.

Bi 2.7
62
Cho H ( z ) =
z+3
1
( z 2 + z + 1).( z )
2
Xc nh im cc im khng h thng. Biu din trn mt phng z.

Bi 2.8
Cho H ( z ) =
3
1
( z 2 + z + 1).( z + )
4
Xt n nh h thng?
Bi 2.9
Cho tn hiu X ( z ) =
z+2
, Hy xc nh x(n) = ?
2z 7z + 3
2
Bi 2.10
Cho h thng c hm truyn t
H (z) =
2z + 3
5
1
z2 + z +
6
6
a) Xc nh im cc im khng ca h thng.
b) Xt xem h thng c n nh khng.
c) Tm p ng xung h(n) ca h thng.
Bi 2.11
Cho h thng c:
H (z) =
z
2 z 3z + 1
2
a) Hy xt xem h thng c n nh khng

b) Hy xc nh p ng xung ca h thng.
z 2006
c) Xc nh h(n) khi H ( z ) = 2
2 z 3z + 1
Bi 2.12
Cho s h thng:
63
X1 ( z )
z 1
H2 ( z )
z 1
H 11 ( z )
X2 ( z )
H 12 ( z )
z 1
H1 ( z )
Hy xc nh hm truyn t H(z)
Bi 2.13
Cho h thng c hm truyn t:
H ( z) =
1
4 + 3 z + 2 z 2 + z 3 + z 4
1
Hy xt s n nh ca h thng.
Bi 2.14
Tm h thng v p ng mu n v ca h thng c m t bng phng tnh sai phn:
y (n ) =
1
y (n 1) + 2 x(n )
2
Bi 2.15
n
3
Cho tn hiu x ( n ) = u ( n )
2
Bin i z ca n s l:
a) X ( z ) =
c) X ( z ) =
z
z
3
2
vi z >
3
2
1
3
vi z <
3
2
1 z 1
2
b) X ( z ) =
d) X ( z ) =
z
z+
3
2
1
3
vi z >
3
2
1 + z 1
2
vi z >
3
2
Bi 2.16
Cch biu din no sau y thng c dng biu din hm truyn t H(Z) ca h thng:
64
a) H ( z ) =
b z
a z
r =0
N
b) H ( z ) =
k =1
r =0
N
r =0
N
1 + ak z k
k =1
b z
c) H ( z ) =
b z
M 1
b z
1 + ak z
d) H ( z ) =
r =0
N 1
1 + ak z k
k =1
k =1
Bi 2.17
Cho tn hiu x(n) =
n a n u (n ) hy cho bit trng hp no sau y l bin i X(z) ca
n:
a)
c)
z 1
(1 az )
1 2
az 1
(1 az )
1 2
vi z > a
b)
vi z < a
d)
az 1
(1 az )
1 2
vi z > a
az
vi z > a
(1 az )
1 2
Bi 2.18
Phn t Z-1 trong h thng ri rc l phn t:
a) phn t tr
b) phn t tch phn
c) phn t vi phn
c) phn t nghch o
Bi 2.19
H thng s c trng bi hm truyn t H(z) s n nh nu:
a) Tt c cc im khng (Zero) zor phn b bn trong vng trn n v.
b) Tt c cc im cc (Pole) zpk ca h thng phn b bn trong vng trn n v.
c) Tt c cc im cc (Pole) zpk ca h thng phn b bn ngoi vng trn n v.
d) Tt c cc im khng (Zero) zor phn b bn ngoi vng trn n v.
Bi 2.20
Phng n no sau y th hin hm truyn t ca h thng biu din theo dng im cc
v im khng?
N
a) H ( z ) = G.
(z z )
( z z0 r )
b) H ( z ) = G. kM=1
r =1
N
( z z )
(z z )
k =1
pk
0k
r =1
65
0r
c) H ( z ) = G.
( z z0 r )
d) H ( z ) = G.
r =1
N
( z z )
k =1
pk
( z z )
r =0
N
( z z )
k =0
66
0r
pk
Chng 3: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min tn s lin tc
CHNG III: BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC

TRONG MIN TN S LIN TC
GII THIU
Bn cnh bin i z , mt cng c ton hc khc cng rt quan trng v hu hiu thng
c dng trong vic phn tch v tng hp cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin, l chui v bin
i Fourier. y, tn hiu c phn gii thnh cc thnh phn hnh sin (hoc m phc). Do ,
ta ni tn hiu c biu din trong min tn s.
Biu din ton hc c bn ca tn hiu tun hon l chui Fourier, l tng trng s tuyn
tnh ca cc hi hnh sin hoc m phc. Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), mt nh ton
hc ngi Php, dng khai trin chui lng gic nh th m t hin tng dn nhit v s
phn b nhit ca vt th. Mc d cng trnh ca ng ch l gii quyt bi ton dn nhit,
nhng phng php ton hc c xy dng vo na u th k th 19 ny n by gi vn c
p dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh: quang, dao ng c hc, l thuyt h thng v in
t trng v c bit trong x l tn hiu.
Tng t nh vic phn tch ph nh sng, trong vic phn tch tn hiu min tn s, thay
cho nh sng, dng tn hiu ca ta l cc hm theo thi gian. Vai tr ca thu knh chnh l cng
c phn tch Fourier nh chui v bin i Fourier. Vic t hp cc thnh phn hnh sin phc
hi tn hiu ban u l bi ton tng hp Fourier. Ging nh nh sng bc x ca cc nguyn t
ho hc, mi tn hiu s c ph khc nhau. Nh vy ph l s c nhn dng tn hiu.
Cng nh trong vt l, t ph c dng khi mun ni v ni dung tn s tn hiu. Qu
trnh vn dng cng c ton hc c c ph ca tn hiu cho trong chng ny c gi l
phn tch tn s hay phn tch ph. Ngc li, qu trnh xc nh ph ca tn hiu trong thc t
da trn cc php o tn hiu c gi l nh gi ph. S phn bit ny l rt quan trng. Trong
bi ton thc t, tn hiu cn phn tch t n khng c m t bng mt hm ton hc chnh xc
m n lun lun l dng th hin mt thng tin no y m t ta tch ra tin tc thch hp.
Kt qu phn tch tn hiu tun hon c gi l chui Fourier. S phn gii i vi tn
hiu c nng lng hu hn c gi l bin i Fourier. Vic phn gii ny ng vai tr quan
trng trong phn tch h thng tuyn tnh bt bin v p ng ca h ny i vi tn hiu hnh sin
cng c dng hnh sin cng tn s nhng khc bin v pha. Hn na, tnh tuyn tnh ca h
tuyn tnh bt bin ni ln rng tng tuyn tnh ca cc thnh phn hnh sin u vo s sinh ra
mt tng tuyn tnh tng t ca cc thnh phn hnh sin trn u ra, ch khc v bin v pha
so vi tn hiu vo. Mc d c nhiu phng php phn tch khc nhau, nhng ch c tn hiu hnh
sin (hay m phc) l tho mn tnh cht ny khi i qua mt h tuyn tnh bt bin.
Ni dung chng ny c bt u t vic biu din cc tn hiu tun hon v khng tun
hon lin tc theo thi gian di dng chui v bin i Fourier tng ng. Kt qu ca chng
ny l nn tng cho vic nghin cu bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) ca mt dy hu hn, mt bin
67
i c vai tr rt quan trng trong nhiu ng dng khc nhau, c bit l lnh vc x l tn hiu
s.
Sau y ta s quan st cc hnh nh tng quan gia cc min hc: min thi gian ri rc
n, min z vi min tn s nh hnh v di y
Hnh 3.1. Quan h gia min tn s v cc min khc

Vic nh x tn hiu t min thi gian ri rc sang min tn s c thc hin nh bin
i Fourier v ngc li, vic nh x tn hiu t min tn s sang min thi gian ri rc c
thc hin nh bin i Fourier ngc.
K hiu:
FT: Fourier Transform
IFT: Inverse Fourier Transform
Trong chng ny chng ta cng thy s lin quan gia bin i Z v bin i Fourier v
vic chuyn i gia chng.
Cc ni dung chnh c cp trong chng ny bao gm:
- Bin i Fourier v bin i Fourier ngc, iu kin tn ti bin i Fourier.
- Cc khi nim v ph, ph bin , pha, ph pha, mt ph nng lng(PSD)... ca tn
hiu.
- Cc khi nim v p ng tn s, pha tn s ca h thng.
- Biu din tn hiu v h thng trong min tn s.
- Quan h gia bin i Fourier v bin i z.
- Cc b lc s l tng: B lc thng thp, thng cao, thng di, chn di.
- Cc tiu chun ca b lc s thc t.
68
NI DUNG
3.1. BIN I FOURIER
3.1.1. nh ngha bin i Fourier (Fourier Tranform: FT)
Bin i Fourier ca mt tn hiu x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:
( ) x (n) e
X e j =
j n
(3.1)
n =
K hiu ton t:
( )
FT x ( n ) = X e j
( )
FT
x ( n )
X e j
( )
Ta thy rng e j = cos + j sin : tun hon vi chu k 2, do vy khi th hin X e j ta

ch cn th hin vi di t 0 n 2 hoc t - n ri ly tun hon.
( )
Cc cch th hin X e j
+ Biu din theo phn thc phn o Re, Im
( )
( )
( )
X e j = Re X e j + j Im X e j
(3.2)
y l dng biu din quen thuc ca s phc.

+ Biu din theo Modul v Argument
( )
( )
X e j = X e j .e
( )
j arg X e j
y:
X ( e j ) : Modul;
arg X ( e j ) : Argument
(Tn gi theo Newton)

Ta c mt s khi nim nh sau:
( )
- X e j : Ph ca tn hiu x(n).
( )
- X e j : Ph bin ca tn hiu x(n).
( )
- arg X e j = ( ) : Ph pha ca tn hiu x(n).
( )
( )
- X e j = X e j .e
j ( )
+ Biu din theo ln v pha

69
(3.3)
ln c th ly gi tr m v dng.
( )
( )
X e j = A e j .e
j ( )
(3.4)
( )
A e j : ln ca tn hiu x(n), c th dng (>0) hoc m (<0).
( ) : pha ca tn hiu x(n).

Mt s cc quan h:
X ( e j ) = A ( e j )
khi 0
khi
A e j 0
( ) = ( ) +
khi
V d 3.1
( ) = sin 3.e
Cho ph tn hiu X e
Hy xc nh:
- Cc thnh phn phn thc, o Re, Im
( )
( )
- A e j , ( ) , X e j , ( ) .
Gii:
T biu thc cho ca u bi ta c:
( )
- Re X e j = sin 3.cos ;
- Im X e j = sin 3.sin
( )
( )
- A e j = sin 3 ;
- ( ) =
( )
- X e j = sin 3
( )
A(e ) < 0
( ) = ( )

2
( ) =
+
2
khi
sin 3 0
khi
sin 3 < 0
70
A( e j )
2
3
4
3
1
2
( ) =
( )
5
3
X ( e j )
2
3
5
3
khi
sin 3 0
khi
sin 3 < 0
4
3
2
( ) =
+
2
( )
( ) = sin 3.e
Hnh 3.2. Biu din ln, pha, ph bin , ph pha ca X e
Tip theo chng ta s tm hiu k hn v bin i Fourier ri rc thng qua cc v d sau:

V d 3.2: Hy tm bin i Fourier cc dy sau y:
71

a. x1 ( n ) = ( n )
b. x2 ( n ) = ( n 1)
c. x3 ( n ) = ( n + 1) + ( n 1)
1
d. x4 ( n ) = u ( n )
2
e. x5 ( n ) = u ( n )
f. x6 ( n ) = 2n u ( n )
Gii:
( )
a. X 1 e j = FT x1 ( n ) =
( )
b. X 2 e j = FT x 2 ( n ) =
( )
c. X 3 e
(n) e
jn
= 1. e jn
n =0
n =
( n 1) e
jn
= 1. e jn
n =
= FT x 3 ( n ) =
( n + 1) e
( )
n =
= 1. e j n
d. X 4 e j = FT x 4 ( n ) =
jn
n =1
( )
n =1
= e j
( n 1) e
jn
n =
+ 1. e j n
n =1
= e j + e j = 2 cos
1
1
1 j
jn
u
n
e
=
(
)

e =
1 1 e j
n = 2
n =0 2
2
1 j 1
e
= <1
2
2
v
e. X 5 e j = FT x 5 ( n ) =
=1
n =
n =0
u ( n ) e jn = e jn
= 1 + e j + e j 2 + e j 2 + ...
y l chui lu tha, khng hi t do e j = cos -jsin = cos 2 + sin 2 = 1
(Ta nh rng mun chui
hi t th a < 1 )
n =0
Do vy ta kt lun l khng tn ti bin i Fourier.
( )
f. X 6 e j = FT x 6 ( n ) =
n =
2n u ( n ) e jn = 2e j
n =0
cng vi l do nh phn trn ta thy rng do:
2e j = 2cos -2jsin = 4cos 2 + 4sin 2 = 2
72
Cho nn chui
( 2e )
j
khng hi t do vy khng tn ti bin i Fourier.
n =0
Nh vy, thng qua cc v d trn chng ra thy rng khng phi i vi tn hiu tri rc
x(n) no cng thc hin c bin i Fourier, r rng phi c mt iu kin cho bin i
Fourier tn ti.
3.1.2. S tn ti ca bin i Fourier
Cn c vo cc tnh cht hi t ca chui v s nh x y t min thi gian ri rc n sang
min tn s (tc l khi sang min tn s , ch tn ti bin ch khng tn ti bin n), ta c:
Bin i Fourier ca mt dy x(n) s tn ti nu v ch nu:
x (n) <
n =
( C ngha l chui
x (n)
hi t).
n =
3.1.3. Bin i Fourier ngc (IFT: Inverse Fourier Transform)
( )
Bin i Fourier ngc ca ph tn hiu X e j c nh ngha nh sau:
1
x (n) =
2
X ( e ) e d
j
j n
(3.5)
K hiu:
IFT X ( e j ) = x ( n )
IFT
X ( e j )
x (n)
( )
y bin i Fourier ngc gip ta xc nh c x(n) t X e j .

V d 3.3: Cho
c c
cn lai
1
X ( e j ) =
0
( )
Hy xc nh x(n) v v x(n) vi c =
Gii:
( )
( )
Ta c: X e j = A e j .e
j ( )
T y theo u bi ta suy ra:
A ( e j ) = 1
( ) = 0
73
X ( e j ) = A ( e j )
( )
Theo nh ngha bin i IFT (3.5) ta tnh tch phn:
1
x (n) =
2
x (n) =
V vi c =
j n
d =
(e
2 jn
Khi n=0 x(n) c dng
x (n) =
jc n
1
2 jn
e jc n =
e j n
c
c
1
sin c n
n
0
nn ta phi bin i tip thnh dng:
0
c sin c n
c n
; Thay vo ta c:
sin n
1
2
x (n) =
2 n
2
n = 0:
x (0) =
1
2
sin
1
2 = 1 = x ( 1)
2
2
n = 1:
x (1) =
n = 2:
2
1
2
= 0 = x ( 2 )
x ( 2) =
2 2
2
sin
74
n = 3:
3
1
1
2
=
= x ( 3)
x ( 3) =
2 3
3
2
n = 4:
4
1
2
= 0 = x ( 4 )
x ( 4) =
2 4
2
n = 5:
5
1
1
2
=
= x ( 5 )
x ( 5) =
2 5
5
2
n = 6:
6
1
2
= 0 = x ( 6 )
x (6) =
2 6
2
sin
sin
sin
sin
y chnh l p ng xung b lc na bng tn, rt c li trn thc t. c im ca b lc

ny l tt c nhng im chn u bng 0, li dng tnh cht ny ngi ta thng chia thnh 2
bng nn tc tnh ton v truyn i nhanh.
1
5
1
3
1
5
1
3
Hnh 3.3. Biu din x(n) tm c sau khi bin i IFT
y ta rt ra 3 nhn xt:
- Tn hiu x(n) i xng qua trc tung; pha ( ) cng i xng.
- ( ) = 0 (pha bng khng) dn n tm i xng nm ti n = 0 (gc ta ).
75
- x(n): i vi tn hiu thc c tnh i xng v ph i xng (i xng Helmitle).
3.2. CC TNH CHT CA BIN I FOURIER

Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier c tng kt trong bng sau:
Bng 3.1 Tnh cht ca bin i Fourier
Min
Min n
x (n) =
1
2
X ( e j ) =
( )
X e j e j n d
x ( n) e
j n
n =
ax1 ( n ) + bx2 ( n ) ; (a, b: hng s)
aX 1 ( e j ) + bX 2 ( e j )
x ( n n0 )
( )
X (e ) = X (e )
Re X ( e ) = Re X ( e )
Im X ( e ) = Im X ( e )
X (e ) = X (e )
arg X ( e ) = arg X ( e )
X (e )
X (e )
X ( e ) .X ( e )
e jn0 X e j
x(n) l thc (tnh cht i xng)
x*(n)
x(-n)
x1 ( n ) * x2 ( n )
1
2
( e ( ) ) .X ( e ) d
j
j
x (n)
n =
( )
1
X 1 e j . X 2* e j d
x ( n)
( )
1
X e j
n =
Ghi ch: X e j
d
j ( 0 )
1 j ( 0 ) 1 j ( 0 )
X e
+ 2 X e
x1 ( n ) .x2* ( n )
Quan h Parseval
( )
dX e j
X e
x ( n ) cos 0 n
nx(n)
x1 ( n ) .x2 ( n )
j0 n
( )
( )
2
: ph bin mt nng lng tn hiu x(n), th hin s phn b nng
lng theo hm m ca tn s. K hiu l Sxx( e j ).

76
3.3. QUAN H GIA BIN I FOURIER V BIN I Z

Ta thy, theo nh ngha ca bin i z :
x ( n ) .z
X ( z) =
n =
Mt khc z l mt bin s phc v c biu din trong mt phng phc theo to cc

nh sau:
z = r.e j
Nu chng ta nh gi bin i Z trn vng trn n v (r=1), ta c:
X ( z ) z =e j =
x ( n ) .e
j n
n =
r=
= X ( e j )
(3.6)
z = e j
Hnh 3.4. Thc hin bin i z trn vng trn n v
Nh vy, ta rt ra mt s nhn xt:
- Bin i Fourier chnh l bin i z c thc hin trn vng trn n v.
- Nh vy, bin i Fourier ch l trng hp ring ca bin i z.
- Nh vy, chng ta c th tm bin i Fourier t bin i Z bng cch nh gi ZT trn
vng trn n v vi iu kin vng trn n v phi nm trong min hi t ca bin i Z.
V d 3.4
Hy tm bin i Fourier t cc bin i Z sau:
a) X 1 ( z ) =
1
;
1 1
1 z
2
z >
1
2
b) X 2 ( z ) =
1
;
1 2 z 1
Gii:
u tin phi xem vng trn n v c nm trong min hi t khng.
a) Vng trn n v nm trong min hi t, ta vit c bin i Fourier
77
z >2
X1 ( z ) =
1
1
1 e j
2
Im[z]
Re[z]
0
1/2
b) Vng trn n v khng nm trong min hi t, nn ta khng thc hin c bin i

Fourier.
Im[z]
1
-2
-1
Re[z]
1
3.4. BIU DIN H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN TN S LIN TC

3.4.1. p ng tn s
Trong min thi gian ri rc n ta c c trng cho h thng l p ng xung v quan h vo
ra ca h thng c th hin bi php chp:
y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
x(n
y(n
h(n)
Trong min tn s ta thy rng:
78
( )
y (n) Y ( e )
h(n) H ( e )
FT
x(n)
X e j
H(ej)
FT
Y(ej)
X(ej)
FT
Quan h vo ra ca h thng trong min c th hin bng php nhn nh sau:
( )
( ) ( )
Y e j = X e j .H e j hay:
( )= X
H e
( )
y H e j
( )
(e )
Y e j
(3.7)
c gi l p ng tn s v n chnh l bin i Fourier ca p ng
xung h(n) hay cn c xc nh bng t s gia bin i Fourier ca tn hiu ra trn bin i
Fourier ca tn hiu vo.
( )
p ng tn s H e j s c trng hon ton cho h thng trong min tn s
( )
Cc cch th hin H e j :
+ Biu din theo phn thc v phn o Re, Im:
( )
( )
( )
H e j = Re H e j + j Im H e j
(3.8)
+ Biu din theo Modul v Argument:
( )
( )
H e j = H e j e
( )
j arg H e j
(3.9)
( )
H e j : p ng tn s ca bin (p ng bin ).
( )
arg H e j = ( ) : p ng tn s ca pha (p ng pha).
( )
( )
H e j = H e j e
j ( )
+ Biu din theo ln v pha:
( )
( )
H e j = A e j e
j ( )
(3.10)
3.4.2. Cc b lc s l tng
Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu cc b lc s l tng: thng thp, thng cao, thng
di, chn di, y l nhng ni dung quan trng lm tin cho vic tng hp cc b lc s trn
79
thc t s hc cc chng sau. Vic nh ngha cc b lc s l tng s da vo p ng bin
( )
tn s H e j
m khng cn quan tm n pha.
a. B lc thng thp l tng (Low pass Filter)

nh ngha:
p ng bin ca b lc s thng thp l tng c nh ngha nh sau:
H e j
K hiu
: Tn s ct
: Di thng
: Di chn
c c
cn lai
1
H e j =
0
( )
( )
Sau y ta s xc nh p ng xung h(n) ca b lc thng thp pha 0.

V d 3.5
Cho p ng tn s ca b lc thng thp l tng pha khng ( ( ) = 0 ):
c c
1
H e j =
0
( )
Hy tm h(n) v v h(n) vi c =
Gii:
( )
( )
Ta thy rng H e j = H e j
y l b lc pha 0 ( tc ( ) = 0 )
S dng bin i Fourier ngc (3.5) ta c:
1
h (n) =
2
h (n) =
Dng
j n
d =
(e
2 jn
jc n
1
2 jn
e jc n =
0
nn bin i tip thnh dng:
0
80
e j n
c
c
1
sin c n
n
(3.11)
h (n) =
V vi c =
c sin c n
c n
, ta c:
sin n
1
3
h (n) =
3
n
3
1
3
n = 0:
h (0) =
n = 1:
sin
1
3 = 3 = h ( 1)
h (1) =
3
2
3
n = 2:
sin 2
1
3 = 3 = h ( 2 )
h ( 2) =
3 2
4
3
n = 3:
sin 3
1
3 = 0 = h ( 3)
h ( 3) =
3 3
3
n = 4:
sin 4
1
3 = 3 = h ( 4 )
h ( 4) =
3 4
8
3
n = 5:
sin 5
1
3 = 3 = h ( 5 )
h ( 5) =
3 5
10
3
n = 6:
sin 6
1
3 = 0 = h ( 6 )
h (6) =
3 6
3
81
Nhn xt:
Tt c cc b lc c tn s ct c =
(M: nguyn dng) gi l b lc Nyquist v ti cc
im l bi ca M cc mu u bng 0.
Nhng b lc ny khng thc hin c trn thc t v p ng xung h(n) khng nhn qu
v c chiu di v hn.
Khi thit k b lc s thc t, ngi ta phi ri p ng xung h(n) ca b lc s l tng
theo tm i xng sang bn phi sau ct i phn m (phn khng nhn qu) h(n) lc ny
thnh nhn qu v c chiu di hu hn. Lu khi ct i s gy hin tng gn sng trong min
tn s, gy nn hin tng Gibbs.
b. B lc thng cao l tng (High pass Filter)
nh ngha:
p ng bin ca b lc thng cao l tng c nh ngha nh sau:
H e j
K hiu
: Tn s ct
: Di thng
: Di chn
( )
H e
=
0
V d 3.6:
Cho p ng tn s ca b lc thng cao l tng pha khng:
82
( )
(3.12)
( )
H e
c1
=
0
c1
Hy tm h(n) v v h(n) vi c =
Gii:
p dng (3.5):
h (n) =
1
2
( )
H e j .e j n d =
1
1 c j n
j n
e
d
e d
2
2 c

sin n
n
c sin c n
c n
Ta thy:
sin n
= ( n ) v gi tr ti n=0 th bng 1, cn vi cc gi tr n khc th bng 0.
n
Do vy ta xc nh c
h (n) = (n)
c sin c n
,
c n
y, ( n ) l p ng xung ca b lc thng tt pha 0 (v d nh mt dy dn tn hiu) v

chng cho tt c cc tn hiu i qua vi mi tn s. Lu rng ( n ) chp vi mt tn hiu no th
cng chnh bng tn hiu . ( n ) * x(n) = x(n).
Nh vy ta thy rng, p ng xung ca b lc thng cao l tng pha khng bng p ng
xung ca b lc thng tt tr i p ng xung b lc thng thp vi iu kin pha khng.
h (n) = (n)
= x ( n) * ( n) = x ( n)
hHp ( n ) = hAp ( n ) hLp ( n )
Hight pass = All pass Low pass (Thng cao = Thng tt Thng thp).
c. B lc thng di l tng (Band pass Filter)
nh ngha:
p ng bin ca b lc s thng di l tng c nh ngha nh sau:
83
H e j
c 2 c1
( )
H e
c1
c1,c1
c 2
c 2 c1
=
0
c1 c 2 , ( )
(3.13)
V d 3.7:
Cho p ng tn s ca b lc s thng di l tng pha khng nh sau:
H (e ) =
0
c 2 c1
c1 c 2 ,
( )
Hy xc nh h(n).
Gii:
Ta c:
h (n) =
1
2
( )
H e j .e j n d =
c 2 sin c 2 n
c 2 n
h (n) =
1 c 2 j n
1 c1 jc n
e
d
e d
2 c 2
2 c1

c 1 sin c1n
c1n
c 2 sin c 2 n c1 sin c1n
c 2 n
c1n
Ta thy hBP(n) = hAP(n) hLP(n) hHP(n)

d. B lc chn di l tng (Band stop Filter)
nh ngha:
p ng bin ca b lc s chn di l tng c nh ngha nh sau:
84
( )
H e j
c2 c1
( )
H e j
c1 c 2
c1
c 2
c 2
c1 c1
( )
c 2 ;
(3.14)
V d 3.8:
Cho:
( )
H e j
c 2
c1 c1
,
c 2
Tm h(n) . V h(n) vi c1 =
( )
, c 2 =
Gii:
p dng cc kt qu tnh ca cc b lc l tng trn y, ta c:
h (n) = (n)

+
c 2 n
c1n
Ta thy hBS(n) = hLP(n) + hHP(n)

3.4.3. Cc ch tiu k thut ca b lc s thc t
p ng bin ca b lc s thc t c th hin trong hnh v sau, ta lu y ta ly
b lc s thng thp lm v d (cc b lc khc cng tng t) v th hin p ng bin ca n
trong di t 0 n , di t - n 0 ly i xng tng t sang.
85
H ( e j )
1 + 1
1 1
Hnh 3.5. p ng bin ca b lc s thc t thng thp v cc tham s
C 4 tham s quyt nh ch tiu k thut ca b lc s l:

+ Tn s gii hn di thng P
+ gn sng di thng 1
+ Tn s gii hn di thng S
+ gn sng di thng 2
V mt l tng cc gn sng di thng, di chn cng nh cng tt, tn s gii hn di

thng v di chn cng gn nhau cho di qu cng nh cng tt. Tuy nhin trn thc t y
l cc tham s nghch nhau ( gn sng nh th di qu phi ln v ngc li) nn vic gii
quyt bi ton cho cc tham s cng nh gp nhiu kh khn, ta phi p dng tnh ti u vi tng
yu cu c th ca bi ton thit k b lc.
Trong chng ny, chng ta xem xt vic phn tch v x l tn hiu ri rc trong mt
min mi khc vi hai chng hc trn l min tn s. Ta thy rng cc thao tc trong
min ny tp trung vo vic kho st tn s, ph ca tn hiu, y l tin quan trng cho cc
phng thc truyn dn, iu ch trong vin thng.
Vic nh x tn hiu t min thi gian ri rc n sang min tn s lin tc c thc hin
thng qua bin i Fourier. Ta cng nhn thy rng bin i Fourier ch l trng hp ring ca
bin i z, do vy cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier cng tng t nh bin i z, v d nh php
chp trong min thi gian ri rc n tr thnh php nhn trong min tn s .
Trong chng ny, ngoi vic chng ta phi hiu r v bin i Fourier xui v ngc, cn
phn bit c cc khi nim v ph, ph bin , pha, ph pha...cc c tnh ca b lc s l
tng.
Cc ni dung kin thc cn nh trong chng ny s c cp sau y.
1. Bin i Fourier FT
86
nh ngha:
( ) x (n) e
X e j =
j n
n =
2. iu kin tn ti bin i Fourier
Mt dy x(n) thc hin c bin i Fourier nu v ch nu:
x (n) <
n =
3. Cc khi nim, k hiu v tn hiu trong min tn s lin tc
( )
- X e j : Ph ca tn hiu x(n).
( )
- X e j : Ph bin ca tn hiu x(n).
( )
- arg X e j = ( ) : Ph pha ca tn hiu x(n).
( )
- A e j : ln ca tn hiu x(n).
- ( ) : Pha ca tn hiu x(n).
Cc quan h cn nh:
( )
( )
( )
( )
+ X e j = X e j .e
+ X e j = A e j .e
j ( )
j ( )
( )
+ A e j c th dng (>0) m (<0) hoc bng 0.
( )
( )
+ X e j = A e j
Vi 0
( )
A(e ) < 0
+ ( ) = ( )
khi
A e j 0
+ ( ) = ( ) +
khi
4. Bin i Fourier ngc - IFT

nh ngha:
1
x (n) =
2
X ( e ) e d
j
j n
5. Tnh cht ca bin i Fourier

y, ta s ch mt s tnh cht:
87
- Php chp trong min thi gian ri rc n s tr thnh php nhn:
( ) ( )
x1 ( n ) * x2 ( n )
<= >
X 1 e j . X 2 e j
- Tr tn hiu:
x ( n n0 )
<=>
e jn0 X e j
- Tr tn s:
e j0 n x ( n )
<=>
j
X e ( 0 )
( )
- Quan h Parseval: th hin s bo ton v mt nng lng khi chuyn t min thi gian
sang min tn s.
x (n)
<=>
n =
1
X e j
2
( )
6. p ng tn s
( )
p ng tn s H e j ca h thng trong min tn s lin tc c xy dng theo hai

cch:
( )
- p ng tn s H e j
ca h thng l t s gia bin i Fourier ca tn hiu ra trn
bin i Fourier ca tn hiu vo.
( )
- p ng tn s H e j l bin i Fourier ca p ng xung h(n).

p ng tn s ca h thng c th hin nh sau:
( )
( )
H e j = H e j e
j ( )
trong :
( )
H e j : p ng tn s ca bin (p ng bin ).
( ) = arg H ( e j ) : p ng tn s ca pha (p ng pha).

hay ln v pha:
( )
( )
H e j = A e j e
j ( )
7. Cc b lc s l tng
Trong phn ny, chng ta phi nm c bn b lc s l tng thng qua cc p ng bin
ca chng.
B lc thng thp:
1
H e j =
0
( )
c c
B lc thng cao:
88
( c )
( )
H e
=
0
=
0
c 2 c1
( c )
B lc thng di:
( )
H e
c1 c 2
( c )
B lc chn di:
( )
H e j
c 2
c1 c1
c 2
( c )
Mt s vn ca b lc s l tng cn lu :
- p ng xung h(n) ca b lc s l tng c chiu di v hn, v p ng xung ny l
khng nhn qu. Do vy cc b lc s l tng ny khng thc hin c trong thc t.
- i vi b lc s l tng pha 0 ta c p ng bin trng vi p ng tn s:
( )
( )
H e j = H e j
- p ng xung h(n) ca b lc s l tng pha 0 i xng qua trc tung, i xng

Helmitte.
- Cc p ng xung h(n) ca cc b lc s l tng pha 0 c quan h nh sau:
+ hHP ( n ) = hAP ( n ) hLP ( n )
+ hBP ( n ) = hAP (n) hLP (n) hHP (n)
+ hBS ( n ) = hLP (n) + hHP (n)
8. Cc ch tiu k thut ca b lc s
Chng ta phi nm vng cc thng s ch tiu ca b lc s s thc t:
+ gn sng di thng 1
+ gn sng di thng 2
Vic nm vng nhng kin thc trong chng ny rt cn thit tip cn cc ni dung
kin thc tip theo nh:
- Bin i Fourier ri rc DFT. y l mt trong nhng bin i quan trng nht ca x l
tn hiu s.
- Tng hp cc b lc s FIR, IIR.
89
Mt s kin thc ton hc cn thit nghin cu hc tp trong chng ny.

+ Tch phn thng dng tnh IFT:
dt =
1 t
e
+ Tng cp s nhn:
n =0
N
an =
n =0
1
1 a
Nu a < 1
1 a N +1
1 a
+ Khai trin le:

ej = cos + jsin
e-j = cos - jsin
+ Mt s khai trin thng thng:
1- e-j = e-j/2.(ej/2 - e-j/2) = 2j.sin(/2).e-j/2
1+ e-j = e-j/2.(ej/2 + e-j/2) = 2cos(/2).e-j/2
Bi 3.1
Xc nh bin i Fourier ca tn hiu
x (n ) = a
1 < a < 1
Bi 3.2
Tm bin i Fourier v ph bin ca dy
A
x (n ) =
0
0 n L 1
vi minh ho nh hnh sau
x(n )
....
L 1
Bi 3.3
90

Hy tnh php chp cc dy x 1 ( n ) * x 2
x1 ( n
)=
( n ) vi
x 2 ( n ) = 1, 1 , 1
0
thng qua bin i Fourier.

