CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V NGNH SN XUT V CH BIN CAO SU

1.1. S lc tnh hnh pht trin ngnh cao su trn th gii v Vit Nam 1.1.1. Th gii
Cy cao su (c tn quc t l Hevea brasiliensis) c tm thy M, rng ma Amazon bi Columbus trong khong nm 1493 1496. Brazil l quc gia xut khu cao su u tin vo th k th 19 (Websre and Baulkwill, 1989). Sn lng cao su ca th gii nm 1990 khong 6,4x106 tn, nhng nhu cu khong 8,0x106 tn (Webster and Paardekooper, 1990). Tng gi tr vt qu 4,5 t USD hng nm v hu ht tt c u phc v cho thng mi. c lng nhu cu s dng cao su hng nm s tng 4,8% trong khong thi gian t 1980 n 2000, t 13 triu tn nm 1980 ln 33,5 triu tn vo cui th k ny (Wessel, 1990). Mt vi nm gn y, do tc ng ca cuc khng hong kinh t th gii vo cng nghip t ng, lm cho cao su t nhin mc thp c v sn lng ln gi c. Tuy nhin, t cui nm 1993 tr i nhu cu cao su t nhin gia tng do s pht trin tr li ca cng nghip t ng v cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Gi cao su tng t 700 USD/tn ln 2000 USD/tn. Hin ti, Vit Nam ng th 6 v sn xut cao su trn th gii v Tng Cng Ty Cao Su Vit Nam nhn cung cp cao su cho nhiu nc nh : Nht, c, Anh, Hn Quc v Singapore. Hng nm, 29 nh my ch bin m cao su vi cng sut 170.000 tn/nm x vo mi trng khong 4.2 5.1 triu m3 nc thi vi nng cc cht nhim cao. Nc thi ca nh my s ch m cao su gy nhim nng n n mi trng nc mt, nc ngm v khng kh. Vic nhim ny nh hng nghim trng n i sng ca nhn dn khu vc xung quanh nh my. Do vic x l nhim, a thnh sn xut sch hn (c bit l nc thi) cho cc nh my ch bin m cao su l thc s cn thit.

1.1.2.

Vit Nam

V lch s

 Vit Nam, cy cao su u tin c trng vo nm 1887. Trong khong thi gian t nm 1900 n 1929 thc dn Php pht trin cy cao su Vit Nam. Cui nm 1920 tng din tch cy cao su Vit Nam khong 7000 ha vi sn lng cao su 3000 tn/nm. Trong sut nhng nm 1920 1945, chnh quyn thc dn Php nhanh chng gia tng din tch cao su Vit Nam vi tc 5.000 6.000 ha/nm. Cui nm 1945 tng din tch cao su l 138.000 ha vi tng sn lng 80.000 tn/nm. Sau khi c c lp vo nm 1945, Vit Nam tip tc pht trin cng nghip cao su v din tch trng tng vi trm ngn ha. V kinh t x hi Sau 1975, ngnh ch bin m cao su to r mt hng xut khu quan trng ng th 2 nc ta (sau xut khu go). iu kin kh hu v t thun li kt hp vi ng dng cng ngh mi gp phn cho s thnh cng ny. Nm 1999 c 21 cng ty cao su v 29 nh my ch bin m vi tng din tch cy cao su 300.000 ha v sn lng 169.567 tn/nm (tc pht trin 1996/1998 l 12.000 tn/nm). D kin din tch cy cao su s gia tng t 500.000 700.000 ha vi cng sut 240.000 tn/nm vo nm 2005. Hin nay, cao su Vit Nam c mt trn 30 quc gia trn th gii. Tuy nhin, ngnh ch bin cao su Vit Nam ch yu l s ch v xut khu th, cng ngh ch bin cn lc hu v c k, v ngnh cng nghip ch bin cao su l mt trong nhng ngnh nhim nng.

