ANTEN DNG TRONG THNG TIN VI BA

6.1 GII THIU CHUNG

6.1.1 Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
- Yu cu v c im ca anten trong thng tin vi ba - Anten nhiu chn t - Anten khe - Nguyn l bc x mt - Anten loa - Cc Anten gng

6.1.2 Hng dn
- Hoc k cc phn c trnh by trong chng - Tham kho thm [1], [2], [3] - Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp

6.1.3 Mc ch ca chng
- Nm c yu cu v c im ca anten trong thng tin vi ba - Nm c cu to, nguyn l lm vic v mt s tham s ca cc loi anten s dng trong thng tin viba.

6.2 C IM V YU CU CA ANTEN DNG TRONG THNG TIN VI BA

6.2.1 Cc h thng thng tin vi ba v bng tn s dng
Vi ba l on sng v tuyn in c s dng nhiu trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn hin nay nh thng tin di ng s dng bng tn 800 950 MHz hoc bng tn 2 GHz. Thng tin v tinh s dng trong mt phm vi rngca sng vi ba khong t 1,5 44 GHz v c chia ra nhiu bng khc nhau cho cc dch v khc nhau. H thng thng tin v tuyn chuyn tip trn mt t (cn c gi l h thng thng tin vi ba) lm vic di tn khong t 1 10 GHz. Bng tn ca sng vi ba c s dng cho nhiu h thng thng tin vi nhiu dch v vin thng khc nhau, nn vic la chn v n nh bng tn thch hp cho mi loi thng tin l rt cn

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thit, sao cho vic s dng bng tn c c hiu qu nht, trnh c can nhiu gia cc h thng thng tin hoc trong cng mt h thng vi nhau.

6.2.2 c im truyn lan sng

Nh cp trong phn truyn sng, cc sng vi ba c bc sng rt nh nn nu truyn lan bng phng php truyn lan sng b mt s b mt t hp th rt ln, c ly thng tin s rt gn. Hn na, v bc sng nh nn kh nng nhiu x qua cc chng ngi vt gp trn ng truyn lan km, ch cn mt vt chn nh sng s khng truyn qua c. Cng khng th s dng phng php truyn lan sng bng tng in ly truyn sng vi ba bi v i vi sng ny th tng in ly tr nn trong sut khi n truyn qua, ngha l sng s xuyn qua tng in ly m t chu nh hng ca mi trng. Do phng php truyn sng ch yu dng cho bng sng vi ba l truyn lan sng khng gian, ngha l hai anten thu, pht phi t cao trn mt t v hng bc x cc i vo nhau. Khi truyn lan sng trong iu kin s xy ra hin tng pha inh su do s giao thoa gia sng ti trc tip v sng phn x t nhiu mi trng khc nhau ti... Do nhng c im nu trn, anten dng trong thng tin vi ba c cc yu cu nht nh

6.2.3 Cc yu cu i vi anten dng trong thng tin vi ba

Ty theo tnh cht ca mi h thng thng tin v tuyn vi ba m ngi ta s dng cc loi anten thch hp, vi cc yu cu khc nhau. Vi cc h thng thng tin v tuyn chuyn tip trn mt t v thng tin v tinh th anten phi c cc yu cu: H s khuch i phi ln Khi tn s cng tc tng th tn hao trong khng gian t do tng, tn hao trn fi tng. Bi vy, khi tn s cng tc tng b vo tn hao tng th h s khuch i ca anten yu cu phi tng gim nh cng sut ng thi gim c can nhiu cng nh tp m v gim c pha inh do cc tia phn x. V d vi tn s cng tc 2 GHz yu cu h s khuch i ca anten l 30 35 dBi; khi tn s cng tc l 4 GHz th yu cu h s khuch i ca anten l 39 43 dBi; khi tn s cng tc l 6 GHz th yu cu h s khuch i ca anten l 43 46 dBi... Bp sng ph phi nh Yu cu bp sng ph phi nh khng gy nhiu sang cc h thng khc. ng thi bp sng ph nh th hiu sut lm vic ca anten tng dn n h s khuch i tng. H s bo v phi ln Trong h thng thng tin chuyn tip trn mt t ta thng quan tm n h s bo v hng ngc so vi hng chnh (hng bc x cc i). Vi cc anten ca h thng ny, yu cu h s bo v vo khong 65 - 70 dB. Trong h thng thng tin v tinh, h s bo v thng c quy nh cho cc bp ph hng bn cnh khng gy can nhiu cho cc h thng vi ba trn mt t v cc trm v tinh bn cnh. Theo khuyn ngh ca CCIR i vi cc anten c d/ > 100, th bp ph bn c h s

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khuch i Gs phi tha mn yu cu sau: 10 < < 250 th Gs < 29 25lg .Khi d/ < 100 th

Gs = 32 25lg
Trong cc h thng vi ba khc th cc yu cu trn li khng cn thit hoc li c yu cu ngc li, nh h thng thng tin di ng hoc h thng pht v tuyn truyn hnh th cc anten li yu cu bc x v hng hoc c tnh hng rng trong mt phng ngang ( tng cng din tch ph sng) v c tnh hng cao trong mt phng thng ng ( tp trung nng lng) . Cc yu cu chung i vi anten trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn l: Gii tn cng tc rng: anten c dung trong thng tin v tuyn thng truyn i cc tn hiu c ph tn rng nn yu cu anten phi c di tn rng khng lm mo tn hiu. Anten phi c phi hp tr khng tt vi fi hay ng dn sng, c h s sng chy phi ln hpn hoc bng 0,97. Anten phi c kt cu vng chc chu c gi bo, c cc thit b bo v chng st, ma...

c c nhng yu cu trn, trong vi ba thng s dng nhiu loi anten khc nhau

6.3 ANTEN NHIU CHN T

6.3.1 Anten dn chn t
Trong nhiu trng hp thng tin v tuyn, nng lng bc x cn c tp trung ti a v mt pha. iu c ngha l anten cn c th phng hng m bo tp trung nng lng trong bp sng chnh hp v gim ti thiu ca cc bc x nm ngoi bp chnh. C th thc hin c dng th ny bng mt dn chn t. Anten dn chn t hay cn c gi l dn anten do hai hay nhiu chn t n hp thnh. Mi phn t n l mt chn t i xng ring r c chiu di mt phn t bc sng hoc na bc sng. Chng c sp xp sao cho cc trng bc x ca cc chn t ring r cng vi nhau to nn trng bc x tng tp trung nng lng trong bp sng hp theo phng mong mun. C hai cch b tr cc chn t trong mt dn chn t: t cc chn t thng hng dc theo trc ca chn t hoc t cc chn t song song vi nhau, vung gc vi trc ca chn t. Vic sp xp cc chn t nh vy c gi l sp xp theo hng v theo ct. Trng hp dn n gin nht bao gm hai chn t c xt trong chng 5. Dn chn t ng pha Dn chn t ng pha c s dng bng sng ngn v bng sng cc ngn. Anten bao gm cc chn t na sng c sp xp thnh hng v ct trong mt phng vi khong cch gia cc chn t bng na bc sng cng tc theo phng thng ng v theo phng nm ngang (hnh 6.1). S chn t dng trong cc hng v ct thng chn. tip in ng pha cho cc chn t c th s dng s mc lin tip, ng dy fi bt cho (hnh 6.1a) hoc mc song song tng cp (hnh 6.1b).