Bi 3.4
Xc nh mt ph nng lng S x x e j
) ca tn hiu
x (n ) = a n u (n ) 1 < a < 1
Bi 3.5
Cho x(n) = a n u (n) vi a = 0.5 v a = 0.5 . Hy biu din mt ph nng lng
S x x e j
Bi 3.6
n
3
Cho tn hiu x ( n ) = u ( n ) . Ph ca tn hiu s l p n no sau y:
4
( )
c) X e j =
( )
1
3
1 + e j
4
( )
1
3
1 e j
4
b) X e j =
a) Khng tn ti.
1
3
1 e j
4
d) X e j =
Bi 3.7
n
4
Cho tn hiu x ( n ) = u ( n ) . Ph ca tn hiu s l p n no sau y:
3
( )
c) X e j =
( )
1
4
1 + e j
3
( )
1
4
1 e j
3
b) X e j =
a) Khng tn ti.
1
4
1 e j
3
d) X e j =
Bi 3.8
Thnh phn tng ng ca x (n k ) khi chuyn sang min tn s s l:
a) e j k X e j
b) e j k X e j
91
c) e j k X e j
d) e j k X e j
Bi 3.9
Thnh phn tng ng ca x (n ) cos 0 n khi chuyn sang min tn s s l:
a)
1
X ( + 0 )
2
b)
1
X ( 0 )
2
c)
1
1
X ( + 0 ) + X ( 0 )
2
2
d)
1
1
X ( + 0 ) X ( 0 )
2
2
Bi 3.10
Thnh phn tng ng ca e j 0 n x (n ) khi chuyn sang min tn s s l:
a) X e j ( + 0 )
b) X e j ( 0 )
j
j ( 0 )
c) e 0 X e
d) e
j 0
X e j ( + 0 )
Bi 3.11
Khi no pha ca b lc s l tng bng 0 th quan h gia p ng tn s v p ng bin
tn s s l:
( )
( )
b) H e j = H e j
( )
( )
d) H e j = H e j e j
a) H e j = H e j
c) H e j = H e j e j
( )
( )
( )
( )
Bi 3.12
p ng xung h(n) ca b lc s thng thp l tng pha 0 c biu din dng no sau
y:
a) h ( n ) =
c) h ( n ) =
c sin c n
c n
c sin c n
c n
b) h ( n ) =
sin c n
.n
d) h ( n ) =
c sin c n
Bi 3.13
p ng xung h(n) ca b lc s thng cao l tng pha 0 c biu din dng no sau
y:
c sin c n
c n
b) h ( n ) = (n)
sin c n
.n
c sin c n
c n
d) h ( n ) = (n)
c sin c n
n
a) h ( n ) = (n)
c) h ( n ) = (n) +
Bi 3.14
92
p ng xung h(n) ca b lc s thng di l tng pha 0 vi tn s ct c1 < c2 c biu

din dng no sau y:
c 2
b) h ( n ) = c 2
a) h ( n ) =
sin c 2 n c1 sin c1n

+
c 2 n
c1n
sin c 2 n c1 sin c1n
c 2 n
c1n
c 2 n
c1n
sin c1n c 2 sin c 2 n
d) h ( n ) = c1
c1n
c 2 n
c) h ( n ) =
Bi 3.15
p ng xung h(n) ca b lc s chn di l tng pha 0 vi tn s ct c1 < c2 c biu
din dng no sau y:
a) h ( n ) = (n)
c1 sin c1n c 2 sin c 2 n

+
c1n
c 2 n
b) h ( n ) = (n)
c 2 n
c1n
c) h ( n ) = (n) +
c 2 n
c1n
d) h ( n ) = (n)

+
c 2 n
c1n
Bi 3.16
Cht lng b lc s tt khi:
a) + gn sng di thng 1, di chn 2 u nh.
+ Tn s gii hn di thng p, tn s gii hn di chn s cch xa nhau (ngha l di
qu ln).
b) + gn sng di thng 1, di chn 2 ln.
+ Tn s gii hn di thng p, tn s gii hn di chn s gn nhau (ngha l di qu
nh).
c) + gn sng di thng 1, di chn 2 u nh.
+ Tn s gii hn di thng p, tn s gii hn di chn s gn nhau (ngha l di qu
nh).
d) + gn sng di thng 1, di chn 2 u ln.
93
+ Tn s gii hn di thng p, tn s gii hn di chn s cch xa nhau(ngha l di

qu ln).
Bi 3.17
Nhng cu tr li no sau y l ng:
a) Bin i Fuorier l trng hp ring ca bin i Z
b) Bin i Z l trng hp ring ca bin i Fourier
c) Bin i Fourier l bin i Z thc hin trn vng trn n v
d) Bin i Fourier hon ton c lp vi bin i Z.
Bi 3.18
Cc tn hiu trong min tn s c tnh cht:
a) Tun hon vi chu k l
b) Tun hon vi chu k l 2
c) Khng phi l tn hiu tun hon
d) Tun hon khi 0.
94
Chng 4: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min tn s ri rc k
CHNG IV: BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC

TRONG MIN TN S RI RC k (HOC k )
GII THIU
Trong bn min biu din tn hiu & h thng ri rc hay dng, chng ta xt c 3 min:
min thi gian ri rc n, min z, min tn s thng qua cc bin i z hay bin i Fouurier.
Trong chng ny, ta tp trung nghin cu n bin i Fourier ri rc i vi cc dy tun hon
c chu k N v t xy dng bin i Fourier ri rc i vi cc dy khng tun hon bt k c
chiu di hu hn N tc l chng ta s nghin cu tn hiu v h thng trong min tn s ri rc k.
Mt trong nhng vn chnh ca chng ny l bin i Fourier ri rc vi nhng u im ni
bt ca n trong vic x l tn hiu ri rc.
Cc ni dung chnh ca chng bao gm:
- Bin i Fourier ri rc DFT i vi dy tun hon c chu k N.
- Bin i Fourier ri rc DFT i vi dy c chiu di hu hn N.
- Tnh php chp tuyn tnh bng php chp vng thng qua bin i DFT.
- Php chp nhanh.
NI DUNG
4.1. BIN I FOURIER RI RC DFT I VI DY TUN HON C CHU K N.
Ta bit rng bin i Fourier va xt chng 3 l mt trng hp ring ca bin i z
hay ni cch khc bin i Fourier chnh l bin i z c thc hin trn vng trn n v.
Nhng i vi mt dy tun hon bt k vi chu k N x ( n ) N , ta thy khng cn thit phi thc
hin bin i Fourier lin tc m ch cn li dng tnh cht tun hon ca x ( n ) N vi chu k N v
tnh tun hon ca bin e j chu k 2 , ngha l ch cn ly cc im c bit
trn n v tng ng vi chu k N ca tn hiu tun hon x ( n ) N
V d:
Chia 8 phn:
Thay k =
2
2
k , N = 8 k =
k = k , k = 0N .
N
8
4
95
2
trn ng
N
Khi qut ha ta s so snh cc dng ph ca cc dng tn hiu khc nhau trn hai min:
min bin s thi gian lin tc v min tn s..
Min bin s
Min tn s
ha ( t )
X a ( )
X ( e j )
x(n)
Bin i
Fourier
N
N-1
Tun hon chu k 2
X (k )
x (n )
+ a
k ( k )
Hnh 4.1 Cc dng ph ca cc dmg tn hiu khc nhau
Khi bin i DFT i vi tn hiu tun hon, ng ra l ta phi xt t n nhng

trn thc t, khi bin i thng nghin cu trong mt chu k t 0 n N 1 xt cho d, cc
chu
k
khc
coi
bng
0
v
theo
tnh
cht
tun
hon.
Hnh 4.2 Tn hiu ri rc v ph ri rc tun hon ca n
96
4.1.1. nh ngha
Bin i Fourier ri rc ca mt dy tun hon x ( n ) c chu k N c nh ngha nh

sau:
N 1
X ( k ) = x ( n ) .e
2
kn
N
n =0
Trong : k =
N 1
= x ( n ) .e jk n
(4.1)
n =0
k = 0 N 1
2
k vi
N
n = 0 N 1
x ( n ) l dy tun hon chu k N nn n tha mn: x ( n ) = x ( n + lN )

t:
WNkn = e jk n = e
WN kn = e jk n = e
WN = e
2
N
2
kn
N
(4.2)
2
kn
N
; WN1 = e
2
N
; WN0 = 1
Theo cch t nh trn th bin i Fourier ri rc i vi dy tun hon chu k N c vit

li nh sau:
N 1
X ( k ) = x ( n ) .WNkn
(4.3)
n =0
biu din cho gn ngi ta thng biu din theo (4.3)

K hiu ton t:
DFT x ( n ) = X ( k )
DFT
x ( n )
X (k )
V d 4.1
Cho dy tun hon x ( n )
1
x (n) =
0
0n4
5n9
chu k N = 10.
Hy xc nh X ( k )
Gii:
9
X ( k ) = x ( n ) .W
n=0
kn
N
= 1.e
2
kn
10
n =0
97
, p dng cng thc nh ngha
X (k ) =
1 e
1 e
2
k .5
10
2
k .5
10
, (n + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5).
Bin i phn thc v o ta c
X (k ) =
2 j sin
j k
2
sin
2
2 e j 10 k = A ( k ) e j ( k ) = X ( k ) e j ( k ) , k = 0 9
=
k j 10 k sin k
e
2 j sin
10
10
Lu : Khi tnh ton ta ch cn xc nh vi k chy t 0 n 9, cc chu k khc lp li.

4.1.2. nh ngha bin i Fourier ri rc ngc IDFT i vi dy tun hon.
Bin i Fourier ri rc ngc IDFT c nh ngha nh sau:
x (n) =
N 1
1
N
X ( k ) .e
1
N
N 1
2
kn
N
(4.4)
k =0
Hay vit li cho gn:
x (n) =
X ( k ) .W
kn
N
k =0
(4.5)
K hiu: IDFT X ( k ) = x ( n )
IDFT
Ton t: X ( k )
x (n)
Lu : Cch tnh IDFT hon ton ging DFT ch khc du () , (+) v h s 1/N trc du
. V vy ta ch cn xt DFT ri suy ra bin i IDFT. V mt thut ton l nh nhau.
4.1.3. Biu din DFT di dng ma trn
Xut pht t biu thc (4.3)

N 1
X ( k ) = x ( n ) .WNkn
n =0
Ta khai trin:
k = 0:
X ( 0 ) = x ( 0 )WN0 + x (1) WN0 + x ( 2 )WN0 +
+ x ( N 1) WN0
k = 1:
X (1) = x ( 0 ) WN0 + x (1) WN1 + x ( 2 ) WN2 +
+ x ( N 1) WN(
k = 2:
X ( 2 ) = x ( 0 ) WN0 + x (1) WN2 + x ( 2 ) WN4 +
+ x ( N 1) WN (
N 1)
2 N 1)
..................
k=N-1:
X ( N 1) = x ( 0 ) WN0 + x (1) WNN 1 + x ( 2 ) WN (
2 N 1)
Ta k hiu:
98
+ x ( N 1) WN(
N 1)( N 1)
x (0)
x (1)
x ( n) = x ( 2)
x ( N 1)
X ( 0)
X (1)
X ( k ) = X ( 2) ,
X ( N 1)
WN0
WN0
WN0
0
WN1
WN2
WN
WN = WN0
WN2
WN4
WN0 WN( N 1) WN2( N 1)
2 N 1
WN ( )
N 1 N 1
WN( )( )
(4.6)
WN0
( N 1)
N
(4.7)
Ta c th vit li cho gn dng biu din theo ma trn nh sau:
X ( k ) = x ( n ) .WN
(4.8)
4.2. CC TNH CHT CA DFT I VI DY TUN HON CHU K N.

Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ri rc s c tm tt trong bng tng kt 4.1, y ta
tp trung xem xt khi nim v php chp tun hon.
Php chp tun hon
Ta thy rng tch chp tuyn tnh hc trong chng 1 c biu din di dng:
x3 ( n ) = x1 ( n ) * x2 ( n ) =
x ( m) x ( n m)
m =
(4.9)
Tch chp tun hon (ly cng mt chu k) c biu din nh sau:
()
x3 ( n ) N = x1 ( n ) N *
N 1
x2 ( n ) N = x1 ( m ) N x2 ( n m ) N
(4.10)
m =0
Ta s tm hiu c th v php chp tun hon thng qua v d 4.2 nh sau.

V d 4.2
Tnh php chp ca 2 dy tun hon x1 ( n )8 v x2 ( n )8 (c chu k 8) cho trong hnh 4.3
nh sau:
99
x1 ( n )8
x2 ( n)8
Hnh 4.3 Biu din x1 ( n )8 v x2 ( n )8 trong v d 4.2

Gii:
Theo cng thc ta c:
()
N 1
x3 ( n )8 = x1 ( n )8 * x2 ( n )8 = x1 ( m )8 x2 ( 0 m )8
8
m =0
Thc hin cc bc tnh php chp bng th ging nh chng 1, gi nguyn x1 ( n )8 v

ly i xng x2 ( n )8 ta c:
x1 ( n )8
x2 ( 0 m)8
Hnh 4.4 Biu din cch tnh php chp tun hon bng th
100
1 1
x3 ( 0 )8 = 1 + + = 1, 75
4 2
3 1
x3 (1)8 = 1 + + = 2
4 4
1 3
x3 ( 2 )8 = + + 1 = 2, 25
2 4
1 1 3
x3 ( 3)8 = + + + 1 = 2,5
4 2 4
x3 ( 4 )8 = 2,5
x3 ( 5 )8 = 2,5
x3 ( 6 )8 = 2,5
x3 ( 7 )8 =
3 1 1
+ + = 1,5
4 2 4
Biu din trong mt chu k nh sau:

x3 ( n )8
Hnh 4.5 Biu din kt qu ca v d 4.3
Lu cc chu k khc lp li nh chu k chng ta va biu din.

Bng 4.1 Tng kt cc tnh cht ca DFT i vi dy tun hon c chu k N
Min n
x ( n) =
Min k
1 N 1
X ( k )WNkn
N k =0
N 1
X ( k ) = x ( n ) WNkn
k =0
ax1 ( n ) N + bx2 ( n ) N
aX 1 ( k ) N + bX 2 ( k ) N
x ( n n0 ) N
WNkn0 X ( k )
WNln x ( n )
X (k + l )
()
X1 ( k )N X 2 ( k )N
x1 ( n ) N *
x2 ( n ) N
101
x1 ( n ) N x2 ( n ) N
1
N
N 1
X (l )
l =0
X1 ( k l )N
()
X1 ( k )N * X 2 ( k )N
x ( n ) thc
X ( k ) = X * ( k )
Re X ( k ) = Re X ( k )
Im X ( k ) = Im X ( k )
X ( k ) = X ( k )
arg X ( k ) = arg X ( k )
4.3. BIN I FOURIER RI RC DFT I VI DY KHNG TUN HON C

CHIU DI HU HN N.
Mt dy x(n) c chiu di N ngha l:
L x ( n ) = [ 0, N 1] = N
Nh trn chng ta xt bin i Fourier ri rc i vi dy tun hon c chu k N v
thy u im ni bt ca bin i Fourier ri rc DFT l bin i xui v bin i ngc u
c thc hin cng mt thut ton, nhng trn thc t khng phi lc no chng ta cng gp dy
tun hon.
By gi, ta xt dy khng tun hon c chiu di hu hn nh sau
x ( n) N
Hnh 4.6 Biu din dy khng tun hon c chiu di hu hn N x(n)N.
Ta coi dy c chiu di N nh trn l mt chu k ca mt dy tun hon c chu k M nh

sau:
102
x( n) M
Hnh 4.7 Biu din dy tun hon c chiu di chu k M x ( n )M
Quan h gia chu k M v chiu di N phi tha mn:
M N (thng chn M = 2 ngha l chn dng hm m theo c s 2)

Nu M=N, ta c th biu din quan h gia dy c chiu di hu hn N x ( n ) N v dy tun
hon c chu k N x ( n ) N nh sau:
x ( n ) N
x ( n)N =
0
0 n N 1
n
(4.11)
Hay biu din cho gn di dng sau:
x ( n ) N = x ( n ) N rect N ( n )
(4.12)
Nh vy, nu ta coi chiu di hu hn N: x ( n ) N l mt chu k ca dy tun hon c chu k

M: x ( n ) M vi M N ta c th p dng nh ngha bin i Fourier ri rc i vi dy tun hon
nh xt trn cho dy c chiu di hu hn. Sau khi thc hin bin i xong ta ly kt qu
nhng ch khoanh vng trong mt chu k, t y ta xy dng c nh ngha cho cp bin i
Fourier ri rc i vi dy c chiu di hu hn N.
nh ngha cp DFT i vi dy c chiu di hu hn N
Cp bin i Fourier ri rc i vi dy khng tun hon c chiu di hu hn N c nh

ngha nh sau.
Bin i xui DFT
N 1
kn
x ( n ) WN
X ( k ) = n=0
0
K hiu:
0 k N 1
k
DFT x ( n ) = X ( k )
DFT
x ( n )
X (k )
Bin i ngc IDFT
103
(4.13)
x (n) = N
0
K hiu:
N 1
X ( k )W
k =0
kn
N
0 n N 1
(4.14)
I DFT X ( k ) = x ( n )
I DFT
X ( k )
x (n)
V d 4.3
Hy tm bin i Fourier ri rc ca dy c chiu di hu hn sau: x ( n ) = ( n ) .
Hnh 4.8 Biu din bng th x ( n ) N = ( n ) .

Gii:
Nhn trn th ta thy x ( n ) N c mt mu bng 1 ti n=0, cn li N-1 mu bng 0 v

chng ta ch xt dy ny trong khong t 0 n N-1.
p dng nh ngha (4.3)::
N 1
kn
x ( n ) WN
X ( k ) = n=0
0
0 k N 1
k
1
Ch c mt gi tr x ( n ) n =0 = 1 , v vy: x ( n ) =
0
0 n N 1
n
Ta biu din ph t 0 n N - 1 nh sau:
Hnh 4.9 Biu din X(k) tm c trong v d 4.3.
104
4.4. CC TNH CHT CA DFT I VI DY C CHIU DI HU HN N.

Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ri rc c tng kt trong bng 4.2, y ta s xem xt
khi nim v php chp vng, tc l php chp c thc hin vi cc dy c chiu di hu hn.
hiu r php chp vng, trc tin ta phi xem xt tnh cht tr vng nh sau.
Chng hn ta xt dy:
n
1
x (n) = 4
0
0n4
n
y ta cn phn bit r mt s khi nim.

+ x(n): dy theo u bi cho.
+ x ( n )4 : dy tun hon vi chu k 4 trong 1 chu k ca n ng bng x(n) cho.
+ x(n)4: dy x(n) theo u bi cho vi chiu di bng 4. y ta thy x(n)4 = x(n).
+ x(n-2): dy tr ca x(n) i 2 mu sang phi c gi l tr tuyn tnh.
+ x ( n 2 )4 : dy tr tun hon ca x ( n )4 i 2 mu.
+ x(n-2)4: dy tr ca x(n)4 i 2 mu, k hiu nh th ny gi l tr vng.
Ta thy:
- Tr vng ca dy c chiu di hu hn N ch xc nh trong khong 0-:- N-1.
- Cc mu m tr ngoi khong 0-:-N-1 s vng v theo gi tr N, chnh v iu ny m
ngi ta gi l tr vng.
Trong minh ho hnh (4.10), x(n-2)4 ch xc nh trong khong 0-:-3 (v N=4). Cc mu tr
ngoi khong ny s vng v theo 4.
105
x ( n) 4
x ( n 2) 4
x ( n 2 )4
Hnh 4.10 Minh ho cc php tr ca tn hiu: Tr tuyn tnh, tr tun hon, tr vng.
106
Bng 4.2 Tnh cht ca DFT i vi cc dy c chiu di hu hn N.
Min n
x ( n )N
= N
0
Min tn s ri rc k
N 1
X ( k ) N WN kn
0 n N 1
k =0
X ( k )N
N 1
kn
x ( n ) N WN
= k =0
0
0 k N 1
k
ax ( n ) N + bx ( n ) N = x ( n ) N , N 3 = max [ N1 , N 2 ]
aX1 ( k ) N + bX 2 ( k ) N = X 3 ( k ) N
x ( n n0 ) N
WNkn0 X ( k ) N
WN k0 n x ( n )
X ( k k0 ) N
N 1
x ( m)
m =0
X1 ( k )N X 2 ( k )N
x2 ( n m ) N = x1 ( n ) N (*) N x2 ( n ) N
x1 ( n ) N x2 ( n ) N
1
N
N 1
X (l )
l =0
X 2 ( k l )N
x* ( n ) N
X * ( k )N
x* ( n ) N
X * ( k )N
Re x ( n ) N
1
1
X ( k ) N + X * ( k ) N
2
2
j Re x ( n ) N
1
1
X ( k ) N X * ( k ) N
2
2
Vi x ( n ) N thc
X ( k )N = X * ( k )N
X * ( k )N = X ( k )N
Re X ( k ) N = Re X ( k ) N
Im X ( k ) N = Im X ( k ) N
X ( k ) N = X ( k ) N
arg X ( k ) N = arg X ( k ) N
N 1
x ( n)
1
N
n =0
107
N 1
X (k )
h =0
2
N
V d 4.4
Cho 2 dy c chiu di hu hn N nh sau:
x1 ( n ) N = x2 ( n ) N = rect N ( n )
Tm x3 ( n ) N = x1 ( n ) N (*) N x2 ( n ) N thng qua bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT).
Gii:
Ta s dng tnh cht php chp min n sang min tn s ri rc k tr thnh php nhn
thng thng. Ta chuyn x1(n)N v x2(n)N sang min k thnh X1(k) v X2(k) ta c:
X 3 ( k )N = X1 ( k )N X 2 ( k )N
x3 ( n ) N = IDFT X 3 ( k ) N
N 1
kn
x1 ( n ) N WN
X 1 ( k ) = n =0
0
N 1
kn
1.WN
X 1 ( k ) = n =0
0
WNkn = e
2
kn
N
N
X1 ( k ) =
0
0 k N 1
k
0 k N 1
k
thay vo:
k =0
k0
N 2
X3 (k ) =
0
Bin i ngc theo cng thc:
x3 ( n ) = N
0
N
x3 ( n ) =
0
N 1
X (k )
n =0
WN kn
0 n N 1
n
0 n N 1
n
Khi N=4 ta c:
4
x3 ( n ) =
0
0n3
n
4 k = 0
X1 ( k ) = X 2 ( k ) =
0 k 0
108
k =0
k0
16 k = 0
X3 (k ) =
0 k 0
V trong min n
V trong min k
X1 ( k )4 = X 2 ( k )4
x1 ( n )4 = x2 ( n )4
n ----> k
3
2
1
-1
-1
x3 ( n )4
X3 ( k ) 4
-1
16
-1
Hnh 4.11 Minh ho v d 4.4 vi chiu di N=4

V d 4.5
Hy tnh php chp tuyn tnh ca 2 dy
x1 ( n ) N = x2 ( n ) N = rect N ( n ) , N = 4.
x3 ( n ) = x1 ( n ) * x2 ( n )
Gii:
y chnh l php chp quen thuc ta hc trong chng 1.
x3 ( n ) = x1 ( n ) * x2 ( n ) =
n =
x1 ( m ) x2 ( n m ) = x1 ( m ) x2 ( n m )
n=0
x3 ( 0 ) = 1, x3 (1) = 3, x3 ( 2 ) = 3, x3 ( 3 ) = 4, x3 ( 4 ) = 3, x3 ( 5 ) = 2, x3 ( 6 ) = 1, x3 ( 7 ) = 0
Lu : Nu c 2 dy c chiu di hu hn N1 v N2: x1 ( n ) N v x2 ( n ) N
1
Khi ta thc hin php chp tuyn tnh khng vng:
x3 ( n ) N = x1 ( n ) N * x2 ( n ) N
3
Th chiu di php tuyn tnh l:

109
N 3 = N1 + N 2 1
Nu N = N1 = N2 = 4 th ta c N3 = 7
Kt qu php chp ny s c minh ho hinh 4.12 nh sau
x1 ( n) = x2 ( n)
x1 ( m)
x2 ( 0m)
x3 (0 ) = 1
x 3 (1 ) = 2
x3 (2 ) = 3
x 3 (3 ) = 4
x3 (4 ) = 3
x2 (1 m)
x 3 (5 ) = 2
x3 (6 ) = 1
x3 (7 ) = 0
x3 ( n ) x3 ( n )8
Hnh 4.12 Minh ho v d 4.5 vi N=4

V d 4.6:
Hy tnh php chp vng ca 2 dy
x1 ( n )8 = x2 ( n )8 = rect4 ( n )
Gii: y ta thy x1 ( n )8 = x2 ( n )8 chnh l dy ch nht rect4(n) v thm 4 mu bng 0.
7
Ta c:
x3 ( n )8 = x1 ( n )8 (*)8 x2 ( n )8 = x1 ( m )8 x2 ( n m )8
m =0
110
x3 ( 0 )8 = x1 ( m )8 x2 ( 0 m )8 = 1 .
m =0
Thc hin php chp nh minh ho hnh 4.13 ta c kt qu trng vi kt qu ca v d 4.5
x3 (1)8 = 2, x3 ( 2 )8 = 3, x3 ( 3 )8 = 4, x3 ( 4 )8 = 3, x3 ( 5 )8 = 2, x3 ( 6 )8 = 1, x3 ( 7 )8 = 0
x1 ( m)8 = x2 ( m)8
-1
x2 ( 0 m )8
-3
-2
-1
x2 (1 m )8
-2
-1
x2 ( 2 m )8
-1
Hnh 4.13 Minh ho v d 4.6 tnh php chp vng x1 ( n )8 (*)8 x2 ( n )8

Lu : Nu chiu di ca dy l 8 khi thc hin php chp vng ta ch cn xc nh cc
mu trong khong t 0 n 7 (tc t 0-:-N-1).
Qua 3 v d (4.4), (4.5) v (4.6) ta thy:

- Kt qu v d (4.5) chnh l kt qu v d (4.6).
111
- V d (4.6) tng t nh v d (4.4) khi ta cho N=4 nhng li c kt qu khc nhau do ta

chn chiu di tnh php chp vng khc nhau.
- v d (4.6) nu ta thay chiu di bng 7 v tnh php chp vng
6
x3 ( n )7 = x1 ( n )7 (*)7 x2 ( n )7 = x1 ( m )7 x2 ( n m )7 ta thy kt qu khng thay i. so vi

m =0
kt qu ta tn c vi chiu di bng 8.
Vy, ta rt ra kt lun:
iu kin ta c th s dng php chp vng tnh php chp tuyn tnh i vi 2 dy
c chiu di hu hn x1 ( n ) N v x2 ( n ) N l chiu di chng ta chn thc hin php N3 phi
1
tho mn: N3 N1 + N 2 -1
y, trc tin ta phi b xung cc mu bng 0 tng chiu di x1 ( n ) N v x2 ( n ) N ti
1
thiu bng N1+N2+1 sau mi thc hin php chp vng:
x3 ( n ) N + N
1
2 1
= x1 ( n ) N (*) N + N
1
2 1
x2 ( n ) N
Nu tnh php chp tuyn tnh thng qua php chp vng ta s li dng c u th ca
bin i Fourier ri rc l bin i xui ngc cng mt thut ton, do vy ci thin hiu nng
tnh ton ng k, hn na php chp sang min tn s ri rc tr thnh php nhn cho nn thc
hin cng n gin hn rt nhiu.
S ng dng DFT tnh php chp tuyn tnh:
x1 ( n ) N
x1 ( n ) N + N
1
2 1
2 1
x2 ( n ) N
X 3 ( k )N + N
1
x2 ( n ) N + N 1
1
X1 ( k )N + N
X 2 ( k )N + N
1
2 1
x3 ( n ) N + N 1
2 1
Hnh 4.14 S tnh php chp tuyn tnh thng qua bin i DFT
112
4.5. PHP CHP NHANH (PHP CHP PHN ON)

Trn thc t, chng ta thng gp trng hp phi thc hin bin i Fourier ri rc vi cc
dy c chiu di khc xa nhau, mt dy trong php DFT qu di s dn n vt qu dung lng
ca b nh thi gian tnh ton qu ln khng cho php, c c mu u tin ca kt qu ta
phi i kt thc tt c qu trnh tnh ton. Khi gp vn trn ta phi chia tnh ton ra thnh
nhiu giai on.
Gi s chng ta xt mt h thng vi u vo x(n) c chiu di N, p ng xung h(n) c
chiu di M, ta thy rng trn thc t N >> M. Khi thc hin php chp tuyn tnh xc nh u
ra y(n) ca h thng y(n)=x(n)*h(n) thng qua DFT ta phi thc hin cc bc sau theo phng
php Stockham:
- Chia u vo x(n) ra thnh nhiu dy con:
x(n) N = x (n) N1
(4.15)
x ( n ) iN1 n (i + 1) N1 1
xi ( n ) N =
1
0
n
(4.16)
vi
- Thc hin chp tng dy con vi nhau
yi (n) N1 + M 1 = h(n) M * xi ( n ) N
(4.17)
Php chp ny c thc hin thng qua php chp vng nh DFT. y, chiu di thc
hin DFT l N1+M-1.
- Sau chng ta t hp cc kt qu thnh phn:
y (n) = yi (n) N1 + M 1
(4.18)
Ta phi chn gi tr ca N1 ti u so vi M c chiu di thc hin DFT theo c s 2

(2 ). Vic chn ny c tng kt bng HELMS nh sau:
Bng 4.3 Bng HELM chn chiu di thc hin DFT

Chiu di ca h(n)
Chiu di ca DFT
N1 + M -1
10
32
11-17
64
18-29
128
30-52
256
53-94
512
95-171
1024
113
172-310
2048
311-575
4096
576-1050
8192
1051-2000
16.384
2001-3800
32.768
3801-7400
65.536
7401-1480
131.072
Trong chng ny, chng ta lm quen vi php bin i Fourier ri rc DFT, y l mt
trong nhng ni dung quan trong ca x l tn hiu s v n l nn tng cho cc thut ton tnh
ton nhanh nh bin i Fourier nhanh FFT gip cho tc tnh ton ca cc chp DSP ci thin
ng k.
Cc kin thc trong chng ny cn lu bao gm:
1. Cp bin i Fourier ri rc i vi dy tun hon c chu k N.
Bin i DFT
N 1
X ( k ) = x ( n ) .e
2
kn
N
n =0
k =
2
k
N
Bin i ngc IDFT
x (n) =
1
N
N 1
X ( k ) .e
2
kn
N
k =0
Lu :
- X ( k ) cng tun hon vi chu k N.

- c im ni bt ca DFT l bin i xui v ngc tng ng nh nhau, ch khc
nhau v h s 1/N v du s m, hay ni cch khc bin i xui v ngc l cng thut ton.
2. Cp bin i Fourier ri rc i vi dy c chiu di hu hn N.
i vi cc dy c chiu di hu hn N ( k hiu l x(n)N) , bin i c DFT ngi

coi n l 1 chu k ca 1 dy tun hon, do vy thc hin c bin i DFT v sau ly kt qu
trong mt chu k. C th bin i DFT i vi dy c chu k N c nh ngha nh sau:
Bin i DFT
114
N 1
kn
x ( n ) WN
X ( k ) = n=0
0
0 k N 1
k
Bin i IDFT
x (n) = N
0
N 1
X ( k )W
k =0
kn
N
0 n N 1
n
3. Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ri rc DFT
Trong phn ny chng ta nn lu phn bit mt s khi nim:

Cc k hiu:
- x(n)N: tn hiu x(n) c chiu di hu hn N.

- x ( n ) N : tn hiu tun hon c chu k N.
- Phn bit r x(n)N x(n).
Cc tnh cht:
Phn bit r cc khi nim tr tuyn tnh, tr tun hon, tr vng c bit l phn bit 3 khi
nim:
- Php chp tuyn tnh x1(n)*x2(n)
- Php chp tun hon x1 ( n ) N () N x2 ( n ) N
- Php chp vng x1(n)N (*)N x2(n)N
T y ta thy, kt qu ca php chp tuyn tnh gia hai tn hiu c chiu di hu hn
x1(n) c chiu di N1, x2(n) c chiu di N2 hc trong chng 1 c th tnh c thng qua bin
i DFT nu chiu di thc hin DFT N N1 + N2-1. Nh vy vic thc hin php chp s d
dng hn v bin i DFT v IDFT c thc hin cng mt thut ton.
4. Thc hin php chp nhanh
Chng ta lu rng, trn thc t cc dy tn hiu u vo bao gi cng c chiu di ln hn

nhiu so vi chiu di ca p ng xung h(n) cho nn tnh ton xc nh u ra ca h thng
vi hiu nng tnh ton cao ta c th chia tn hiu vo x(n) thnh cc dy con xi(n) c chiu di
ph hp vi p ng xung ca h thng.
x(n) = x i (n)
i
Tip theo, ta thc hin php chp xi(n)*h(n) thng qua bin i DFT thu c kt qu yi(n),
y, thng thng ta chn chiu di thc hin DFT c dng c s 2, 2 tnh ton nhanh. Sau
, u ra ca h thng y(n) s l hp ca cc yi(n)
y(n) = yi (n)
i
115
Nhn chung, cc kin thc ca chng ny s lm nn tng quan trng cho cc thut ton
bin i Fourier nhanh FFT s c trnh by trong chng 7.
Bi 4.1
Cho dy tun hon x ( n )
0n5
6 n 11
1
x (n) =
0
chu k N = 12.
Hy xc nh X ( k ) .
Bi 4.2
Cho dy tun hon chu k 4 nh sau:
x ( n )4
1
2
=
4
3
n=0
n =1
n=2
n=4
x ( n )4
4
3
=
2
1
n=0
n =1
hy xc nh X ( k )
n=2
n=4
hy xc nh X ( k )
Bi 4.3
Cho:
Bi 4.4
Cho tn hiu c chiu di hu hn:
1
x (n) =
0
0 n L 1
n
Hy tnh bin i DFT ca dy x(n) c chiu di N vi N L

Bi 4.5
Hy chng minh:
N 1 j 2 n.r
N
e
n =0
N
=
0
r = l.N
n
l: nguyn
Bi 4.6
116
Cho hai dy
x1(n)4 = (n 1)
n
1
x(n) 4 = 4
0
0n4
n
Hy xc nh php chp vng ca 2 dy trn

Bi 4.7
Bin i DFT ca mt tn hiu tun hon chu k N x ( n ) N s l:
1
N
a) X ( k ) =
N 1
x ( n ) .e
2
kn
N
N 1
b) X ( k ) = x ( n ) .e
n=0
N 1
c) X ( k ) = x ( n ) .e
2
kn
N
n =0
2
kn
N
1
N
d) X ( k ) =
n=0
N 1
x ( n ) .e
2
kn
N
n=0
Bi 4.8
Bin i ngc IDFT ca mt tn hiu X ( k ) chu k N s l:
1
a) x ( n ) =
N
N 1
X ( k ) .e
2
kn
N
N 1
b) x ( n ) = X ( k ) .e
k =0
N 1
c) x ( n ) = X ( k ) .e
2
kn
N
k =0
2
kn
N
d) x ( n ) =
k =0
1
N
N 1
X ( k ) .e
2
kn
N
k =0
Bi 4.9
Cp bin i xui, ngc DFT i vi dy c chiu di x(n)N s l:
1 N 1
kn
x ( n ) WN
a) X ( k ) = N n =0
0
N 1
kn
x ( n ) WN
b) X ( k ) = n =0
0
N 1
X ( k )W
k =0
kn
N
k
0 k N 1
1 N 1
kn
x ( n ) WN
c) X ( k ) = N n =0
0
x (n) = N
0
0 k N 1
0 k N 1
k
0 n N 1
n
117
1 N 1
kn
0 n N 1
X ( k )WN
x ( n ) = N k =0
0
n
x (n) = N
0
N 1
X ( k )W
k =0
kn
N
0 n N 1
n
d)
N 1
kn
x ( n ) WN
X ( k ) = n=0
0
N 1
kn
X ( k ) WN
x ( n ) = k =0
0
0 k N 1
0 n N 1
n
Bi 4.10
Ta c th tnh php chp tuyn tnh hai dy x1(n) v x2(n) c chiu di L[x1(n)]=N1 v
L[x2(n)]=N2 thng qua bin i DFT nu ta chn chiu di thc hin bin i DFT l:
a) N N1 + N2 -1
b) N N1 + N2 -1
c) N<N1 + N2 -1
d) N > N1 + N2 -1
118
Chng 5: Tng hp b lc s c p ng xung c chiu di hu hn FIR
CHNG V: TNG HP B LC S C P NG XUNG

C CHIU DI HU HN FIR.
GII THIU
Lc s l mt trong nhng k thut ph bin ca x l tn hiu s. Cng vi s pht trin
rc r ca cng ngh vi mch in t s lm tng hiu qu ca cc b lc s, cc h thng s,
gip ti u c cc tham s ca b lc. Ta hy xem xt khi nim ca v lc s v b lc s:
- nh ngha B lc s:
Mt h thng dng lm bin dng s phn b tn s ca cc thnh phn ca mt tn hiu
theo cc ch tiu cho c gi l b lc s.
- Khi nim v lc s:
Cc thao tc ca x l dng bin dng s phn b tn s ca cc thnh phn ca mt tn
hiu theo cc ch tiu cho nh mt h thng s c gi l s lc s.
Nh chng ta xt chng 3, cc b lc s l tng c p ng xung h(n) c chiu di
v hn v khng nhn qu tc l cc b lc s l tng l cc h thng khng nhn qu cho nn
n khng th thc hin c trong thc t. Trong chng ny chng ta s xt cc phng php
tng hp b lc s c p ng xung c chiu di hu hn FIR (Finite Impulse Response) vi mc
ch l da trn cc b lc s l tng xt chng 3 xy dng cc b lc s thc t c p
ng xung l nhn qu v c chiu di hu hn, y ta gii hn cc b lc ny c pha tuyn tnh.
Ni dung chnh ca chng cp n cc vn :
+ c im B lc s FIR pha tuyn tnh.
+ Tng hp b lc s FIR pha tuyn tnh theo phng php ca s.
NI DUNG
5.1. C IM CA B LC S FIR PHA TUYN TNH
Ta c khi b lc s FIR c p ng xung c chiu di hu hn ngha l:
L h ( n ) = [ 0, N 1] = N
(5.1)
Nu biu din trong min z ta c hm truyn t ca b lc s pha tuyn tnh theo nh

ngha bin i z s c dng:
N 1
H ( z ) = h ( n ) z n
n=0
Nu biu din trong min tn s theo bin i Fourier ta c p ng tn s:

119
(5.2)
( )
N 1
H e j = h ( n ) e j
(5.3)
n =0
( ) theo ln v pha ta
Mt khc trong min tn s khi biu din p ng tn s H e j

c:
( )
( )
H e j = A e j e
j ( )
(5.4)
Do pha ( ) tuyn tnh nn ta gi s pha c dng theo phng trnh tuyn tnh nh sau
( ) =
(5.5)
By gi chng ta s i tng hp b lc s FIR pha tuyn tnh c ngha l xc nh p ng
( )
bin tn s H e j
( )
ca b lc s v xt xem vi p ng bin tn s H e j
tm c
c tha mn cc ch tiu k thut b lc s t ra hay khng. Cn nhc li l cc ch tiu k thut

ca b lc s thc t c ra trong chng 3 vi 4 tham s chnh
+ gn sng di thng 1
+ gn sng di thng 2
i vi b lc s FIR pha tuyn tnh, cn c vo dng pha cho (5.5) ta s nghin cu

hai trng hp:
1. Trng hp 1. = 0
( ) =
2.Trng hp 2. 0
( ) =
Trng hp 1: = 0
( ) =
Ta c theo (5.3):
( )
N 1
N 1
n =0
n =0
H e j = h ( n ) e j = h ( n ) (cos +jsin )
N 1
N 1
n =0
n=0
= h ( n ) cos + j h ( n ) sin
(5.6)
Mt khc theo s biu din (5.4) v thay ( ) = ta c:
( )
( )
( )
= A ( e ) cos jA ( e ) sin
H e j = A e j e j ( ) = A e j (cos j sin )
j
(5.7)
ng nht (5.6) v (5.7) ta thy y l 2 s phc, mun bng nhau th phn thc phi bng
phn thc v phn o phi bng phn o:
120
N 1
h ( n ) cos = A ( e ) cos
j
n =0
N 1
(5.8)
h ( n ) sin =A ( e ) sin
j
n =0
( ) ri p dng cc bin i lng gic rt
T (5.8) ta chia hai biu thc cho nhau kh A e j

ra c kt lun:
Trong trng hp b lc s FIR pha tuyn tnh c pha dng ( ) = , b lc s c

quan h sau:
N 1
2
h( n) = h( N 1 n )
- y =
(5.9)
(0 n N 1)
N 1
c gi l tm i xng ca b lc FIR.
2
- Khi ( ) = v N l, ta c b lc s FIR loi I, h(n) i xng.

