PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C CCH GII

KHNG MU MC
A.PHNG PHP GII
Mt s bi ton v phng trnh lng gic m cch gii tu theo c
th ca phng trnh, ch khng nm trong phng php nu hu ht
cc sch gio khoa.
Mt s phng trnh lng gic th hin tnh khng mu mc ngay
dng ca chng, nhng cng c nhng phng trnh ta thy dng rt bnh
thng nhng cch gii li khng mu mc.
Sau y l nhng phng trnh lng gic c cch gii khng mu mc
thng gp.
I.PHNG PHP TNG BNH PHNG
Phng php ny nhm bin i phng trnh lng gic v dng mt
v l tng bnh phng cc s hng (hay tng cc s hng khng m) v v
cn li bng khng v p dng tnh cht:

'

+
0
0
0
2 2
B
A
B A
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh:
0 2 sin 4 tan 3 2 sin 4 tan 3
2 2
+ + x x x x
GII
( ) Z n m
n x
m x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x x x
x x x x

'

+
+

'

'

+
+ + +
+ +
,
2
6
6
2
1
si n
3
3
ta n
0 1 si n 2
0 1 ta n 3
0 ) 1 s in 2 ( ) 1 t a n 3 (
0 1 s in 4 s i n 4 1 ta n 3 2 ta n 3
0 2 s i n 4 t a n 3 2 s i n 4 t an 3
2 2
2 2
2 2

k x 2
6
+

) ( Z k
II.PHNG PHP I LP
Phng php ny c xy dng trn tnh cht: gii phng trnh
) ( ) ( x g x f
, ta c th ngh n vic chng minh tn ti A R:
) , ( , ) ( b a x A x f
v
) , ( , ) ( b a x A x g
th khi :

'

A x g
A x f
x g x f
) (
) (
) ( ) (
Nu ta ch c
A x f > ) (
v
A x g < ) (
,
) , ( b a x
th kt lun phng
trnh v ngim.
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh:
0 cos
2 5
+ x x
GII
x x x x
5 2 2 5
cos 0 cos +
V
1 cos 1 x
nn 1 1 1 0
2
x x
m
[ ] [ ] [ ] 1 , 1 , 0 cos 1 , 1 , 0 cos
2
,
2
1 , 1
5
< >
,
_

x x x x

Do 0
2
> x v 0 cos
5
< x nn phng trnh v nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh:
1 cos sin
1996 1996
+ x x (1)
GII
(1) x x x x
2 2 1996 1996
cos sin cos sin + +
) cos 1 ( cos ) 1 (sin sin
1994 2 1994 2
x x x x
(2)
Ta thy
x x x
x
x

'

, 0 ) 1 ( s i n s i n
1 s i n
0 s i n
1 9 9 4 2
1 9 9 4
2
M
x x x
x
x

'

, 0 ) c o s 1 ( c o s
0 c o s 1
0 c o s
1 9 9 4 2
1 9 9 4
2
Do (2)
) , (
2
2
1 c o s
0 c o s
1 s i n
0 s i n
0 ) c o s 1 ( c o s
0 ) 1 ( s i n s i n
1 9 9 4 2
1 9 9 4 2
Z n m
n x
n x
m x
m x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x

'

'

'

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:

) (
2
Z k k x

S
) (
2
Z k k x

p dng phng php i lp, ta c th suy ra cch gii nhanh chng
nhng phng trnh lng gic cc dng c bit di y:

'

'

1 s i n
1 s i n
1 s i n
1 s i n
1 s i n . s i n
b x
a x
b x
a x
b x a x

'

'

1 s i n
1 s i n
1 s i n
1 s i n
1 s i n . s i n
b x
a x
b x
a x
b x a x
Cch gii tng t cho cc phng trnh thuc dng:
1 cos . sin
1 cos . sin
1 cos . cos
1 cos . cos

bx ax
bx ax
bx ax
bx ax

III. PHNG PHP ON NHN NGHIM V CHNG MINH
TNH DUY NHT CA NGHIM
Tu theo dng v iu kin ca phng trnh, ta tnh nhm mt nghim
ca phng trnh, sau chng t nghim ny l duy nht bng mt trong
nhng cch thng sng sau:
Dng tnh cht i s
p dng tnh n iu ca hm s
Phng trnh
0 ) ( x f
c 1 nghim
) , ( b a x
v hm
f
n iu
trong
) , ( b a
th
0 ) ( x f
c nghim duy nht l
x
.
Phng trnh
) ( ) ( x g x f
c 1 nghim
) , ( b a x
,
) (x f
tng (gim)
trong
) , ( b a
,
) (x g
gim (tng) trong
) , ( b a
th phng trnh
) ( ) ( x g x f

c nghim
x
l duy nht.
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh:
2
1 cos
2
x
x vi
0 > x
GII
Ta thy ngay phng trnh c 1 nghim
0 x
.
t 1
2
cos ) (
2
+
x
x x f l biu thc ca hm s c o hm
0 , 0 sin ) ( ' > > + x x x x f
(v
x x x > , sin
)