/2 /2

+ +

+ +

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b)
Hnh 6.1. Dn chn t ng pha hnh 6.1a, chiu dng in chy trn cc chn t c v bi cc mi tn. Vic bt cho ng dy tip in gia hai tng nhm m bo tip in ng pha cho chn t cc tng. hnh 6.1b, vi cch mc song song tng cp c th d dng nhn thy rng di ca ng fid tip in cho cc chn t c gi tr nh nhau, do pha ca dng in tip cho cc chn t ca dn anten cng ging nhau. Dn chn t ng pha c th phng hng tng hp ging nh th phng hng ca chn t na sng nhng do tp hp nhiu chn t na sng c pha ging nhau nn th phng hng c bp sng chnh hp hn nhiu v h s hng tnh ln hn nhiu so vi chn t na sng n. Trong thc t, nhn c bc x n hng ngi ta thng kt hp dn chn t vi mt mt phng phn x hoc mt dn chn t phn x. Mt phn x c th l mt kim loi hoc li dy dn gm cc dy kim loi t song song nhau v t song song vi dn pht x mt khong cch d nht nh, d = (0,2- 0,25). Dn chn t phn x c th lm vic ch ch ng hoc ch th ng. Trong ch th ng cc chn t khng ni vi ngun, dng in trong chng c c l do cm ng trng bc x ca chn t chnh. Vic iu chnh bin v pha dng cm ng c thc hin nh mt on dy fi ngn mch c di bin i c. Trong ch ch ng, dn chn t phn x c ni vi ngun thng qua mt b di pha, nhm m bo gc lch pha cn thit ca dng in gia dn phn x v dn chnh.

6.3.2 Anten Yagi

y l loi anten ang c s dng rng ri bng sng ngn cng nh bng sng cc ngn. Hot ng ca anten ny c nhiu u im v thng s in, n gin v cu trc, rt thch hp vi cc loi my thu truyn hnh gia nh. Cu to ca anten yagi: Gm mt chn t ch ng (chn t c cp ngun) thng l chn t vng dt na sng, mt chn t phn x th ng v mt s chn t dn x th ng (l chn t khng c cp ngun). Cc chn t c gn trc tip trn mt thanh thng thng l bng kim loi, nh ch ra trn hnh 6.2. Vic gn trc tip cc chn t ln thanh kim loi thc t khng nh hng g n cc tham s ca anten v im gia ca cc chn t na sng l nt ca in p v cc chn t t vung gc vi thanh kim loi nn khng c dng in cm ng trong thanh.

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P Chn t phn x

Chn t dn x D z

0 a 160 0,8

120 0,6 80 0,4 40 0,2

Chn t ch ng

- 120 - 80 - 40 0 Hnh 6.2: Anten yagi

40 80 120

X22 ()

Hnh 6.3

tm hiu nguyn l lm vic xt mt anten yagi gm 3 chn t: chn t ch ng A, chn t phn x P v chn t hng x D. Chn t A c ni vi my pht cao tn v bc x sng in t, di tc dng ca trng bc x ny trong P v D xut hin dng cm ng v sinh ra bc x th cp. Nu chn di ca P v khong cch t A n P thch hp th P s tr thnh chn t phn x ca A. Khi , nng lng bc x ca cp chn t A - P s gim yu v pha chn t P (hng -z) v c tng cng hng ngc li (hng + z). Tng t, nu chn di ca chn t D v khong cch A n D thch hp th D s tr thnh chn t dn x ca A. Khi y, nng lng bc x ca h A - D s hng v chn t D (hng + z) v gim yu v hng ngc li (hng -z). Kt qu nng lng bc x ca c 3 chn t s tp trung v mt pha, hnh thnh mt knh dn sng dc theo trc anten, hng t pha chn t phn x P v pha chn t dn x D. Vic tnh ton chnh xc kch thc ca cc chn t phn x v dn x l mt bi ton phc tp, thng thng n c tnh ton theo thc nghim da trn nhng l thuyt v kt qu bit. Quan h v dng in trong chn t ch ng I1 v chn t th ng I2 c biu th qua biu thc:

I2 = a.e j I1
vi

(6.1)

a=

(R

2 12

2 + X 22 )

2 2 R22 + X 22

(6.2)

= + arctg

X 12 X arctg 22 R12 R22

y R12 v X12 l in tr v in khng tng h ca chn t ch ng ln chn t th ng; R22 v X22 l in tr v in khng ca bn thn chn t th ng. Bng cch thay i di ca chn t th ng, c th bin i ln v du ca in khng ring X22 do s bin i c a v . Quan h gia a v vi X22 khi chn t c di gn bng na bc sng cng tc v khong cch d = /4 c biu th trn hnh 6.3. Khong cch d tng th bin dng trong chn t th ng gim. Tnh ton cho thy rng, vi d khong t 0,1 n 0,25 th nu in khng ca chn t mang tnh cm khng s nhn

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c I2 sm pha hn I1. Trong trng hp ny chn t th ng s tr thnh chn t phn x. Ngc li, khi in khng ca chn t th ng mang tnh dung khng th dng I2 s chm pha hn I1 v chn t th ng s tr thnh chn t dn x. Trong thc t, vic thay i in khng X22 ca chn t th ng c thc hin bng cch iu chnh di cng hng ca chn t: khi di chn t ln hn di cng hng th X22 > 0, cn khi di chn t nh hn di cng hng th X22 < 0. V vy chn t phn x c di ln hn /2, cn chn t hng x c di nh hn /2. Thng thng anten yagi ch c mt chn t lm nhim v phn x, v trng bc x v pha chn t phn x b chn t ny lm yu ng k, nu c thm mt chn t na t tip pha sau th chn t phn x th hai s c dng cm ng rt yu do t tc dng. tng cng hiu qu phn x, trong mt s trng hp c th s dng mt phn x kim loi, li kim loi, hoc nhiu chn t t khong cch bng nhau so vi chn t ch ng, khong cch ny thng c chn trong khong t 0,15 n 0,25. Trong khi , s chn t dn x c th gm nhiu chn t. V trng bc x ca anten c nh hng v pha cc chn t dn x nn cc chn t dn x tip theo vn c kch thch vi cng kh mnh. S chn t dn x c th t 2 ti vi chc. Khong cch gia chn t ch ng vi chn t dn x u tin v gia cc chn t dn x k nhau c chn trong khong t 0,1 n 0,35 Chn t ch ng thng s dng l chn t vng dt v hai l do chnh: - Chn t vng dt c chiu di /2 nn ti im cp in c nt in p bi vy c th gn trc tip chn t ln thanh kim loi m khng cn cch in. - Tr khng vo ca chn t vng dt ln (khong 300 ) nn thung tin cho vic phi hp tr khng vi fide i xng. th phng hng thc nghim ca anten yagi gm 8 chn t c ch ra trn hnh 6.4, ng lin nt v trong mt phng H (mt phng vung gc vi cc chn t); ng t nt v trong mt phng E (mt phng cha cc chn t).