- Khi ( ) = v N chn, ta c b lc s FIR loi II, h(n) i xng.
( ) =
Trng hp 2. 0
Tin hnh phn tch tng t nh trng hp 1 ta rt ra c kt lun:

Trong trng hp b lc s FIR pha tuyn tnh c pha dng ( ) = , b lc s
c quan h sau:
N 1
2
2
h( n) = h( N 1 n)
- y =
(5.10)
(0 n N 1)
N 1
c gi l tm phn i xng ca b lc FIR..
2
- Khi ( ) = v N l, ta c b lc s FIR loi III, h(n) phn i xng

- Khi ( ) = v N chn, ta c b lc s FIR loi IV, h(n) phn i xng.
Cc khi nim v tm i xng, tm phn i xng, chiu di b lc s FIR N chn hay l
s hnh thnh nn cc c im ca b lc s. Cn c vo cc c im ca b lc, chng ta s i
tng hp cc b lc s FIR. Thng thng c 3 phng php chnh nh sau:
- Phng php ca s: Dng cc ca s hn ch chiu di p ng xung ca b lc s
l tng v a v nhn qu.
121
- Phng php mu tn s: Trong vng trn tn s ly cc im khc nhau tng hp b

lc.
- Phng php lp ti u (phng php ti u - MINIMAX): phng php gn ng
Tchebyshef, tm sai s cc i Emax ca b lc thit k vi b lc l tng, ri lm cc tiu ho i
sai s ny: min|Emax|. Cc bc cc tiu s c my tnh lp i lp li.
Trong chng 5 ny, chng ta ch yu s cp n phng php ca s tng hp b
lc s FIR pha tuyn tnh v y l mt trong nhng phng php hiu qu v c c ng dng
nhiu hin nay.
5.2. TNG HP B LC S FIR THEO PHNG PHP CA S.

Phng php ca s l mt phng php n gin nht. Mc tiu chnh ca phng php
ny l dng cc hm ca s cho sn tng hp b lc s FIR sao cho thc hin c v mt vt
l, ngha l cc p ng xung phi c chiu di hu hn v nhn qu.. Cc th tc thit k b lc
s FIR c thc hin qua cc bc sau:
- a ra ch tiu k thut 1 , 2 , p , s trong min tn s .
- Chn loi ca s v chiu di ca s N, ngha l xc nh w ( n ) N .
- Chn loi b lc s l tng( thng thp, thng cao, thng di, chn di) tc l chn h(n).
- hn ch chiu di th nhn ca s vi h(n): w ( n ) N .h ( n ) = hd ( n )
Chiu di L w ( n ) N = N , L h ( n ) = , nn L hd ( n ) = N .
Sau bc ny tm c hd ( n ) tc l h s ca b lc s thc t, nhng h s ny c p
ng c cc ch tiu k thut t ra hay khng th phi th li.
- Th li xem c tha mn 1 , 2 , p , s hay khng bng cch chuyn sang min tn s
( )
( )
H d e j = W e j
( )
H e j =
1
2
W ( e ) H ( e )
j
(5.11)
Nu khng tho mn ta s tng chiu di N ca ca s.

Lu :
- Trong min tn s , ca s v b lc phi c pha trng nhau, tm i xng ca ca s
v b lc cng phi trng nhau.
- Khi dng ca s thao tc vo b lc s l tng, do vy p ng xung h(n) b ct bt
( ) va thit k s c hin
chiu di cho nn min tn s , p ng ca b lc s FIR H e j
tng gn sng tc l hin tng Gibbs, lm cho cht lng ca b lc b nh hng

Sau y chng ta s nghin cu cc loi ca s v cc bc thit k.
5.2.1. Phng php ca s ch nht
Ca s ch nht l ca s n gin nht.
122
nh ngha: Trong min n, ca s ch nht c nh ngha nh sau:
0 n N 1
n
1
wR ( n ) N =
0
(5.12)
Nhn xt: wR ( n ) N = rect N ( n )

Xt ca s ch nht trong min tn s ta c:
( )
WR e j
N 1
= FT wR ( n )7 = e jn
n=0
=e
N 1
j
1 e j N e
=
=
1 e j
V c dng
0
nn ta bin i tip: AR e j
0
( )
N
2
(e
(e
N
N
sin
sin
N
2
2

N
N
2
2 =N
2
=
sin
sin
2
2
2
2
2
( )
Hnh 5.1 Biu din AR e j

C hai tham s nh gi ca s l:
- B rng nh trung tm .
- T s gia bin nh th cp th nht trn bin nh trung tm:

123
N
2
(5.13)
( )
N
2
( )
AR e j
-s
N
2 = e j R ( ) A e j
R
sin
sin
= 20 lg
( )
W (e )
W e js
j0
Hai ch tiu nh gi cht lng ca ca s.

i vi ca s ch nht ta c:
R =
- B rng nh trung tm
4
N
R = 20 lg
( )
(dB ) 13dB .
W (e )
WR e js
j0
Cc thng s c minh ho trn hnh v 5.1.

Lu :
- Cht lng ca ca s s c nh gi l tt nu 2 tham s b rng nh trung tm v
t s bin nh th cp th nht trn nh trung tm cng nh.
- B rng nh trung tm nh th di qu gia di thng v di chn ca b lc s
nh, ngha l tn s p v s gn nhau.
- T s bin nh th cp th nht trn nh trung tm nh dn n gn sng 1 , 2
nh.
- Nhng y l 2 tham s nghch nhau, b rng nh trung tm mun nh th t s s ln
v ngc li. Do vy tu tng iu kin bi ton chng ta s a ra cc tiu chun k thut ring
chn loi ca s.
nh gi ca s c tnh n thng s chiu di N ca ca s th ngi ta cn dng tham
s sau:
( ) = 20 lg
G e
( )
W (e )
W e j
j0
( dB )
V d v tham s ny s c th hin trong hnh 5.5

V d 5.1 V ca s ch nht vi N = 7
1 0 n 6
n
0
Gii: Ta c wR ( n )7 =
124
WR ( n)7
( )
Hnh 5.2 Ca s ch nht vi N=7

V d 5.2
Hy thit k b lc s thng thp FIR pha tuyn tnh dng phng php ca s ch nht:
c =
;N = 7.
Gii: Trong chng 3, ta xc nh p ng xung h(n) ca b lc thng thp l tng pha

sin c n
(tm i xng: n = 0)
0 ( ) = 0 nh sau: hLP ( n ) = c
c n
Nhng trong v d ny ta c pha tuyn tnh ( ) =
h(n) sang phi
N 1
, do vy ta phi dch chuyn
2
N 1
mu:
2
N 1
sin c n
c
2
hLP ( n ) =
N 1
c n
Thay c =
; N = 7 ta c:
hLP ( n ) =
(tm i xng ti n =
N 1
)
2
( n 3)
1
2
2 n3
( )
2
sin
Sau ta thc hin nhn h(n) vi ca s ch nht N=7 nh hnh 5.2 tm hd(n)
125
1
5
1
3
hd ( n) = WR ( n)7 .h ( n)
1/2
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
3
1
3
Hnh 5.3 Xc nh wR ( n ) N .h ( n ) = hd ( n ) vi N=7

hd(n) i xng ti tm i xng n = 3 nn ta c cc gi tr sau:
hd ( 0 ) =
1
= hd ( 6 )
3
hd (1) = 0 = hd ( 5 )
hd ( 2 ) =
hd ( 3) =
= hd ( 4 )
1
2
Hm truyn t ca b lc:
6
H d ( z ) = hd ( n ) z n =
n =0
Hay y ( n ) =
1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 6
+ z + z + z
z
3
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
x ( n ) + x ( n 2 ) + x ( n 3) + x ( n 4 )
x ( n 6)
3
2
3
Kt qu c s b lc FIR nh sau:
126
1
3
Z 1
Z 1
Z 1
1
2
Z 1
Z 1
Z 1
1
3
Hnh 5.4 S b lc FIR thng thp vi N=7 trong v d 5.2
( ) = 20 lg
Sau y chng ta s xem xt th biu din G e

ch nht vi cc chiu di N khc nhau:
127
W ( e j )
W (e
j0
N
N
(dB ) ca ca s
( )
Hnh 5.5 th GR e j vi a)N=31; b)N=61, c) N=101

Nhn xt: Khi chiu di ca s N tng ln th tham s t s gia bin nh th cp th
nht trn bin nh trung tm l khng i u bng -13db, ch c cc bp l hp i tc l
b rng nh trung tm s nh i khi ta tng chiu di N ca ca s, iu ny dn n cht lng
ca ca s s tng ln.
128
5.2.2. Phng php ca s Bartlett (tam gic)

nh ngha: Trong min n, ca s Bartlett c nh ngha nh sau:
wT ( n ) N
2n
N 1
2n
= 2
N 1
0n
N 1
2
N 1
n N 1
2
n
(5.13)
V d 5.3
Hy v ca s Bartlelt vi N = 7
wT ( n ) N
n
3
n
= 2
3
0
0n3
3 n 6
n
WT ( n)7
N 1
2
Hnh 5.6 Ca s tam gic vi N=7

Lu :
- i vi ca s tam gic thit k ging ca s ch nht nhng dng hm khc nhau.
+ min n:
hd ( n ) = wT ( n ) N h ( n )
+ min :
H d e j = WT e j * H e j
( )
( )
- Cc tham s ca ca s tam gic:

+ T =
8
N
+ T 26dB
129
( )
Khi dng ca s tam gic hin tng Gibbs gim rt nhiu so vi dng ca s ch nht v
T < R , nhng di qu li ln hn ca s ch nht T > R
V d 5.4
Hy thit k b lc thng cao FIR pha tuyn tnh dng phng php ca s Bartlett vi
c =
;N = 7.
Gii:
Ta xt b lc thng cao pha 0 ( ) = 0 : (pha khng, tm i xng nm ti im 0)
c sin c n
c n
hHP ( n ) = ( n )
Theo u bi b lc cn thit k c pha: ( ) =
N 1
vy ta dch chuyn hHP(n) nh
2
sau:
N 1
sin c n
N 1 c
2
hHP ( n ) = n
N 1
2
c n
hHP ( n ) = ( n 3)
Thay N=7 c =
ta c:
( n 3)
1
2
2 n3
( )
2
sin
Nhn hHP ( n ) vi ca s tam gic v wT(n)7 trong hnh 5.6 ta c hd(n) cn tm
hHP ( n )
1
3
130
hd ( n )
2
3
Hnh 5.7 Xc nh wT ( n ) N .h ( n ) = hd ( n ) vi N=7

Cui cng tng t nh v d 5.2 ta c s b lc thng cao cn thit k nh sau
Z 1
Z 1
1
2
Z 1
Z 1
2
3
2
3
Hnh 5.8 S b lc FIR thng cao vi N=7 trong v d 5.4

5.2.3. Ca s Hanning v Hamming
nh ngha: Trong min n, ca s Hanning v Hamming c nh ngha nh sau:
wH ( n ) N
n
(1 ) cos
=
N 1
0
0 n N 1
(5.14)
Phn loi khc nhau theo h s ta c:
= 0,5 : ca s Hanning
wHan ( n ) N
n
0,5 0,5cos
=
N 1
0
131
0 n N 1
n
(5.15)
= 0,54 : ca s Hamming
wHam ( n ) N
n
0,54 0, 46 cos
=
N 1
0
0 n N 1
(5.16)
Ta c cc tham s ca b lc Hanning:
+ Han =
8
N
+ Han 32dB
Cc tham s ca b lc Hamming:
+ Ham =
8
N
+ Ham 43dB
8
, T > Han > Ham vy trong 3 ca s b
N
rng nh trung tm l nh nhau nhng bin ca gn sng di thng v di chn s nh nht
khi thit k bng ca s Hamming.
Nh vy, ta thy: T = Han = Ham =
5.2.4. Phng php ca s Blackman

nh ngha: Trong min n, ca s Blackman c nh ngha nh sau:
wB ( n ) N
Vi iu kin:
N 1
2
m =0
N21
2
m
= ( 1) am cos N 1 mn
m =0
=1
Cc tham s ca ca s:
+ B =
12
N
+ B 57 dB
V d 5.5
Hy tm ca s Blackman trong cc trng hp sau y:
1, a0 = 0,5; a1 = 0,5; am = 0
2, a0 = 0,54; a1 = 0, 46; am = 0; m 0,1
132
0 n N 1
n
(5.17)
3, a0 = 0, 42; a1 = 0,5; a3 = 0, 08; am = 0; m 0,1,2

Gii:
1. Vi cc h s trn y chnh l ca s Hanning wHan ( n ) N
2. Vi cc h s trn y chnh l ca s Hamming wHam ( n ) N
3. Ta c y l b tham s thng dng nht ca ca s Blackman
2
4
n + 0, 08cos
n
0, 42 0,5cos
wB =
N 1
N 1
0
0 n N 1
n
5.2.5. Phng php ca s Kaiser

nh ngha: Trong min n ca s Kaiser c nh ngha nh sau:
wK ( n ) N
2

I 0 n 1 . 1 2n 1
2
N 1

=
n 1
I0
0 n N 1
(5.18)
I 0 ( x ) l hm Besell bin dng loi 1 bc 0
1 x k
I0 ( x ) = 1 +
k =1
k ! 2
Trong nh ngha (5.18), tham s c trng cho vic trao i nng lng gia nh trung
tm v cc nh th cp, t hiu qu cao khi thit k, ngi ta thng chn: 4 9
Trong ca s Kaiser ta c th thay i tham s thay i t l gia K v K
Trong chng 5, chng ta nghin cu cch tng hp b lc s c p ng xung c chiu
di hu hn FIR, cc c im ca b lc s FIR v tp trung nghin cu k v phng php ca
s. Cc vn cn lu trong chng 5 bao gm:
1 c im b lc s FIR
Ta ch xt b lc s pha tuyn tnh, cho nn cc b lc s FIR c chia ra lm 4 loi:
- Khi ( ) = v N l, ta c b lc s FIR loi I, h(n) i xng.
- Khi ( ) = v N chn, ta c b lc s FIR loi II, h(n) i xng.
133

- Khi ( ) = v N l, ta c b lc s FIR loi III, h(n) phn i xng
- Khi ( ) = v N chn, ta c b lc s FIR loi IV, h(n) phn i xng.
B lc FIR loi I, loi II ta c:
- Tm i xng ca p ng xung h(n) ti : =
N 1
2
- h(n) = h(N-n-1)
B lc FIR loi I, loi II ta c:
- Tm phn i xng ca p ng xung h(n) ti : =
N 1
2
- h(n) = -h(N-n-1)
2. Phng php ca s
Ni dung ca phng php ny l dng ca s bin p ng xung h(n) ca b lc s l
tng thnh nhn qu v c chiu di hu hn.
Khi tng hp b lc s ta phi lu cc tham s:
- B rng nh trung tm .
= 20 lg
( )
W (e )
W e js
j0
y l hai ch tiu nh gi cht lng ca ca s.

Sau y ta phi lu bng tng kt cc tham s v cc hm ca s:
Cc tham s quan trng ca mt s hm ca s
Loi ca s
B rng nh trung tm .
T s (dB)
Ch nht
4 N
-13
Tam gic (Bartlett)
8 N
-27
Hanning
8 N
-32
Hamming
8 N
-43
Blackman
12 N
-58
134
Mt s hm ca s tng hp b lc FIR
Tn ca s
Hm trong min n vi 0 n N 1
Bartlett (Tam gic)
N 1
2 n
1
N 1
Hamming
0.54 0.46 cos
1
2 n
1 cos
2
N 1
Hanning
Blackman
Kaiser
2 n
N 1
0.42 0.5cos
2 n
4 n
+ 0, 08cos
N 1
N 1
2
2
N 1
N 1
I 0
n

2
2
N 1
I 0
Bi 5.1
Cho b lc FIR loi 1 vi N=7 c p ng xung h(n) c xc nh h(0)=1, h(1)=2, h(2)=3,
h(3)= 4.
Tm v p ng xung h(n)
Bi 5.2
Cho b lc FIR loi 2 vi N=6 c p ng xung h(n) c xc nh h(0)=1, h(1)=2, h(2)=3.
Tm v p ng xung h(n).
Bi 5.3
Bi 5.4
Bi 5.5
135
Hy thit k b lc s FIR thng cao pha tuyn tnh, dng ca s Barlett vi N = 9,
c =
Bi 5.6
Hy thit k b lc s FIR thng cao pha tuyn tnh, dng ca s ch nht vi N = 9,
c =
Bi 5.7
Hy thit k b lc s FIR thng di pha tuyn tnh, dng ca s ch nht vi N = 9,
c1 =
, c 2 =
Bi 5.8
Hy thit k b lc s FIR chn di pha tuyn tnh, dng ca s tam gic Barlett vi N = 9,
c1 =
, c 2 =
Bi 5.9
Cht lng ca s s tt khi no:
a) B rng nh trung tm hp v t s gia bin nh th cp th nht trn bin
nh trung tm: = 20 lg
( )
W (e )
W e js
j0
phi nh.
b) B rng nh trung tm ln v t s gia bin nh th cp th nht trn bin

( )
W (e )
W e js
j0
phi nh.
c) B rng nh trung tm ln v t s gia bin nh th cp th nht trn bin

( )
W (e )
W e js
j0
ln.
d) B rng nh trung tm hp v t s gia bin nh th cp th nht trn bin

( )
W (e )
W e js
j0
ln.
Bi 5.10
Ca s Hanning c cht lng km hn ca s Hamming v:
a) B rng nh trung tm ca ca s Hanning ln hn ca s Hamming
136
b) B rng nh trung tm ca ca s Hanning nh hn ca s Hamming

c) T s gia bin nh th cp th nht trn bin nh trung tm ca ca s Hanning
ln hn ca s Hamming.
d) T s gia bin nh th cp th nht trn bin nh trung tm ca ca s Hanning
nh hn ca s Hamming.
Bi 5.11
Ca s Blackman c gn sng thp nht so vi cc ca s Hanning, Hamming, tam gic
v ch nht v:
a) B rng nh trung tm ca ca s Blackman nh nht.
b) B rng nh trung tm ca ca s Blackman ln nht.
c) T s gia bin nh th cp th nht trn bin nh trung tm ca ca s
Blackman ln nht.
d) T s gia bin nh th cp th nht trn bin nh trung tm ca ca s
Blackman nh nht.
Bi 5.12
Khi thit k b lc s FIR pha tuyn tnh thc cht l chng ta xc nh:
a) Cc h s ca b lc
b) Loi cu trc b lc
c) Chiu di ca b lc
d) c tnh pha ca b lc
Bi 5.13
Khi thit k b lc FIR bng phng php ca s, nu b lc cha p ng c cc ch
tiu k thut th ta phi:
a) Thay i loi ca s
b) Tng chiu di ca ca s
c) Dng c phng php a) v b)
d) Thay cu trc b lc
Bi 5.14
Khi thit k, nu ta tng chiu di N ca ca s, ta thy:
a) gn sng c di thng v di chn tng theo.
b) gn sng c di thng v di chn gim i.
c) Tn s gii hn di thng p v tn s gii hn chn s gn nhau hn.
d) Tn s gii hn di thng p v tn s gii hn chn s xa nhau hn.
137
Chng 6: Thit k b lc c p ng xung c chiu di v hn IIR
CHNG VI: THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG

C CHIU DI V HN IIR.
GII THIU
Cng ging nh b lc FIR, ngi ta thng dng mt s phng php tng hp b lc IIR
c p ng xung c chiu di v hn (IIR: Infinite Impulse Response). Phng php s c trnh
by chng ny l bin i t b lc tng t sang b lc s theo cc php nh x. Vic tng
hp b lc tng t coi nh bit trong cc kin thc v C s k thut in - in t, khi tng
hp b lc s IIR ta s bt u vic tng hp b lc trong min tng t tc l xc nh hm
truyn t H a ( s ) v sau bin i sang min s.
C 3 phng php chnh chuyn t b lc tng t sang b lc s tng ng
- Phng php bt bin xung
- Phng php bin i song tuyn
- Phng php tng ng vi phn
Vi iu kin tng hp c H a ( s )
tm c hm truyn t tng t H a ( s ) , ngi ta c 3 phng php tng hp l:
- Butterworth
- Chebyshev
- Elip hay Cauer
Sau y chng ta s ln lt nghin cu cc ni dung chnh trn.
NI DUNG
6.1. C S TNG HP B LC S IIR
Ta c th m t b lc tng t bng hm h thng ca n:
M
H a (s ) =
ks
B( s) k = 0
=
N
A( s )
k =0
138
(6.1)
ks

y { k } v { k } l cc h s lc, hoc bng p ng xung lin quan vi H a (s ) thng
qua bin i Laplace:
H a (s ) =
h(t )e st dt
(6.2)
B lc tng t c hm h thng hu t H a ( s ) cng c th c m t bng phng trnh

vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng:
d k y(t) M d r x(t)
k
= r
dt k
dt r
k =0
r =0
N
(6.3)
y x(t ) l tn hiu vo v y (t ) tn hiu ra ca b lc.

Mt trong ba c trng tng ng ca b lc tng t s to ra phng php bin i b
lc sang min s khc nhau nh s c xt di y. Ta bit rng, h thng tuyn tnh bt bin
tng t vi hm h thng H a ( s ) l n nh, nu tt c cc im cc phn b ton b bn tri
ca mt phng s (s: l bin s phc, s = + j ). Do , nu php bin i l c kt qu, n s c
cc tnh cht sau:
1. Trc j trong mt phng s s nh x ln ng trn n v trong mt phng z. Nh vy
s c quan h trc tip gia hai bin tn s trong hai min.
2. Na tri ca mt phng s s nh x vo pha trong ng trn n v thuc mt phng z.
Nh vy mt b lc tng t n nh s c bin i thnh b lc s n nh.
Ta lu rng th hin vt l b lc IIR n nh khng th c pha tuyn tnh v nu hm h
thng ca b lc pha tuyn tnh phi tho mn iu kin sau:
( )
H ( z ) = z N H z 1
(6.4)
y z N biu din tr N n v thi gian, b lc s c im cc nh x gng ngoi

ng trn n v ng vi mi im cc trong ng trn ny. V th b lc s l khng n nh.
Do , mt b lc IIR nhn qu v n nh khng th c pha tuyn tnh.
c im ca b lc IIR l chiu di p ng xung L h ( n ) =
6.2. PHNG PHP BT BIN XUNG

Trong phng php bt bin xung, mc ch ca ta l tng hp b lc IIR c p ng xung
n v h(n ) l phin bn c ly mu ca p ng xung b lc tng t. Ngha l
h(n ) h(nT )
n = 0, 1, 2,
(6.5)
y T l khong ly mu.
c biu din trong phm vi ca vic ly mu p ng xung mt b lc tng t vi p
ng tn s H a (F ) , b lc s vi p ng xung n v h(n ) ha (nT ) c p ng tn s
139
H ( f ) = Fs
H [( f k )F ]
a
(6.6)
k =
hoc
1
H (T ) =
T
H a (
k =
2k
)
T
(6.7)
H ( e j ) s c c tuyn p ng tn s ca b lc
R rng, b lc s vi p ng tn s
tng t tng ng nu khong ly mu (hin tng alias). T c chn nh trnh hon

ton hoc ti thiu ho nh hng ca ln mu. iu r rng l phng php bt bin xung khng
ph hp i vi b lc thng cao v s ln ph khi x l ly mu.
Mun tm hiu s nh x gia mt phng z v mt phng s c biu th bi qu trnh ly
mu, ta da vo cng thc tng qut ho (6.7) c mi lin h gia bin i z ca h(n ) v bin
i Laplace ca ha (t ) . Mi quan h ny l:
H ( z ) z = e st
1
=
T
2k
Has j
(6.8)
k =
H (z ) =
h( n ) z n
(6.9)
n=0
H ( z ) z =e st =
h(n)e sTn
n 0
Ch rng, khi s = j , (6.8) tr thnh (6.7), y tha s j trong H a ( ) b b i

trong k hiu ca ta.
c tnh chung ca nh x
z = e sT
(6.10)
c th t c bng cch thay s = + j v biu din bin phc z theo to cc
z = re j . Vi s thay th ny (6.10) tr thnh:

re j = eT e jT
r = e T
= T
R rng, ta phi c:
140
(6.11)
Do , < 0 ni ln rng 0 < r < 1 v > 0 ni ln rng r > 1 . Khi = 0 , ta c r = 1 .

Nh vy na tri mt phng s c nh x vo trong ng trn n v thuc z v na phi mt
phng s c nh x thnh cc im ngoi ng trn n v thuc z. y l mt trong cc tnh
cht c li ca nh x ang xt.
Nh ch trn, trc j cng c nh x ln ng trn n v trong z . Tuy nhin, s
nh x ny l khng mt-mt. V l duy nht trn khong ( , ) , nn s nh x = T
hm rng khong T T nh x ln cc gi tr tng ng ca . Ngoi
ra, khong tn s T 3 T cng nh x vo khong v ni chung, khong
(2k 1)
T (2k + 1) T u th, khi k l s nguyn. Nh vy vic nh x t tn s tng
t vo bin tn s trong min tn s l nhiu ln mt, n l s phn nh nh hng s

chng ph khi ly mu. Hnh 6.1 m t s nh x t mt phng s ln mt phng z.
j
Mt phng z
z=e
sT
Mt phng s
Vng trn n v
Hnh 6.1 S nh x z = e sT ca khong 2 T (vi < 0 ) trong mt phng s

ln cc im trong ng trn n v thuc mt phng z .
tm hiu tip nh hng ca phng php bt bin xung n c tuyn b lc thu c,

ta hy biu din hm h thng ca b lc tng t di dng phn thc ti gin. Vi gi thit rng
cc cc ca b lc tng t l phn bit, ta c th vit:
N
Ha ( s ) =
k =1
Ak
s s pk
(6.12)
{s } l cc cc ca b lc tng t v {A } l cc h s ca khai trin phn thc.

pk
Bi vy:
N
ha ( t ) = Ake
s pk t
k =1
Nu ly mu ha (t ) mt cch tun hon ti t = nT , ta c

141
t0
(6.13)
h ( n ) = h a ( nT )
N
= Ake
(6.14)
s pk Tn
k =1
Thay (6.14) vo, hm h thng b lc s IIR s l
H ( z ) = h(n)z n
n =0
=
n =0
A e
k =1
k =1
n =0
= Ak e
Tng pha trong ca (6.15) l hi t, v
s pk T
e z 1
n =0
s pk
s pk T
Tn z n
z 1
(6.15)
s pk < 0 v c
=
1
s T
1 e z 1
pk
(6.16)
Do , hm h thng b lc s l:
N
H(z) =
k =1
Ak
s T
1 e z 1
pk
(6.17)
Ta nhn thy rng b lc s c cc cc tr
zk = e
s pk T
k = 1, 2, , N
(6.18)
Vi hm h thng H ( z ) ny, b lc s IIR d c thc hin nh mt dy cc b lc n

cc song song.
V d 6.1: Cho mch in tng t nh sau:
Hy chuyn sang mch in s bng phng php bt bin xung ?

Gii:
Ha (s) =
1
ura
1
vi: ura = i
, uvo = i R +
s.C
s.C
uvo
142
1
1
1
s.C
=
= RC
Ha (s) =
1
1 ( s.RC + 1)
s+
R+
RC
s.C
im cc: s p1 =
1
1
; A1 =
RC
RC
Bin i:
H (z) =
1 e
1
s p1T
M = 0 b0 =
.z 1
1
RC
=
1 e
1
T
RC
. z 1
1
RC
N = 1 a1 = e
1
T
RC
Thay vo cng thc ta c:
H ( z) =
b0
;
1 + a1 z 1
hay y ( n ) = b0 x ( n ) + ( a1 ) y ( n 1) , ta c s sau:
6.3. PHNG PHP BIN I SONG TUYN

Trong mc ny ta s trnh by s nh x mt phng s vo mt phng z, c gi l bin i
song tuyn tnh. Bin i song tuyn tnh l php nh x bin i trc j thnh ng trn n
v trong mt phng z ch mt ln, nh vy trnh c s ln mu ca cc thnh phn tn s. Hn
na, tt c cc im trong na tri mt phng s, c nh x vo pha trong ng trn n v v
tt c cc im cc na phi mt s c nh x vo cc im tng ng ngoi ng trn n
v thuc mt phng z.
Bin i song tuyn tnh c th lin kt vi cng thc hnh thang ly tch phn bng s.
V d, ta hy xt b lc tng t tuyn tnh vi hm h thng:
H (s ) =
b
s+a
H thng ny cng c c trng bi phng trnh vi phn.

143
(6.19)
dy (t )
+ ay (t ) = bx(t )
dt
(6.20)
Trnh s thay th php o hm bng php sai phn hu hn, gi s rng ta tch phn o
hm v ly gn ng n bng cng thc hnh thang. Nh vy.
t
y (t ) =
y ' ( )d + y (t o )
(6.21)
to
y y' (t ) l k hiu ca o hm y(t ) . Vic ly gn ng tch phn (6.21) bng cng

thc hnh thang ti t = nT v t 0 = nT T cho:
y (nT ) =
T
[ y' (nT ) + y' (nT T )] + y(nT T )
2
(6.22)
nh gi phng trnh vi phn (6.20) ti t = nT s c:
y ' (nT ) = ay(nT ) + bx(nT )
(6.23)
Ta dng (6.23) thay cho o hm trong (8.2.40) v s c c phng trnh sai phn ca
h thng ri rc tng ng. Vi y (n ) y (nT ) v x(n ) x(nT ) , ta c kt qu:
bT
aT
aT
[ x( n) + x ( n 1)]
1 +
y ( n ) 1
y ( n 1) =
2
2
2
(6.24)
Bin i z ca phng trnh sai phn ny l:
bT
aT 1
aT
(1 + z 1 ) X ( z )
z y( z) =
1 +
y ( z ) 1
2
2
2
Do , hm h thng ca b lc s tng ng l:
H (z ) =
Y ( z)
(bT / 2)(1 + z 1 )
=
X ( z ) 1 + aT / 2 (1 aT / 2) z 1
hoc tng ng:
H (z ) =
b
2 1 z 1
+a
T 1 + z 1
(6.25)
R rng, nh x t mt phng s vo mt phng z l:
s=
2 1 z 1
T 1 + z 1
(6.26)
y c gi l bin i song tuyn tnh.
H ( z ) = H a ( s ) s = 2 1 z 1
T 1+ z 1
144
(6.27)
V d 6.2
Cho mch in tng t:
Hy chuyn mch in ny thnh mch s bng phng php bin i song tuyn?
Gii:
Ha (s) =
1
RCs + 1
H ( z) =
1
2 1 z 1
RC
+1
T 1 + z 1
)
T +T z
=
) + T (1 + z ) 2RC + T + (T 2 RC ) z
T 1 + z 1
2 RC 1 z 1
T T 1
+ z
A A
;
H (z) =
T 2 RC 1
1+
z
A
M = 1 b0 =
T
T
, b1 =
A
A
N = 1 a1 =
T 2 RC
A
A = 2 RC + T
V s
145
6.4. PHNG PHP TNG NG VI PHN

Mt trong nhng phng php n gin nht bin i b lc tng t sang b lc s l
ly gn ng phng trnh vi phn bng mt phng trnh sai phn tng ng. Php gn ng
ny thng c dng gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng nh my tnh.
vi o hm dy (t ) dt ti t = nT ta thay bng php sai phn li [ y (nT ) y (nT 1)] T .
Nh vy:
dy (t )
y (nT ) y (nT T )
=
dt t = nT
T
y (n) y (n 1)
=
T
(6.28)
y T l khong ly mu v y (n ) y (nT ) . B vi phn tng t vi tn hiu ra dy (t ) dt
c hm h thng H (s ) = s , trong khi h thng s to ra tn hiu ra [ y (n ) y (n 1)] T li c
hm h thng l H ( z ) = 1 z 1 T . Do :
s=
1 z 1
T
(6.29)
Do , hm h thng ca b lc s IIR t c nh ly gn ng php o hm bng php

sai phn hu hn l:
H ( z ) = H a ( s ) s = (1 z 1 ) / T
(6.30)
H a (s ) l hm h thng ca b lc tng t.
Ta hy kho st php ni suy ca nh x t mt phng s vo mt phng z vi
z=
1
1 sT
(6.31)
Nu thay s = j trong (6.30), ta tm thy:
z=
=
1
1 jT
1
1 + 2T 2
+j
(6.32)
1 + 2 + T 2
Khi bin thin t n , qu tch tng ng ca cc im trong mt phng z l

mt ng trn bn knh 1 v c tm ti z = 1 , nh minh ho hnh 6.2.
2
146
Mt phng z
j
Im(z)
Mt phng s
nh x
2
Re(z)
Vng trn n v
Hnh 6.2 nh x s = 1 z 1 T bin LHP trong mt phng s thnh cc im nm bn

trong ng trn bn knh 1 2 v tm 1 2 trong mt phng z.
V d 6.3
Cho mch in tng t:
Hy chuyn sang mch s bng phng php tng ng vi phn?