1.2. S cng ngh ch bin va san xut cao su chung

NH 3

M nc

NH 3 l cht chng ngs dng 6l/tn , tuy thuc vo cht lng m (ty thuc thi tit )

HCOOH

H tip nhn

cr a b c n ,

3 h. C 3 khay lc /h H nhit m cn 26 oC HCOOH s dng khong 8l/ tn nh ng . Khuy 3-5ph , lng 3-5ph 28 mng .Tip tuc axit trn u . 5h cho m ng , x nc cho m ni ln Xt CH 4 gi mu vng

H2O, CH 4

Mng

H 2O H 2O H 2O H 2O

My ko My cn My ct Sn rung

c n

1 my ko di chuyn dc cc mng 3 my cn vi khe cn nh dn Ct , bm nhuyn M cm

N N

c n c n

, ,

Ra , lm ti

My sy Lm ngui p kin ng gi Sn phm

Sy 17ph

S tng quan v ch bin v sn xut cao su

Cng on x l nguyn liu: m mi thu hoch c chng ng bng ammonia, sau c a v x vo b cha, trn u bng my khuy. Tip theo, m nc c dn vo cc mng nh ng bng cc mng dn inox, y m c lm ng nh axit acetic 5%.

Hnh: Mng nh ng

Cng on gia cng c hc: m ng trong cc mng nh ng c a qua my cn, my ko, my cn to t, my ct bm cm cui cng on to ra cc ht cao su cm sau s c ra sch trong h cha m.

Hnh: My cn, my p

Cng on sy: nh h thng bm thi ra v h thng phn phi m t ng c sn rung lm ro nc v to xp cho m, sau m c cho vo xe y a vo l sy nhit 110 120 0C trong khong 90 pht th m chn v vn chuyn ra khi l sy.

Hnh: L sy

Cng an hon thin sn phm: m c qut ngui, em cn v p bnh vi kch thc v trng lng theo tiu chun TCVN 3769 83 (33,3 kg mi bnh). Cc bnh cao su c bc bng bao PE v a vo kho tr sn phm.

Hnh: Bung ng kin v kho lu tr

Ha cht cho vo theo tng cng on nhng ch yu l khu nh ng, khu trn ha cht: NH3 chng ng v kh khun. khu trn ha cht th ty theo tng ma, tng loi sn phm m chng loi, thnh phn, liu lng cho vo thay i khc nhau, nhng ch yu l: Na 2S2O3 chng oxi ha, HNS gip n nh nht, Pepsin TMD nhm ct mch phn t. Ngi ra cn c Metabbisulfatnatri, Phenol, Canxiclorua khu nh ng: CH3 COOH, NaHS

Trong ch bin cao su cm, nc thi sinh ra cc cng on khuy trn, lm ng v gia cng c hc. Nc thi ra t bn khuy trn l nc ra bn v dng c, l loi nc thi cha nng cht nhim thp vi t m cao su. Cn nc thi t cc mng ng t cha mt lng ln cht hu c, c pH thp v phn ln l serum c tch ra khi m trong qu trnh ng t v c chm axit. Nc thi t cng on gia cng c hc cng cha cc cht nhim tng t nhng nng thp hn , c ngun gc t nc ra c phun vo khi cao su tronng qu trnh gia cng c hc loi b tip tc serum , axit v cc cht bn . Ngnh ch bin m cao su l mt trong nhng ngnh gy nhim mi trng vo loi cao nc ta, c tc ng rt ln n s cn bng sinh thi.