90o

30o

180o

0o

270o

330o

Hnh 6.4. th phng hng ca anten yagi

6.3.3 Anten loga chu k

m rng di tn cng tc ca anten ta c th da vo nguyn l tng t ca in ng hc: Nu bin i ng thi bc sng cng tc v tt c cc kch thc ca anten theo mt t l ging nhau th cc c tnh ca anten nh: th phng hng, tr khng vo... s khng bin

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i. Da vo nguyn l ny c th thit lp cc anten khng ph thuc tn s bng cch cu to anten t nhiu khu vc c kch thc hnh hc khc nhau nhng t l vi nhau theo mt h s nht nh. Khi anten lm vic vi mt tn s no , ch c mt khu vc nht nh ca anten tham gia vo qu trnh bc x v c gi l min bc x. Khi thay i tn s cng tc th min bc x s dch chuyn n min mi vi t l cc kch thc hnh hc ca cc phn t bc x so vi bc sng cng tc mi. y chnh l nguyn l cu to anten loga -chu k. Anten loga -chu k c cu to t nhiu chn t c di khc nhau v t khong cch khc nhau. Anten c tip in bng fide i xng hay cp ng trc, nh ch ra trn hnh v

d5 d2 d1 Phi cp in l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6

Hnh 6.5. Anten lga-chu k Kch thc v khong cch ca cc chn t bin i dn theo mt t l nht nh. H s t l ny c gi l chu k ca anten, v c xc nh:

d l d1 d 2 l l = = .. = n 1 = 1 = 2 = ... = n 1 d 2 d3 dn l2 l3 ln

(6.3)

Trong d l khong cch gia cc chn t cn l l chiu di chn t . c tnh ca anten lgarit chu k c xc nh bi hai thng s ch yu l: chu k v gc m Nu my pht lm vic mt tn s fo no , th chn t c chiu di li bng o/2 s l chn t cng hng v tr khng vo ca chn t s l thun tr v bng 73,1 . Trong khi tr khng vo ca cc chn t khc s c thnh phn in khng v gi tr ca thnh phn ny cng ln khi di ca n cng khc nhiu vi di ca chn t cng hng, ngha l khi chn t y cng xa chn t cng hng. V vy chn t cng hng c kch thch mnh nht. V dng in trong cc chn t khng cng hng c gi tr nh, nn trng bc x ca anten c quyt nh ch yu bi bc x ca chn t cng hng v mt vi chn t ln cn vi n. Nhng chn t ny to thnh min bc x ca anten. Dng in trong cc chn t ca min bc x c hnh thnh do cm ng trng ca chn t cng hng v nhn trc tip t fide. Cc chn t nm pha trc c di nh hn di cng hng do tr khng vo mang tnh dung khng, dng cm ng trong n chm pha hn so vi dng trong chn t cng hng (hoc

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cc chn t c di ln hn n). Cc chn t nm pha sau c di ln hn di cng hng nn tr khng vo mang tnh cm khng v dng cm ng sm pha hn dng trong chn t cng hng (hay chn t ngn hn n). i vi dng in do fide cp th do cch tip in cho nn pha ca dng trong hai chn t k nhau lch pha 180o cng vi gc lch pha do truyn sng trn on fid mc gia hai chn t. Tp hp tt c yu t trn, s nhn c dng tng hp trong cc chn t ca min bc x c gc pha gim dn theo chiu gim kch thc ca anten. Vi quan h pha nh trn, cc chn t ng pha trc chn t cng hng s tho mn iu kin chn t hng x, cn chn t pha sau s tho mn iu kin chn t phn x. Bc x ca anten s c nh hng theo trc anten v pha chn t ngn, tng t anten yagi. Nu anten lm vic tn s fo, ngha l bc sng di hn, lc chn t cng hng s dch chuyn sang chn t li +1 c di ln hn k . Ngc li nu anten cng tc tn s cao hn v bng fo/, ngha l bc sng ngn hn, th chn t cng hng s chuyn sang chn t li 1 c chiu di ngn hn chn t k n. V d khi cng tc tn s f1, th chn t cng hng l chn t c chiu di l1 , tng ng vi l1 = 1/2. Nu tn s cng tc gim xung l f2 = f1, suy ra 2 = 1/ th chn t cng hng by gi c di bng l2 = 2/2 = 1/2 = l1 /. T ta suy ra cc tn s:

f n = n f1
s c cc chn t cng hng tng ng vi cc di:

(6.4)

ln =

n 1

l1

(6.5)

n l s th t ca chn t fn l tn s cng hng ca chn t th n

ln l di ca chn t cng hng th n

Ngha l khi anten cng tc mt tn s cho bi cng thc (6.4), trn anten s xut hin mt min bc x m chn t pht x chnh c di xc nh theo cng thc (6.5). Nh vy min bc x trn anten logarit chu k s dch chuyn khi tn s cng tc thay i, nhng hng bc x cc i ca anten vn gi nguyn. Nu ly logarit biu thc (6.4) ta nhn c:

ln f n = ( n 1) ln + ln f1

(6.6)

Ngha l khi biu th tn s theo logarit th tn s cng hng ca anten s thay i mt lng bng ln. V vy anten c gi l anten logarit chu k. th phng hng ca anten c xc nh bi s chn t ca min bc x tc dng (thng vo khong t 3 5) v bi tng quan bin v pha ca dng in trong cc chn t y. Cc i lng ny ph thuc vo thng s hnh hc chu k v gc m anten , ch ra trn

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hnh 6.6. Khi tng , (c nh ), th phng hng hp li v lc s tng s chn t ca min bc x tc dng. Nhng nu tng qu qu ln th tnh hng li xu i v lc y kch thc ca min bc x tc dng li gim do cc chn t qu gn nhau. Khi gim (c nh ) n mt gii hn nht nh th phng hng s hp li v khi y khong cch gia cc chn t li tng ln v do tng kch thc ca min bc x tc dng. Cc gi tr ti hn ca v thng l: max = 0,95 min = 10o th quan h gia gc na cng sut trong hai mt phng E v H ng vi cc thng s v khc nhau c ch ra trong hnh 6.6. T th c th thy rng th phng hng ca anten trong mt phng H rng hn trong mt phng E ( l do tnh hng ca mi chn t hp thnh anten). 21/2 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 0 10 20 30 40 o

= 0,65 = 0,75 = 0,83 = 0,915

21/2 70 60 50 40 0 10 20

= 0,65

= 0,95

0,75 0,83 0,915

30

40

z Mt phng E x Mt phng H y

Hnh 6.6. Quan h gia 21/2 vi cc thng s v

6.4 ANTEN KHE

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Anten khe c s dng ch yu bng vi ba. Trong thc t khe bc x c dng ch nht (khe thng) hoc hnh trn (khe hnh vnh khn) v c ct trn cc mt kim loi c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau: trn thnh hc cng hng, thnh ng dn sng hnh ch nht hoc trn, trn cc tm kim loi phng, cnh my bay....kch thc ca mt kim loi c th kh ln so vi bc sng nhng cng c th ch vo khong vi bc sng cng tc.