Gii:
(z) =
1
T
T
=
=
1
1
1 z
RC RCz + T
RC + T RCz 1
RC
+1
T
T
A
;
H ( z) =
RC 1
1
z
A
M = 0 b0 =
Ts
A
A = RC + Ts
N = 1 a1 =
y ( n ) = b0 x ( n ) + ( a1 ) y ( n 1)
S h thng ging nh v d 6.1.
147
RC
A
Sau y chng ta s tng hp cc b lc tng t theo cc phng php sau. Mc ch l

xc nh c hm truyn t tng t H a ( s ) , ngi ta c 3 phng php tng hp l:
- Butterworth
- Chebyshev
- Elip hay Cauer
6.5. B LC TNG T BUTTERWORTH

nh ngha b lc Butterworth: B lc thng thp Butterworth l loi ton cc c c
trng bi p ng bnh phng bin tn s.
H ( ) =
(6.33)
1 + ( / c ) 2 N
y N l cp b lc v c l tn s ng vi mc -3dB ca n (thng gi l tn s ct).

V H (s )H ( s ) c lng ti s = j l ng bng H ( ) , nn
2
H (s )H ( s ) =
(6.34)
1 + ( s 2 / c2 ) N
Cc cc ca H (s )H ( s ) xut hin trn ng trn bn knh c ti cc im cch u. T

(6.33), ta tm c.
s2
c2
= (1)1 / N = e j ( 2k +1) / N
k = 0, 1, , N 1
v t :
s k = c e j 2 e j (2 k +1) 2 N
k = 0, 1, , N 1
(6.35)
c tuyn p ng bin tn s ca mt lp b lc Butterworth c trnh by hnh 6.3

vi mt vi gi tr N . Ta lu rng H ( )
l n iu trong c bng thng v bng chn. Cp
b lc, cn t suy gim 2 ti tn s nh s , c xc nh mt cch d dng nh

(6.35). Nh vy, ti = s ta c:
1
1 + ( S / c )
2N
= 22
v v th:
N=
log10 [(1 / 22 ) 1]
2 log10 ( s / c )
(6.36)
Nh vy cc tham s N , 2 v t s s c l c trng y cho b lc Butterworth.

148
Hnh 6.3 p ng bin tn s b lc
6.6. B LC TNG T CHEBYSHEP

C hai loi b lc Chebyshev. Loi I l b lc ton cc, n biu l gn sng ng u
trong bng thng v c c tuyn n iu trong bng chn. Ngc li, b lc Chebyshev loi II
gm c cc khng, th hin tnh n iu trong bng thng v gn sng u nhau trong bng
chn. Cc im khng ca loi b lc ny nm trn trc o thuc mt phng s.
Bnh phng c tuyn p ng bin tn s ca b lc Chebyshev loi I l:
H ( ) =
1+
(6.37)
TN2 ( / c )
y l mt tham s ca b lc, c lin quan n gn sng trong bng thng; TN ( x ) l

a thc Chebyshev bc N v c nh ngha nh sau:
cos( N cos 1 x)
TN (x ) =
ch( Nchx)
x 1
x >1
(6.38)
C th tng qut ho a thc Chebyshev bng phng trnh quy.
TN +1 (x ) = 2 xTN ( x ) TN 1 ( x )
N = 1, 2,
y T0 ( x ) = 1 v T1 ( x ) = x . Ta c T2 ( x ) = 2 x 2 1, T3 ( x ) = 4 x 3 3 x
Cc a thc ny c mt s tnh cht sau:
149
(6.39)
1. TN ( x) 1 vi mi x 1 .
2. TN (1) = 1 vi mi N
3. Tt c cc nghim ca a thc TN ( x ) xut hin trong khong 1 x 1 .
Tham s lc lin quan ti gn sng trong bng thng, nh minh ho hnh 8.48, vi
N l v chn. i vi N l, TN (0) = 0 v do H (0) = 1 . Mt khc, vi N chn,

2
TN (0) = 1 v do H (0) = 1 1+ 2 . Ti tn s bin bng = c , ta c TN (1) = 1 , bi vy:

2
1
1+ 2
= 1 1
hoc tng ng
2 =
1
(1 1 ) 2
1
(6.40)
y 1 l gi tr gn sng trong bng thng

Cc cc ca b lc Chebyshev loi I nm trn mt elp thuc mt phng s vi trc chnh l:
2 +1
r1 = c
2
(6.41)
v trc i xng l:
r2 = c
2 1
2
(6.42)
y quan h vi theo phng trnh
1+ 2 + 1
1/ N
(6.43)
Nu k hiu v tr gc ca cc cc b lc Butterworth l:
k =
(2k + 1)
2N
k = 0, 1, 2, , N 1
(6.44)
th cc v tr cc ca b lc Chebyshev s nm trn elp ti cc to ( x k , y k ),
k = 0, 1, 2, , N 1 , vi
xk = r2 cos k
y k = r1 sin k
k = 0, 1, 2, , N 1
k = 0, 1, 2, , N 1
150
(6.45)
Hnh 6.4 p ng bin tn s b lc Chebyshev loi I

B lc Chebyshev loi II gm c cc im khng v cc im cc.
Bnh phng ca p ng bin tn s l:
2
H () =
1 + 2 TN2 ( S / c ) / TN2 ( s /
(6.46)
y TN ( x ) cng l a thc Chebyshev bc N v s l tn s bng chn nh ch hnh

6.5.
Cc khng c t trn trc o, ti cc im:
sk = j
s
sin k
k = 0, 1, 2, , N 1
(6.47)
Cc im cc c t ti cc to ( v k , wk ), y:
vk =
s xk
x k2
wk =
k = 0, 1, 2, , N 1
y k2
s yk
k = 0, 1, 2, , N 1
x k2 + y k2
N l
N chn
Hnh 6.5 p ng bin tn s b lc Chebyshev loi II

151
(6.48)
(6.49)
6.7. B LC TNG T ELIP (CAUER)

B lc elp (hay Cauer) c gn sng ng u trong c di thng v di chn nh minh ho
hnh 8.51 i vi c N l v chn. Loi b lc ny bao gm c im cc, im khng v c
c trng bi bnh phng p ng bin tn s nh sau:
H ()
1
1+ U N ( / c )
2
(6.50)
y U N ( x ) l hm elp Jacobian bc N , n c Zverev tnh theo phng php lp

bng nm 1967 v l tham s lin quan ti gn sng di thng. Cc im khng nm trn
trc j .
Nh bit khi tho lun v b lc FIR, vic tng hp c hiu qu nht xut hin nu ta tri
u sai s gn ng sut bng thng v bng chn. B lc elp thc hin c mc tiu ny v
chnh v th l hiu qu nht theo quan im ly b lc cp nh nht ca tp ch tiu cho. Ni
khc i, vi mt cp v mt tp ch tiu cho, b lc elp c rng bng chuyn tip nh nht.
Cp b lc cn thit t tp ch tiu cho theo gn sang bng thng 1 , gn sng
bng chn 2 , t s chuyn tip c s c xc nh nh sau:
N=
K ( c s ) K 1 22 1+ 2
1 22
K 2 1 22 K ( 1 ( c s )2
(6.51)
y K ( x ) l tch phn elp y loi mt v c tnh theo:

/2
K (x ) =
d
2
1 x sin
(6.52)
Theo quan im b lc elp l ti u, ngi c c th hi ti sao li cn phi xt b lc

Butterworth hay Chebyshev trong cc ng dng thc tin. Mt l do quan trng l cc loi b lc
ny trong mt s ng dng s cho c tuyn p ng pha tt hn. Trong bng thng p ng pha
ca b lc elp khng tuyn tnh bng b lc Butterworth hoc Chebyshev.
Trong chng ny chng ta cp n phng php tng hp b lc s IIR. Ta nh rng
b lc ny c xy dng t b lc tng t, tc l ta phi xc nh c hm truyn t tng
t H a ( s ) , ngi ta c 3 phng php tng hp xc nh H a ( s ) :
- Butterworth
- Chebyshev
- Elip hay Cauer
152

Khi c c H a ( s ) ta s nh x tng ng sang min s c c b lc s IIR bng
3 phng php sau:
- Phng php bt bin xung
- Phng php bin i song tuyn tnh
- Phng php tng ng vi phn
Cc ni dung chnh chng ta cn nh trong chng ny l:
1. Phng php bt bin xung
Khi ta xc nh c hm truyn t tng t ca b lc H a ( s ) , ta s a v dng:
N
Ha ( s ) =
k =1
Ak
s s pk
Sau hm truyn t H(z) b lc s IIR s c xc nh theo phng php bt bin xung

nh sau:
N
H(z) =
k =1
Ak
s T
1 e z 1
pk
2. Phng php bin i song tuyn tnh

Hm truyn t H(z) b lc s IIR s c xc nh theo phng php bin i song tuyn
tnh t H a ( s ) theo nh x sau:
H ( z ) = H a ( s ) s = 2 1 z 1
T 1+ z 1
3. Phng php tng ng vi phn

Hm truyn t H(z) b lc s IIR s c xc nh theo phng php bin i tng
ng vi phn t H a ( s ) theo nh x sau:
H ( z ) = H a ( s ) s =1 z 1
T
4. B lc Butterworth
B lc thng thp Butterworth l loi ton cc c c trng bi p ng bnh phng
bin tn s.
H ( ) =
2
1
1 + ( / c ) 2 N
y N l cp b lc v c l tn s ng vi mc -3dB ca n (thng gi l tn s ct).

5. B lc Chebyshev
153
B lc Chebyshev loi I: p ng bnh phng bin tn s ca b lc Chebyshev loi I

l:
H ( ) =
1+ 2 TN2 ( / c )
y l mt tham s ca b lc, c lin quan n gn sng trong bng thng; TN ( x ) l

a thc Chebyshev bc N v c nh ngha nh sau:
cos( N cos 1 x)
TN (x ) =
ch( Nchx)
x 1
x >1
B lc Chebyshev loi II gm c cc im khng v cc im cc. p ng bnh phng

bin tn s ca b lc Chebyshev loi II l:
2
H ( ) =
1 + 2 TN2 ( S / c ) / TN2 ( s /
y TN ( x ) cng l a thc Chebyshev bc N v s l tn s bng chn.

6. B lc Elip hay Cauer
p ng bnh phng bin tn s ca b lc Elip l:
H ( )
1
1+ 2 U N ( / c )
y U N ( x ) l hm elp Jacobian bc N ,
Lu : V bin i tn s c th c thc hin trong min tng t hoc trong min s,
nn khi tng hp b lc s IIR ta phi chn phng n hp l v cn nhc n loi b lc cn
tng hp. C th, phng php bt bin xung v nh x o hm l khng thch hp trong vic
tng hp b lc thng cao v nhiu b lc thng di, v vn ln mu. Thay vo , cn phi
thc hin nh x t b lc tng t vo b lc s thng thp bng mt trong hai php nh x ny
v sau thc hin bin i tn s trong min s. Lm nh th s trnh c s ln mu. Khi
dng bin i song tuyn tnh, vic ln mu l khng thnh vn v do vic thc hin php
bin i tn s trong min tng t hay min s l khng quan trng.
CU HI N TP V BI TP CHNG 6
Bi 6.1
Cho hm truyn t b lc tng t: H a (s ) =
1
s +1
Hy chuyn sang b lc s bng phng php tng ng vi phn vi tthi gian ly mu

T=0.1
Bi 6.2
154
Bin i b lc tng t c hm h thng:
H a (s ) =
s + 0,1
( s + 0,1) 2 + 9
thnh b lc s IIR nh phng php bt bin xung.

Bi 6.3
Cho mch in sau y:
Hy chuyn mch ny thnh mch s bng phng php tng ng vi phn

Bi 6.4
Hy chuyn b lc tng t sau sang b lc s bng phng php bin i song tuyn.
Bi 6.5
Xc nh cp v cc cc ca b lc Butterworth thng thp c rng bng -3dB l 500Hz
v suy gim 40dB ti 1000Hz.
Bi 6.6
B lc Butterworth c m t dng nh sau
Ha (s) =
H0
n
(s s )
vi cc im cc s pk = e
pk
k =1
Trong H 0 = s pk = 1 (chun ha)

k =1
Hy xc nh hm truyn t Ha(s) khi n= 3

Bi 6.7
155
1 2 k 1
j +
2 2n
p ng bin tn s b lc s IIR theo phng php Butterworth c dng:
Hy cho bit tham s N v tham s c nh hnh v l:

a) bc ca b lc v tn s di chn
b) chiu di ca b lc v tn s di thng
c) bc ca b lc v tn s ct
d) chiu di ca b lc v tn s ct
Bi 6.8
Khi bc N ca b lc Butterworth tng ln th:
a) Cht lng ca b lc c ci thin.
b) Cht lng ca b lc gim i
c) Cht lng khng ph thuc vo vic tng bc N ca b lc
d) Cht lng khng b nh hng ch c tn s ct thay i.
Bi 6.9
p ng bnh phng bin tn s ca b lc Chebyshev loi I l:
2
a) H () =
c) H () =
1
1+ TN ( / c )
b) H () =
1
1+ T ( / c )
d) H () =
2
N
1
1+ T ( / c )
2
2
N
1
1+ T (c / )
2
2
N
Bi 6.10
p ng bnh phng bin tn s ca b lc Elip l:
a) H () =
1+ U
2
N
b) H () =
( / c )
156
1+ U
2
2
N
( / c )
c) H () =
d) H ()
1+ U N ( / c )
y U N ( x ) l hm elp Jacobian bc N .
157
1
1+ 2 U N ( / c )
Chng 7: Bin i Fuorier nhanh FFT
CHNG VII: BIN I FOURIER NHANH - FFT
GII THIU
Trng tm ca chng ny l cc ni dung thc hin bin i Fourier nhanh tng kh
nng tnh ton hiu qu ca php tnh DFT hc trong chng 4. Trong nhiu thp k, cc thut
ton dng bin i Fourier nhanh FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) rt c quan tm ca cc nh
ton hc. Tuy vy phi cho n tn khi Cooley v Tukey xut bn bi bo ni ting ca mnh th
s nh hng v ngha ca cc tnh ton hiu qu ca DFT mi c nhn ra. K t , thut
ton FFT ca Cooley v Tukey v nhiu dng khc ca n, chng hn nh cc tnh ton ca
Singleton (1967,1969), c mt nh hng rt ln trong vic s dng DFT tnh php chp,
tng quan, v phn tch ph. bit thm hon cnh lch s ca cc thut ton FFT ta c th
tham kho bi bo ca Cooley (1976)
Tri qua nhiu nm, c rt nhiu bi bo cp n thut ton FFT c xut bn nh
nh cc bi bo sm nht nh ca Brigham v Morrow (1967), ca Cochran (1967), Bergland
(1969), v Cley (1969).
Vic nhn ra tnh ton DFT c th c sp t v tnh ton nh mt php chp tuyn tnh
nh ni trong chng 4 cng c mt ngha rt ln. Goertzel (1968) ch ra rng DFT c th
c tnh ton mt cch qui, mc d hiu qu trong tnh ton ca phng php ny khng ng
k. Mang nhiu ngha hn l cng trnh ca Bluestein (1970), ng ch ra rng vic tnh ton
DFT c th c xem nh hot ng ca b lc chirp tuyn tnh. Cng trnh ny dn n s
pht trin ca thut ton bin i chirp- z ca Rabiner. (1969). Ni dung ca chng 7 ny c nn
tng t chng 4 vi nn tng l bin i Fourier ri rc DFT.
Trong chng ny chng ta s tp trung vo cc vn chnh:
+ C s tnh ton Fourier nhanh
+ Thut ton FFT c s 2
+ Thut ton FFT c s 4
NI DUNG
7.1. BIN I FOURIER NHANH
Ta thy rng nh tnh thun li ca cc tnh cht i xng hnh hc v tnh cht tun
hon ca cc h s m W Nkn trong cc biu din chng 4, ta c th gim s lng php nhn
cn thit cho tnh ton DFT t N 2 xung N log 2 N khi N l s m c s 2. Nh ta cng
trnh by l bt c dy no cng c th c thm vo cc gi tr 0 sao cho N = 2 v .
158
pht trin cc thut ton tnh DFT vi hiu nng tnh ton cao, ngi ta thng chia nh
lin tip s phc tp ca DFT N im thnh cc DFT cp nh hn v a ra mt lot cc thut
ton tnh c hiu qu c gi l tp cc thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT).
Chng ta hy xem xt vic tnh ton mt DFT N im, trong N c th c phn tch
thnh tch ca hai s nguyn, c ngha l:
N = LM
(7.1)
Nu N l s nguyn t, chng ta c th thm mt s cc mu ca dy c gi tr bng khng

tha mn (7.1).
Dy x(n ) c th c lu trong mt mng hai chiu theo cc cch khc nhau tu theo vic
nh x ca ch s n cho cc ch s (l , m ) .
l l ch s hng 0 l L 1
m l ch s ct 0 m M 1
Gi thit rng ta chn nh x:
n = Ml + m
(7.2)
iu ny dn n mt s sp xp, trong hng u tin cha M phn t u tin ca dy

x(n ) , hng th hai cha M phn t tip theo ca dy x(n ) , v c nh vy, nh c minh ho
nh sau.
M
..
M-1
X(0)
X(1)
X(2)
X(M)
X(M+1)
X(M+2)
..
X(2M-1)
X(2M)
X(2M+1)
X(2M+2)
..
X(3M-1)
X((L-1)M)
X((L-1)M+1)
X((L-1)M+2)
..
X(LM-1)
l-1
X(M-1)
Mt s sp xp tng t c th c s dng lu cc gi tr DFT c tnh ton. Trong

thc t, vic nh x c thc hin t ch s k thnh hai ch s ( p, q ) , trong 0 p L 1 v
0 q M 1 . Nu chng ta la chn cch nh x:

k = Mp + q
(7.3)
th DFT c lu theo kiu hng, trong hng u tin cha M phn t u tin ca bin
i DFT X (k ) , hng th hai cha M phn t tip sau, v c nh vy. Mt khc nu ta dng nh
x :
k = qL + p
159
(7.4)
th kt qu c lu theo kiu ct, trong L phn t u tin c cha trong ct u

tin, L phn t tip theo c cha trong ct tip theo v c nh vy. Cch sp xp trn chnh l
c s hnh thnh bin i FFT t bin i DFT.Cn c vo cch sp xp nh trn, by gi chng
ta gi s x(n ) c nh x vo trong mt mng ch nht x(l , m ) v X (k ) c nh x vo mt
ma trn ch nht tng ng X ( p, q ) . Khi DFT c th c biu din nh mt tng kp ca

cc phn t ca mng ch nht nhn vi cc h s pha (chnh l h s WN) tng ng. C th,
chng ta cng nhn vic nh x theo ct ca dy x(n ) c cho trong (7.2) v vic nh x theo
hng c cho trong (7.3). Khi ta c:
X ( p, q ) =
M 1 L 1
x(l, m)W (
m=0
Mp + q )(mL + l )
N
(7.5)
l =0
Nhng
(
)(
)
W NMp + q mL + l = W NMLmpW NmLqW NMpl W Nlq
Nmp
Tuy nhin, W N
= 1, W NmqL = W NmqL = WMmq v W NMpl = W Npl M = W Lpl
Vi vic n gin ho ny, (7.5) c th c biu din nh sau :

L 1
M 1
lq
mq lp
X ( p, q ) =
x(l , m )WM W L
W N
l =0
m = 0

(7.6)
Biu thc trong (7.5) lin quan n vic tnh ton cc DFT c chiu di M v L . i
vo chi tit, ta chia nh vic tnh ton thnh ba bc nh:
1. u tin, chng ta tnh cc DFT M im.
F (l , q )
M 1
x l , m )WMmq
0 q M 1
(7.7)
m=0
vi mi hng l = 0,1, 2, , L 1 .
2. Tip , chng ta tnh mt mng ch nht mi G (l , q ) c xc nh nh sau:
G (l , q ) = W Nlq F (l , q )
0 l L 1
0 q M 1
(7.8)
3. Cui cng, chng ta tnh ton cc DFT L im.
X ( p, q ) =
L 1
G (l , q )W Llp
l =0
160
(7.9)

vi mi ct q = 0, 1, , M 1 , ca mng G (l , q ) .
Nhn qua ta thy rng, cc th tc tnh ton c ch ra trn phc tp hn vic tnh DFT
trc tip. Tuy nhin, chng ta hy nh gi phc tp ca tnh ton trong (7.6). Bc u tin
lin quan n vic tnh ton L bin i DFT, mi DFT c ln M im. Nh th l ti
bc ny cn LM 2 php nhn s phc v LM (M 1) php cng s phc. Bc th hai cn
LM php nhn s phc. Cui cng, bc th ba trong tnh ton ny cn ML2 php nhn s
phc v ML(L 1) php cng s phc. Do phc tp ca tnh ton l:
S php nhn s phc : N (M + L + 1)
S php cng s phc : N (M + L 2 )
trong N = ML . Nh vy, s php nhn cn thc hin c gim t N 2 xung cn
N (M + L + 1) v s php cng cn thc hin cng c gim t N ( N 1) xung
N (M + L 2 ) .
Chng hn, cho N = 1000 v ta chn L = 2 v M = 500 . Khi , thay v phi thc hin
10 6 php nhn s phc trong cch tnh ton DFT trc tip, th trong phng n ny ch phi thc
hin 503000 php nhn s phc. Nh vy cch ny lm gim khi lng tnh ton xung cn
mt na. V s php cng cn thc hin cng c gim mt na.
Ta c th sp xp li tng kp trong (7.6) v nh vy, dn n mt thut ton khc cho vic
tnh DFT. Trong thc t, bng cch thay i ln nhau gia trt t tnh tng, ta c th vit (7.6)
thnh :
M 1 L 1
lq
lp mq
X ( p, q ) =
x(l , m )W N W L WM
m=0 l =0
T y, a ra thut ton th 2 v ta c th tm tt li hai thut ton nh sau:

Thut ton 1:
1. Lu tn hiu theo kiu ct.
2. Tnh ton DFT M im ln lt cho mi hng.
lq
3. Nhn mng kt qu vi cc h s pha W N .

4. Tnh ton DFT L im ln lc cho mi ct.
5. c mng kt qu theo kiu hng.
Thut ton 2:
1. Lu tn hiu theo kiu ct.
2. Nhn tn hiu x(l , m ) vi cc h s pha W N .
lq

161
(7.10)
4. Tnh ton DFT M im ln lc cho mi hng.

5. c mng kt qu theo kiu hng.
Tt nhin, trong cc bc nu ra trn th bc u tin l phn tch N . Chng c lp i
lp li vi cc h s ph L v M .
Chng ta c th thu c hai thut ton b xung vi cng mt cu trc tng t nu tn hiu vo
c lu theo kiu hng v tn hiu ra c c theo kiu ct. Trong trng hp ny chng ta chn :
n = Ml + m
k = qL + p
(7.11)
Vic la chn cc ch s theo cch ny dn n cng thc cho tnh ton DFT c dng:
X ( p, q ) =
M 1 L 1
(
m=0
x l , m )W NpmW Lpl WMqm
(7.12)
l =0
Hai thut ton b xung thu c t hai cch khc nhau trong vic tnh tng c th c
sp xp li. Cc thut ton l :
Thut ton 3:
1. Lu tn hiu theo kiu hng.
2. Tnh ton DFT L im ln lt cho mi ct.
lq
3. Nhn mng kt qu vi cc h s pha W N .

5. c mng kt qu theo kiu ct.
Thut ton 4:
1. Lu tn hiu theo kiu hng.
2. Nhn tn hiu x(l , m ) vi cc h s pha W N .
lq

5. c mng kt qu theo kiu ct.
Bn thut ton c cp trn y c cng phc tp nh nhau. Tuy nhin chng khc
nhau trong cch sp xp cc tnh ton. Trong phn tip theo chng ta s tn dng phng n chia
v chn vo cc thut ton tnh nhanh khi cp ca DFT c hn ch trong cc dng s m ca 2
hoc 4.
7.2. THUT TON FFT C S 2

Trong phn ny chng ta trnh by cc thut ton c s 2, n c s dng nhiu hn c
trong cc thut ton FFT. Thut ton c s 4 cng s c trnh by trong phn sau.
162
Ta xem xt vic tnh ton DFT vi s im N = 2 v bng phng php chia v hn ch nh

c c th ho trong cc biu thc (7.7) n (7.9). Chng ta chn M = N 2 v L = 2 . S
la chn ny dn n vic chia dy s liu N im thnh hai dy s liu N 2 im f1 (n ) v
f 2 (n ) tng ng vi cc mu chn v l ca dy x(n ) , c ngha l:
f1 (n ) = x(2n )
f 2 (n ) = x(2n + 1)
(7.13)
N
1
2
n = 0, 1, ,
Do f1 (n ) v f 2 (n ) c c bng cch lm chia dy x(n ) bi h s 2 nn kt qu l thut

ton FFT ny c gi l thut ton chia trong min thi gian.
By gi DFT N im c th c biu din bng tng ca cc DFT ca dy s liu c
chia nh sau:
X (k ) =
N 1
()
x n W Nkn
k = 0, 1, , N 1
n=0
()
x n W Nkn +
n chn
()
x n W Nkn
n l
( N 2 )1
=
(7.14)
( N 2 )1
x 2m )W N2mk +
m=0
x 2m + 1)W Nk (2m +1)
m=0
Nhng W N2 = W N 2 . Vi s thay i ny, (7.14) c th c biu din l:
( N 2 )1
X (k ) =
( N 2 )1
f1 (m )W Nkm2 + W Nk
m=0
f 2 (m )W Nkm2
m=0
= F1 (k ) + W Nk F2 (k )
(7.15)
k = 0, 1, , N 1
trong F1 (k ) v F2 (k ) l cc DFT N 2 im tng ng ca cc dy f1 (m ) v f 2 (m ) .

V F1 (k ) v F2 (k ) l tun hon vi chu k N 2 nn ta c F1 (k + N 2 ) = F1 (k ) v
k+N 2
F2 (k + N 2 ) = F2 (k ) . Hn na, ta c W N
= W Nk . Nh vy, (7.15) c th vit :
X (k ) = F1 (k ) + W Nk F2 (k )
k = 0,1, ,
X k + = F1 (k ) W Nk F2 (k )
2
163
N
1
2
k = 0,1, ,
N
1
2
(7.16)
(7.17)
Chng ta thy rng vic tnh ton trc tip F1 (k ) cn ( N 2 )2 php nhn s phc. S lng
php nhn s phc cng tng t cho vic tnh F2 (k ) . Thm na tnh ton W Nk F2 (k ) cn
N 2 php cng s phc. Do vic tnh ton X (k ) cn 2( N 2)2 + N 2 = N 2 2 + N 2 php

nhn s phc. Trong bc u tin ny gim c s php nhn t N 2 xung N 2 2 + N 2 ,
mc gim ny c khong 2 ln khi N ln.
x(0) x(2 ) x(4)
x( N 2 )
x(1) x(3)
DFT
N 2 im
F1 (0) F1 (1)
N
F1 1
2
F2 (0) F2 (1)
Cc h s pha
k
WN
DFT
2 im
X (0)
G 2 (k )
X (N 1)
N
X
2
Hnh 7.1. Bc u tin trong thut ton chia theo thi gian
thng nht vi cc k hiu trc y chng ta nh ngha
G1 (k ) = F1 (k )
G2 (k ) = W Nk F2 (k )
N
1
2
N
k = 0, 1, , 1
2
k = 0, 1, ,
th DFT X (k ) c th vit l
164
N
X 1
2
N
1
2
N
k = 0, 1, , 1
2
X (k ) = G1 (k ) + G2 (k )
k = 0, 1, ,
X k + = G1 (k ) G2 (k )
2
(7.18)
Vic tnh ton ny c minh ho trong hnh 7.1.

Chng ta thc hin vic chia theo thi gian mt ln, chng ta c th lp li qu trnh ny
cho cc dy f1 (n ) v f 2 (n ) . Do dy f1 (n ) c chia nh thnh 2 dy N 4 im :
N
1
4
N
n = 0, 1, , 1
4
v11 (n ) = f1 (2n )
n = 0, 1, ,
v12 (n ) = f1 (2n + 1)
(7.19)
v f 2 (n ) cng c chia thnh hai dy :
N
1
4
N
n = 0, 1, , 1
4
v21 (n ) = f 2 (2n )
n = 0, 1, ,
v22 (n ) = f 2 (2n + 1)
(7.20)
Bng cch tnh ton cc DFT N 4 im, chng ta nhn c cc DFT N 2 im F1 (k ) v
F2 (k ) t cc quan h :
F1 (k ) = V11 (k ) + W Nk 2V12 (k )
N
F1 k + = V11 (k ) W Nk 2V12 (k )
4
F2 (k ) = V21 (k ) + W Nk 2V22 (k )
N
F2 k + = V21 (k ) W Nk 2V22 (k )
4
N
1
4
N
k = 0, 1, , 1
4
k = 0, 1, ,
N
1
4
N
k = 0, 1, , 1
4
(7.21)
k = 0, 1, ,
(7.22)
Trong Vij (k ) l cc DFT ca cc dy vij (n ) .
Chng ta thy rng vic tnh Vij (k ) cn 4(N 4 )2 php nhn v do vic tnh F1 (k ) v
F2 (k ) c th c thc hin bng N 2 4 + N 2 php nhn s phc. Thm na, cn N 2 php
nhn s phc tnh ton X (k ) t F1 (k ) v F2 (k ) . Kt qu l tng s php nhn c gim

xung xp x 2 ln na, xung cn N 2 4 + N .
Vic chia dy s liu c th li tip tc c lp i lp li cho n khi dy cui cng c
gim n cn mt im. Vi N = 2 v , vic chia ny c th c thc hin v = log 2 N ln. Nh
165

vy tng s php nhn s phc c gim xung cn ( N 2 ) log 2 N . V s php cng s phc
cng c gim xung cn N log 2 N .
Cng vi mc ch minh ho, hnh 7.2 m t vic tnh ton ca mt bin i DFT N = 8
im. Ta thy rng vic tnh ton c thc hin theo ba mc, u tin l tnh 4 DFT 2 im, tip
theo l tnh 2 DFT 4 im, v cui cng l tnh mt DFT 8 im.
x(0)
x(4)
DFT
cho 2 im
x(2)
x(6)
DFT
cho 2 im
x(1)
x(5)
DFT
cho 2 im
x(3)
x(7 )
DFT
cho 2 im
T hp
ca cc DFT
cho 2 im
X (0 )
X (1)
T hp
ca cc DFT
cho 4 im
T hp
ca cc DFT
cho 2 im
X (2)
X (3)
X (4)
X (5)
X (6 )
X (7 )
Hnh 7.2. Ba giai on trong vic tnh DFT cho N = 8 im
x(4)
Bc 2
Bc 1
x(0 )
Bc 3
X (0)
W80
X (1)
1
W80
x(2)
x(6)
W80
W80
X (3)
1
W80
x(1)
x(5)
W80
W80
1
W80
W80
x(3)
x(7 )
X (2 )
1
W80
W80
1
W80
Hnh 7.3. Thut ton FFT 8 im chia theo thi gian

166
X (4 )
X (5)
X (6)
X (7 )
Vic kt hp cc DFT nh hn thnh DFT cp ln hn c minh ho trong hnh 7.3 vi

N =8.
Nh minh ho trong hnh 7.3 ta thy rng cc tnh ton c bn, c lp i lp li tt c
cc bc, phi c tin hnh trn hai s phc, gi l cp s (a, b ) , nhn b vi W Nr , v sau
cng v tr vi tch ca a to thnh hai s phc mi ( A, B ) . Theo hnh v 7.4, ta thy vic
tnh ton c bn ny c gi l mt cnh bm bi v lu rt ging mt cnh bm.
A = a + WNr b
W Nr
B = a W Nr b
Hnh 7.4.
Php
tnhbm
cnhcn
bm
bnmt
trong
thut
FFTv
thp
theo s
thi
gian
Thng
th mi
cnh
thcchin
php
nhnton
s phc
hai phn
php cng
phc.
Vi N = 2 v th c N 2 cnh bm cho mi bc tnh trong qu trnh tnh ton v c tng
cng l log 2 N bc.
Mt im quan trng th hai cn quan tm l trt t ca ca dy s liu u vo sau khi n
c chia nh (v 1) ln. Chng hn, nu chng ta xem xt trng hp m trong N = 8 , th
trong ln chia nh ln u tin chng ta nhn c dy x(0 ) , x(2 ) , x(4 ) , x(6 ) , x(1) , x(3) , x(5) ,
x(7 ) , v trong ln chia nh th hai ta nhn c dy x(0 ) , x(4 ) , x(2 ) , x(6) , x(1) , x(5) , x(3) ,
x(7 ) . S o ln ca dy tn hiu u vo ny c mt trt t hon ton xc nh v ta c th thy
trong hnh 7.5, n minh ho vic chia nh dy s liu u vo 8 im. Trong dy x(n ) , bng vic
biu th ch s n dng nh phn, ta d dng tm thy trt t ca dy s liu c chia nh bng
cch c s nh phn biu th ch s n theo chiu o ngc. Do , im s liu x(3) = x(011)
c xp trong v tr m = 110 hoc m = 6 trong mng s liu dc chia nh. Nh vy, c th ni
rng d liu x(n ) sau khi chia nh c lu theo trt t o bit.
Vi dy s liu u vo c lu theo trt t o bit v vic tnh ton cnh bm c thc
hin ti ch th dy kt qu DFT X (k ) nhn c theo trt t bnh thng (ngha l
k = 0, 1, , N 1 ). Ngc li, ta c th sp xp thut ton FFT sao cho dy u vo theo trt t

bnh thng v kt qu u ra DFT s theo trt t o bit. Hn na, ta c th sp t hn ch c
hai dy s liu u vo x(n ) v dy u ra X (k ) theo trt t bnh thng, v nh vy s to ra
mt thut ton FFT, trong vic tnh ton khng cn c thc hin ti ch na. V do thut
ton nh vy phi cn thm vng nh lu tr.
167
B nh
(decimal)
a ch
(binary)
S liu thp phn 1
S liu thp phn 2
000
x(0 )
x(0)
x(0)
001
x(1)
x(2)
x(4)
010
x(2 )
x(4)
x(2)
011
x(3)
x(6 )
x(6 )
100
x(4)
x(1)
x(1)
101
x(5)
x(3)
x(5)
110
x(6)
x(5)
x(3)
111
x(7 )
x(7 )
x(7 )
Trt t bit b o ngc
Trt t t nhin
(n 2 n 1n 0 ) (n 0 n 2 n 1 ) (n 0 n 1n 2 )
(000)
(001)
(010)
(011)
(100)
(101)
(110)
(111)
(000)
(100)
(001)
(101)
(010)
(110)
(011)
(111)
(000)
(100)
(010)
(110)
(001)
(101)
(011)
(111)
Hnh 7.5. Sp xp li trt t s liu v o bit