1.3. S lc c tnh nhim ca nc thi v tnh trng nhim ti Vit Nam (so snh vi tiu chun nc thi loi B ca Vit Nam)
1.3.1.

Tnh hnh cht lng nc thi ngnh ch bin cao su sau x l

Nhn chung, nc thi sau x l ti cc nh my ch bin cao su thin nhin c cc ch tiu COD v BOD gi tr trung bnh cao hn khong 9 ln so vi gii hn qui nh ct B (cho thu vc tip nhn ph bin ca Ngnh Ch bin cao su) trong TCVN 5945:2005. Trong khi , mc amoniac (theo N) vt khong 80 ln so vi yu cu ca tiu chun. Bng 1: c tnh nhim ca nc thi ngnh ch bin cao su (mg/l) Chng loi sn phm Ch tiu Khi t m ti 3540 2020 95 75 114 5,2 Khi t m ng 2720 1594 48 40 67 5,9 Cao su t 4350 2514 150 110 80 5,1 M ly tm 6212 4010 565 426 122 4,2 B TCVN 59452005 80 50 30 10 100 5.5 9

COD BOD Tng Nit (JKN) Nit amoni Tng cht rn l lng (TSS) pH

(Ngun: B mn ch bin, Vin nghin cu cao su Vit Nam) Nc thi ch bin cao su c pH trong khong 4,2 5,2 do vic s dng acid lm ng t m cao su. i vi m skim i khi nc thi c pH thp hn nhiu (pH=1). i vi cao su khi c ch bin t nguyn liu ng t t nhin th nc thi c pH cao hn (pH = 6) v tnh acid ca n ch yu l do cc acid bo bay hi, kt qu ca s phn hu sinh hc cc lipid v phospholipid xy ra trong khi tn tr nguyn liu. Hn 90% cht thi rn trong nc thi cao su l cht rn bay hi, chng t bn cht bay hi ca chng. Phn ln cc cht ny dng ho tan, cn dng l lng ch yu ch c nhng ht cao su cn st li. Hm lng Nit hu c thng khng cao lm v c ngun gc t protein trong m cao su, trong khi hm lng Nit dng amonia l rt cao, do vic s dng amoni chng ng t trong qu trnh thu hoch, vn chuyn v tn tr m cao su. c trng c bn ca cc nh my ch bin cao su l s pht sinh mi. Mi hi thi sinh ra do men phn hy protein trong mi trng acid. Chng to thnh nhiu cht

kh khc nhau: NH3, CH3COOH, H2S, CO2, CH4 V vy vic x l nc thi nh my cao su l mt vn quan trng cn phi c gii quyt. Tm li nc thi ch bin cao su thuc loi c tnh cht nhim nng. Nhng cht nhim thuc 2 loi cht nhim hu c v cht dinh dng. Bng 2: So snh hiu qu x l nc thi ch bin cao su sau x l (thc t) so vi yu cu x l ca TCVN 5945:2005 Ch tiu pH COD (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) Cht rn l lng (mg/l) Tng Nit (mg/L) Amoniac theo N (mg/l) Gi tr trung bnh 7,43 899 449 152 112 81 Gii hn ca ct B TCVN 5945:2005 5,5-9 80 50 100 30 10

Ngun: Thng k t Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng ECO

1.3.2.

Vic tun th theo TCVN 5945:2005 ca ngnh cao su Vit Nam xt v mt k thut

i vi cht nhim hu c

Hin nay, hiu qu x l COD v BOD ti cc nh my ch bin cao su thin nhin Vit Nam vn cn thp hn nhiu so vi yu cu trong TCVN 5945:2005. Tnh trng ny c nhiu nguyn nhn, trong c th k n: Dy chuyn cng ngh cn lc hu. My mc, thit b cha tn tin dn n vic tiu hao nhiu nng lng, nhit v in.
-

- H thng ng ng v cch vn hnh cha st sao dn n vic tiu hao nhiu nguyn nhin liu. - H thng XLNT c thit k cha cng sut. Kt qu kho st cho thy nhiu h thng XLNT ti cc nh my ch bin b qu ti, c bit vo nhng thng sn xut cao im. H thng XLNT c vn hnh cha ng k thut. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc thng s vn hnh khng c m bo, cc thit b x l b h hng hoc gp s c trong vn hnh khng c sa cha kp thi. Mt s thit b x l hn tn khng hot ng.
-