6.4.1 Anten khe na sng

Nu trn thnh ng dn sng hay hc cng hng ct mt khe hp c chiu di bng mt na bc sng cng tc th chng ta s c mt anten khe na sng, ngha l khe ch bc x vo mt na khng gian. z E /2 x y

Hnh 6.7. Anten khe na sng Di tc dng ca sc in ng t vo khe, trong khe s xut hin cc ng sc in trng hng vung gc vi hai mp khe. in p gia hai mp khe bng tch ca cng in trng vi rng ca khe (U = E.b). Ta c th coi gn ng mi na khe ging nh mt on ng dy song hnh m hai nhnh dy l hai mp khe c ni tt u cui (ti z = l ). Khi 2 y phn b in p dc theo khe s tun theo quy lut sin, c nt in p cui khe v bng in p gia khe. V in p gia hai mp khe t l vi in trng trong khe nn c th thy rng phn b ca in trng dc theo khe cng tun theo quy lut sng ng. Tng t nh khi kho st khe nguyn t, ta c th coi khe tng ng nh mt dy dn t m dng t chy trong dy c quan h vi in p trong khe theo cng thc:
m I day = 2bEkhe ( z ) = 2U khe ( z )

(6.7)

Trong Ukhe(z) l in p sng ng, phn b i xng vi tm khe

l U khe ( z ) = U bkhe sin z 2

y l = khi l = . 2

(6.8)

chiu di khe;

Ubkhe = U0khe l in p im bng sng ng ph hp vi in p im gia ca khe

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Do :

l m I day = 2U bkhe sin z 2

(6.9)

Tng t nh dy dn c dng in sng ng, ta cng c th coi khe nh tp hp ca cc chn t t, m dng t trn mi chn t c gi tr xc nh bi (6.9) trong z c ta l trung im ca chn t. xc nh trng bc x ca khe c th da vo trng bc x ca chn t i xng trong cng thc (5.8). Trng bc x ca anten khe c hai thnh phn E v H vi chiu di khe

l
kl kl cos 2 cos cos 2 U e ikr E = i bkhe r sin kl kl cos cos cos U bkhe 2 ikr 2 e H = i Z r sin
Khi khe c chiu di l = , thay vo cng thc trn, ta c: 2

(6.10)

cos cos 2 e ikr sin cos cos U 0 khe 2 e ikr H = i sin Z r U E = i 0 khe r

(6.11)

th phng hng ca khe na sng trong mt phng i qua trc ca khe (mt phng xOz- mt phng H) v trong mt phng vung gc vi trc ca khe (mt phng xOy- mt phng E) ch ra trong hnh 6.8: a) x b) z y Hnh 6.8. th phng hng ca khe na sng a) trong mt phng H b) trong mt phng E V khe bc x vo mt na khng gian nn th phng hng cng ch c ngha trong mt na mt phng kho st. x

121

6.4.2 Anten khe - ng dn sng

Trn thnh ng dn sng ch nht hay hnh trn, nu ct mt hay nhiu khe c di bng na bc sng (gi l khe na sng), th ta s c anten khe - ng dn sng. Thng thng khi dng ng dn sng ch nht th kiu sng kch thch l sng H10 cn vi ng dn sng trn kiu sng kch thch l sng H11. Khi c sng in t truyn lan trong ng, mt trong ca thnh ng s c dng in mt. Vc t mt dng in mt c xc nh bi biu thc:

J xe = [ nxH ]

(6.12)

Trong n l vect php tuyn mt trong ca thnh ng, H l vect cng t trng trn b mt thnh ng. Khi truyn sng H10 trong ng dn sng ch nht, vect t trng c hai thnh phn

x ikr H x = H 0 cos e a x ikr H z = iAH 0 sin e a

(6.13)

Trong H0 l bin cc i ca cng t trng ti tm ng dn sng (x = 0); A l hng s; k = 2 h s pha ca sng trong ng dn sng; a l chiu rng ca ng dn sng.

Theo cng thc 6.12 v 6.13 th mt trong s c ba thnh phn dng in mt: t trng dc Hz gy ra thnh phn ngang Jx, Jy cn t trng ngang Hx gy ra thnh phn dc Jz. Phn b ca cc thnh phn dng in ngang Jx, Jy v dng in dc Jz c ch trong hnh 6.9: Jx(Hz) y

Jz(Hx)

z (a)

z (b)

Hnh 6.9. Phn h dng in mt trn cc thnh ng dn sng Nu khe nm trn thnh ng dn sng ct ngang cc ng sc mt dng in, th dng in dn trn thnh ng s b gin on ti cc khe h v chuyn thnh dng in dch, chy vung gc vi hai mp khe, nh ch trn hnh 6.10. Trong khe s hnh thnh in trng tng ng vi dng in dch v gia hai mp khe s pht sinh in p. Nu chiu ca khe vung gc vi ng sc mt dng in mt th thnh phn dng in dch chy ngang mp khe l cc i, khe c kch thch mnh nht. Nu t khe dc theo ng sc mt dng in mt th khng c dng in dch chy ngang mp khe, ngha l khe khng c kch thch v n s khng bc x nng lng.

122

/2 Jx /4 Jy

Hnh 6.10. V tr cc khe trn thnh ng dn sng Cc khe trn thnh ng dn sng c th c b tr theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nh ch trong hnh 6.11: Khe dc trn ng dn sng (1) c kch thch bi cc thnh phn ngang ca mt dng in mt Jx, Jy v c th ct trn thnh rng hay thnh hp ca ng. Tuy nhin cn ch rng dc theo ng trung bnh ca thnh rng, mt dng in ngang bng 0 (Jx = 0), v vy, nu cc khe nm dc theo ng trung bnh ca thnh rng th chng s khng c kch thch v khng bc x. /2 4 1 x1 x0 2 2 1 Hnh 6.11.Cc kiu anten khe trn ng dn sng Hnh 6.12.Thm kch thch 3 3 /2

Khe ngang trn ng dn sng (2) c kch thch bi cc thnh phn dc ca mt dng in mt Jz. Khe ngang ch c th ct trn cc bn rng ca ng v trn thnh hp Hx v Jx u bng 0. Khe nghing (3) c th ct trn thnh rng cng nh thnh hp ca ng v c kch thch bi c hai dng in dc v ngang. Cng kch thch cho cc khe c xc nh bi hnh chiu ca cc vect mt dng in mt ln ng vung gc vi trc ca khe. Khe ch thp (4) l s kt hp gia khe ngang v khe dc, theo cng thc 6.13 dng in dc v ngang trn thnh ng dn sng ti cng mt thit din c gc lch pha nhau 900. V vy, cc khe dc v khe ngang c kch thch s c kch thch lch pha 900. Nu tm ca khe ch thp c t cch ng trung bnh ca thnh rng mt khong x = x0 sao cho bin ca cc thnh phn t trng Hx v Hz ti bng nhau th cng kch thch cho hai khe s bng nhau. Lc khe ch thp s bc x sng phn cc trn theo hng vung gc vi thnh rng ca ng dn sng.

123

 kch thch cho cc khe c th dng cc thm kch thch t cnh khe, vung gc vi mt phng ca khe, nh ch trn hnh 6.12. Dng in chy trn cc thm kch thch c to nn bi dng in mt chy trn thnh ng im t thm. Theo nguyn l tng h, anten khe- ng dn sng c th dng lm anten pht cng nh anten thu. Cng trng bc x hoc thu ca khe ph thuc vo v tr ca khe trn thnh ng dn sng. Kho st tnh hng ca trn thnh ng dn sng c th da vo chn t in c cng kch thc. th phng hng ca khe na sng trong mt phng E, khi c xt n kch thc hu hn ca thnh ng dn sng ch ra trong hnh 6.13.