Mt thut ton FFT c s 2 khc c gi l thut ton chia nh theo tn s, thut ton ny
c th nhn c vi vic chn M = 2 v L = N 2 . La chn cc tham s ny c ngha l vic
lu dy tn hiu u vo theo kiu ct. to ra thut ton ny, ta cng bt u bng vic tch
cng thc tnh DFT thnh hai tng, trong mt tng lin quan n vic tnh tng ca N 2 im
s liu u tin v tng th hai lin quan n vic tnh tng ca N 2 im s liu cn li. Do ,
ta nhn c :
168
( N 2 )1
X (k ) =
x(n )W Nkn
n =0
N 1
()
x n W Nkn
n= N 2
( N 2 )1
( N 2 )1
()
Nk 2
x n W Nkn + W N
n=0
kN 2
V W N
n=0
(7.23)
x n + W Nkn
2
= ( 1)k , nn biu thc (7.23) c th vit li nh sau :
( N 2 )1
X (k ) =
n=0
N kn
k
x(n ) + ( 1) x n + 2 W N
(7.24)
By gi, ta tch (chia nh) X (k ) thnh cc mu chn v cc mu l. Khi chng ta nhn

c :
( N 2 )1
X (2k ) =
n=0
N kn
x(n ) + x n + 2 W N 2
k = 0, 1, ,
N
1
2
(7.25)
( N 2 )1
X (2k + 1) =
n=0
N n kn
x(n ) x n + W N W N 2
2
k = 0, 1, ,
N
1
2
(7.26)
y s dng nhn xt W N2 = W N 2 .
Nu nh ngha cc dy N 2 im g1 (n ) v g 2 (n ) nh sau :
g1 (n ) = x(n ) + x n +
2
g 2 (n ) = x(n ) x n + W Nn
2
N
n = 0, 1, 2, , 1
2
(7.27)
Khi th:
( N 2 )1
X (2k ) =
g (n)W
1
kn
N 2
n=0
(7.28)
( N 2 )1
X (2k + 1) =
g (n)W
2
kn
N 2
n=0
169

Vic tnh ton cc dy g1 (n ) v g 2 (n ) theo cng thc (7.27) v tip n s dng nhng
dy ny tnh ton cc DFT N 2 im c m t trong hnh v 7.6. Chng ta thy rng vic
tnh ton c bn trong minh ho ny c lin quan n vic thc hin cnh bm c trnh by
trong hnh v 7.7.
x(0 )
X (0)
x(1)
X (2 )
DFT
4 im
x(2 )
x(3)
x(4)
x(5)
x(6)
x(7 )
X (4 )
X (6)
W83
W83
W83
W83
X (1)
X (3)
DFT
4 im
X (5)
X (7 )
Hnh 7.6. Bc u tin ca thut ton FFT chia theo tn s
A= a+b
W Nr
B = (a b )W Nr
Hnh 7.7. Php tnh cnh bm c bn trong thut ton FFT chia theo tn s
Th tc tnh ton trn c th c lp i lp li qua vic chia nh ca cc DFT N 2 im
ca cc dy X (2k ) v X (2k + 1) . Ton b qu trnh cn v = log 2 N bc chia nh, trong
mi bc cn N 2 cnh bm nh trnh by trong hnh 7.7. Kt qu l vic tnh ton DFT N
im qua thut ton FFT chia theo tn s cn (N 2 ) log 2 N php nhn s phc v N log 2 N
170
php cng s phc, v cng ging nh vi thut ton FFT chia theo thi gian. Thut ton FFT
chia theo tn s 8 im c minh ha trong hnh 7.8.
x(0 )
X (0)
x(1)
1
W80
x(2)
W82
W80
W80
x(4 )
X (6 )
X (1)
1
W81
x(5)
x(7 )
X (4)
X (2)
x(3)
x(6)
W80
1
W82
W80
W80
X (3)
1
W83
W82
X (5)
W80
X (7 )
Hnh 7.8. Thut ton FFT N = 8 im chia theo tn s

T hnh 7.8, ta thy rng dy s liu u vo theo trt t bnh thng nhng dy s liu u
ra c trt t b o ngc. Ta cng thy rng, cc tnh ton c thc hin ti ch. Tuy nhin, c
th t chc li thut ton FFT chia theo tn s sao cho dy s liu u vo c trt t b o ngc
trong khi u ra DFT c trt t bnh thng.
Hn na, nu chng ta khng quan tm n vic tnh ton cn phi thc hin ti ch th
chng ta c th cho php c hai dy s liu u vo v u ra DFT theo trt t bnh thng.
7.3. THUT TON FFT C S 4

Khi s im s liu N trong tnh ton DFT l s m c s 4 (tc l N = 4 v ), tt nhin l ta
lun c th s dng thut ton c s 2 tnh ton, nhng trong trng hp ny, vic tnh ton s
c hiu qu hn khi chng ta s dng thut ton FFT c s 4.
Ta bt u bng vic m t thut ton FFT c s 4 chia theo thi gian, thut ton nhn c
bng cch la chn L = 4 v M = N 4 nh c trnh by trong phn 7.2. Vi la chn ny,
ta c l , p = 0, 1, 2, 3; m, q = 0, 1, , N 4 1; n = 4m + l ; v k = ( N 4 ) p + q . T , ta chia
171
hoc tch dy s liu u vo N

im thnh
x(4n ), x(4n + 1), x(4n + 2), x(4n + 3) vi n = 0, 1, , N 4 1 .
dy
liu
con
Bng cch p dng (7.15), ta nhn c :
X ( p, q ) =
[W
lq
N F (l ,
q ) W4lp
p = 0, 1, 2, 3
(7.29)
l =0
trong F (l , q ) c xc nh:
( N 4 )1
F (l , q ) =
x(l , m )W Nmq4
m=0
l = 0, 1, 2, 3
N
q = 0, 1, 2, , 1
4
(7.30)
x(l , m ) = x(4m + l )
(7.31)
X ( p, q ) = X p + q
4
(7.32)
V th, 4 DFT N 4 im nhn c t (7.30) kt hp theo (7.29) to thnh DFT N

im. Biu thc trong (7.29) biu din vic kt hp cc DFT N 4 im xc nh mt lu cnh
bm chia theo thi gian c s 4, trong c th biu din dng ma trn nh sau:
0
1
1 W N F (0, q )
X (0, q ) 1 1
X (1, q ) 1 j 1 j W q F (1, q )
=
N
q
2
X (2, q ) 1 1 1 1 W F (2, q )

N3q
X
q
j
j
(
)
3
,
1
1

W N F (3, q )
(7.33)
Lu cnh bm c s 4 c minh ho trong hnh 7.9a v dng rt gn c minh ho

trong hnh 7.9b. Ch rng, do W N0 = 1 nn mi cnh bm cn 3 php nhn s phc v 12 php
cng s phc.
Th tc chia theo thi gian trnh by trn c th c qui v ln. Do thut ton FFT
c v bc, trong mi bc cha N 4 lu cnh bm. Kt qu l nhim v ca vic tnh
ton theo thut ton ny l 3v N 4 = (3 N 8) log 2 N php nhn s phc v (3 N 2 ) log 2 N php
cng s phc. Ta thy rng s php nhn c gim 25%, nhng s lng php cng li tng
50% t N log 2 N ln (3 N 2 ) log 2 N .
Tuy nhin, vn ng ch l bng vic thc hin cc php cng theo hai bc, ta c th
gim s php cng ca mi lu cnh bm t 12 xung 8. Vic gim ny c th c thc
hin bng vic biu din dng ma trn ca chuyn i tuyn tnh trong (7.33) thnh mt tch ca
hai ma trn nh sau:
172
X (0, q ) 1
X (1, q ) 0
=
X (2, q ) 1

X (3, q ) 0
0 1
0 1
1 0 j 1
0 1 0 0
1 0
j 0
0
0 1
0 W N F (0, q )
q
0 1 0 W N F (1, q )
1 0 1 W N2q F (2, q )
1 0 1 W 3q F (3, q )
(7.34)
By gi mi php nhn ma trn cn n 4 php cng, cho ton b hai ma trn l 8 php
cng. T tng s php cng s phc c gim xung . Tnh u im ca thut ton ny chnh
l ch gim c 25% s lng php nhn s phc cn phi thc hin.
W0N
0
W0N
q
W0N
2q
3q
a)
b)
Hnh 7.9. Lu tnh ton cnh bm c bn trong thut ton FFT c s 4

x(0)
X(0)
x(1)
0
0
X(4)
x(2)
x(3)
x(4)
x(5)
1
2
x(6)
x(7)
x(8)
x(9)
2
4
x(10)
x(11)
x(12)
x(13)
3
6
x(14)
X(8)
X(12
)
X(1)
X(5)
X(9)
X(13
)
X(2)
X(6)
X(10
)
X(14
)
X(3)
X(7)
x(11)
X(15
)
Hnh 7.10. Thut ton phn chia theo thi gian c s 4 cho bin i 16 im
173 v u ra c trt t b o bit
c u vo theo trt t bnh thng
x(15)
Minh ho cho thut ton FFT c s 4 chia theo thi gian vi N = 16 c trnh by trong
hnh v 7.10. Ch rng trong thut ton ny dy s liu u vo c trt t bnh thng cn dy
u ra DFT b o trt t. Trong thut ton FFT c s 4 vic chia c thc hin theo h s 4 nn
trt t ca dy c chia c th c xc nh bng vic o trt t ca cc ch s n theo cm 4
(tc l h thng s lp t cc s 0,1,2,3).
Thut ton FFT c s 4 chia theo tn s c th nhn c bng vic la chn
l = N 4 , M = 4, l ; p = 0, 1, , N 4 1; m, q = 0, 1, 2, 3; n = ( N 4 )m + l v k = 4 p + q . Vi
vic la chn cc tham s ny biu thc tng qut cho trong (7.6) c th vit l :
( N 4 )1
X ( p, q ) =
G (l , q )W Nlp 4
(7.35)
l =0
x(0)
X(0)
X(4)
X(8)
X(12)
X(1)
1
2
X(5)
X(9)
x(1)
0
x(2)
x(3)
x(4)
x(5)
x(6)
x(7)
X(13)
x(8)
X(2)
x(9)
2
4
X(6)
x(10)
x(11)
0 X(10)
0 X(14)
x(12)
X(3)
x(13)
3
6
X(7)
x(11)
x(15)
x(14)
x(15)
Hnh 7.11. Thut ton phn chia theo tn s c s 4 cho bin i 16 im c u vo

theo trt t bnh thng v u ra c trt t b o bit
trong
G (l , q ) = W Nlq F (l , q )
v
174
q = 0,1, 2, 3
l = 0, 1, , ( N 4) 1
(7.36)
F (l , q ) =
x(l, m)W
m=0
mq
4
q = 0, 1, 2, 3
(7.37)
l = 0, 1, 2, 3, , ( N 4) 1
Ta ch rng X ( p, q ) = X (4 p + q ), q = 0, 1, 2, 3 . Kt qu l DFT N dim c chia nh

thnh 4 DFT N 4 im v nh vy l ta c mt thut ton chia theo tn s. Cc tnh ton trong
(7.36) v (7.37) nh ra lu cnh bm c s 4 c s ca thut ton chia theo tn s. Ch
lq
rng tng t nh thut ton FFT c s 2 chia theo tn s, cc php nhn vi h s W N xy ra

sau vic kt hp cc im s liu x(l , m ) .
Mt thut ton c s 4 chia theo tn s thc hin vi 16 im c trnh by trong hnh v
7.11. Trong u vo ca thut ton ny c trt t bnh thng cn u ra ca n c trt t o
ngc. Thut ton ny cng c cng phc tp nh vi thut ton chia theo thi gian.
Cc thut ton FFT c trnh by c th thy trong rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t, bao
gm trong cc b lc tuyn tnh, phn tch tng h, v phn tch ph. V c bn, thut ton FFT
c s dng nh mt phng tin hiu qu v hiu nng tnh ton cho vic thc hin DFT v
IDFT.
Trong chng ny, chng ta lu rng bin i Fourier nhanh hnh thnh nh bin i
Fuorier ri rc do DFT v IDFT v c bn l cng mt dng tnh ton hn na y ta tn dng
c tnh i xng v tnh chu k ca cc h s W N hay cn c gi l cc tnh cht v pha
k+N 2
Tnh i xng : W N
= W Nk
Tnh tun hon : W Nk + N = W Nk

Cc thut ton tnh hiu qu c trnh by trong chng ny c coi l mt tp hp cc
thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh, nhng thut ton ny tn dng c hai tnh cht v pha ni
trn.
Trong chng ny chng ta cn phi nm vng cc kin thc v:
1. Cch xy dng thut ton FFT.
2. Thut ton FFT c s 2.
3. Thut ton FFT c s 4.
4. Cch thc hin thut ton.
Cc kin thc trn c trnh by tng i k trong phn ni dung nhm gip cho
ngi c c th hnh dung r nt v thut ton FFT.
Ngoi ra, khi hon thnh xong kin thc trong chng ny, chng ta cn phi lu mt s
im sau:
175
Cc thut ton FFT phn tn s v FFT phn thi gian theo hnh cnh bm c s lng
cc bc ging ht nhau, v vy s php ton bao gm php nhn v cng l nh nhau dn n
hiu qu ca thut ton l nh nhau.
i vi thut ton FFT phn tn s u vo ca hnh cnh bm s sp xp th t theo
m nh phn t nhin, cn u ra ca n s sp xp theo lut o bit ca u vo. Cn i vi
thut ton FFT phn thi gian th ngc li, dy ra th sp xp theo quy lut m nh phn t nhin,
cn dy vo sp xp theo quy lut o bit.
Khi thc hin thut ton, trn thc t, nu ta thc hin thut ton chia theo thi gian, thut
ton m c trnh by trong phn 7.3, ri o chiu ca lu , thay i du trn cc h s pha,
hon chuyn u ra vi u vo, v cui cng chia u ra cho N th ta nhn c thut ton FFT
chia theo tn s cho vic tnh ton IDFT. Ngc li, nu ta bt u vi thut ton chia theo tn s,
thut ton m c trnh by trong phn 7.3 v lp li cc thay i nh trnh by trn th ta
nhn c thut ton FFT chia theo thi gian cho vic tnh ton IDFT. Do vn rt l n
gin trong vic to ra cc thut ton FFT cho vic tnh ton IDFT.
Cui cng, ta cn ch rng im chnh trong chng ny v cc thut ton FFT l cc
thut ton FFT c s 2 v c s 4. y l nhng thut ton vn c s dng rng ri trong thc
t cho n ngy nay. Khi s im s liu khng phi l dng s m c s 2 hoc 4 th ta n gin
l thm dy s 0 vo dy x(n ) sao cho N = 2 v hoc N = 4 v .
Bn cnh cc thut ton FFT c trnh by trn cn c cc thut ton hiu qu khc
tnh DFT, mt s trong cc thut ton ny gim nh thm c s lng php nhn, nhng cc
thut ton ny thng yu cu thm s lng php cng cn phi thc hin. Mt thut ton cc k
quan trng l thut ton ca Rader v Brenner, v cc thut ton thuc lp thut ton h s
nguyn t, chng hn nh thut ton Good (1971), v thut ton Winograd (1976,1978). Ta c th
tham kho bi vit ca Blahut (1985) bit cc m t ca cc thut ton ny v cc thut ton
lin quan.
Bng so snh phc tp ca tnh ton DFT trc tip v thc hin FFT
S im N
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
S php nhn trong

tnh ton trc tip
16
64
256
1024
4096
16384
65536
262144
1048576
S php nhn trong tnh ton

bng thut ton FFT
4
12
32
80
192
448
1024
2304
5120
176
H s ci thin
tc
4.0
5.3
8.0
12.8
21.3
36.6
64.0
113.8
204.8
Bi 7.1
Hy tnh ton DFT vi N = 15 im bng tch ca cc DFT 3 im v 5 im.
Bi 7.2
Chng minh rng mi s
e j (2 N )k
0 k N 1
tng ng vi mt cn bc N ca n v. V nhng s ny dng cc pha trong mt

phng phc v minh ho tnh cht trc giao bng cch s dng nhn xt ny:
N 1
n=0
N
e j (2 N )kn e j (2 N )n =
0
k =l
k l
Bi 7.3
Hy chng minh rng vi hnh dng cnh bm nh sau
X i +1 ( p)
X i ( p)
X i (q)
Ta c:
Re X i +1 ( p) < 1;
Re X i +1 ( p + 1) < 1
Re X i +1 (q) < 1;
Re X i +1 (q + 1) < 1
X i +1 (q)
Nu:
X i ( p) <
1
2
X i (q) <
1
2
Bi 7.4
V th lu tn hiu c 16 im s dng thut ton FFT c s 4 chia theo thi gian
trong dy u vo c trt t bnh thng v cc tnh ton c thc hin ti ch.
Bi 7.5
V th lu tn hiu c 16 im s dng thut ton FFT c s 4 chia theo thi gian,
trong dy vo v dy ra c trt t bnh thng.
177
Chng 8: Cu trc b lc s
CHNG VIII: CU TRC B LC S
GII THIU
Trong chng 1, ta thy rng mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin ri rc s c c trng
bng phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng dng tng qut:
N
k =1
r =0
y ( n ) = a k y ( n k ) + b r x ( n k )
(8.1)
Nh bin i z , ta c th biu din h thng tuyn tnh bt bin ri rc tng t nh trn

theo hm truyn t h thng:
M
H(z) =
b z
r =0
N
1+ akz
(8.2)
k
k =1
T hm truyn t h thng, ta thy cc im khng v cc im cc s ph thuc vo s

la chn cc tham s {b r } , {a k } ca h.
Mc tiu ca chng ny l thc hin cc biu din h thng theo (8.1) hoc (8.2) bng cc
phng php khc nhau da trn phn cng hoc phn mm trn my tnh.
Ni chung, ta c th xem (8.1) nh mt thut ton tm dy ra y (n ) ca h theo dy vo
x(n ) . C th tnh (8.1) theo nhiu cch khc nhau, tng ng vi vic gii mt h phng trnh
sai phn. Mi h phng trnh xc nh mt phng php hay thut ton tnh ton thc hin h
thng. T mi h phng trnh, ta c th xy dng c s khi bao gm cc phn t tr, cc
b nhn, cc b cng kt ni vi nhau a ra mt s cu trc thc hin h thng.
Nu thc hin h thng theo phn mm, th ta c th bin i (8.1) a v h phng trnh
tng ng, sau xy dng thut ton, chng trnh chy trn my tnh. Trong khi , cu trc
s khi s gip ta a ra cu hnh phn cng thc hin h thng nh cc phn t thc hin
nh b nh, thanh ghi dch, cc b x l ton hc ALU hoc nh vo cc chip DSP chuyn dng
Khi ng dng cc s khi ca h thng x l s vo trong thc t, ta s phi xem xt mt
s yu t chnh c nh hng n cch th hin h thng v mt cng ngh c th nh mc
phc tp trong tnh ton, yu cu b nh v nh hng ca di t hu hn n tnh ton.
Mc phc tp tnh ton biu hin s ton t ton hc (nhn, chia, cng) cn thit
tnh mt gi tr ra y (n ) ca h thng. Trong qu kh, iu ny c dng nh gi mc
phc tp ca tnh ton. Tuy nhin, hin nay vi s pht trin trong thit k v sn xut, chp x l
tn hiu s lp trnh tr thnh tinh t hn, cc yu t khc nh s ln truy cp b nh, s ln so
snh hai s theo mt mu ra tr thnh quan trng trong vic nh gi phc tp tnh ton ca
mt th hin.
178
Yu cu b nh l s v tr nh cn c lu cc tham s ca h, d liu vo, ra qu kh v

cc gi tr tnh ton trung gian.
nh hng di t hu hn Cc tham s ca h phi nht thit c th hin vi mt
chnh xc hu hn. Cc php tnh ton c thc hin trong qu trnh tnh ton u ra ca h
thng phi c lng t ho lm trn hay ct b thch hp gii hn chnh xc ca my
tnh hoc phn mm khi thc hin h thng. Vic tnh ton c c tnh ton theo s hc du
phy c nh hay du phy ng khng cng l iu cn xt. Tt c cc vn ny u c gi
l nh hng di t hu hn v c bit quan trng khi la chn th hin h thng.
Ba yu t ni trn l cc nh hng chnh n cch th hin h thng c m t bi (8.1)
hay (8.2), cc yu t khc nh kiu cu trc hay kiu th hin tng thch vi vic x l song
song, lung (pipeline) cng ng vai tr trong vic la chn s thc hin c th ca ta. Tm li,
cc cu trc th hin h thng rt quan trng trong vic thc hin ti u h thng x l s trn
thc t.
Cc ni dung chnh c trnh by trong chng ny bao gm:
-
Cu trc b lc s FIR, bt u t cu trc n gin nht, c gi l dng trc tip. Cu

trc th hai l dng ni tip, tip n l cu trc b lc s theo ly mu tn s, cui cng
ta s cp n mt cu trc th hin h thng FIR dng dn hay cn gi l mt co.
Cu trc b lc s IIR: tng t nh b lc s FIR, b lc s IIR cng c cu trc dng
trc tip, cu trc dng ni tip, cu trc dn v cu trc dn thang. Ngoi ra, cn c thm
dng cu trc song song.
NI DUNG
8.1. CU TRC B LC S FIR
Ni chung, b lc s FIR c m t bng phng trnh sai phn:
M 1
y ( n ) = br x ( n r )
(8.3)
r =0
hoc bi hm h thng:
M 1
H ( z ) = br zr
(8.4)
r =0
Hn th na, p ng xung n v ca b lc s FIR l ng nht vi cc h s {b r } , ngha

l:
b
h ( n) = n
0
0 n M 1
n
(8.5)
8.1.1. Cu trc b lc s FIR dng trc tip

Cu trc dng trc tip c c ngay t phng trnh sai phn khng hi quy (8.3), hoc
tng ng vi php chp hc trong chng 1.
179
N 1
y (n) = h (k ) x (n k )
(8.6)
k =0
Cu trc ny c thc hin hnh 8.1.
x(n )
z1
z1
z1
h (2 )
h (1)
h(0 )
+
z1
h(3 )
h ( N 1)
h ( N 2)
y (n )
+
Hnh 8.1. Cu trc dng trc tip ca b lc s

Ta nhn thy rng, cu trc ny i hi N 1 v tr nh lu N 1 gi tr vo trc v
c N php nhn, N 1 php cng theo mt im ra. Khi b lc s FIR c pha tuyn tnh, p
ng xung n v ca h tho mn iu kin i xng hoc phn i xng.
h (n ) = h ( N 1 n )
(8.7)
i vi mt h nh th, s php nhn s c rt t N xung N 2 vi N chn v xung
( N 1)
2 vi N l. V d, cu trc tn dng u im ca tnh i xng ny c minh ha
hnh 8.2 vi trng hp N l.
x(n )
z1
z1
h(0)
y(n )
ra
z1
z1
h (1)
+
z1
z1
z1
h (2 )
z1
z1
+
N 2
h
N 1
h
Hnh 8.2 Cu trc dng trc tip ca b lc s FIR pha tuyn tnh ( M l)
180
8.1.2. Cu trc b lc s FIR dng ni tip

Cu trc ni tip c hnh thnh mt cch t nhin t hm h thng cho (8.4). N a
tha s H ( z ) vo trong b lc s FIR bc hai sao cho:
N
H ( z ) = G H k ( z )
(8.8)
k =1
y:
H k (z ) = 1 + bk1 z 1 + bk 2 z 2
k = 1,2,...., k
(8.9)
v k l phn nguyn ca ( N + 1) 2 . Tham s khuch i G c th c phn b ng u

gia k mt lc, tc l G = G1G2 .....Gk . Cc im khng ca H ( z ) c nhm thnh cp to
ra cc b lc s FIR bc hai dng (8.9). Cu trc ni tip v mt mt bc hai c bn c ch
hnh 8.3.
x(n) = x1(n)
H1 (z )
y1(n)
= x2 (n)
H 2 (z )
y2 (n)
= x3 (n)
yk1(n)
= xk (n)
H k (z )
yk (n) =
a)
xk (n )
b)
z 1
z 1
bk 1
bk 2
yk (n) = xk +1 (n)
Hnh 8.3 a) Cu trc ni tip ca b lc s FIR.

b) Cu trc mi mt lc Hk(z).
Vic hnh thnh cc cp nghim lin hp phc l iu kin lun lun mong mun cho cc
h s {bki } trong (8.9) c gi tr thc. Trong trng hp b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh, tnh i xng
ch ra rng cc im cc ca H (z ) cng th hin dng i xng. C th, nu z k v z k* l mt cp
lin hp phc, th 1 z k v 1 z k* cng l cp lin hp phc. Do , tng tnh n gin ta s
hnh thnh cc mt lc bc bn ca b lc s FIR nh sau:
181
)(
z 1
z 1
1
H k ( z ) = 1 z k z 1 1 z *k z 1 1
z k
z k*
(8.10)
= 1 + C k 1 z 1 + C k 2 z 2 + C k 1 z 3 + z 4
y cc h s {Ck1} v {Ck 2 } l cc hm ca z k . Nh vy, bng cch lin hp hai cp cc
thnh mt mt lc bc 4, ta rt bt c s php nhn t 4 xung 2 (tc l bng 50%). Hnh
8.4 minh ho cu trc FIR bc 4 c bn.
xk (n )
z 1
z 1
z 1
z 1
C k2
Ck1
+
y k (n )
Hnh 8.4. Mt lc 4 trong cu trc ni tip ca b lc s FIR
8.1.3. Cu trc b lc s FIR dng dn (mt co)

Trong mc ny ta s trnh by cu trc b lc FIR loi khc, c tn l b lc dn. B lc
dn c dng rng ri trong x l s ting ni v lc thch nghi.
Ta hy bt u bng vic xt mt dy b lc FIR vi hm truyn t h thng:
Hm ( z ) = Am ( z )
m = 0,1,2,..., M 1
(8.11)
y theo nh ngha, Am ( z ) l mt a thc:

m
Am (z ) = 1 + m (k )z k
m 1
(8.12)
k =1
v A0 (z ) = 1 . p ng xung n v ca b lc th m l hm (0) = 1 v hm (k ) = m (k ) ,
k = 1,2,..., m . Ch s di m a thc Am ( z ) k hiu cp ca a thc.
Theo mong mun, c th xem b lc FIR nh mt thit b d on tuyn tnh. Theo iu

kin ny, dy d liu vo x(n 1), x(n 2), ...., x(n m ) c dng d on gi tr ca tn hiu
x(n ) . V th ta c th biu din gi tr d on mt cch tuyn tnh ca x(n ) nh sau:
182
x (n ) =
m (k )x(n k )
(8.13)
k =1
y, { m (k )} biu din cc h s d on. K hiu x (n ) c dng tng thch vi cc

ti liu k thut.
x(n )
z 1
z 1
z 1
am (1)
z 1
am (2)
am (m 1)
am (3)
am (m)
+
x(n)
z 1
am (1)
z 1
z 1
am (2)
am (3)
z 1
y (n )
z 1
am (4)
y (n )
am (m )
+
Hnh 8.5. Cu trc dng trc tip ca b lc FIR d on

Dy ra y (n ) c th c biu din di dng:
y (n ) = x(n ) x (n )
= x(n ) +
m (k )x(n k )
(8.14)
k =1
Nh vy, u ra b lc FIR c th c hiu nh l sai s gia hai gi tr tn hiu thc x(n )
v gi tr d on c x (n ) . Hai loi th hin dng trc tip b lc FIR d on c m t

hnh 8.5.
Gi s ta c b lc trong m = 1 . R rng u ra ca b lc nh th l:
y (n ) = x(n ) + 1 (1) x(n 1)

183
(8.15)
u ra ny cng c th c t b lc dn bc nht hay mt tng nh minh ho hnh 8.6,

bng kch thch c hai li vo tn hiu x(n ) v bng s la chn u ra nhnh trn. Tham s k1
ca dn c gi l h s phn x.
Tip theo, ta hy xt b lc FIR c m = 2 . Trong trng hp ny tn hiu ra t cu trc trc
tip l:
y (n ) = x(n ) + 2 (1) x(n 1) + 2 (2) x(n 2)
(8.16)
Bng cch ni tip hai tng dn nh ch hnh 8.7, ta cng c th c tn hiu ra ging nh
8.16. Tht vy, tn hiu ra ca tng th nht l:
f1 (n ) = x(n ) + k1 x(n 1)
g1 (n ) = k1 x(n ) + x(n 1)
f 0 (n )
k2
x(n )
g 0 (n )
(8.17)
f1 (n ) = y (n )
k1
g1 (n )
g 0 (n 1)
f 0 (n) = g 0 (n) = x(n)
f1 (n) = f 0 (n) + k1 g 0 (n 1) = x(n) + k1 x(n)
g1 (n) = k1 f 0 (n) + g 0 (n 1) = k1 x(n) + x(n 1)

Hnh 8.6. B lc dn mt tng
f 0 (n )
k1
x(n )
g 0 (n )
f1 (n )
f 2 (n ) = y(n )
k2
k1
g1 (n )
k2
g 2 (n )
Hnh 8.7. B lc dn hai tng
Tn hiu ra tng hai l
f 2 (n ) = f1 (n ) + k 2 g 1 (n 1)
g 2 (n ) = k 2 f1 (n ) + g 1 (n 1)
Nu ta ch tp trung vo f 2 (n ) thay f1 (n ) , g 1 (n 1) trong (8.17) vo (8.18), s c:
184
(8.18)
f 2 (n ) = x (n ) + k1 x (n 1) + k 2 [k1 x (n 1) + x (n 2 )]
(8.19)
= x (n ) + k1 (1 + k 2 ) x (n 1) + k 2 x (n 2 )
By gi (8.19) l ng nht vi tn hiu ra ca b lc FIR dng trc tip nh cho

(8.16), nu ta cn bng cc h s, ngha l:
2 (2 ) = k 2
2 (1) = k1 (1 + k 2 )
(8.20)
2 (1)
1 + 2 (2 )
(8.21)
hoc tng ng
k 2 = 2 (2 )
k1 =
Nh vy c th t c t cc h s phn x k1 v k 2 ca dn t cc h s {am (k )} ca
th hin dng trc tip.
f 0 (n )
x(n )
g 0 (n )
f1 (n )
Tng
th
nht
f M 1 (n ) = y (n )
f 2 (n )
Tng
th
hai
g1 (n )
Tng
th
M 1
g 2 (n )
M 1
a)
f M 1 (n )
f m (n )
km
x(n )
g M 1 (n )
km
g m (n )
b)
Tng in hnh
Hnh 8.8. B lc dn (M 1) tng
Tip tc qu trnh ny nh php quy np ta c th d dng chng minh s tng ng gia

b lc FIR dng trc tip bc m v b lc dn bc m hay c th m t mt cch tng qut b lc
dn bng h phng trnh quy th t sau y:
f 0 (n ) = g 0 (n ) = x (n )
(8.22)
f m (n ) = f m 1 (n ) + k m g m 1 (n 1)
m = 1,2,..., M 1
(8.23)
g m (n ) = k m f m 1 (n ) + g m 1 (n 1)
m = 1,2,..., M 1
(8.24)
185
Khi tn hiu ra ca b lc tng M 1 s tng ng vi tn ra ca b lc FIR bc M 1 ,

ngha l:
y (n ) = f M 1 (n )
Hnh 8.8 m t lc dn (M 1) tng theo dng s khi ca mt tng in hnh vi tnh
ton c ch ra (8.23) v (8.24).
Nh s tng ng gia b lc FIR v b lc dn, u ra f m (n ) ca mt b dn m tng
c th c biu din nh sau:
m
f m (n ) = m (k )x (n k )
k =0
m (0 ) = 1
(8.25)
V (8.25) l php chp, nn n ko theo quan h bin i z l:
Fm ( z ) = Am ( z ) X ( z )
hoc tng ng
Am ( z ) =
Fm ( z ) Fm ( z )
=
X (z ) F0 ( z )
(8.26)
Thnh phn u ra khc ca dn, g m (n ) cng c th c biu din di dng php chp
nh (8.33), nh tp h s khc l { m (k )}. iu ny c th quan st thy t (8.17) v (8.18). Theo
(8.17), ta nhn thy rng cc h s lc i vi b lc sinh ra f1 (n ) l {1, k1 } = {1,1 (1)} . Trong khi
, cc h s i vi b lc c u ra g1 (n ) l { k1 ,1} = {1 (1),1} . Ta nhn thy hai tp h s ny
l ngc th t nhau. Nu xt b lc dn hai tng c u ra cho (8.18), ta c th biu din

g 2 (n ) di dng:
g 2 (n ) = k 2 f1 (n ) + g1 (n 1)
= k 2 [x(n ) + k1 x(n 1)] + k1 x(n 1) + x(n 2)

= k 2 x(n ) + k1 (1 + k 2 )x(n 1) + x(n 2)
= 2 (2)x(n) + 2 (1)x(n 1) + x(n 2)
Do , cc h s b lc l { 2 (2), 2 (1), 1} , trong khi cc h s ca b lc sinh ra f 2 (n ) li
l {1, 2 (1), 2 (2)} . y, mt ln na ta li thy tp hp h s b lc l ngc th t nhau.
T s phn tch trn, ta c th biu din u ra g m (n ) ca b lc dn m tng di dng

php chp:
m
g m (n ) = m (k )x (n k )
(8.27)
k =0
y, cc h s lc { m (k )} lin kt vi b lc sinh ra f m (n) = y(n ) nhng hot ng theo
th t ngc. chi tit hn, ta gi thit d liu x (n ) , x (n 1) , ...., x(n m + 1) c dng
d on mt cch tuyn tnh gi tr tn hiu x(n m ) . Gi tr d on c l:

186
m 1
x (n ) = m (k )x (n k )
(8.28)
k =0
y, cc h s lc m (k ) trong b lc d on chnh l cc h s {m (k )} ly theo th t

ngc li, ngha l:
m (k ) = m (m k )
k = 0, 1, ...., m
(8.29)
Ta gi s d on, c hnh thnh theo (8.28) l d on theo hng ngc, ngha l d

liu chy ngc qua mt b d on vi cc h s { m (k )} . Ngc li, b lc FIR vi hm h
thng Am ( z ) hnh thnh s d on theo hng tin.