V th, tuy hiu qu hin nay ca cng tc XLNT Ngnh Ch bin Cao su vn cn cch xa so vi gii hn COD v BOD ca TCVN 4945:2005, nhng v mt k thut

khong cch ny c th rt ngn li bng cch nng cao cht lng thit k v vn hnh cc h thng XLNT.

i vi nit Bng 3: Phng php sinh hc trong x l ammoniac K thut Mc amoniac theo N u cui (mg/l) 15-25 1-5 1-2

Cng ngh bn hot tnh, b sung b lc than hot tnh Cng ngh nitrat ha-kh nitrat vi sinh khi tch ri Cng ngh nitrat ha-kh nitrat, b sung mui kim loi, b sung b lc than hot tnh (Theo Metcalf & Eddy Inc., 1991)

Do , chc chn t c hm lng amoniac trong nc thi sau x l thp hn hoc bng cc mc gii hn ca TCVN 5945:2005 v amoniac theo N, cn phi p dng cc k thut ha l. Hiu qu x l amoniac ca mt s trong cc k thut ny c trnh by bng di y:

Bng 4: Tnh kh thi k thut ca cc phng php ha l trong x l ammoniac K thut Clo ha Trao i ion Sc kh bay hi in phn Hiu sut x l amoniac (%) 90-100 80-97 60-90 30-50

Thm thu ngc (Theo Metcalf & Eddy Inc., 1991)

60-90

C th thy rng trong s cc k thut ha l, hu nh ch c k thut clo ha (vn c s dng ph bin trong x l nc cp) l c kh nng m bo vic x l mt loi nc thi nh nc thi ch bin cao su thin nhin nhm mc ch tha mn TCVN 5945:2005 v ch tiu amoniac theo N. Vic s dng bin php clo ha tip theo cc k thut sinh hc nhm mc ch x l amoniac mt cch trit tt yu s lm tng ng k chi ph XLNT theo cch n lm tng chi ph u t xy dng c bn v chi ph vn hnh h thng XLNT. Bn cnh , d lng clo trong nc thi sau x l (mt iu kh trnh khi) cn c hi hn nhiu i vi ng vt thy sinh so vi amoniac.

1.4. nh gi mc nhim v nhng vn cn tn ti

Hin nay, hin trng nhim mi trng ti cc nh my s ch cao su ang l vn bc bch cn gii quyt kp thi. T vic kho st cho ta thy:

Nc thi s ch cao su, sau thi gian tn tr vo khong 2 3 ngy, xy ra hin tng phn hu, oxy ho nh hng xu n mi trng.

Nc thi ra ngun gy nhim trm trng i vi ngun nc mu, nc c, en kt, ni vn ln cn, bc mi hi thi nng c. Hm lng cht hu c kh cao, tiu hu dng kh cho qu trnh t hu, thm vo cao su ng t ni vn ln b mt ngn cn oxy ho tan dn n hm lng DO rt b, lm cht thu sinh vt, hn ch s pht trin thc vt, nht l nhng v tr nc t nhim bn cn biu hin r rt. Ti ngun tip nhn nc thi, do qu trnh ln men ym kh sinh ra cc mi hi lan to khp vng, gy kh th, mt mi cho dn c, nc ngun b nhim bn khng th s dng cho sinh hot.

Ngoi ra trong nc thi cao su cn cha cc hp cht acid d bay hi, mercaptan... gy mi hi nh hng trc tip n cuc sng ngi dn.

Tuy nhin hiu qu x l ca cc cng trnh trn cha t v c 3 yu t: (theo bo co ca tng Cng ty Cao Su Vit Nam) o K thut. o Kinh t v x hi. o Mi trng.