Hnh 6.13

6.5 NGUYN L BC X MT
6.5.1 Bc x ca b mt c kch thch bi trng in t
di sng cc ngn, nhn c anten c tnh hng hp thng s dng loi anten theo nguyn l bc x mt. l cc b mt c kch thch bi trng in t bc x t mt ngun s cp no . Trng kch thch s to ra trn b mt y cc thnh phn in trng E v t trng H vung gc vi nhau, lc b mt ny s tr thnh ngun bc x th cp v c gi l mt bc x ca anten. Trng hp mt bc x l phng, th mt phng c gi l mt m ca anten (cng cn c gi l khu ca anten). Gi s ming anten c din tch S, trn c cc thnh phn trng E v H c bin v pha phn b theo mt quy lut xc nh. Ta chn h ta kho st nh ch ra trn hnh 6.14, trc z vung gc vi mt phng bc x v trng vi phng ca vc t php tuyn ngoi ca mt, cn cc vct trng E v H song song vi cc trc ta x, y nm trong mt phng y. Ta kho st bi ton tng qut khi trng c kch thch trn ming anten l hm s theo ta ca mt: M(R,,) H x = ix H 0 f ( x, y ) = ix H 0 f m ( x, y ) e j ( x , y ) (6.14) z Trong : - Hx l bin phc ca vect cng t trng trn b mt bc x. - H0 l bin phc ca vect cng t trng ti gc ta . - f(x,y) l hm phn b phc ca trng, trong fm(x,y) l hm phn b bin cn (x,y) l hm phn b pha.
k

Ey

Hx
Hnh 6.14

T s thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng v t trng ti mi im trn b mt c gi l tr khng b mt ti im y, k hiu l Zs(x,y)

Zs =

Ey Hx

(6.15)

124

 phn tch bc x b mt ta p dng nguyn l dng mt tng ng. Trong trng hp ny, ti mi im trn b mt s c: Mt dng in mt

J se = ( nxH x ) = J ye = iy H x
Mt dng t mt

(6.16)

J se = ( nxE y ) = J xm = ix E y

(6.17)

Ta kho st trng hp mt bc x l l tng: mt bc x l mt phng v cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca trng trn c bin v pha ng u mi im (hnh 6.15), ngha l:

f m ( x, y ) = 1

( x, y ) = 0

(6.18)

z k

Gi s mt bc x c kch thch bi trng ca mt sng phng truyn theo hng vung gc vi b mt, vi tr khng sng Zs, theo nh ngha

n S

Z =
' s

E H

(6.19) x

Trong trng hp ny, cc vect E, H ca trng trn mt bc x s c bin v pha ng u (v mt bc x trng vi mt sng).

Sng phng kch thch

Hnh 6.15

Chn h ta sao cho trc z trng vi phng truyn ti ca sng kch thch, cn vect in trng ph hp vi trc y ( E = E y = ix E0 ). Da vo quan h ca E, H v vect Poyntinh ta s thy vect H s hng theo chiu m ca trc x, ngha l: H = H x = ix H 0 . Cn c vo cc nhn xt trn, cc biu thc (6.14) v (6.15) c th vit li di dng

H x = H0 Zs = Ey Hx = E0 = Z s' H0
(6.20)

a, Mt bc x hnh ch nht, hnh 6.16a

Cc thnh phn trng bc x c xc nh bi

ka kb sin sin cos sin sin sin ik e Z 2 2 E = Z s H 0 ab 1 + cos sin ka kb Zs 4 r sin cos sin sin 2 2 ka kb sin sin cos sin sin sin ikr Z ik e 2 2 E = Z s H 0 ab + cos co s ka kb Zs 4 r sin cos sin sin 2 2 E E H = ; H = Z Z
ikr

125

(6.21) z z

iR O

M(R,,)

M(R,,) R

Q(x,y)
a O y

y Q(,)

b
x a) x b)

Hnh 6.16. Mt bc x ch nht v hnh trn

Kho st trng bc x trong cc mt phng chnh: mt phng E v mt phng H - Trng hp im kho st nm trong mt phng E (mt phng yOz) lc = 900, ta c:

kb sin sin 2 ik e Z E = Z s H 0 ab 1 + cos kb 4 r Zs sin 2 E = 0

ikr

(6.22)

- Trng hp im kho st nm trong mt phng H (mt phng xOz) lc = 00, ta c:

E = 0 ka sin sin Z ik e 2 E = Z s H 0 ab + cos ka 4 r Zs sin 2

ikr

(6.23)

Phn tch cc cng thc (6.22) v (6.23) ta thy s ph thuc ca cng trng bc x theo cc hng trong mt phng kho st c xc nh bi hm s gm tch ca hai thnh phn: Thnh phn th nht c dng ph hp vi hm tnh hng ca nguyn t bc x hn hp, cn kb thnh phn th hai c dng sinA/A ( y A = sin i vi mt phng in trng v 2 ka A = sin i vi mt phng t trng). Nu coi mt bc x l tp hp ca cc nguyn t hn 2 hp th thnh phn th nht chnh l hm tnh hng ring ca phn t bc x cn thnh phn th hai s tng ng vi hm tnh hng t hp. Hm tnh hng bin chun ha ca mt bc x trong hai mt phng c xc nh t cc cng thc c dng:

126

F ( E ) =

1+

Z kb cos sin sin E Zs 2 Z kb 1+ sin E 2 Zs

F ( H )

Z ka + cos sin sin H Z 2 = s Z ka 1+ sin H Zs 2

(6.24)

th phng hng ca anten bc x mt c v minh ha hnh sau 1,0 0,75 0,50 0,25 -90 -60 -30 a) 0 30 60 o 90 b) =00

Hnh 6.17. th phng hng a) h ta vung gc; b) h ta cc

Hng m bin c gi tr bng khng cn c gi l hng bc x khng, c th c xc nh t iu kin:

kb sin sin 0E = 0 i vi mt phng E 2

V

ka sin sin 0H = 0 i vi mt phng H 2

Trong 0E v 0H l k hiu ca cc gc hng bc x bng khng trong cc mt phng E v H. T rt ra c

sin 0E = sin
H 0

n b n = a

vi n = 1, 2, 3

Hng bc x khng th nht c xc nh khi cho n = 1, ngha l :

E sin 01 =

sin

H 01

(6.25)

Khi mt bc x c kch thc ln ( khng bng

1; 1 ), ta c rng bp sng hng bc x b

127

Trong mt phng E
E 2 0E = 2 01 =

2 (rad ); 2 0E = 1150 b b 2 (rad ); 2 0H = 1150 a a

(6.26)

Trong mt phng H
H 2 0H = 2 01 =

(6.27)

T cc cng thc trn ta thy rng rng bp sng ca anten trong mi mt phng ch ph thuc vo kch thc ca anten theo mt phng y, khng ph thuc vo kch thc anten trong mt phng vung gc vi n. rng bp sng theo mc bc x na cng sut (gc na cng sut), c xc nh bi cng thc
E 2 1 = 510 2

b a
(6.28)