Trong min z , (8.27) tr thnh:
G m (z ) = m (z ) X (z )
(8.30)
hoc tng ng
Bm ( z ) =
G m (z )
X (z )
(8.31)
y Bm ( z ) l hm h thng ca b lc FIR vi cc h s { m (k )}, tc l:

m
Bm ( z ) = m (k ) z k
(8.32)
k =0
V m (k ) = m (m k ) , nn c th biu din (8.32) nh sau:
Bm ( z ) =
m ( m k ) z k = m (l ) zl m
k =0 m
m
=z
m (l ) zl
=z
l =0
m
l =0
(8.33)
( )
Am z 1
Quan h (8.33) ni ln rng cc khng ca b lc FIR vi hm h thng B m ( z ) chnh l
nghch o cc khng ca Am ( z ) . V th B m ( z ) c gi l a thc nghch o hay a thc

ngc ca Am ( z ) v n gn vi s d on dy d liu vo theo hng ngc.
Sau , chuyn i (8.22) v (8.24) sang min z . Nh vy ta c:
F0 ( z ) = G0 (z ) = X (z )
(8.34)
Fm ( z ) = Am 1 ( z ) + k m z 1 B m 1 ( z )
m = 1,2,..., M 1
(8.35)
G m ( z ) = k m Fm 1 ( z ) + z 1G m 1 ( z )
m = 1,2,..., M 1
(8.36)
Nu chia mi phng trnh cho X (z ) , ta c kt qu mong mun dng:

A0 ( z ) = B0 ( z ) = 1
(8.37)
Am ( z ) = Am 1 ( z ) + k m z 1 B m 1 ( z )
187
m = 1,2,..., M 1
(8.38)
B m ( z ) = k m Am 1 ( z ) + z 1 B m 1 ( z )
m = 1, 2,..., M 1
(8.39)
Nh vy mt tng dn c m t bng phng trnh ma trn trong min z nh sau:
Am ( z ) 1
B ( z ) = k
m m
km
1
Am 1 ( z )
z 1 B ( z )
m 1
(8.40)
Trc khi kt thc phn ny, ta s trin khai mi quan h bin i cc tham s dn {ki }, tc
cc h s phn x sang cc b lc trc tip { m (k )} v ngc li.
Bin i h s dn sang h s b lc dng trc tip.

Cc h s b lc FIR dng trc tip { m (k )} c th t c t cc h s dn {ki } bng
cch dng cc h thc sau:
A0 ( z ) = B0 ( z ) = 1
(8.41)
Am ( z ) = Am 1 ( z ) + k m z 1 B m 1 ( z )
( )
Bm ( z ) = z m Am 1 z 1
m = 1,2,..., M 1
m = 1, 2,..., M 1
(8.42)
(8.43)
Li gii s t c theo phng php quy, bt u vi m = 1 . Nh vy ta s c mt dy

(M 1) b lc FIR, mi b ng vi mt gi tr m .
8.2. CU TRC B LC S IIR

Trong mc ny ta xt cc cu trc ca b lc s IIR c m t bng phng trnh sai phn
(8.1) hoc hm truyn t tng ng (8.2). Cng ging nh cc h FIR, h IIR cng c mt s
loi cu trc khc nhau, l cu trc dng trc tip, cu trc dng ni tip, cu trc dn v cu
trc dn thang. Ngoi ra chng cn gp thm dng cu trc song song.
8.2.1. Cu trc b lc s IIR dng trc tip
Hm truyn t hu t c trng cho b lc s IIR:
M
H(z) =
b z
r =0
N
1 + a k zk
k =1
c th c xem nh gm hai h ni tip, ngha l:
H ( z ) = H1 ( z ) H 2 ( z )
(8.44)
y, H 1 ( z ) cha cc khng v H 2 ( z ) cha cc cc ca H ( z ) , tc l:

M
H1 (z ) = bk z k
k =0
H 2 (z ) =
1
N
1 + ak z
k =1
188
(8.45)
k
y(n )
x(n )
z 1
b1
b0
a1
z 1
z 1
a2
b2
a N 1
bM 1
+
z 1
z 1
bM
aN
H ton khng
H ton cc
Hnh 8.9. Cu trc trc tip loi I

Ta c cu trc trc tip loi I nh ch hnh 8.9. Cu trc ny i hi M + N + 1 nh.
x(n )
b0
- a1
z1
b1
y(n )
+
z1
a2
b2
a N 1
bN 1
aN
bN
Hnh 8.10. Cu trc trc tip loi II (N = M )

189
Nu b lc ton cc H 2 ( z ) t trc b lc ton khng H 1 (z ) , s c cu trc cn i
hn c gi l cu trc trc tip loi II v c trnh by hnh 8.10. Cu trc ny i hi
M + N + 1 php nhn, M + N php cng v cc i ca {M , N } nh. V cu trc trc tip loi
II ti thiu ho c nh, nn n c xem l chnh tc.
nh l chuyn v:
nh l ny pht biu rng nu ta:

+ Thay th nt cng bng nt nhnh v ngc li.
+ o hng ca tt c cc h s truyn t nhnh v cc nhnh.
+ i ch tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra cho nhau.
th hm truyn t s gi nguyn khng i.
Cu trc thu c c tn l cu trc chuyn v hay dng chuyn v.
Ta hy p dng nh l chuyn v i vi cu trc trc tip loi II. Trc ht, ta o hng
tt c cc lung tn hiu trong hnh 8.10. Tip n ta i cc nt thnh b cng v cc b cng
thnh cc nt. Cui cng, ta i u vo vo, u ra cho nhau. Cc thao tc ny cho ta cu trc
trc tip loi II chuyn v nh ch hnh 8.11.
x ( n)
y ( n)
b0
z 1
+
b1
a1
z 1
bN 1
+z
bN
a N 1
aN
Hnh 8.11. Cu trc chuyn v

trc tip loi II
190
Cui cng ta nhn thy rng, cu trc chuyn v trc tip loi II i hi s php nhn, php
cng v s nh ging nh cu trc trc tip loi II ban u.
8.2.2. Cu trc b lc s IIR dng ni tip
Gi s ta xt mt h IIR bc cao c hm truyn t cho (8.2). Khng mt tnh tng qut
nu ta gi thit N M . C th phn tch h thnh cc h con bc hai ni tip, v th c th biu
din H ( z ) di dng:
k
H (z ) = G H k (z )
(8.46)
k =1
y k l phn nguyn ca (N + 1) 2 , H k ( z ) c dng tng qut:
Hk (z) =
1 + bk1 z 1 + bk 2 z 2
1 + ak1 z 1 + ak 2 z 2
(8.47)
v G l tham s khuch i c nh, c xc nh theo (8.2) l G = b0 . Cng ging nh

trng hp h FIR theo cu trc ni tip, tham s khuch i G c th c phn b bng nhau
cho k mt lc, sao cho G = G1G2 Gk .
Cc h s {a ki } v {bki } trong cc h con bc hai l thc. iu ny ni ln rng, khi hnh
thnh cc h con bc hai hay cc tha s bc hai trong (8.47), ta phi nhm cc cp cc khng
lin hp phc vi nhau.
Nu N > M , mt h thng con bc hai s c cc h s t s bng khng, ngha l hoc
bk 2 = 0 , hoc bk 1 = 0 , hoc c bk 1 = bk 2 = 0 i vi mi s k no y. Hn na, nu N l l,

mt trong cc h con, chng hn H k ( z ) , phi c a k 2 = 0 v th h thng con l bc nht. duy
tr tnh mun khi thc hin H ( z ) , thng thng ngi ta dng h thng con bc hai c bn trong
cu trc ni tip v c mt vi h s ly gi tr khng mt s h con.

Mi h con bc hai vi hm truyn t c dng (8.47) c th c th hin theo dng trc
tip loi II. V c nhiu cch ghp cp cc cc v cc khng ca H ( z ) thnh cc mt bc hai ni
tip v c mt s xp th t cc h thng con, nn c th thu c cc cu trc ni tip l tng
ng i vi mt chnh xc bt nh, cc th hin khc nhau mt cch ng k khi c thc
hin vi cc php s hc c chnh xc nht nh.
Dng tng qut ca cu trc ni tip c minh ho hnh 8.12.
191
x(n) = x1(n)
H1 ( z )
x2(n)
y2(n)
xk ( n)
H 2 (z )
H k (z )
yk ( n)
a)
xk (n)
Hnh 8.12. Cu trc ni tip cc h

thng bc hai v th hin mi mt
bc hai
G y (n )
a k1
y k (n )
z 1
bk1
z 1
ak 2
bk 2
x1 (n) = yk
8.2.3. Cu trc b lc s IIR dng song song

Cu trc dng song song ca b lc s IIR c th c hnh thnh t biu din phn thc
ca H ( z ) . Khng mt tnh tng qut nu ta li gi thit rng N M v cc cc l phn bit. Sau
, theo thc hin khai trin phn thc ca H ( z ) , ta li c:
Ak
1
k =1 1 p k z
N
H (z ) = C +
(8.48)
y, {pk }l cc cc, {Ak } l cc h s (phn d) trong khai trin phn thc v hng s C
c nh ngha l C = bN . Cu trc do (8.48) to ra c trnh by hnh 8.14. N gm mt dy
aN
cc b lc n cc song song.
Ni chung, mt s cc ca H (z ) c th l gi tr phc. Trong trung hp nh th, cc h s
Ak tng ng cng l phc. trnh vic nhn s phc, ta c th ghp cc cp cc lin hp

phc hnh thnh cc h con hai cc. Ngoi ra, ta c th lin kt mt cch tu cc cp cc gi
tr thc to ra cc h con hai cc. Mi h con ny c dng:
H k (z ) =
bk 0 + bk1 z 1
1 + ak1 z 1 + ak 2 z 2
(8.49)
y, cc h s {bki } v {a ki } l cc tham s h thng ly gi tr thc. By gi hm trn

c th c biu din l:
N
H (z ) = C + H k (z )
k =1
192
(8.50)
Vi k l phn nguyn ca ( N + 1) 2 . Khi N l l, mt trong H k (z ) tht s l mt h n
cc (ngha l, bk1 = a k 2 = 0 ).
C bit, cc mt bc hai, l cc khi c bn ca H ( z ) , c th c thc hin theo dng trc
tip hoc theo dng chuyn v trc tip c minh ho hnh 8.14.
x(n)
bk 0
+
H 1 (z )
x(n )
H 2 (z )
a k1
z 1
y k (n )
bk1
z 1
ak 2
y (n )
H k (z )
Hnh 8.13. Cu trc song song ca

h thng IIR
Hnh 8.14. Cu trc ca mt mt bc 2

trong th hin h thng IIR song song
8.2.4. Cu trc b lc s IIR dng dn (mt co)

Trong phn trc, ta xt cu trc b lc dn c hot ng tng ng vi b lc s
FIR. Trong mc ny, ta s m rng vic xt i vi h IIR.
Gi s, ta bt u vi h ton cc c hm truyn t:
H (z ) =
1
N
1 + a k (z )z
=
k
(8.51)
AN ( z )
k =1
cu trc dng trc tip ca h thng ny c nu hnh 8.17.
aN(N 1)
aN(N)
x(n )
z 1
z 1
z 1
aN(2)
aN(1)
Hnh 8.15. Cu trc dng trc tip ca h ton cc
Phng trnh sai phn ca h IIR ny l:

193
y (n )
y (n ) =
(8.52)
a N (k )x (n k ) + x (n )
k =1
Nu thay i vai tr ca u vo v u ra (ngha l i ln nhau x(n ) v y (n ) ta c:

N
x (n ) = a N (k )x (n k ) + y (n )
k =1
hoc tng ng
N
y (n ) = x (n ) + a N (k )x (n k )
(8.53)
k =1
Ta nhn thy rng phng trnh (8.53) m t mt h FIR c hm truyn t H (z ) = AN ( z ) ,
trong khi phng trnh sai phn (8.52) m t mt h IIR c hm truyn t H (z ) = 1 AN (z ) .

Mt h c th t c thit lp t h khc bng vic i ln nhau vai tr vo ra.
Trn c s nhn xt ny, ta dng dn ton khng (FIR) c xt trong mc 8.2.4 to
ra cu trc dn i vi h ton cc IIR bng cch i ln nhau vai tr u vo, u ra. Trc ht
ta ly b lc dn ton khng c nu hnh 8.8 v nh ngha ti u vo nh sau:
x(n) = f N (n)
(8.54)
y(n) = f0 (n)
(8.55)
v u ra l:
y l s ngc li chnh xc cc nh ngha v b lc dn ton khng. Cc nh ngha ny

ch ra rng cc i lng
{ f m (n)}
s c tnh theo s gim bc [ngha l
f N (n), f N (n), f N 1 (n ), .....,1 ]. C th thc hin vic tnh ton ny bng cch sp xp li phng
trnh quy v gii tm
f m1 (n ) theo f m (n) , tc l:
f m1 (n) = f m (n) km g m1 (n 1)
u vo
g N (n)
f1(n)
f N (n)
x(n)
f N (n)
kN
k2
kN
k2
z1
g 2 (n )
f0 (n) = y(n)
f1 (n )
u ra
k1
k1
z1
m = N , N 1,.....,1
g1 (n )
z1
g 0 (n )
Hnh 8.16. Cu trc dn ca h IIR ton cc
Kt qu ca vic thay i ny l tp cc phng trnh:

f N (n) = x(n)
(8.56)
194
f m1 ( n ) = f m ( n ) K m g m1 ( n 1)
m = N ,N 1,.....,1
(8.57)
gm ( n ) = Km ( n ) f m1 ( n ) + gm1 ( n 1)
m = N ,N 1,.....,1
(8.58)
y(n) = f 0 (n) = g0 (n)
(8.59)
H phng trnh ny tng ng vi cu trc nh ch hnh 8.16.

chng minh rng h cc phng tnh t (8.56) n (8.59) biu din b lc s IIR ton
cc, ta hy nhn xt trng hp N = 1 . Cc phng trnh trn c rt gn thnh:
x(n) = f1 (n)
f 0 (n ) = f1 (n) k1 g 0 (n 1)
g1 (n) = k1 f 0 (n) + g 0 (n 1)
(8.60)
y(n ) = f 0 (n )
= x(n ) k1 y(n 1)
Hn na, phng trnh ca g1 (n ) c th c biu din di dng:
g1 (n ) = k1 g (n ) + y (n 1)
(8.61)
Tip theo ta hy xt trng hp N = 2 , tng ng vi cu trc nh hnh 8.17b.

Thun
x(n)
f1 (n)
Thun
f 0 (n)
k1
k1
g1 (n)
y(n)
x(n)
f1 (n)
k1
z 1
+
Ngc
y(n)
k1
k2
Ngc
a)
k2
Hi tip
z 1
f0 (n)
f1 (n )
g1 (n )
z 1
g 0 (n )
b)
Hnh 8.17. H thng dn mt v hai cc
Cc phng trnh ng vi cu trc ny l:

f 2 (n) = x(n)
f1 (n) = f 2 (n) k 2 g1 (n 1)
g 2 (n) = k 2 f1 (n) + g1 (n 1)
f 0 (n) = f1 (n) k1 g 0 (n 1)
g1 (n) = k1 f 0 (n) + g 0 (n 1)
y(n) = f 0 (n) = g 0 (n)
Sau mt vi thay th v x l ta c:
195
(8.62)
y (n ) = k1 (1 + k 2 ) y (n 1) k 2 y(n 2 ) + x(n )
(8.63)
g 2 (n) = k2 y(n) + k1 (1 + k2 ) y(n 1) + y(n 2)
(8.64)
R rng, phng trnh sai phn (8.71) biu din b lc s IIR hai cc v quan h (8.64) l
phng trnh vo - ra ca h IIR hai khng.
Ni chung, cc kt lun trn y l ng vi mi N . Tht vy, vi nh ngha ca Am ( z )
nh cho (8.26), hm truyn t ca b lc s IIR ton cc l:
1
Y ( z ) F0 ( z )
=
=
X (z ) Fm (z ) Am (z )
H a (z ) =
(8.65)
Mt cch tng t, hm truyn t ca b lc s (FIR) ton khng l:

H
G m (z ) G m (z )
=
= B m (z ) = z m A m z 1
Y (z )
G 0 (z )
( )
(z ) =
(8.66)
y ta s dng cc quan h thit lp trc y l (8.63) v (8.65). Nh vy, cc h
s trong H b ( z ) ca b lc s FIR l ng nht vi cc h s trong Am ( z ) , tr khi chng xut

hin theo th t ngc.
Cu trc dn ton cc c mt tuyn ton khng vi u vo g 0 (n ) v u ra g N (n ) . a
thc biu din hm truyn t ca tuyn ton khng Bm (z ) chung cho c hai cu trc dn lun lun
c gi l hm truyn t theo hng ngc li, v n m bo tuyn ngc li trong cu trc
dn ton cc.
Dn ton cc cung cp khi c bn cho cc cu trc loi dn, thc hin cc b lc s IIR
cha c cc v khng. trin khai mt cu trc thch hp, ta hy nhn xt mt h IIR vi hm
truyn t:
M
H (z ) =
C (k )z
k =0
1 + a N (k )z
=
k
C M (z )
AN ( z )
(8.67)
k =1
y k hiu ca a thc t s c thay i trnh s ln ln vi vic trin khai

trc y ca ta. Khng mt tnh tng qut, khi ta gi thit N M .
Trong cu trc trc tip loi II, h thng (8.67) c m t bng cc phng trnh sai phn:
N
(n ) = a N (k ) (n k ) + x(n )
(8.68)
k =1
y(n ) = C M (k ) (n k )
k =0
196
(8.69)
x(n )
a2
a1
(n )
(n 1)
(n M )
(n M + 1)
C M (2 )
aM
a M 1
(n 2)
C M (1)
C M (0 )
1
C M (M )
C M ( M 1)
y (n )
Hnh 8.18. Cu trc trc tip loi II ca b lc s IIR
Ch rng (8.68) l quan h vo - ra ca mt b lc s IIR ton cc v (8.69) l vo - ra

ca b lc s ton khng. Hn na, ta nhn thy rng, u ra ca mt h thng ton khng chnh
l lin hp tuyn tnh ca cc u ra tr t h thng ton cc. iu ny l d thy t vic quan
st cu trc trc tip loi II v li nh hnh 8.19.
V cc khng l kt qu ca vic thc hin lin hp tuyn tnh ca cc u ra trc nn ta
dng nhn xt ny xy dng b lc s IIR ton khng khi ly cu trc dn ton cc nh khi
c bn. Ta va mi nhn xt rng g m (n ) l lin hp tuyn tnh ca u ra hin ti v qu kh.
Tht vy, h thng:
H b (z ) =
Gm ( z )
= Bm ( z )
Y (z )
l mt h thng ton khng. Bi vy, lin hp tuyn tnh bt k ca {g m (n )} cng l mt h

thng ton khng.
u vo
x(n)
f N (n)
f2 (n)
f N 1(n)
kN
kN
+
g N (n)
z 1
g N1(n)
vN
f 0 (n )
f1 (n )
g 2 (n )
v N 1
k2
k2
+
z 1
g1 (n )
k1
k1
+
g 0 (n )
z1
v0
v1
v2
y(n)
+
Hnh 8.19. Cu trc dn dn thang th hin h thng cc khng
197
Nh vy, ta bt u t cu trc dn ton cc vi cc tham s km , 1 m N v ta b

xung thm phn thang bng cch a ra mt lin hp tuyn tnh c trng s ca
{g m (n )}. Kt
qu thu c l mt h IIR ton cc, c cu trc dn - thang nh ch hnh 8.28 vi M = N .

u ra ca n l:
y (n ) =
m =0
g m (n )
(8.70)
{ m } l tham s xc nh cc khng ca h thng. Hm truyn t tng ng vi
(8.78) l:
Y (z)
X (z)
H (z) =
m=0
Gm ( z )
X (z)
(8.71)
V X ( z ) = FN ( z ) v F0 ( z ) = G0 (z ) , ta c th vit (8.72) di dng:

M
H (z) =
m =0
Gm ( z ) F0 ( z )
X ( z ) FN ( z )
(z)
m Am ( z )
m=0
m Bm ( z )
(8.72)
m =0
AN ( z )
Nu so snh (8.66) vi (8.72), ta c th kt lun:

C M (z ) =
m =0
Bm (z )
(8.73)
y l quan h cn tm, n c th c dng xc nh cc h s trng s {vm } . Nh vy
ta chng minh rng cc h s ca a thc t s C M ( z ) xc nh cc tham s thang {vm } , trong

khi cc h s ca a thc mu s AN ( z ) xc nh cc tham s dn {K m }.
Khi c cc a thc C M ( z ) v AN ( z ) , vi N M , trc ht ta xc nh cc tham s

ca dn ton cc, nh ni trc y bng thut ton bin i cho mc 8.2.3 bin i
cc h s dng trc tip sang cc h s dn. Nh cc h thc quy gim bc tng bc cho
(8.48), ta tm c cc tham s dn {K m } v cc a thc Bm ( z ), m = 1, 2 ,....., N .
Cc tham s thang xc nh (8.71) c th c biu din nh sau:
C m (z ) =
m 1
k =0
Bk (z ) + m Bm (z )
(8.74)
hoc tng ng
C m ( z ) = C m 1 ( z ) + m B m ( z )
198
(8.75)
Nh vy c th tnh C m ( z ) mt cch quy t a thc nghch o Bm ( z ), m = 1, 2 ,....., N .
V m (m) = 1 vi mi m , nn cc tham s m , m = 0 , 1 , .... M c th c xc nh trc ht

theo:
m = Cm ( z )
m = 1, 2 ,.....,M
(8.76)
v cho chy ngc li quan h quy ny theo m (ngha l m = M , m = M 1, ... 2 ) , ta s c
c m (m ) v cc tham s thang ng vi (8.76).
Trong chng 8, chng ta tm hiu cc cu trc ca cc b lc s FIR v b lc s IIR.
Cc cu trc ny chnh l s th hin cc cch m t h thng theo phng trnh sai phn tuyn
tnh h s hng v theo hm truyn t H(z) m chng ta hc cc chng 1 v chng 2:
+ M t quan h vo ra h thng theo phng trnh sai phn:
N
k =1
r =0
y ( n ) = a k y ( n k ) + b r x ( n k )
+ M t h thng theo hm truyn t:
M
H(z) =
b z
r =0
N
1 + a k zk
k =1
I. Cu trc b lc s FIR
Cu trc b lc s FIR bao cc cu trc sau:

1. Cu trc trc tip
N 1
Suy ra t m t quan h vo ra theo php chp: y ( n ) = h ( k ) x ( n k ) . Lu rng chiu

k =0
di p ng xung h(n) ca b lc s FIR l L[h(n)] = N.

Sau thc hin bin i z xy dng s cu trc. Lu c tnh ca b lc s
h ( n ) = h ( N 1 n ) s gip ta gim s php nhn v b cng khong mt na.

2. Cu trc ni tip
Da trn
H ( z ) = G H k ( z )
k =1
y:
H k (z ) = 1 + bk1 z 1 + bk 2 z 2
k = 1,2,...., k
Ta s xy dng c mt h thng k mt lc ni tip nhau, mi mt lc l mt hm bc 2

nh trn.
199
3. Cu trc b lc s FIR theo ly mu tn s
Cu trc c xy dng t biu din p ng tn s ca b lc s FIR:
H ( e j ) =
N 1
h (n ) e
j n
n=0
2
V cc gi tr H ej ti cc tn s k =
( k + ) chnh l :
N
( )
2
H (k + ) = H
( k + )
N
N 1
h (n ) e
j 2 ( k + )n / N
k = 0,1,..., N 1
n=0
T y, biu din h(n) theo cc mu tn s:
h (n ) =
1
N
N 1
H (k + )e
j 2 ( k + )n / N
n = 0,1,..., N 1
n=0
a ra s h thng.
4. Cu trc b lc s FIR dng dn (mt co).
Cu trc ny c xy dng da trn xt mt dy b lc FIR vi hm h thng:
Hm ( z ) = Am ( z )
m = 0,1,2,..., M 1
y Am ( z ) l mt a thc:
m
Am ( z ) = 1 + m (k )z k
m 1
k =1
A0 (z ) = 1 . p ng xung n v ca b lc th m l hm (0) = 1 v hm (k ) = m (k ) ,
k = 1,2,..., m . Ch s di m a thc Am ( z ) k hiu cp ca a thc. Ta s xy dng cu trc

b lc, tm ra cc h s t cc gi tr c th ca ch s m.
Lu : Trong cc ng dng thc t, cu trc dn ton cc c dng m hnh b phn
m thanh con ngi. Trong trng hp nh th, cc tham s dn {km } c ngha vt l ca cc
h s phn x s ng nht trong mi trng vt l. y l l do cho cc tham s dn thng

c gi l h s phn x. Trong cc p dng nh th, m hnh n nh ca mi trng i hi
cc h s phn x, c c nh vic o tn hiu ra t mi trng, phi nh hn n v.
II. Cu trc b lc s IIR
Tng t nh cch xy dng b lc s FIR, b lc s IIR cng c cu trc dng trc tip,
cu trc dng ni tip, cu trc dn v cu trc dn thang (mt co). Ngoi ra, cn c thm dng
N
Ak
.
cu trc song song da trn phn tch H ( z ) = C +
1
k =1 1 p k z
Lu : Trong cu trc trc tip b lc s IIR ta c th da trn phn tch
200
H(z) =
b z
r =0
N
1+ akz
= br z r .
r =0
k =1
1
N
1+ akz
= H1 (z).H 2 (z)
k =1
Hon v H1(z) v H2(z), p dng nh l chuyn v a ra cc dng cu trc trc tip I v

II.
201
Mt vi cu trc bc hai ca h thng ri rc.
Loi
Cu trc
x(n )
Trc
tip
b0
z 1 b1
z 1
Trc
tip
chuyn
v
loi I
Phng trnh thc hin
y (n )
a1 z
a2
b2
x(n)
a1
b + b z1 + b2z2
H(z) = 0 1
1+ a1z1 + a2z2
z 1
(n) = a1 (n 1)
+a2 (n 2) + x(n)
(n) = b0 (n) + b1 (n 1)
+b2 (n 2)
z 1
z
a2
+b2 x(n 2 ) a1 y (n 1)
a2 y (n 2 )
y (n )
b0
y (n ) = b0 x(n ) + b1x(n 1)
Hm h thng
w(n 1)
+
b1
1
b + b z1 + b2z2
H( z) = 0 1
1 + a1z1 + a2z2
w(n 2 )
b2
Trc
tip
chuyn
v
y (n )
x(n )
y(n) = b0 x(n) + 1 (n 1)
z 1
loi II
b1
1 (n )
+
1 (n) = b1x(n) a1 y(n)

+ 2 (n 1)
2 (n) = b2 x(n) a2 y(n)
a1
z 1
b2
2 (n )
+
a2
202
b + b z1 + b2z2
H( z) = 0 1
1 + a1z1 + a2z2
Bi 8.1
Cho b lc c hm truyn t
b + b z1 + b2z2
H(z) = 0 1
1+ a1z1 + a2z2
Hy biu din b lc theo dng trc tip

Bi 8.2
Cho b lc c hm truyn t
b + b z1 + b2z2
H(z) = 0 1
1+ a1z1 + a2z2
Hy biu din b lc theo dng chun tc trc tip II

Bi 8.3
Cho h thng c m t bi phng trnh sai phn sau:

2 y ( n ) + y ( n 1) = 4 x ( n ) + 6 x ( n 1) + x ( n 2 )
Hy th hin h thng dng trc tip

Bi 8.4

y ( n ) + 0.5 y ( n 1) + 2 y ( n 2 ) = 2 x ( n ) + 3 x ( n 1) + 2 x ( n 2 )
Hy v s h thng dng chun tc trc tip 2

Bi 8.5
Cho h thng vi hm truyn t

H ( z) =
3+ 2z1 + 0.5z2
2 + 2z1 + 3z2 + 0.5z3 + z4
Hy v s thc hin h thng dng trc tip v chun tc.

Bi 8.6

2 y ( n ) + 5 y ( n 1) + y ( n 2 ) + y (n 3) = 2 x ( n ) + x ( n 1) + 0.5 x ( n 2 )
Hy v s thc hin h thng dng trc tip v chun tc.

Bi 8.7
Cho mt lc dn 3 tng vi cc h s k1 =
1
1
1
, k 2 = , k 3 = , hy tm cc h s b lc FIR
3
2
4
c cu trc dng trc tip.

203
Bi 8.8
Cho mt lc dn 5 tng vi cc h s k1 =
1
1
1
1
1
, k2 = , k3 = , k4 = , k5 = , hy tm cc h
4
2
3
4
2
s b lc FIR c cu trc dng trc tip.

Bi 8.9
Tm cc h s dn tng ng vi b lc FIR c hm h thng:
H ( z ) = A3 (z ) = 1 +
13 1 5 2 1 3
z + z + z
24
8
3
Bi 8.10
Tm cc h s dn tng ng vi b lc FIR c hm h thng:
H ( z ) = A2 ( z ) = 1 +
1 1 1 2
z + z
2
8
204
Chng 9: Lc s nhiu nhp
CHNG IX: LC S NHIU NHP
GII THIU
Trong phn ng dng thc tin ca x l tn hiu s, ta c th gp bi ton chuyn i tc
ly mu ca mt tn hiu, tng hoc gim n theo mt lng no y. V d, trong h thng
vin thng, vic pht v thu cc loi tn hiu khc nhau (chng hn, teletip, Facimin, ting ni,
hnh nh v.v...) i hi phi c s x l tn hiu khc nhau theo cc tc khc nhau tng ng
vi rng bng tn hiu. Qu trnh bin i mt tn hiu t tc cho sang mt tc khc
c gi l bin i tc ly mu. Trong khi , h thng dng nhiu tc ly mu trong x l
tn hiu c gi l h thng x l tn hiu s a tc .
S bin i tc ly mu ca tn hiu s c th c thc hin theo mt trong hai phng
php tng qut. Phng php th nht cho tn hiu s qua b bin i D/A, lc n nu cn v sau
ly mu li tn hiu tng t thu c ti tc mong mun (tc l cho tn hiu tng t qua
b A/D). Phng php th hai l thc hin vic bin i tc ly mu trong min s.
Mt u im ca phng php th nht l tc ly mu mi c th c chn tu v
khng cn c lin h c bit no i vi tc ly mu c. Tuy nhin, nhc im chnh l c
mo tn hiu do D/A ti phc hi v nh hng lng t ho trong bin i A/D. Ngc li, vn
ny sinh trong khi thc hin bin i tc ly mu min s l ch t s ca tc ly
mu mi v c phi l hu t. Tuy nhin, rng buc ny khng gy ra hn ch trong hu ht cc
ng dng thc tin. Do vic bin i tc ly mu lun lun c thc hin trong min s.
M
, ta xt hai trng hp
Trc khi xt trng hp bin i tc ly mu tng qut bng h s
L
c bit. Mt l trng hp gim tc ly mu theo h s M v hai l tng tc ly mu bng
h s L . Qu trnh gim tc ly mu bng h s nguyn M c gi l phn chia. Qu trnh
tng tc ly mu bi h s nguyn L c gi l ni suy.
Trong chng ny chng ta s cp n cc ni dung:
-
Php phn chia h s M.
Php ni suy h s L.
Thay i nhp ly mu vi h s M/L
B lc phn chia
B lc ni suy
B lc bin i nhp ly mu h s M/L .
M ha bng con.
205
NI DUNG
9.1. THAY I NHP LY MU
Thay i nhp ly mu ngha l thay i tn s v chu k ly mu, ta s tm hiu mt s
nh ngha sau.
9.1.1. nh ngha v phn chia v ni suy
a. nh ngha h thng x l s nhiu nhp.
Nu trong mt h thng x l s tn hiu, tn s ly mu (nhp ly mu) c thay i trong
qu trnh x l th h thng x l l h thng x l s nhiu nhp.
b. nh ngha php phn chia (Decimation)
Vic gim tn s ly mu t mt gi tr Fs v mt gi tr Fs ( Fs < Fs ) gi l php phn
chia.
- Nu Fs =
Fs
(M
M
, M > 1) th ta gi php phn chia theo h s M, v M gi l h s
phn chia.
c. nh ngha b phn chia
H thng lm nhim v gim tn s ly mu c gi l b phn chia.
K hiu b phn chia:
x(n)
y M ( n )
K hiu ton t:
M x ( n )
y M ( n )
M
x ( n )
y M ( n )
(9.1)
d. nh ngha php ni suy (Interpolation)

Vic tng tn s ly mu t mt gi tr Fs ln Fs ( Fs > Fs ) c gi l php ni suy.
Nu Fs = LFs (L nguyn dng) th ngi ta gi l php ni suy theo h s L. Cn L c
gi l h s ni suy.
e. nh ngha b ni suy
H thng lm nhim v tng tn s ly mu c gi l b ni suy.
L
K hiu ton t:
206
L x ( n ) = y L ( n )
(9.2)
L
y L ( n )
x ( n )
9.1.2. Phng php phn chia theo h s M

a. Biu din trong min n
H thng v mi lin quan gia tn s , chu k ca u vo v u ra h thng khi phn
chia theo h s M trong min n c th hin nh sau.
Fs
M
Fs
Fs =
Ts
Ts = MTs
V d 9.1
n
1
Cho mt tn hiu ri rc sau y: x(n) = 8
0
0n8
n
Tn hiu ny i qua b lc phn chia vi h s M = 2. Hy v dng tn hiu di dng

khng chun ha v chun ha trc v sau khi ra khi b phn chia.
Gii:
Ta s thc hin bi ton trn nh sau:
x ( nTs )
y2 ( n )
x ( nTs)
Fs
2
Fs
Fs =
Ts
Ts = 2Ts
207
x ( nTs )
Ts
Ts
Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts 7Ts 8Ts nTs
( )
x n T s
Ts
Ts
Ts
2Ts
3Ts
y2 ( n )
4Ts nTs
Hnh 9.1 Minh ha kt qu ca v d 9.1
Sau khi ra khi b phn chia, chiu di ca tn hiu gim i mt na, ta gi l nn tn hiu.
L x ( n )
L y2 ( n )
=2
Trong min n th tn hiu co li, trong min tn s th ph b gin ra v nh vy s gy

hin tng chng ph v tn hiu s b sai lch i.
khc phc hin tng chng ph, trc khi a vo b phn chia, ngi ta phi a tn
hiu vo b lc ct bt ph i, sau tn hiu i qua b phn chia, lc ny ph b gin ra tng
ng nn khng c chng ph.
b. Biu din trong min z
H thng v mi lin quan gia u vo v u ra h thng khi phn chia theo h s M
trong min z c phn tch nh sau.
y M ( n ) = x ( nM )
M
y M ( z )
Dng bin i Z:
Y M ( z ) =
y (n) z
n =
x ( nM ) z
n =
208
i bin s: nM = m ; n =
Y M ( z ) =
m
M
x (m) z
m
M
2
lm
M
, vi iu kin m l s nguyn ln ca M
m =
nh ngha dy p(m)
1
p ( m) =
M
M 1
e
l =0
1 khi m = nM
=
0 khi m nM
(9.3)
Suy ra:
Y M ( z ) =
x ( m) p ( m) z
m
M
m =
1
=
M
M 1
m =
l =0
x ( m) e
2
m
lm
M
M
2
m
j lm
j 2M l M1
1 M 1
1 M 1
M
M
YM ( z ) = x ( m) e
z = x ( m) e
z
M l =0 m=
M l =0 m=
z m
Vy:
Y M ( z ) =
1
M
j 2M l M1
X
z
e
l =0
M 1
V d 9.2
Cho dy x(n) sau y
y 2 ( z )
Tn hiu ny i qua b phn chia vi h s M = 2. Tnh X(z) v Y2 ( z ) = ?

Gii:
Ta c:
X ( z ) = z 1 + 2 z 2 + 3 z 3 + 2 z 4 + z 5
Y 2 ( z ) =
(*)
12
1 1 j l 12 1 12
X
e
z
=
X
z
+
X

z

2 l =0
2
Thay vo (*):
1
3
5
1
X z 2 = z 2 + 2 z 1 + 3z 2 + 2 z 2 + z 2

1
3
5
12
1
2
2
2
X z = z + 2 z 3z + 2 z z 2
209
(9.4)
1
1
X z 2 + X z 2 = 4 z 1 + 4 z 2

Y 2 ( z ) = 4 z 1 + 4 z 2
c. Biu din trong min
H thng v mi lin quan gia u vo v u ra h thng khi phn chia theo h s M
trong min c biu din nh sau.
Y M ( e j ) = Y M ( z ) z =e j =
Y M ( e j ) =
l
M
l
M
j 2M l j M
X
.e
e
l =0
M 1
j M2 l
X
e
l =0
M 1
(9.5)
V d 9.3
Cho mt tn hiu ri rc x(n) c ph nh sau:
( )
X e j
( )
Tn hiu ny i qua b phn chia vi n = 2. Tm ph Y 2 e j = ?