Hm
f
lun n iu tng trong
( ) + , 0

0 ) ( x f
c 1 nghim duy nht trong
( ) + , 0
Vy phng trnh cho c 1 nghim duy nht
0 x
.
B.CC BI TON C BN
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:
0 2 sin 2 cos 2
2
+ x x x x (1)
GII
Ta c (1) 0 1 sin 2 sin cos cos 2
2 2 2
+ + + x x x x x x

'

'

+
1 s i n
c o s
0 1 s i n
0 c o s
0 ) 1 ( s i n ) c o s (
2 2
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
Phng trnh v nghim.
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh:
1 cos sin
15 4
+ x x
GII
Ta c: 1 cos sin
15 4
+ x x
x x x x
2 2 15 4
cos sin cos sin + +
) cos 1 ( cos ) 1 (sin sin
13 2 2 2
x x x x
(1)
V
x x x , 0 ) 1 (sin sin
2 2
V
x x x , 0 ) cos 1 ( cos
13 2
Do (1)

'

0 ) c o s 1 ( c o s
0 ) 1 ( s i n s i n
1 3 2
2 2
x x
x x

'

1 c o s
0 c o s
1 s i n
0 s i n
x
x
x
x
) , (
2
2
2
Z n m
n x
n x
m x
m x

'

k x +
2
hay
k x 2
,
) ( Z k
C.CC BI TON NNG CAO V THI
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh:
1.
4
1
)
4
( cos sin
4 4
+ +

x x
(1)
2.
,...) 4 , 3 , 2 ( sin cos ) cot
4
1
(tan + + n x x x x
n n n
GII
1. Ta c:
(1)
4
1
4
)
2
2 cos( 1
4
) 2 cos 1 (
2
2

1
]
1

+ +
+

x
x
1 ) 2 sin 1 ( ) 2 cos 1 (
2 2
+ x x
2
2
)
4
2 cos(
1 2 sin 2 cos

+

x
x x
) (
4
Z k
k x
k x

2.Vi iu kin
2

k x
ta c
x tan
v
x cot
lun cng du nn:
1 cot
4
1
tan 1 cot
4
1
tan 2 cot
4
1
tan cot
4
1
tan + + +
n
x x x x x x x x
Du "=" xy ra
2
1
tan
4
1
tan cot
4
1
tan
2
t x x x x
Vi
2 n
: phng trnh
1 cot
4
1
tan
2

,
_

+ x x
c nghim cho bi:
) (
2
1
arctan
2
1
tan Z k k x x + t t
Vi
2 , > n Z n
th:
1 sin cos sin cos
2 2
+ + x x x x
n n
Du bng xy ra
) , (
1 2 2
2
2
2
2
Z m k
m n khi k x hay k x
m n khi k x

+ +

(u khng tho mn iu kin

2

k x
ca phng trnh)
Vy vi
Z n n > , 2
th phng trnh v nghim.
S
) (
2
1
arctan Z k k x + t
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh:
1 1
3 cos
1
3 cos 1
cos
1
cos +
x
x
x
x
(1)
GII
iu kin:

'

>
>
0 3 c o s
0 c o s
x
x
Khi (1) 1 3 cos 3 cos cos cos
2 2
+ x x x x
V
4
1
0 )
2
1
(
4
1
2 2 2
+ a a a a a
Do
4
1
cos cos
2
x x
v
4
1
3 cos 3 cos
2
x x

2
1
3 cos 3 cos
2
1
cos cos
2 2
x x v x x
Du bng xy ra

'

'

x
x
x
x x
x x
2
1
3 c o s
2
1
c o s
4
1
3 c o s 3 c o s
4
1
c o s c o s
2
2
Vy phng trnh (1) v nghim.
D.CC BI TP NGH
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:
x x x
4 3 3
sin 2 cos sin +
HNG DN
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x

+


, 1 sin 2
, 1 cos sin
, cos cos
, sin sin
4
3 3
2 3
2 3
Vy phng trnh tng ng:

'

+
1 s i n 2
1 c o s s i n
4
3 3
x
x x
S
) ( 2
2
Z k k x +

Bi 2: Gii phng trnh:

0 2 tan sin + x x x
vi
2
0

x
HNG DN
D thy phng trnh c 1 nghim
0 x
t
x x x x f 2 tan sin ) ( +
lin tc trn

,
_

2
; 0

C o hm:
,
_

2
; 0 , 0
cos
) 1 cos )(cos 1 (cos
) ( '
2
2

x
x
x x x
x f
do
0 1 cos cos
2
5 1
1 cos 0
2
5 1
2
<
+
< <

x x x
f
n iu tng trn

,
_

2
; 0

Bi 3: Gii phng trnh:
( ) x x x 3 sin 5 2 cos 4 cos
2
+
S
) ( 2
2
Z k k x +

Bi 4: Gii phng trnh:

x x x x sin cos sin cos
4 4
+
S
) ( Z k k x
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh:
0 1 sin 2
2
+ xy x
S

'

k y
x
2
2
1
hay

'

k y
x
2
2
1

) ( Z k