H 1 2

= 51

b, Mt bc x hnh trn, hnh 6.16 b

Trng hp im kho st nm trong mt phng E (mt phng yOz) lc = 900, ta c:

E =

J ( ka sin ) ik e ikr Z Z s H 0 S 1 + cos 1 4 r Zs ka sin

(6.29)

E = 0
Trng hp im kho st nm trong mt phng H (mt phng xOz) lc = 00, ta c:

E = 0 E = Z J ( ka sin ) ik e ikr Z s H 0 S + cos 1 4 r Zs ka sin

(6.30)

Trong S = a2 l din tch ca mt bc x trn. J1l hm Bessel bc 1 Hm tnh hng bin chun ha ca mt bc x trong hai mt phng c dng:

128

F ( E ) =

1+

Z cos J1 ( ka sin E ) Zs Z ka sin E 1+ Zs

F ( H )

Z + cos J1 ( ka sin H ) Zs = Z ka sin H 1+ Zs

(6.31)

Trong trng hp mt bc x trn, hm tnh hng t hp c dng J(u)/u. th ca hm s ny c v hnh 6.18. tin so snh, trn hnh v cng v th ca hm sinu/u. T hnh v ta thy dng th ca hai hm ny rt ging nhau. Do , trong mt phng E v H dng th phng hng ca mt bc x hnh trn cng ging dng th phng hng ca mt bc x ch nht. rng bp sng hng bc x khng c xc nh theo cng thc: 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 J(u)/u Sinu/u 0 2 3

2 0 2, 41

2a

(rad )

(6.32)

rng bp sng gc na cng sut c xc nh theo cng thc:

Hnh 6. 18
(6.33)

2 1 = 1, 02
2

2a

( rad )

6.5.2 Cc kiu anten bc x mt

Cc anten bc x mt thng c s dng di sng cc ngn. Mt s anten in hnh l anten loa, anten thu knh, anten gng parabol, anten gng kp Phn sau chng ta s xem xt k v cc loi anten ny.

6.6 ANTEN LOA

6.6.1 Cu to v nguyn l lm vic
Anten loa c cu to t anten ng dn sng, l kiu anten bc x mt n gin nht. L thuyt v ng dn sng bit rng khi sng truyn ti ming ng dn sng h th mt phn nng lng ca sng s phn x tr li v mt phn nng lng s bc x ra khng gian bn ngoi. Trng ming ng l trng tng hp ca sng ti v sng phn x. Nu m rng kch thc ming ng theo cc phng n khc nhau th ta s nhn c cc kiu anten loa khc nhau.

129

Nu ng dn sng l ng ch nht v kch thc ming ng c m rng trong mt phng cha vect t trng th loa c gi l loa m theo mt H, vit tt l loa H. Nu ng dn sng l ch nht v kch thc c m rng trong mt phng cha vect in trng ta c loa m theo mt in trng (loa E). Nu ng dn sng l ch nht v kch thc c m rng theo c hai mt phng cha vect in trng, t trng ta c loa hnh thp. Nu ng dn sng l hnh trn ta c loa hnh nn.

a)

b)

c)

d) a b a a1 b

e)

b1

Hnh 6.19. Cc anten loa: a) Nn vch nhn. b) Nn vch gp np. c) loa hnh thp. d) loa E v e) loa H
kho st nguyn l lm vic ca anten loa ta kho st mt ct dc ca anten loa (hnh 6.20 )

L O R 20 C loa Ming loa z b1

Hnh 6.20

Nng lng cao tn c truyn theo ng dn sng n c loa di dng sng phng. y mt phn nng lng s phn x tr li cn i b phn tip tc truyn theo thn loa di dng sng phn k ti ming loa. Ti ming loa phn ln nng lng c bc x ra ngoi, mt phn phn x tr li. S phn x sng c loa cng ln khi gc m ca loa cng ln cn s phn

130

x sng ti ming loa cng nh khi kch thc ming loa cng ln. Sng truyn i trong loa c th coi l sng cu c tm pha ti O, do ti mt phng ming loa khng phi l mt ng pha. Nu loa c chiu di R c nh, mun din tch ming loa ln to c bc x mnh th gc m ca loa phi ln. Nhng iu ny lm cho sng phn x ti ming loa cng ln v s sai pha gia cc phn t bc x trn ming loa cng ln, gy mo pha theo hng trc z, lm xu tnh hng ca anten. Bi vy khi tnh ton anten loa c th chn gc m v di R ca loa thch hp, anten loa c tnh hng tt nht.

a, Xt trng hp loa E
Chiu di t tm pha O n mp loa L c xc nh theo cng thc:
L = R 2 + (0,5b 1 )
2

Hiu ng i ca tia sng t tm pha n mp ming loa vi tm loa :

L = L R = R + (0,5b 1 )
2

b 12 R= 8R

s gy ra lch pha ca cc phn t nm mp loa so vi tm loa mt gc l k L. Trong mt phng E c tnh hng tt th gc lch pha cho php trong mt phng E l k L /2. Ta c:

b2 2 b12 R 1 2 8R 2
b, Xt trng hp loa H

(6.34)

Cng chng minh tng t nh trong trng hp loa E, nhng trong mt phng H in trng E mp loa bng 0, c ngha l cc phn t nguyn t bc x mt cng xa tm loa bc x cng yu i, do thnh phn in trng tip tuyn trn b mt mi nguyn t gim dn cho ti 0 ti mp loa. Bi vy cho php gc lch pha ca phn t bc x tm loa so vi cc phn t bc x mp loa ln hn trng hp cho trong mt phng E, ngha l k.L 0,75 t ta c:

a12 3

(6.35)

c, Xt trng hp loa hnh nn

( 2R0 )
2, 4

0,15

(6.36)

Vi R0 l bn knh ca ming loa Loa c chiu di loa R tha mn iu kin bng trong cc biu thc (6.34), (6.35), (6.36) c gi l loa ti u, ta c Loa E: Loa H:

Ropt = Ropt =

b12 2 a12 3

=00

Hnh 6.21. th phng hng ca anten loa

131

Loa nn :

( 2R0 ) =
2, 4

0,15

6.6.2 Tnh hng ca anten loa

i vi anten loa E , rng bp sng c xc nh
E 2 1 = 510 2

b1
0

2 = 115
E 0

b1

(6.37)

i vi anten loa H , rng bp sng c xc nh

H 2 1 = 510 2

a1
0

H 0

= 172

a1

(6.38)

rng bp sng chnh trong hai mt phng E v H bng nhau th cc cnh ca loa phi tha mn iu kin a1 = 1,5 b1. H s hng tnh ca anten loa c tnh theo biu thc

D=

4 S

(6.39)

y S l din tch ca ming loa, l h s s dng b mt ming loa. H s s dng b mt ca ming loa lun nh hn 1 do bin v pha ca trng trn ming loa khc nhau so vi tm loa. tng h s hng tnh ca anten loa cn phi tng kch thc ming loa. V d t c D = 4500 (36,6 dBi) vi bc sng cng tc 5 cm, th ming loa phi c kch thc a1 = 1,5 m v b1 = 1m, chiu di loa phi ln hn 10 m. Anten loa thng c s dng lm anten bc x s cp (b chiu x) cho cc loi anten c mt bc x th cp nh anten parabol, anten cassegrain....N cng c s dng lm cc anten c lp trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Khi kch thc ca loa rt ln.