Gii:
Y 2 (e j ) =
2
j
j
1
1
X (e 2 ) + X (e 2 ) , bin l
2
2
2
210
j
1
X (e 2 )
2
2
j
1
X (e 2 )
2
Y2 (e j )
9.1.3. Php ni suy vi h s L

H thng v mi lin quan gia tn s, chu k ca u vo v u ra h thng khi ni suy
theo h s L trong min n c th hin nh sau.
x(n)
y(n)
Fs
Fs = LFs
Ts
Ts =
Ts
L
V d 9.4
n
1
Cho tn hiu: x ( n ) = 4
0
0n4
n
Tn hiu ny i qua b ni suy vi L = 2. Hy biu din tn hiu dng chun ha v khng

chun ha trc v sau khi ra khi b ni suy.
Gii:
211
x ( nTs )
Ts
Ts
Ts
3Ts
2Ts
4Ts nTs
( )
x n T s
Ts
y2 ( n )
Ts
Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts 7Ts 8Ts nTs
Nhn xt: Tn hiu qua b ni suy L = 2 th chiu di tng ln gp i v ph co li, khng

chng c.
Vy: Tn hiu qua b ni suy L th tn hiu c chiu di tng ln gp L.
Ta s xc nh cc gi tr n nh sau
n
x
y 2 ( n ) = L
0
n = 0, 1L, 2 L,...
(9.6)

H thng v mi lin quan gia u vo v u ra h thng khi ni suy theo h s L trong
min z c phn tch nh sau.
Y L ( z ) =
y (n) z
n =
Y L ( z ) =
y L ( z )
x L z
, Thay n = mL
n =
x ( m ) z mL =
n =
x ( m) ( z )
n =
V d 9.5
212
L m
= X ( zL )
(9.7)

Cho tn hiu x ( n ) = {1, 2,3, 2,1} . Tn hiu ny qua b ni suy vi L = 2.
Tm X(z) = ? v Y L ( z ) = ?
Gii:
X ( z ) = z 1 + 2 z 2 + 3 z 3 + 2 z 4 + z 5
Y 2 ( z ) = z 2 + 2 z 4 + 3 z 6 + 2 z 8 + z 10
c Biu din trong min
H thng v mi lin quan gia u vo v u ra h thng khi ni suy theo h s L trong
min c biu din nh sau.
Y L ( e j ) = Y ( z ) z =e j = X ( e j L )
(9.8)
V d 9.6
Cho tn hiu x(n) c ph nh sau:
( )
X e j
( )
Tn hiu ny i qua b ni suy vi L = 2. Hy v ph: Y2 e j = ?

Gii:
Y 2 ( e j ) = X ( e j 2 )
Ph chnh
( )
y 2 e j
Ph chnh
Nh vy, xut hin nhng phn khng phi l ph chnh, chn 0 vo ta phi a vo b
lc
9.1.4. Thay i nhp ly mu vi h s
M
L
213

H thng v mi lin quan gia tn s, chu k ca u vo v u ra h thng khi bin i
nhp ly mu theo h s M/L trong min n c th hin nh sau.
Ta xt s 1:
M
yM ( n)
Fs
M
Fs
Fs =
Ts
Ts = MTs
M
x ( n )
y M
M
L
( n)
Fs = LFs =
L
Fs
M
Ts M
=
Ts
L
L
L
y M (n)
( n )
Ts =
(9.9)
S 2:
L
yL ( n)
M
L
(n)
Fs
L
Fs
=
M
M
T
M
Ts
Ts = s
Ts = MTs =
Ts
L
L
L
M
y L ( n )
x ( n )
y M (n )
Fs = LFs
Fs
Fs =
(9.10)
V d 9.7
n
Cho tn hiu: x ( n ) = 1 5
0
0n5
n
Tn hiu ny i qua b bin i nhp ly mu
2
3
( n ) = ? v
Gii:
2
3
(n) = ?
Theo s gim trc tng sau ta c:
214
M
M
M 2
v
vi
= . Tm
L
L
L 3
y2 ( n)
2
3
( n)
Hnh 9.4 S gim trc tng sau theo h s 2/3 tn hiu x(n)
Theo s tng trc gim sau ta c:
215
y3 ( n)
2
3
( n)
Hnh 9.5 S tng trc gim sau theo h s 2/3 tn hiu x(n)
Nhn xt: y
Tng qut: y
2
3
( n ) y 2 ( n )
3
M
L
( n ) y M ( n ) , Trng hp ny s tha mn nu M v L tha mn iu

L
kin sau y: n0 L n1M = 1; n1M n0 L = 1 .Vi L v M tha mn quan h EUCLID; n0 , n1 : cc

s nguyn.
H thng v mi lin quan gia u vo v u ra h thng bin i nhp ly mu theo h s
M/L trong min z c phn tch nh sau.
M
L
x ( n )
Y
M
L
( n)
(9.11)
Trng hp 1:
M
L
X ( z )
Y M ( z )
Y
Y M
1
(z) =
M
M
L
M1 j 2M l
X z e
l =0
(z)
M 1
216
(9.12)
L
M ( z ) = Y M ( z ) =
1
M
ML j 2M l
X
z e
l =0
M 1
(9.13)
Trng hp 2:
L
M
X ( z )
Y L ( z )
Y
M
L
(z)
Y L ( z ) = X ( z L )
Y
M
L
(9.14)
M1 j 2M l 1
Y L z e
=
l =0
M 1
1
(z) =
M
ML j 2M Ll
X z e
(9.15)
l =0
M 1
V d 9.8
Xt trng hp L = M
M (z) =
j 2M l
X
z.e
l =0
M 1
1
M
Khi tn hiu co li sinh ra hin tng chng ph th khi ta gin ph ra s nhn c kt

qu sai nn thu c tn hiu sai.
M (z) =
M 1
1
M
X ( z.e j 2 l ) =
l =0
1
M
M 1
X ( z) = X ( z)
l =0
Trng hp trn th tn hiu khng b sai v ta gin tn hiu trc ri mi co li.

c. Biu din trong min
H thng v mi lin quan gia u vo v u ra h thng bin i nhp ly mu theo h s
M/L trong min c th hin nh sau.
M
L
( e j ) = Y
M ( z)
z = e j
(e ) = Y ( z )
j
M
L
M
L
1
M
=
z = e j
1
M
j LM 2 l
X
e
l =0
M 1
j L M2 Ll
X
e
l =0
M 1
(9.16)
9.2. B LC BIN I NHP LY MU

9.2.1. B lc phn chia
Sau khi nghin cu php phn chia v b phn chia, kt qu cho ta thy tn hiu x(n) khi
i qua b phn chia h s M, trong min tn s s to ra M-1 thnh phn ln mu (aliasing) gy ra
hin tng chng ph. khng gy ra chng ph th ta phi cho tn hiu ny qua b lc thng
thp c tn s ct c =
S th hin nh sau:
217
c =
Fs
yH ( n)
yHM ( n)
Fs
Fs
H
M
x ( n)
yH ( n)
yH M ( n)
(9.17)

Cc quan h ton hc trong b lc phn chia min n c thc hin nh sau:
x (k ) h(n k )
yH ( n ) = x ( n ) * h ( n ) =
yH M ( n ) = yH ( nM ) =
k =
x ( k ) h ( nM k )
k =
V d 9.9
Cho x ( n ) = rect3 ( n )
n
1
h ( n) = 4
0
0n4
n
Tnh yH 2 ( n ) = ?
Gii:
yH ( n)
yH2 ( n) = ?
Thc hin tch chp tuyn tnh:
yH ( n ) = x ( n ) * h ( n ) =
yH ( 0 ) =
yH (1) =
x (k ) h(n k )
k =
x ( k ) h (0 k )
k =
x ( k ) h (1 k )
k =
yH ( 1) =
x ( k ) h ( 1 k )
k =
218
(9.18)
yH ( 0) = 1
yH (1) = 1,75
yH ( 2) = 2, 25
yH ( n)
yH ( 3) = 1,5
yH ( 4) = 0,75
yH ( 5) = 0, 25
yH ( 6) = 0
yH ( 1) = 0
yH 2 ( n)
Hnh 9.6 Minh ha v d 9.9

Cc quan h ton hc trong b lc phn chia min z c thc hin nh sau.
X ( z ) YH ( z ) YH M ( z )
219
YH ( z ) = X ( z ) .H ( z )
YH M
M1 j 2M l
Y
H z e
l =0
1
M
M 1
1
( z) =
M
M 1
YH M ( z ) =
M1 j 2M l M1 j 2M l
X z e
.H z e
l =0
(9.19)
V d 9.10
n
1
h ( n) = 4
0
0n4
n
Tnh yH 2 ( z ) = ?
Gii:
X ( z ) = 1 + z 1 + z 2
H ( z) = 1+
3 1 1 2 1 3
z + z + z
4
2
4
YH ( z ) = X ( z ) .H ( z )
YH 2 ( z ) =
1 1 12 j 22 l 12 j 22 l
X z e .H z e
2 l =0

1
1
1
1
1
YH 2 ( z ) = [ X ( z 2 ) H ( z 2 ) + X ( z 2 ) H ( z 2 )]
2
1
1
YH ( z 2 )
YH ( z 2 )
YH ( z ) = 1 +
3 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 4
3
1
1
z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z 2 + z 3 + z 4 + z 5
4
2
4
4
2
4
4
2
4
YH ( z ) = 1 +
7 1 9 2 6 3 3 4 1 5
z + z + z + z + z
4
4
4
4
4
Ta c:
12
7 12 9 1 6 23 3 2 1 52
YH z = 1 + z + z + z + z + z
4
4
4
4
4

1
7 1 9
6 3 3
1 5
YH z 2 = 1 z 2 + z 1 z 2 + z 2 z 2
4
4
4
4
4
220
Vy: YH 2 ( z ) =
1 18 1 6 2
9 1 3 2
2 + z + z = 1+ z + z
2
4
4
4
4
Ch : ta hy xem xt b lc kt cu nh sau trong min Z thng qua v d 9.11

V d 9.11
Xt hai s sau v cho nhn xt:
( )
H zM
M
X ( z ) YH ( z )
YH M ( z ) (S 1)
( )
M
X ( z )
Y M ( z )
Y MH ( z ) (S 2)
H z
Gii:
( )
Xc nh: YH ( z ) = X ( z ) .H z M
YH M
M 1
1
(z) =
M
YH M ( z ) =
Y
l =0
1
M
(z e
2
l
M
1
)=
M
M 1
X (z
1
M
2
l
M
) H ( z)
l =0
1
2
M 1
j l
1
H ( z) X ( z M e M )
M
l =0
By gi o li s 2 ta c:
( )
M
X ( z )
Y M ( z )
YMH ( z )
H z
Y M
1
(z) =
M
M1 j 2M l
X z e
l =0
M 1
Y MH ( z ) = H ( z ) .Y M ( z ) =
M 1
1 j 2 l
1
H (z) X zM e M
M
l =0
Kt lun: Hai s l ng nht
( )
H zM
Kt qu ny ca v d 9.11 c ng dng rt nhiu trong m ha bng con.

c. Biu din trong min tn s
Cc quan h ton hc trong b lc phn chia min tn s c thc hin nh sau.
( )
M
X ( e j ) YH ( e j )
YH M ( e j )
H e j
YH M ( e j ) = YH M ( z ) z =e j =
1
M
j M2 l
Y
H e
l =0
M 1
221
YH M ( e j ) =
Nu ly tn s ct c =
1
M
j M2 l j M2 l
X
e
.H e
l =0
M 1
(9.20)
th trong min ny ph s khng chng nhau.
V d 9.12
( )
Cho tn hiu x(n) c ph X e j nh hnh v. Tn hiu ny qua b lc thng thp l tng

vi c =
( )
, sau qua b phn chia vi M = 2. V YH 2 e j = ?
Gii:
222
( )
X e j
( )
H e j
YH (e j ) = X (e j ) H (e j )
j
1
YH (e 2 )
2
2
j
1
YH (e 2 )
2
YH2 (e j )
9.2.2. B lc ni suy
Chng ta nghin cu php ni suy v b ni suy, kt qu php ni suy chn thm L-1
mu bin bng 0 vo gia hai mu ca tn hiu vo x(n) trong min bin s n. Tng ng trong
min tn s s to ra L-1 nh ph m khng gy hin tng chng ph, nh vy php ni suy
khng lm h thng tin. Nhng ni suy cc mu c bin bng 0 ta phi t sau b ni suy
223
mt b lc c tn s ct c =
. Trong min n b lc ny c nhim v ni suy ra cc mu bin

L
0, cn trong min tn s n lm nhim v loi b cc nh ph ca ph c bn.
L
yL ( n)
c =
yLH ( n)

Cc quan h ton hc trong b lc ni suy min n c thc hin nh sau.
L
H
x ( n )
y L ( n )
y LH ( n )
n
x
y L ( n ) = L
0
n = 0, L, 2 L,...
n
y LH ( n ) = y L ( n ) * h ( n ) = h ( n ) * y L ( n )
y LH ( n ) =
k =
y L ( k ) h ( n k ) =
x L h ( n k ) ,
(9.21)
k =
k = 0, L, 2 L,...
i bin s: r =
k
k = rL ta c:
L
y LH ( n ) =
x ( r ) h ( n rL )
r =
V d 9.13
n
1
h ( n) = 4
0
0n4
n
Tnh y 2 H ( n ) = ?
Gii:
Qua b ni suy vi n = 2 th c 2 im ta chn 1 im 0
224
(9.22)
y2 ( n)

Cho chp:
y 2 H ( n ) = y2 ( n ) * h ( n ) = h ( n ) * y2 ( n ) =
225
y (k ) h (n k )
k =
y 2 H ( 0 ) = 1
y 2 H
y 2 H
y 2 H
y 2 H
y 2 H
y2 ( k )
3
(1) =
4
6
( 2) =
4
( 3) = 1
-1
6
( 4) =
4
(5) = 1
y 2 H
h(0-k)
1
2
1
(7) =
4
(8) = 0
y 2 H ( 6 ) =
y 2 H
-4
-3
-2
-1
h(1-k)
1
-4
-3
-2
-1
y 2 H ( n )
2
-4
-3
-2
-1
Hnh 9.8 Kt qu php chp trong v d 9.13

Cc quan h ton hc trong b lc ni suy min z c thc hin nh sau.
( )
L
X ( z )
Y L ( z )
Y LH ( z )
H z
Y L ( z ) = X ( z L )
Y LH ( z ) = Y L ( z ) .H ( z ) = X ( z L ) .H ( z )
V d 9.14
226
(9.23)
n
1
h ( n) = 4
0
0n4
n
Tnh Y 2 H ( z ) = ?
Gii:
X ( z ) = 1 + z 1 + z 2
Y 2 ( z ) = X ( z 2 ) = 1 + z 2 + z 4
H ( z) = 1+
3 1 1 2 1 3
z + z + z
4
2
4
Y 2 H ( z ) = Y2 ( z ) .H ( z ) = X ( z 2 ) .H ( z )
1
1
3
1
1
3

Y 2 H ( z ) = 1 + z 1 + z 2 + z 3 + z 2 + z 3 + z 4 + z 5
2
4
4
2
4
4

3
1
1
+ z 4 + z 5 + z 6 + z 7
4
2
4
Y 2 H ( z ) = 1 +
3 1 3 2
3
1
1
z + z + z 3 + z 4 + z 5 + z 6 + z 7
4
2
2
2
4
c. Biu din trong min tn s

Cc quan h ton hc trong b lc ni suy min tn s c thc hin nh sau.
( )
L
X ( e j )
Y L ( e j )
Y LH ( e j )
H z
Y LH ( e j ) = Y LH ( z ) z =e j
(9.24)
Y LH ( e j ) = X ( e j ) .H ( e j )
V d 9.15
( )
Cho tn hiu x(n) c ph X e j
nh hnh v. Tn hiu ny i qua b ni suy vi N = 2,
sau qua b lc thng thp l tng vi c =
( )
. Hy tm Y 2 H e j = ?
Gii:
227
X ( e j )
( )
( )
y2 e j = X e j 2
( )
Qua ni suy
H e j
Qua lc thng thp
( )
( ) ( )
Y2H e j = X e j 2 .H e j

9.2.3. B lc bin i nhp ly mu
B lc bin i nhp ly mu h s M/L s hnh thnh khi ta s ghp 2 b lc phn chia v
b lc ni suy vi nhau, khi chng ph th cho tn hiu i qua b lc phn chia trc, ngha l
chng ta s co tn hiu trc sau mi gin sau nh s di y.
hL ( n)
hM ( n)
T y ta c:
H ( e j ) = H L ( e j ) .H M ( e j )
H ( e j ) = H L ( e j ) . H M ( e j )
( )
Vi H L e j : c =
( )
v H M e j : c =
V d 9.16
Cho 2 b lc nh sau hy ghp chng vo vi nhau
228
(9.25)
( )
HL e j
( )
HM e j

Gii:
Khi ghp 2 b ch cn thay bng mt b c tn s ct nh hn. Kt qu cho ta b lc bin
i nhp ly mu h s M/L vi chi mt b lc thng thp c p ng xung h(n) v p ng tn s
H ( e j ) nh hnh sau:
M
L
9.3. M HO BNG CON (Subband coding)

y l mt ng dng ca bng lc s nhiu nhp. y, mt minh ha n gin nht cho
m ha bng con, ta s s dng bng lc s 2 knh m ha lm hai bng con, ta chia lm 2
bng con ri sau tin hnh cng li c tn s ban u nh hnh v
X ( e j )
X1 ( e j )
Lc thng thp
X2 ( e j )
Lc thng cao
2
Hnh 9.11 Minh ha chia ph tn hiu.

229

Nh vy phi ta phi dng cc b lc v cc b phn chia, tn hiu khi x l c chia
thnh 2 nhnh, nng lng mi nhnh gim xung cn so vi ban u nh hnh v
x2 ( n )
h Lp ( n )
hHp ( n )
hHp ( n )
x1 ( n )
h Lp ( n )
Hnh 9.12 S m ha bng con 2 bng lc

M ha bng con rt thun tin cho vic nn ting ni v i vi ting ni, ph nng lng
phn b tp trung min tn s thp ta phi m ha tn hiu vi s bit ln, cn min tn s cao,
nng lng ca ting ni rt nh nn ta ch cn mt s bit t hn.
K thut m ha bng con hin nay cn c ng dng nn tn hiu nh, ta cng c th chia
vi s knh nhiu hn 2 m ha bng con.
TM TT V HNG DN HC TP CHNG 9.
Trong chng 9, chng ta cp n cc vn lin quan n lc s nhiu nhp, php
phn chia, ni suy; b lc phn chia, ni suy; cc php bin i nhp ly mu h s M/L v b lc
bin i nhp ly mu M/L; m ha bng con.
K thut lc s nhiu nhp ngy cng c ng dng trong lnh vc x l tn hiu s
tng tc tnh ton, gim s php nhn phi thc hin trong mt giy. Hai ng dng ni bt ca
lc s nhiu nhp l m ha bng con v phn ng dng cho Vin thng.
Cc ni dung chnh cn nh bao gm.
1. Cc nh ngha v k hiu v php phn chia, ni suy v cc nh ngha v b phn
chia, b ni suy.
B phn chia:
M
y M ( n )
K hiu ton t:
M x ( n )
y M ( n )
M
x ( n )
y M ( n )
B ni suy
L
230

K hiu ton t:
L x ( n ) = y L ( n )
L
x ( n )
y L ( n )
2. Php phn chia h s M

Biu din trong min n
Fs
M
Fs
Fs =
Ts
Ts = MTs
Biu din trong min z

Ta c:
Y M ( z ) =
1
M
j 2M l M1
X
z
e
l =0
M 1
Biu din trong min tn s

Ta c:
Y M ( e j ) =
l
M
j M2 l
X
e
l =0
M 1
3. Php ni suy h s L
Biu din trong min n
x(n)
y(n)
Fs
Fs = LFs
Ts
Ts =
Ts
L
Biu din trong min z

Ta c:
Y L ( z ) =
x ( m ) z mL =
n =
x ( m) ( z )
n =

Ta c:
Y L ( e j ) = Y ( z ) z =e j = X ( e j L )
4. Php bin i nhp ly mu h s M/L

C 2 loi s :
231
L m
= X ( zL )

S 1:
Biu din trong min n
M
yM ( n)
Fs =
Ts
Ts = MTs
M
x ( n )
y M
Fs
M
Fs
M
L
( n)
Fs = LFs =
L
Fs
M
Ts M
=
Ts
L
L
L
y M (n)
( n )
Ts =
Biu din trong min z
1
M
L
M ( z ) = Y M ( z ) =
ML j 2M l
X
z e
l =0
M 1
(e ) = Y ( z )
j
M
L
M
L
=
z = e j
1
M
j LM 2 l
X
e
l =0
M 1
S 2:
Biu din trong min n
L
yL ( n)
M
L
(n)
Fs
L
Fs
=
M
M
T
M
Ts
Ts = s
Ts = MTs =
Ts
L
L
L
M
y L ( n )
x ( n )
y M (n )
Fs = LFs
Fs
Fs =
Biu din trong min z

M (z) =
M1 j 2M l 1
Y
z e
=
L
l =0
M 1
1
M
ML j 2M Ll
X
z e
l =0
M 1
M
L
( e j ) = Y
M ( z)
5. B lc phn chia
232
=
z = e j
1
M
j L M2 Ll
X
e
l =0
M 1

S :
c =
Fs
yH ( n)
yHM ( n)
Fs
Fs
H
M
x ( n)
yH ( n)
yH M ( n)
Quan h vo ra ca b lc phn chia c th hin nh sau:

Biu din trong min n
yH M ( n ) = yH ( nM ) =
x ( k ) h ( nM k )
k =
Biu din trong min z
YH M ( z ) =
M1 j 2M l M1 j 2M l
X
z e
.H z e
l =0
M 1
1
M
YH M ( e j ) =
1
M
j M2 l j M2 l
X
e
.H e
l =0
M 1
6. B lc ni suy
S :
yL ( n)
c =
yLH ( n)
Quan h vo ra ca b lc phn chia c th hin nh sau:

Biu din trong min n
y LH ( n ) =
k =
y L ( k ) h ( n k ) =
x L h ( n k )
k =
Biu din trong min z
Y LH ( z ) = Y L ( z ) .H ( z ) = X ( z L ) .H ( z )
Y LH ( e j ) = Y LH ( z ) z =e j
7. B lc bin i nhp ly mu
233

S :
hL ( n)
hM ( n)
Vi p ng tn s b lc bin i nhp ly mu nh sau:
H ( e j ) = H L ( e j ) .H M ( e j )
8. M ho bng con
Chng ta kt hp cc php ton v cc b lc phn chia, ni suy thao tc vo ph tn hiu
chng hn nh phn chia tn s tn hiu thnh cc bng con ri truyn i nh s sau:
x2 ( n )
h Lp ( n )
hHp ( n )
hHp ( n )
x1 ( n )
h Lp ( n )
y chnh l s m ho tn hiu thnh 2 bng con.

Lu : Khi thao tc phn chia hay ni suy tn hiu ta nh rng khi chiu di tn hiu tng
ln th ph ca tn hiu gim i v ngc li.
y l mt chng kh quan trng thao tc v bin i tn hiu theo cc mong mun
ngi thit k, do vy trong chng ny cc bn cn nm chc cc k thut, cc php ton bin
i v phn chia ni suy tn hiu nh tng kt trn.
Bi 9.1
Cho tn hiu:
n
1
x ( n) = 6
0
0n6
n
Hy xc nh tn hiu khi i qua b phn chia vi h s M=2

Bi 9.2
X ( z ) = z 1 + 2 z 2 + 3z 3 + 2 z 4 + z 5 + 3z 6 + 2 z 7
Hy xc nh tn hiu Y M ( z ) vi M=2
234

Bi 9.3
Cho ph tn hiu
( )
X e j
3
2
/2
/ 2
3
2
( )
Hy xc nh Y 2 e j
Bi 9.4
n
1
Cho x ( n ) = 3
0
0n6
n
Hy xc nh: y 2 ( n )
Bi 9.5
Cho tn hiu x ( n ) = {1,3,3,1} . Tn hiu ny qua b ni suy vi L = 2.
Tm X(z) = ? v Y L ( z ) = ?
Bi 9.6
Cho ph tn hiu
( )
X e j
3
2
/2
/ 2
( )
Hy xc nh Y2 e j = ?
Bi 9.7
Cho 2 s
S 1:
( )
L
X ( z )
Y L ( z )
Y LH ( z )
H z
S 2:
235
3
2

( )
L
X ( z )
YH ( z )
YH L ( z )
H z
Hy chng minh 2 s tng ng.

Bi 9.8
Cho tn hiu: X ( z ) = 1 + 2 z 1 + 3 z 2 + 4 z 3 + 5 z 4 + 6 z 5 + 7 z 6
Tn hiu ny i qua b ly mu
2
2
v . Tm Y 2 ( z ) = ? v Y 2 ( z ) = ?
3
3
3
3
Bi 9. 9
n
1
h (n) = 3
0
0n3
n
Tnh yH 2 ( z ) = ?
Bi 9. 10
n
1
h (n) = 3
0
0n3
n
Tnh Y 2 H ( z ) = ?
236
p n v hng dn gii
P N V HNG DN GII.
P N CHNG I
Bi 1.1.
Do = 2. f , tn hiu trn c cc tn s thnh phn sau:
F1 = 25 Hz,
F3 = 50 Hz
F2 = 150 Hz,
Nh vy, Fmax = 150 Hz v theo nh l ly mu ta c:
Fs 2 Fmax = 300 Hz
Tc ly mu Nyquist l FN = 2 Fmax . Do , FN = 300 Hz.
Bi 1.2
a) Tn s ca tn hiu tng t l F = 50 Hz. V th, tc ly mu ti thiu cn thit
khi phc tn hiu, trnh hin tng chng mu l Fs = 100 Hz.
b) Nu tn hiu c ly mu ti Fs = 200 Hz th tn hiu ri rc c dng
x(n ) = 3 cos(100 200 )n = 3 cos( 2 )n

Bi 1.3
Theo nh ngha dy nhy n v u(n) v dy xung n v ( n ) ta c:
u ( n) =
(k )
k =
Bi 1.5
Ta c:
1 n + 1 = 0 n = 1
0 n 0
( n + 1) =
-2
-1
( n+1)
237
p n v hng dn gii
Bi 1.6
Ta xc nh u(n-2) v u(n-5) sau thc hin php tr thu c kt qu
x(n) = u(n-5)-u(n-2) = rect3(n-2)
x(n) = rect3 ( n 2 )
Bi 1.7
Theo nh ngha
E=
n =
x(n) = ( ) + 3
1 2n
2
n=0
2n
n =
1
1 1
1 )2 n = 4 + 9 1 = 35
(
3 3 8 24
n =1
V nng lng E l hu hn nn tn hiu x(n) l tn hiu nng lng.

Bi 1.8
p s: Nng lng ca tn hiu bng v hn.
Ch
Ae j0 n = A2 [cos 2 (0 n) + sin 2 (0 n)] = A
Bi 1.9
Gii
Ta c:
1
P = lim
N 2N + 1
u 2 (n )
n=0
1+1 N 1
N +1
= lim
=
2
N 2N + 1 N 2 + 1 N
= lim
Do , tn hiu nhy bc n v l mt tn hiu cng sut.

238
p n v hng dn gii
Bi 1.10
Ta c:
1
P = lim
N 2N + 1
u 2 (n )
n=0
1+1 N 1
N +1
= lim
=
2
N 2N + 1 N 2 + 1 N
= lim
Do , tn hiu nhy bc n v l mt tn hiu cng sut.

Bi 1.11
N
1
A2 =A2
N 2 N + 1
n = N
P= lim
Bi 1.12
Ta s thc hin php chp bng th: i sang bin k, gi nguyn x(k), ly i xng h(k)
qua trc tung thu c h(-k), sau dch chuyn h(-k) theo tng mu tnh ln lt cc gi tr
ca y(n) c th nh hnh sau:
h(k )
x(k )
3
2
2 3
-1 0 1 2 3 4
Ly i xng h(k)
thu c h(-k)
h( k )
-1 0 1 2 3 4
Nhn, cng x(k)

v h(-k)
y(0) = 1.2 + 2.1 = 4
2
-2
2 3
-1 0 1
Dch chuyn h(-k) ta c v tnh tng t ta c....y(-2)=0, y(-1)=1, y(0)=4, y(1)=8, y(2)=8,
y(3)=3....cui cng ta thu c kt qu:
y ( n ) = , 0, 0, 1, 4, 8, 8, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0,
0
239
p n v hng dn gii
Bi 1.14
Nhn xt: H thng nhn qu h(n) v x(n) u nhn qu
n
k =0
k =0
y ( n ) = b k a n k = a n b.a 1
n
C dng:
xk =
k =0
1 x n +1
1 x
1 ( b.a 1 )n +1
a n
y (n) =
1 ( b.a 1 )
n0
n<0
Bi 1.15
a) i vi cc chui xung u vo x1 (n ) v x 2 (n ) , tn hiu ra tng ng l:
y1 (n ) = nx1 (n )
y 2 (n ) = nx 2 (n )
Lin hp tuyn tnh hai tn hiu vo s sinh ra mt tn hiu ra l:
y3 (n ) = H [a1 x1 (n ) + a 2 x 2 (n )] = n[a1 x1 (n ) + a 2 x 2 (n )]
= a1nx1 (n ) + a 2 nx 2 (n )
Trong khi lin hp hai tn hiu ra y1 y2 to nn tn hiu ra:
a1 y1 (n ) + a 2 y 2 (n ) = a1nx1 (n ) + a 2 nx 2 (n )
So snh 2 phng trnh ta suy ra h l tuyn tnh.
b) u ra ca h l bnh phng ca u vo, (Cc thit b in thng c qui lut nh th
v gi l thit b bc 2).
p ng ca h i vi hai tn hiu vo ring r l:
y1 (n ) = x12 (n )
y 2 (n ) = x 22 (n )
p ng ca h vi lin hp tuyn tnh hai tn hiu l:
y3 (n ) = H [a1 x1 (n ) + a 2 x 2 (n )] = [a1 x1 (n ) + a 2 x 2 (n )]2

= a12 x12 (n ) + +2a1a 2 x1 (n )x 2 (n ) + a 22 x 22 (n )
Ngc li, nu h tuyn tnh, n s to ra lin hp tuyn tnh t hai tn hiu, tc l:
a1 y1 (n ) + a 2 y 2 (n ) = a1 x12 (n ) + a 2 x 22 (n )
240
p n v hng dn gii
V tn hiu ra ca h nh cho khng bng nhau nn h l khng tuyn tnh.
Bi 1.16
a) H tuyn tnh
b) H khng tuyn tnh.
Bi 1.17
Cc h thuc phn a), b) r rng l nhn qu v u ra ch ph thuc hin ti v qu kh ca
u vo.
Bi 1.18
Cc h phn a), b) v c) l khng nhn qu v u ra ph thuc c vo gi tr tng lai ca
u vo. H d) cng khng nhn qu v nu la chn n = 1 th y ( 1) = x(1) . Nh vy u ra ta
n = 1 , n nm cch hai n v thi gian v pha tng lai.

Bi 1.19
S1 =
n =
N 1
(= 1 = N ) H n nh
h1 ( n ) = N
n =0
Bi 1.20
H ny khng phi l nhn qu. iu kin n nh l :
h( n) =
n =
n =0
n =
Ta xc nh c rng tng th nht l hi t vi a < 1 , tng th hai c th c bin i

nh sau:
1
n =
b
n =1
1
n
1
b
1 + 1 + 1 +
b b2
= 1+ + 2 + =
y = 1 b phi nh hn n v chui hi t . Bi vy, h l n nh nu c a < 1

v b > 1 u tho mn.
Bi 1.21.
Hng dn
h1 ( n ) = rect3 ( n )
h2 ( n ) = ( n 1) + ( n 2 )
h3 ( n ) = ( n 3 )
Hng dn:
241
p n v hng dn gii
Thc hin h2(n) + h3(n) ri sau ly kt qu thu c chp vi h1(n):
h(n) = h1(n) * [h2(n) + h3(n)]
Bi 1.22
p dng cc cng c thc hin h thng ta v c h thng nh sau:
b0
b0 x ( n)
b1
b1 x ( n 1)
b2
b2 x ( n 2)
b4
b4 x ( n 4)
Bi 1.23
Ta ch rng tn hiu y (n ) t c t x(n ) bng cch ly mi mt mu khc t x(n ) , bt
u vi
x(0 ) . Chng hn
y ( 2 ) = x( 4 ) ,v.v...
y (0 ) = x(0 ) ,
y (1) = x(2 ) ,
y (2 ) = x(4 ) ,...v
y ( 1) = x( 2 ) ,
Ni cch khc, ta b qua cc mu ng vi s l trong x(n ) v gi li cc mu mang s

chn. Tn hiu phi tm c m t nh sau:
y (n ) = x(
-4
-2 -1
0 1
Bi 1.24
Dng nghim ring l:
y p ( n ) = B 2n
n0
242
p n v hng dn gii
Thay y p (n ) vo u bi ta c
B 2n = 56 B 2n 1 16 B 2 n 2 + 2 n
4 B = 56 (2 B) 16 B + 4 v tm thy B = 85
Bi vy, nghim ring l
y p (n ) = 8 2 n
5
n0
Bi 1.25
p n:
y(n) = (13/50) (104/75).2 n + (13/6).5 n vi n 0.
Bi 1.26
p n:
Rxx(-2) = Rxx(2) = 1;
Rxx(-1)= Rxx(1)= 2;
Rxx(0).
Lu : hm t tng quan bao gi cng t gi tr cc i ti n=0.
Bi 1.27
Phng n c)
Bi 1.28
Phng n b)
Bi 1.29
Phng n b)
Bi 1.30
Phng n a)
P N CHNG II
Bi 2.1
p n
a) X 1 ( z ) = 1 + 2 z 1 + 5 z 2 + 7 z 3 + z 5 , RC c mt phng z , tr z = 0 .
b) X 2 ( z ) = z 2 + 2 z + 5 + 7 z 1 + z 3 , RC: c mt phng z , tr z = 0 v z =
c) X 3 ( z ) = z 2 + 2 z 3 + 5 z 4 + 7 z 5 + z 7 , RC: c mt phng z , tr z = 0 .
d) X 4 ( z ) = 2 z 2 + 4 z + 5 + 7 z 1 + z 3 , RC: c mt phng z , tr z = 0 v z =
243
p n v hng dn gii
Bi 2.2
p n:
a) X1 ( z ) = z
ZT
[ngha l,
b) X 2 ( z ) = z [ngha l,
k
( n k ) z k ], k > 0 , RC: c mt phng z , tr z = 0 .

ZT
( n + k ) z k ], k > 0, RC: c mt phng z , tr z = .
Bi 2.3
Theo nh ngha ta c:
X (z ) =
n n
n=0
n
(
z 1 )
n=0
Nu z 1 < 1 hoc tng ng z > , th chui ny hi t n 1 / 1 z 1 .

Nh vy, ta s c cp bin i z .
z
x ( n ) = n u ( n ) X ( z ) =
1
1 z 1
RC : z >
Min hi t RC l min nm ngoi ng trn c bn knh .

Lu rng, ni chung, cn khng phi l s thc.
Bi 2.4
p n
X(z) =
3
4
1
1 2z
1 3z 1
RC : z > 3
Bi 2.5
Ta c:
N 1
X ( z ) = 1.z
= 1 + z + ... + z
( N 1)
n =0
= 1 z N
1 z 1
v x(n ) l hu hn, nn RC ca n l c mt phng z , tr z = 0 .

Bi 2.6
p n:
Thc hin ging v d 2.5 ta c:
x(n) = (-1/3)n. u(n)
244
z =1
z 1
p n v hng dn gii
Bi 2.7
im cc: zp1, p2 = (-1/2) j(3/2); zp3 = .
im khng: zo1 = -3
Bi 2.8
p n: H thng khng n nh
Bi 2.9
Ta c:
X (z)
z
X (z)
z
1
z+2
c 3 im cc z p1 = , z p 2 = 3 , z p 3 = 0
2
2z 7z + 3 z
A
z+2
A1
A
=
+ 2 + 3
1
1 z 3 z
2 z ( z 3) z 2 z
2
2
u l cc n nn:
A1 = z
2
A2 = ( z 3)
A3 = z
Vy:
X (z)
z
z+2
1
2 z ( z 3) z
2
z+2
1
2 z ( z 3) z
2
z+2
1
2 z ( z 3) z
2
=
z= 0
z=
=
z =3
3+ 2
5
1
=
=
5 3
1
2 3 .3 6.
2
2
0+2
2
=
3
1
2 ( 3)
2
1
1
=
+ 3 +3
1 z 3 z
2 z
2
X ( z) =
1
2
1
5
+2
2
2
=
=
= 1
1
1
51
2 3.
1
2 2
22
1 z
1 z
1
+
+
2 z 1 3 z 3 3
2
245
p n v hng dn gii
m = 0 th
n
1
2
1 1
x ( n ) = u ( n ) + 3n u ( n ) + ( n )
3
3
2 2
Nh vy hon thnh bin i Z ngc.
Bi 2.10
p n:
a) H c 1 irm khng z01 = -3/2; hai im cc l zp1 = -1/3 v zp2 = -1/2
b) Cn c vo cc im cc u nm trong vng trn n v ta thy h thng n nh.
c/ Tm h(n) ging bi tp 2.9
Bi 2.11
p n:
a) H thng khng n nh
b) h(n) = 2.u(n) 2.(1/2)n .u(n)
c) Da vo kt qu cu b) v tnh cht tr ta c
h(n) = 2.u(n+2006) 2.(1/2)2006u(n+2006)
Bi 2.12
p dng: Trong min z: song song th cng, ni tip th nhn.
Phn tch ra H1(z), H2(z),
H ( z ) = H1 ( z ) .H 2 ( z )
H1 ( z ) = H11 ( z ) + H12 ( z )
H11 ( z ) =
X1 ( z )
X ( z)
X 1 ( z ) = 2 X ( z ) + 3 z 1 X ( z )
H11 ( z ) = 2 + 3 z 1
H12 ( z ) =
X2 ( z)
X ( z)
X 2 ( z ) = X ( z ) + 4 z 1 X 2 ( z )
246
p n v hng dn gii
X ( z ) = X 2 ( z ) (1 4 z 1 )
H12 ( z ) =
1
1 4 z 1
H 1 ( z ) = 2 + 3 z 1 +
1
1 4 z 1
H 2 ( z ) = z 1
1 1
H ( z ) = 2 + 3z 1 +
z
1 4 z 1
Bi 2.13
p dng tiu chun Jury. H n nh
Bi 2.14
Bng cch tnh bin i z ca phng trnh sai phn, ta c:
Y (z ) =
1 1
z Y (z ) + 2 X (z )
2
Do vy hm h thng l:
Y (z )
H (z ) =
X (z )
2
1
1 z 1
2
H thng ny c mt cc ti z = 1 v mt zero ti gc 0.
2
Ta c:
(2 )
n
h(n ) = 2 1 u (n )
y l p ng xung n v ca h thng.
Bi 2.15
Phng n a)
Bi 2.16
Phng n b)
Bi 2.17
Phng n b)
Bi 2.18
Phng n a)
247
p n v hng dn gii
Bi 2.19
Phng n b)
Bi 2.20
Phng n c)
P N CHNG III
Bi 3.1
Ta phn ra lm 2 trng hp n < 0 v n > 0 ng vi cc tn hiu x1(n) v x2(n)
nh vy ta c kt qu:
X ( ) = X 1 ( ) + X 2 ( )
=
1 a2
1 2 a cos + a 2
Bi 3.2
V x(n ) l mt kh tng tuyt i nn bin i Fourier ca n tn ti. Hn na, x(n ) l tn
hiu nng lng hu hn vi
X e
X e
E x = A L . Bin i Fourier ca tn hiu ny l

L 1
) = Ae
j n
n=0
)=
Ae
1 e j L
= A
1 e j

j ( L 1)
2
s in ( L / 2 )
s in ( / 2 )
( )
Vi = 0 , bin i ta c X e j 0 = A L .
Ph bin ca x(n ) c dng
=0
AL
X ( ) = sin ( L / 2 )
A sin ( / 2 )
Bi 3.3
S dng bin i Fourier, ta c
X 1 e j
)=
X 2 e j
) = 1 + 2 co s
Do
248
p n v hng dn gii
X (e j ) = X 1 (e j ) X 2 (e j ) = (1 + 2 cos ) 2
= 3 + 4 cos + 2 cos 2
= 3 + 2(e j + e j ) + (e j 2 + e j 2 )
Bin i Fourier ngc ta c:
x (n
)=
Kt qu ny trng vi kt qu nu ta tnh tch chp trn bng phng php th.

Bi 3.4
V a < 1 nn dy x(n ) l mt kh tng tuyt i. C th thm tra li bng cch dng cng
thc tng cp s nhn, ngha l
x(n) =
n =
n =0
1
<
1 a
V th bin i Fourier ca x(n ) tn ti nh vy:
X ( ) =
a n e j n =
n
(
ae j )
n=0
n=0
V ae j = a < 1 , nn
X ( ) =
1
1 ae j
Ph mt nng lng l
S xx (
)=
X (
)2
= X ( ) X * (
)=
(1 ae
1
j
)(1 ae j )
hoc tng ng
S xx (
)=
1
2 2 a cos + a 2
Bi 3.5
Hnh biu din tn hiu x(n ) v ph tng ng ca n khi a = 0.5 v a = 0.5 . Nhn xt:
khi a = 0.5 tn hiu bin i nhanh hn v ph ln hn cc tn s cao.
249
p n v hng dn gii
Bi 3.6
p n: Phng n d)
Bi 3.7
p n: Phng n a)
Bi 3.8
p n: Phng n d)
Bi 3.9
p n: Phng n c)
Bi 3.10
p n: Phng n b)
Bi 3.11
p n: Phng n a).
Bi 3.12
p n: Phng n c)
Bi 3.13
p n: Phng n a)
Bi 3.14
p n: Phng n b)
Bi 3.15
p n: Phng n d)
Bi 3.16
250
p n v hng dn gii
p n: Phng n c)
Bi 3.17
p n: Phng n a) v c)
Bi 3.18
p n: Phng n b)
P N CHNG IV
Bi 4.1
Hng dn: Cch lm tng t v d 4.1
Bi 4.2
y l dy tun hon chu k N=4
N 1
Da vo bin i DFT X ( k ) = x ( n ) .e
2
kn
N
n=0
Ta c:
2
kn
N
= ( j )
=e
2
kn
4
=e
j kn
2
= (e
2 k .n
k .n
T y ta thay vo c:
N 1
X ( k ) = x ( n ) .( j ) kn
n =0
Vy:
3
X ( 0 ) = x(n).( j ) 0.n = 10
n =0
3
X (1) = x(n).( j ) 1.n = 3 + j

n =0
3
X ( 2 ) = x(n).( j ) 2.n = 0
n =0
3
X ( 3) = x(n).( j ) 3.n = 3 j
n =0
Bi 4.3
Hng dn: Gii tng t bi trn
Bi 4.4
p n:
251
p n v hng dn gii
X (k ) =
1 e j 2 kn / N
k = 0 ,1,...., N 1
1 e j 2 k / N
sin ( kL / N ) j k ( L 1 ) / N
=
e
N sin ( k / N )
Bi 4.6
p n: Cch lm tng t v d 4.6 v ta c:
3
x3 ( n )4 = x1 ( n )4 (*)4 x2 ( n )4 = x1 ( m )4 x2 ( n m )4 = x2 (n 1) 4
m =0
Tc x3(0)4 = 1/4; x3(1)4 = 1; x3(2)4 = 3/4; x3(3)4 = 1/2.

Bi 4.7
p n: Phng n b)
Bi 4.8
p n: Phng n d)
Bi 4.9
p n: Phng n b)
Bi 4.10
p n ng: a)
P N CHNG V
Bi 5.1
Ta c FIR loi 1
N 1
2
h( n) = h( N 1 n)
(0 n N 1)
Vy
N 1 6
= = 3;
2
2
h(0) = h(6) =1 ;
h(1) = h(5) =2;
Bi 5.2
Ta c FIR loi 2
252
h(2) = h(4) =3;
h(3) = 4.
p n v hng dn gii
N 1
2
h( n) = h( N 1 n)
(0 n N 1)
Vy
N 1
vy tm i xng nm gia 2 v 3.
2
h(0) = h(5) =1 ;
h(1) = h(4) =2;
h(2) = h(3) =3.
Bi 5.3
Ta c FIR loi 3
N 1
2
h( n) = h( N 1 n)
(0 n N 1)
Vy
N 1
= 3 vy tm phn i xng nm ti 3.
2
h(0) = -h(6) =1 ;
h(1) = -h(5) =2;
h(2) = -h(4) =3;
h(3) = h(-3) = 0.
Bi 5.4
Ta c FIR loi 4
N 1
2
h( n) = h( N 1 n)
(0 n N 1)
Vy
N 1
vy tm phn i xng nm gia 2 v 3.
2
h(0) = -h(5) =1 ;
h(1) = -h(4) =2;
h(2) = -h(3) =3.
Bi 5.5
Cng thc b lc thng cao pha khng ( ( ) = 0 ):
hhp ( n ) = ( n )
c sin c n
c n
Trong bi ny c dch i, t pha khng chuyn sang pha tuyn tnh

253
p n v hng dn gii
( ) =
N 1
9 1
=
= 4
2
2
sin ( n 4 )
sin c ( n 4 )
1
4
hhp ( n ) = ( n 4 ) c
= ( n 4)
4
c ( n 4 )
( n 4)
4
Hd ( z ) =
1
1 2
3
3
3
1 6
1
z 1
z
z 3 + z 4
z 5
z
z 7
4
4
4
12 2
4 2
4 3
12 2
Hay:
1
1
3
x ( n 1)
x ( n 2)
x ( n 3)
4
12 2
4 2
3
3
1
1
+ x ( n 3)
x ( n 5)
x ( n 6)
x (n 7)
4
4
4 3
12 2
y ( n) =
Bi 5.6, Bi 5.7, Bi 5.8 Cch lm tng t v d trn.

Bi 5.9
p n: Phng n a)
Bi 5.10
p n: Phng n c).
Bi 5.11
p n: Phng n d)
Bi 5.12
p n: Phng n a)
Bi 5.13
p n: Phng n c)
Bi 5.14
p n: Phng n b).
P N CHNG VI
Bi 6.1
1 z 1
Ta c: nh x chuyn sang min s theo phng php tng ng vi phn l: s =
T
Do vy ta c:
H (z ) =
[(1 z
1
1
/T +1
254
zT /(1 + T )
z [1 /(1 + T )]
p n v hng dn gii
H (z ) =
Hay vi T=0.1:
0,09 z
0,09
=
z 0,909 1 0,909 z 1
Bi 6.2
Ta ch rng b lc tng t c mt im khng ti s = 0.1 v mt cp phc bin lin
hp ti:
s pk = 0.1 j 3
Ta tm H ( z ) trc tip theo khai trin phn thc ca H a (s ) . Nh vy ta c:
1
1
2
2
H (s ) =
+
s + 0,1 j 3 s + 0,1 + j 3
Khi :
1
1
2
2
H (z ) =
+
0,1T j 3T 1
0,1T j 3T 1
1 e
e
z
1 e
e
z
V hai cc l phc lin hp, ta c th kt hp chng to ra b lc hai cc n vi hm h
thng:
H (z ) =
1 e 0,1T cos 3Tz 1

1 2e 0,1T cos 3Tz 1 + e 0,2T z 1
Bi 6.3
Ha ( s) =
ura
R sL
R sL
, vi ura = i 2
; uvo = i R1 + 2
uvo
R2 + sL
R2 + sL
Ha (s) =
R2 sL
R2 Ls
=
R1 R2 + R1sL + R2 sL R1 R2 + ( R1 + R2 ) Ls
H (z) =
H ( z) =
R2 L
1 z 1
Ts
1 z 1
R1 R2 + ( R1 + R2 ) L
Ts
R2 L (1 z 1 )
R1 R2Ts + ( R1 + R2 ) L (1 z 1 )
R2 L (1 z 1 )
R1 R2Ts + ( R1 + R2 ) L ( R1 + R2 ) Lz 1
255
p n v hng dn gii
R2 L
1 z 1 )
(
R R T + ( R1 + R2 ) L
H ( z) = 1 2 s
( R1 + R2 ) L
1
z 1
R1 R2Ts + ( R1 + R2 ) L
M = 1 b0 =
R2 L
;
R1 R2Ts + ( R1 + R2 ) L
N = 1 a1 =
b1 = b0
( R1 + R2 ) L
R1 R2Ts + ( R1 + R2 ) L
Vy: y ( n ) = b0 x ( n ) + b1 x ( n 1) + a1 y ( n 1)
Sau ta v s cu trc b lc s.
Bi 6.4
Tng t nh cc bi trn.
Bi 6.5
Cc tn s ti hn chnh l tn s -3dB c v tn s bng chn s . C th, chng bng:
c = 1000
s = 2000
ng vi suy gim 40dB, 2 = 0.01 . V th, t (8.2.54) ta c:
log10 (10 4 1)
N=
= 6,64
2 log10 2
tho mn cc ch tiu mong mun, ta chn N = 7 . Cc v tr cc l:
s pk = 1000 e
j [ / 2 + (2 k +1) /14]
k = 0, 1, 2, , 6
Bi 6.6
Cc im cc ny u c phn b u trong vng trn Butterworth. Khi chun ha th
cc vng trn c bn knh l 1, khng chun ha th bn knh l c .
Ha (s) =
Ha (s) =
( s + 1) s e
2
j
3
2
j
s e 3
( s + 1) s 2 + 1 + s e
2
3
2
3
256
( s + 1) s 2 + 1 + s 2 cos
p n v hng dn gii
Ha (s) =
1
( s + 1) s 2 s + 1
Bi 6.7 p n: Phng n c)
Bi 6.8 p n: Phng n a)
Bi 6.9 p n: Phng n b)
Bi 6.10 p n: Phng n d)
P N CHNG VII
Bi 7.1
minh ho cho th tc tnh ton trn, chng ta hy xem xt vic tnh mt DFT N = 15
im. N = 3 5 = 15 nn ta chn L = 5 v M = 3 . Mt khc chng ta lu dy x(n ) 15 im
theo kiu ct nh sau:
Hng 1 : x(0, 0) =
Hng 2 : x(1, 0) =
Hng 3 : x(2, 0) =
Hng 4 : x(3, 0 ) =
Hng 5 : x(4, 0 ) =
x(0)
x(1)
x(2)
x(3)
x(4 )
x(0, 1) = x(5)
x(1, 1) = x(6)
x(2, 1) = x(7 )
x(3, 1) = x(8)
x(4, 1) = x(9)
x(0, 2) = x(10)
x(1, 2) = x(11)
x(2, 2) = x(12)
x(3, 2 ) = x(13)
x(4, 2 ) = x(14)
0
1
2
W Nlq
DFT 5 im
(L = 5)
DFT 3 im
(M
= 3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Tnh ton DFT vi N = 15 im bng tch ca cc DFT 3 im v 5 im.
257
5
8
11
14
p n v hng dn gii
By gi chng ta tnh ln lt DFT 3 im ca cc hng. Vic tnh ton ny dn n mng
53 sau :
F (0, 0)
F (1, 0 )
F (2, 0 )
F (3, 0)
F (0, 1) F (0, 2)
F (1, 1) F (1, 2 )
F (2, 1) F (2, 2)
F (3, 1) F (3, 2)
F (4, 0 ) F (4, 1) F (4, 2)

Trong bc tip theo cn phi nhn mi gi tr F (l , q ) vi h s pha W N = W15 , vi
0 l 4 v 0 q 2 . Vic tnh ton ny dn n mng 53 :
lq
Ct 1
G (0, 0)
G (1, 0 )
G (2, 0)
Ct 2
G (0, 1)
G (1, 1)
G (2, 1)
lq
Ct 3
G (0, 2)
G (1, 2)
G (2, 2)
G (3, 0) G (3, 1) G (3, 2)

G (4, 0) G (4, 1) G (4, 2)
Bc cui cng l tnh ton DFT 5 im ln lt cho 3 hng. Vic tnh ton ln cui ny ta
nhn c cc gi tr mong mun ca DFT dng :
X (0, 0) = x(0)
X (1, 0) =
X (2, 0) =
X (3, 0) =
X (4, 0) =
x(1)
x(2)
x(3)
x(4)
X (0, 1) = x(5) X (0, 2) = x(10)

X (1, 1) = x(6) X (1, 2) = x(11)
X (2, 1) = x(7 ) X (2, 2) = x(12)
X (3, 1) = x(8) X (3, 2) = x(13)
X (4, 1) = x(9 ) X (4, 2) = x(14)
Minh ho trong hnh 9.9 th hin cc bc tnh ton ny.

Ta cn quan tm n vic dy d liu c phn chia v kt qu DFT X (k ) c lu trong
cc mng mt chiu. Khi dy u vo x(n ) v dy u ra ca DFT X (k ) trong cc mng hai

chiu c c cho t hng 1 sang hng 5 th cc dy chng ta nhn c l :
DY U VO
x(0 ) x (5) x(10 ) x(1) x (6 ) x (11) x(2 ) x(7 ) x(12 ) x(3) x(8) x(13) x (14 ) x (9 ) x(14 )
DY U RA
X (0 ) X (1) X (2 ) X (3) X (4 ) X (5) X (6 ) X (7 ) X (8) X (9 ) X (10 ) X (11) X (12 ) X (13) X (14 )

Chng ta thy rng dy u vo b xo trn t cc trt t bnh thng trong tnh ton DFT.
Mt khc, dy u ra li tun ng vi trt t. Trong trng hp ny vic sp xp li mng u
vo ph thuc vo vic phn on ca mng mt chiu thnh mng hai chiu v trt t m theo
cc tnh ton DFT c tnh. Vic xo trn ca dy d liu u vo hoc dy d liu u ra ny l
mt c tnh chung ca hu ht cc thut ton tnh ton FFT.
258
p n v hng dn gii
P N CHNG VIII
Bi 8.1
x(n )
b0
z 1 b1
z 1
Bi 8.2
a1 z
x(n)
y (n )
b0
a1
z 1
a2
b2
y (n )
z1
b1
z 1
a2
b2
Bi 8.3
Phi a v dng: y ( n ) + 0.5 y ( n 1) = 2 x ( n ) + 3x ( n 1) + 0.5 x ( n 2 )
x(n )
b0
z 1 b1
z 1
y (n )
0.5
z 1
b2
Bi 8.4
Chuyn nh bi 8.2 ta c
x(n)
y (n )
2
+
z 1
+
z 1
2
2
259
p n v hng dn gii
Bi 8.5
Cch lm tng t bi 8.1, 8.2
Bi 8.6
Cch lm tng t bi 8.1, 8.2
Bi 8.7
Ta gii bi ton theo phng php quy vi m = 1 . Nh vy, ta c:
A1 ( z ) = A0 (z ) + k1 z 1 B0 ( z )
= 1 + k1 z 1 = 1 +
1 1
z
4
T cc h s ca b lc FIR tng ng vi dn 1 tng l 1 (0) = 1 , 1 (1) = k1 =
Bm ( z ) l a thc nghch o ca Am ( z ) , nn ta c:
B1 ( z ) =
1
. V
4
1
+ z 1
4
K tip ta cng thm tng th hai vo dn. i vi m = 2 , cho:
A2 ( z ) = A1 ( z ) + k 2 z 1 B1 ( z )
= 1+
3 1 1 2
z + z
8
2
Do cc tham s b lc FIR tng ng vi dn hai tng l 2 (0) = 1,
3
8
1
2
2 (1) = , 2 (2) = . V ta cng c:

1 3
B2 ( z ) = + z 1 + z 2
2 8
Cui cng, vic b xung thm tng th 3 vo dn s dn n a thc:
A3 (z ) = A2 (z ) + k3 z 1 B2 ( z )
= 1+
13 1 5 2 1 3
z + z + z
24
8
3
V vy, b lc FIR dng trc tip cn tm c c trng bi cc h s:
3 (0) = 1, 3 (1) =
1
13
5
, 3 (2 ) = v 3 (3) =
3
24
8
Bi 8.8
Cch lm tng t bi 8.7
260
p n v hng dn gii
Bi 8.9
Trc ht ta lu rng K 3 = 3 (3) =
1
. Hn na:
3
1 5
13 2
B3 ( z ) = + z 1 +
z + z 3
3 8
24
H thc gim bc vi m = 3 c:
A2 ( z ) =
A3 ( z ) K 3 B3 ( z )
1 K 32
=1+
V th K 2 = 2 (2 ) =
3 1 1 2
z + z
8
2
1 3
1
v B 2 ( z ) = + z 1 + z 2 . Bng s lp li php quy h tng
2 8
2
bc ta t c:
A1 ( z ) =
A2 ( z ) K 2 B2 ( z )
1 K 22
=1+
Do K1 = 1 (1) =
1 1
z
4
1
4
Bi 8.10
Cch lm tng t bi 8.9
P N CHNG IX
Bi 9.1
Tng t v d 9.1 ta c: sau khi chun ho tn hiu i qua b phn chia
l: y 2 ( n ) = x ( 2.n )
y 2 ( 0 ) = 1;
y2 (1) = 2/3;
Bi 9.2
Cch lm ging v d 9.2
Bi 9.3
Cch lm ging v d 9.3
Bi 9.4
261
y 2 ( 2 ) = 1/3;
p n v hng dn gii
n
x
y 2 ( n ) = L
0
n = 0, 1L, 2 L,...
n
Ta c: y 2 ( 0 ) = 1
y 2 ( 2 ) =
2
3
y2 ( 3) =
2
3
Bi 9.5
X ( z ) = z 1 + 3z 2 + 3 z 3 + z 4
Y 2 ( z ) = z 2 + 3 z 4 + 3z 6 + z 8
Bi 9.6
Y 2 ( e j ) = X ( e j 2 )
Ta v ra thy ph b nn li mt na ging v d 9.6
Bi 9.7
S 1:
( )
L
X ( z )
Y L ( z )
Y LH ( z )
H z
Y L ( z ) = X ( z L )
Y LH ( z ) = Y L ( z ) .H ( z ) = X ( z L ) .H ( z )
S 2:
( )
L
X ( z )
YH ( z )
YH L ( z )
H z
YH ( z ) = X ( z ) H ( z )
YH L ( z ) = YH ( z L ) = X ( z L ) .H ( z L )
Kt lun: 2 s tng ng
L
( )
H zL
Bi 9.8
Cho tn hiu: X ( z ) = 1 + 2 z 1 + 3 z 2 + 4 z 3 + 5 z 4 + 6 z 5 + 7 z 6
Tn hiu ny i qua b ly mu
2
2
v . Tm Y 2 ( z ) = ? v Y 2 ( z ) = ?
3
3
3
3
Bi 9. 9
262
p n v hng dn gii
X ( z ) = 1 + z 1
H ( z) = 1+
2 1 1 2
z + z
3
3
YH ( z ) = X ( z ) .H ( z )
YH 2 ( z ) =
1 1 12 j 22 l 12 j 22 l
X z e .H z e
2 l =0

1
1
1
1
1
YH 2 ( z ) = [ X ( z 2 ) H ( z 2 ) + X ( z 2 ) H ( z 2 )]
2
1
1
YH ( z 2 )
YH ( z 2 )
C th ta tip tc tnh tng t nh v 9.10

Bi 9. 10
X ( z ) = 1 + z 1
Y 2 ( z ) = X ( z 2 ) = 1 + z 2
H ( z) = 1+
2 1 1 2
z + z
3
3
Y2 H ( z ) = Y2 ( z ) .H ( z ) = X ( z 2 ) .H ( z )
T y ta thc hin tng t ging v d 9.14
263
Cc t vit tt
CC T VIT TT
Ting Anh.
A/D: Analog to Digital - tng t/s
D/A: Digital to Analog - s/tng t
BIBO: Bounded Input Bounded Output - chn trn chn di
FIR: Finite Impulse Response - p ng xung hu hn
IIR: Infinite Impulse Response - p ng xung v hn
SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio - t s tn hiu/nhiu
RC: Region of Convergence - min hi t
DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform - bin i Fourier ri rc
IDFT: Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform - bin i Fourier ri rc ngc
FFT: Fast Fourier Transform - bin i Fourier nhanh
Ting Vit.
HTTT: H thng tuyn tnh
TTBB: Tuyn tnh bt bin
PTSP: Phng trnh sai phn
HTTTBB: H thng tuyn tnh bt bin
264
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Quc Trung. "X l tn hiu v lc s" - Tp 1, tp 2, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v
K thut, H ni 2001.
2. Nguyn Xun Qunh. "C s ton ri rc v ng dng", Nh xut bn Gio dc, H ni
1995.
3. Jonh G.Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis "Introduction to Digital Signal Processing"
Maxwell Macmillan International Editions, New York 1989.
4. Jonh G.Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis "Digital Signal Processing: Principles
Algorithms, and Applications" Macmillan Publishing Company, printed the republic of
Singapore, 1992.
5. Leland B.Jackson "Signal, Systems and Transforms" Addision Wesley Publishing
Company, printed in the US of America 1991.
265
Mc lc
MC LC
LI NI U........................................................................................................................................................1
CHNG I: BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN THI GIAN RI RC
n...............................................................................................................................................................................3
GII THIU ......................................................................................................................................................3
NI DUNG ........................................................................................................................................................5
1.1. BIU DIN TN HIU RI RC ..........................................................................................................5
1.2. CC H THNG TUYN TNH BT BIN......................................................................................15
1.3. PHNG TRNH SAI PHN TUYN TNH H S HNG ............................................................21
1.4. CC H THNG KHNG QUY V QUY............................................................................26
1.5. THC HIN H THNG ....................................................................................................................28
1.6. TNG QUAN TN HIU ..................................................................................................................30
TM TT V HNG DN HC TP CHNG 1 .................................................................................32
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 1.............................................................................................................35
CHNG II: BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN Z ................................40
GII THIU ....................................................................................................................................................40
NI DUNG ......................................................................................................................................................41
2.1. BIN I Z (ZT: Z TRANSFORM) ....................................................................................................41
2.2. CC V KHNG (POLE AND ZERO) ..............................................................................................44
2.3. BIN I Z NGC (IZT: INVERSE Z TRANSFORM)..................................................................46
2.4. CC TNH CHT CA BIN I Z .................................................................................................51
2.5. BIU DIN H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN Z........................................................................51
TM TT V HNG DN HC TP CHNG II. ...............................................................................58
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 2.............................................................................................................62
CHNG III: BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN TN S LIN TC
...............................................................................................................................................................................67
GII THIU ....................................................................................................................................................67
NI DUNG ......................................................................................................................................................69
3.1. BIN I FOURIER............................................................................................................................69
3.2. CC TNH CHT CA BIN I FOURIER...................................................................................76
3.3. QUAN H GIA BIN I FOURIER V BIN I Z .................................................................77
3.4. BIU DIN H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN TN S LIN TC .........................................78
TM TT V HNG DN HC TP CHNG 3 .................................................................................86
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 3.............................................................................................................90
CHNG IV: BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC TRONG MIN TN S RI RC k
(HOC
k )..........................................................................................................................................................95
GII THIU ....................................................................................................................................................95

NI DUNG ......................................................................................................................................................95
4.1. BIN I FOURIER RI RC DFT I VI DY TUN HON C CHU K N......................95
4.2. CC TNH CHT CA DFT I VI DY TUN HON CHU K N.........................................96
266
Mc lc
4.3. BIN I FOURIER RI RC DFT I VI DY KHNG TUN HON C CHIU DI HU
HN N. ......................................................................................................................................................102
4.4. CC TNH CHT CA DFT I VI DY C CHIU DI HU HN N. ...............................105
4.5. PHP CHP NHANH (PHP CHP PHN ON) .......................................................................113
TM TT V HNG DN HC TP CHNG 4 ...............................................................................114
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 4...........................................................................................................116
CHNG V: TNG HP B LC S C P NG XUNG C CHIU DI HU HN FIR. ........119
GII THIU ..................................................................................................................................................119
NI DUNG ....................................................................................................................................................119
5.1. C IM CA B LC S FIR PHA TUYN TNH..................................................................119
5.2. TNG HP B LC S FIR THEO PHNG PHP CA S. ...................................................122
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 5...........................................................................................................135
CHNG VI: THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG C CHIU DI V HN IIR.............138
GII THIU ..................................................................................................................................................138
NI DUNG ....................................................................................................................................................138
6.1. C S TNG HP B LC S IIR.................................................................................................138
6.2. PHNG PHP BT BIN XUNG .................................................................................................139
6.3. PHNG PHP BIN I SONG TUYN.....................................................................................143
6.4. PHNG PHP TNG NG VI PHN..................................................................................146
6.5. B LC TNG T BUTTERWORTH ..........................................................................................148
6.6. B LC TNG T CHEBYSHEP.................................................................................................149
6.7. B LC TNG T ELIP (CAUER)...............................................................................................152
CU HI N TP V BI TP CHNG 6............................................................................................154
CHNG VII: BIN I FOURIER NHANH - FFT..................................................................................158
GII THIU ..................................................................................................................................................158
NI DUNG ....................................................................................................................................................158
7.1. BIN I FOURIER NHANH ..........................................................................................................158
7.2. THUT TON FFT C S 2 ............................................................................................................162
7.3. THUT TON FFT C S 4 ............................................................................................................171
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 7...........................................................................................................177
CHNG VIII: CU TRC B LC S.....................................................................................................178
GII THIU ..................................................................................................................................................178
NI DUNG ....................................................................................................................................................179
8.1. CU TRC B LC S FIR ............................................................................................................179
8.2. CU TRC B LC S IIR .............................................................................................................188
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 8...........................................................................................................203
CHNG IX: LC S NHIU NHP ...........................................................................................................205
GII THIU ..................................................................................................................................................205
NI DUNG ....................................................................................................................................................206
9.1. THAY I NHP LY MU ............................................................................................................206
267
Mc lc
9.2. B LC BIN I NHP LY MU...............................................................................................217
9.3. M HO BNG CON (Subband coding) ..........................................................................................229
TM TT V HNG DN HC TP CHNG 9. ..............................................................................230
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 9...........................................................................................................234
P N V HNG DN GII....................................................................................................................237
P N CHNG I ....................................................................................................................................237
P N CHNG II ...................................................................................................................................243
P N CHNG III..................................................................................................................................248
P N CHNG IV .................................................................................................................................251
P N CHNG V...................................................................................................................................252
P N CHNG VI .................................................................................................................................254
P N CHNG VII ................................................................................................................................257
P N CHNG VIII...............................................................................................................................259
P N CHNG IX .................................................................................................................................261
CC T VIT TT..........................................................................................................................................264
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................................................265
MC LC ..........................................................................................................................................................266
268
X L TN HIU S
M s: 492XLS340
Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1
(Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: 376/Q-TTT1 ngy
22/05/2006 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)
In ti : Cng ty c phn In Bu in
S lng : 2000 cun, kh 19 x 26 cm
Ngy hon thnh : 01/06/2006.

Xu Ly Tin Hieu So - Thay Hoang

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Xu Ly Tin Hieu So - Thay Hoang

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

chnh xc cao, sao chp trung thc, tin cy.

Trong mn hc X l s tn hiu, nhng ni dung chnh c cp bao gm cc khi

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

CHNG I: BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

- nh ngha tn hiu lin tc: Nu bin c lp ca biu din ton hc ca mt tn hiu l

Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts 7Ts 8Ts

Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts 7Ts 8Ts

Hnh 1.1 Minh ho s phn loi tn hiu

- nh ngha tn hiu ri rc: Nu bin c lp ca biu din ton hc ca mt tn hiu l

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

+ nh ngha tn hiu s: Nu bin ca tn hiu ri rc l ri rc th tn hiu gi l

ly mu ti tc Fs > 2 Fmax 2 B , th xa (t ) c th c phc hi mt cch chnh xc t gi

a. Biu din theo ton hc

V d 1.1: Ta c th biu din tn hiu

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Hnh 1.2 Biu din tn hiu bng th

Do cch biu din ny, ta cn gi tn hiu ri rc l dy

Trong min n, dy xung n v c nh ngha nh sau:

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Hnh 1.3 Dy xung n v ( n )

Hnh 1.4 Dy xung ( n 1)

Trong min n, dy nhy n v c nh ngha nh sau:

Hnh 1.5 Dy nhy n v u(n)

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Hnh 1.6 Dy u(n+3)

Trong min n, dy ch nht c nh ngha nh sau:

Hnh 1.7 Dy ch nht rectN(n)

V d 1.6: Hy biu din dy rect3(n-2)

Hnh 1.8 Dy ch nht rect3(n-2)

Trong min n, dy dc n v c nh ngha nh sau:

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Hnh 1.9 Dy dc n v r(n)

Hy biu din dy r(n-1).

Hnh 1.10 Dy dc n v r(n-1)

Trong min n, dy hm m c nh ngha nh sau:

Hnh 1.11 Dy hm m e(n)

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Ta ni rng mt dy x(n) l tun hon vi chu k N nu tha mn iu kin sau y:

Biu din dy tun hon x ( n ) vi N = 4.

Hnh 1.12 Dy tun hon x ( n )4

Hnh 1.13 Dy c chiu di hu hn

Nng lng ca mt dy x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Dy c nng lng v hn (khng tn ti thc t)

d. Cng sut trung bnh ca mt tn hiu

Cng sut trung bnh ca mt tn hiu x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:

Nu ta nh ngha nng lng ca tn hiu x(n ) trong mt khong hu hn N n N l:

Th c th biu din nng lng tn hiu E nh sau:

v cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu x(n) l

Nh vy, nu E l hu hn th P = 0 . Mt khc, nu E l v hn th cng sut trung bnh

Tng ca 2 dy nhn c bng cch cng tng i mt cc gi tr mu i vi cng mt

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Hnh 1.14 Tng ca hai dy

Tch ca 2 dy nhn c bng cch nhn tng i mt cc gi tr mu i vi cng mt tr

Hy thc hin x3 ( n ) = x1 ( n ) .x2 ( n )

Chng 1: Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Hnh 1.15 Tch ca hai dy

Tch ca mt dy vi cc hng s nhn c bng cch nhn tt c cc gi tr mu ca dy

x2 ( n ) = .x1 ( n ) , l hng s gi s cho bng 2 ta c:

Hnh 1.16 Tch ca dy vi hng s 2