6.7 ANTEN GNG

6.7.1 Nguyn l chung
Nguyn l lm vic ca anten gng tng t nh nguyn l lm vic ca gng quang hc. thun tin chng ta s kho st hot ng ca anten gng ch pht sng. Sng s cp vi dng mt sng v hng truyn lan nht nh, sau khi phn x t mt gng s tr thnh sng th cp vi dng mt sng v hng truyn lan bin i theo yu cu. Vic bin i ny l nh hnh dng v kt cu c bit ca mt phn x (gi l gng). Trong phn ln cc trng hp, gng c nhim v bin i sng cu hoc sng tr bc x t ngun s cp vi tnh hng km

132

thnh sng phng (hoc gn phng) vi nng lng tp trung trong mt khng gian hp c tnh hng mong mun. Ngun bc x s cp c gi l b chiu x. Gng phn x th cp c dng ph bin nht l gng parabol, mt s s dng gng hyperbol.

6.7.2 Anten gng parabol

Anten gng parabol c s dng ph bin trong thng tin vi ba v thng tin v tinh. Cu to ca anten bao gm hai b phn ch yu: mt mt phn x (gng) trn xoay c mt cong theo ng cong theo ng cong parabol, mt phn x m bo c ch hi t tp trung nng lng vo mt phng cho trc; mt b chiu x t ti tiu im F ca gng, thc cht b chiu x l mt anten s cp: bc x sng cu (vi gng parabol trn xoay) hay mt ngun bc x thng dc theo trc tiu (gng parabol tr), hnh 6.22.

Ti u im

Hnh 6.22. Anten gng parabol

Hnh 6.23. Mt ct dc ca anten gng parabol

hiu c tnh cht hnh hc ca mt phn x parabol trn xoay ta xt parabol l ng cong c to ra t mt phn x trong mt mt phng bt k vung gc vi mt phng cha mt m v i qua tiu im (hnh 6.23a). Tiu im c k hiu l F v nh l O, trc l ng thng i qua F v O, FO l tiu c c k hiu l f. Xt qung ng i ca hai tia sng xut pht t b chiu x t ti tiu im ca gng: mt tia trng vi quang trc ca gng v phn x ti nh gng, n ming gng ti O; mt tia phn x ti im A bt k trn mt gng v n ming gng ti B. Ta s c FO + OO= FA + AB = k (vi k l hng s).Qung ng i di nh nhau c ngha rng sng pht t tiu im c phn b pha ng u trn mt m. Thuc tnh ny cng vi thuc tnh cc tia song song c ngha l mt sng l mt phng. Nh vy pht x t mt phn x parabol trn xoay ging nh pht x mt sng phng t mt mt phng

133

vung gc vi trc v cha ng chun (ng vung gc vi FO v i qua im i xng vi F qua nh O trn trc, di ca ng chun l ng knh ca ming gng parabol cn gi l ng knh ca anten parabol). Cn lu rng theo nguyn l o ln, cc tnh cht ny cng p dng cho c anten ch thu. T s gia ng knh ca ming gng v tiu im l mt t s quan trng, nn ta i xt t s ny. K hiu ng knh ca ming gng l d, ta c:
f = 0, 25cot ang 0 2 d

(6.40)

V tr ca tiu im so vi mt phn x i vi cc gi tr f/d khc nhau c cho hnh 6.24. i vi f/d<0,25, anten s cp (tip sng) nm trong khng gian gia mt phn x v ming gng v chiu x gim mnh bin ca mt phn x. i vi f/d>0,25, anten s cp nm ngoi ming gng v th chiu x tr nn ng u hn, nhng mt phn b trn ra ngoi b phn x. ch pht s trn ny l s pht x ca anten s cp hng n b phn x nhng vt ra ngoi gc 20.

(f/d) < 0,25

(f/d) = 0,25

(f/d) > 0,25

Hnh 6.24. V tr tiu im i vi cc gi tr f/d khc nhau

th phng hng ca anten parabol

Nng lng ca sng in t c phn x t gng v tp trung xung quanh quang trc ca gng, c gi l bp sng chnh. Tuy nhin, do c s nh hng bi s che chn ca cc thanh b chiu x cng nh ca chnh b chiu x nn gy ra min ti pha sau b chiu x; b chiu x bc x sng s cp mt phn sng truyn ra ngoi mt gng; mt phn x khng phng tuyt i nn khi phn x mt phn nng lng b tn x. Do th phng hng ca anten gng parabol ngoi bp sng chnh cn c cc bp sng ph. rng bp sng chnh 3dB hay gc na cng sut ca th phng hng c xc nh theo cng thc:
3dB = 2 1 =
2

21 () fd 70 d

(6.41) (6.42)

Hay

3dB = 2 1 =
2

Trong : f l tn s cng tc (GHz), d l ng knh ming gng (m), bc sng cng tc (m).

134

3 dB Bp chnh

Cc bp ph

Bp ngc 0 dB 2 1/2 - 1800 0 1800

Hnh 6.25. th phng hng ca anten parabol trong ta vung gc

Hiu sut lm vic ca anten parabol

anten parabol khng phi tt c nng lng sng bc x t ngun s cp (b chiu x) u c phn x t gng parabol. Mt phn nng lng sng c hp th t gng v mt phn khc b tn x ra xung quang mp gng do mt gng khng phng tuyt i. Thm vo , b chiu x t gia gng cng vi gi s che chn mt mt phn ming gng (to nn mt vng ti i din vi gng). Chnh v th m trong thc t hiu sut ca anten parabol ch t c khong 55- 70 % cng sut bc x t b chiu x. H s hng tnh v h s khuch ica anten gng parabol trn xoay:

D=

4 S

2
4 S

d =

(6.42)

G=

d =

(6.43)

trong : d ng knh ming gng (m) bc sng cng tc (m) hiu sut lm vic ca anten S l din tch thc ca ming anten (S = d2/4) Nu biu th theo n v decibel ta c:

G (dBi ) = 20lg d( m) + 20 lg f(GHz ) + 10 lg + 20, 4

(6.44)

Ch : H s hng tnh D v h s khuch i G trong cc cng thc trn c tnh hng bc x cc i.

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V d
Mt anten parabol c ng knh ming parabol l 2m, cng sut bc x l 5 W, tn s cng tc l 6 GHz, hiu sut lm vic 55% . Hy xc nh: a, rng bp sng chnh b, H s khuch i c, Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng. Gii a, p dng cng thc (6.41) ta c rng bp sng na cng sut l
3dB =
21 21 = = 1, 750 fd 6.2

b, H s khuch i c tnh theo cng thc (6.44)

G (dBi) = 20 lg d( m ) + 20 lg f(GHz ) + 10 lg + 20, 4 = 20 lg 2 + 20 lg 6 + 10 lg 0,55 + 20, 4 = 39, 4(dBi )

c, Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng

EIRP = GT (dBi ) + PT (dBm) = 39, 4 + 10 lg

5 = 39, 4 + 37 = 76, 4 (dBm) 0, 001

6.7.3 Anten hai gng: anten Cassegrain

Anten Cassegrain gm mt gng phn x parabol trn xoay cn gi l gng chnh, mt gng phn x hyperbol cn gi l gng ph v b chiu x dng anten loa. B chiu x c b tr sao cho tm loa nm gia nh parabol. Gng ph c hai tiu im: mt trng vi tiu im ca gng chnh v mt trng vi tm pha ca b chiu x (hnh: Mt ct dc theo quang trc ca anten Cassegrain ). Anten bin i sng cu t b chiu x thnh sng phng ng pha ming gng chnh sau hai ln phn x lin tip ti gng ph v gng chnh. u im ca anten Cassegrain l rng bp sng chnh ca th phng hng nh hn so vi anten parabol n, b chiu x t ngay nh gng chnh nn rt thun li cho vic cp in. Gng phn x ph c lp pha trc gng phn x chnh ni chung c kch c nh hn loa tip sng v gy ra che ti t hn. Nh vy, anten Cassegrain cng c nhc im l gng ph chn mt mt phn khng gian trc gng chnh gy ra min ti, lm cho phn b bin ca trng khng ng u, gim tnh nh hng ca anten. H thng Cassegrain c s dng rng ri cho cc trm mt t.

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Hnh 6.26. Mt ct dc theo quang trc ca anten Cassegrain v cc tia truyn i vi anten.

Hnh 6.27. Anten Cassegrain 6.7.4. Anten Gregorian

Mt dng khc ca anten hai gng l anten Gregorian. Anten gm mt gng phn x parabol trn xoay chnh v mt gng phn x ph elip trn xoay. Cng nh trng hp trn, gng phn x ph c hai tiu im, mt trng vi tiu im ca gng phn x chnh v im kia trng vi tm pha ca loa tip sng. Hot ng ca h thng Gregorian c nhiu im ging nh Cassegrain. Anten Gregorian c minh ho hnh 6.28.

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Hnh 6.28. Anten Cassegrain lch trc

6.8 TNG KT
Anten l thit b khng th thiu trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn. Ty vo tnh cht ca mi h thng thng tin v tuyn ngi ta s dng cc loi anten thch hp. C rt nhiu loi anten khc nhau hin ang c s dng. Trong chng cp n mt s loi anten c dng ph bin nht. Cc anten nhiu chn t c ng dng rng ri trong v tuyn truyn hnh. Cc anten ny thng n gin v cu trc, chu c p lc gi khi t trn cao v hot ng ca chng c nhiu u im v thng s in. Cc anten bc x mt c s dng cc tn s cao hn. u im ca chng l t c tnh hng rt cao. Anten loa l mt dng anten c s dng ph bin trong thng tin v tinh. Loa c th s dng nh mt anten c lp hay thng xuyn hn n c s dng lm cc b tip sng cho cc anten gng. Cc anten gng parabol c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin chuyn tip mt t cng nh h thng thng tin v tinh. Tip sng cho cc anten ny c th l cc loa c t ti chnh tm hoc lch tm. Trng hp th hai cho php trnh c hin tng che ti nhng i hi phi c cc bin php to phn b trng chiu x u hn trn mt m ca parabol v gi b phn x cng phc tp hn. Cc anten phn x kp cng c s dng trong thng tin v tinh, cho php t tip sng ngay ti tm ca cho phn x chnh v th bo dng v quay anten tin hn. Anten Cassegrain bao gm hai b phn x: b phn x ph c hnh hyperbol trn xoay v b phn x chnh l parabol trn xoay. Anten Gregorian cng c b phn x chnh l parabol trn xoay nhng b phn x ph l elip trn xoay.

6.9 CU HI V BI TP
1. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca anten yagi.

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2. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca anten loga - chu k. 3. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca anten loa. iu kin loa ti u. 4. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca anten gng parabol. 5. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca anten gng kp Cassegrain. 6. Mt anten parabol ng knh 5m c hiu sut lm vic 0,65 lm vic ti tn s 6GHz. Tm din tch mt m hiu dng ca anten (a) 12,76 m2; (b) 13,76m2; (c) 14,76m2; (d) 15,75m2 7. S liu nh bi 6, tm h s khuch i ca anten. a ) 45,1dBi; (b) 46,1dBi; (c) 47,1dBi; (d) 48,1dBi 8. S liu nh bi 6, xc nh rng bp sng chnh. a ) 0,50; (b) 0,7 0; (c) 1,50; (d) 1,7 0 9. Mt anten parabol ng knh 3m c hiu sut lm vic 0,55 lm vic ti tn s 2GHz. Tm din tch mt m hiu dng ca anten. a ) 2,9 m2; (b) 3,5 m2; (c) 3,9 m2; (d) 4,5 m2 10. S liu nh bi 9, tm h s khuch ica anten. a ) 33,4dBi; (b) 35,4dBi; (c) 37,4dBi; (d) 39,4dBi 11. S liu nh bi 9, xc nh rng bp sng chnh. a ) 2,50; (b) 3,0 0; (c) 3,50; (d) 3,7 0 12. Mt anten gng parabol c h s khuch i l 50 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%. Tnh gc na cng sut. a ) 0,440; (b) 0,540; (c) 0,640; (d) 0,740 13. Mt anten c gc na cng sut bng 20. Xc nh h s khuch i khi bit hiu sut lm vic ca anten l 55%. a ) 30,2dBi; (b) 35,2dBi; (c) 38,2dBi; (d) 40,2dBi 14. Mt anten pht c h s khuch il 40 dBi, anten c cng sut pht l bao nhiu anten thu gng parabol c ng knh ming gng 0,9 m; hiu sut lm vic 0,55 t cch anten pht 50 km nhn c cng sut 70 dBW. Gi thit sng truyn trong khng gian t do. a ) 0,5 mW; (b) 0,5 W; (c) 0,9 mW; (d) 0,9W 15. Anten gng parabol c h s khuch il 40 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%, lm vic ti tn s 4GHz.Tnh ng knh ming gng. a ) 3,08 m; (b) 3,28 m; (c) 3,58 m; (d) 3,78 m 16. S kiu nh bi 15, tnh rng bp sng 3dB. a ) 1,50; (b) 1,70; (c) 2,50; (d) 2,70 17. Mt anten pht c h s khuch il 30 dBi, cng sut pht ca anten l 5W. c ly 50 km t mt anten thu gng parabol c ng knh ming gng 1,5m. Tnh cng sut anten thu nhn c. a ) 1,13 pW; (b) 1,13W; (c) 1,13 mW ; (d) 1,13 W 18. S liu nh bi 17, tnh tn hao truyn sng trong khng gian t do khi truyn t anten pht n anten thu.

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a ) 60,45dB; (b) 63,45dB; (c) 65,45dB; (d) 66,45dB 19. Mt anten gng parabol c h s khuch i l 30 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%. Tnh gc na cng sut. a ) 4,380; (b) 5,380; (c) 6,380; (d) 7,380 20. Mt anten c gc na cng sut bng 1,20. Xc nh h s khuch i khi bit hiu sut lm vic ca anten l 55%. a ) 35,7dBi; (b) 40,7dBi; (c) 42,7dBi; (d) 45,7dBi

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