Trc thc trng trn, vn cp thit hin nay cho vic nghin cu cng ngh x l nc thi cng nghip ni chung c bit i vi nc thi cao su l p dng cc bin php sn xut sch hn, xut cng ngh ph hp x l trit cc

thnh phn gy nhim v thu hi c trit lng m cao su c trong nc thi trong iu kin kinh t Vit Nam. Vn tn ti trong x l nc thi ch bin cao su: Cht lng nc thi sau x l cn thp, trong mt hiu qu x l cht hu c cn thp c kh nng khc phc nu nng cao cng sut v m bo cc thng s vn hnh ca cc h thng ng dng. Mt cha th khc phc l hiu qu x l amonia thp, bi v cng ngh ang c ng dng khng c hoc t c kh nng x l nit mt cch trit . Mi hi l vn trng tm hin nay. Tt c cc h thng x l nc thi ch bin cao su u b khiu kin v mi hi to ra trong khu vc ln cn. Nng kh H2S o c trong khng kh ti cc h thng x l nc thi qua cc t kim tra l 2 21 ppm.

Nh vy cn phi tm kim phng hng trong nhng thnh tu ca nghin cu cng ngh x l nc thi trn th gii nhm gii quyt vn mi hi v x l nit trong nc thi.

1.5. Tnh cn thit p dng sn xut sch hn vo ngnh sn xut v ch bin cao su
Xt trn c tnh nhim ca nc thi, Ngnh cng nghip Ch bin Cao su thin nhin l mt ngnh cng nghip c tnh c th. Tnh c th ny th hin ch yu hm lng amoniac qu cao trong nc thi do c im ca cng ngh sn xut v nguyn liu cao su thin nhin. TCVN 5945-2005 l tiu chun thi p dng chung cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip. Do vy cn iu chnh mc amoniac cho php trong nc thi sau x l ph hp hn vi chi ph x l, cng ngh sn xut cng nh kh nng ca cng ngh x l hin c. Theo Mc 2.2 ca TCVN 5945:2005 quy nh sau: i vi nc thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip c th, gi tr cc thng s v nng cc cht thnh phn c quy nh trong cc tiu chun ring. V th, vic nghin cu xy dng tiu chun thi c th cho ngnh cng nghip ch bin cao su thin nhin l cn thit. Mt khc, trc tnh hnh hin nay, nc v nguyn liu cn c tit kim ti a nhm gim thiu lng nguyn nhin liu v gim lng cht thi ti a. Cc doanh nghip p dng sn xut sch hn c th gim thiu cc tn tht nguyn vt liu v sn phm, do c th t sn lng cao hn, cht lng n nh, tng thu nhp kinh t cng nh tnh cnh tranh cao hn.

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CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V C S SN XUT V CH BIN CAO SU XUN LP NG NAI

1.1. Tm tt thng tin chung v c s sn xut

Nh my cao su Xun lp, cch xa Vn phng Cty 01 km v cch xa TP/HCM 75 km, thuc cng ty cao su ng Nai, x Xun Lp, th x Long Khnh, tnh ng Nai.

Chuyn sn xut SVR 10, 10CV, SVR 20, 20CV, Latex HA v LA, Skim. Nh my c chc nng ch bin m ly tm (Latex) v m cm t m tp:

V m ly tm (m Latex): m nhn vic ch bin cho 5 nng trng: An Lc, Bnh Lc, Tc Trng, Du Giy v Trng Bom. Vi cng sut ch bin 6.000 tn/nm.

V m tp: m nhn ch bin m tp cho ton cng ty, vi cng sut ch bin 5.000 tn/nm.

Sn phm ca nh my s c cung cp cho th trng trong v ngoi nc. T l ny s c iu chnh ph hp vi nhu cu ca th trng.

Hnh nh nh my ch bin v sn xut cao su Xun lp ng Nai

1.2. Tnh hnh sn xut ca c s sn xut

1.2.1. Cc loi hnh sn xut v s cng ngh sn xut
2.1.1. Qui trnh ch bin m ly tm (m Latex) Qui trnh cng ngh c th tm lc nh sau: Cng on x l nguyn liu:

M nc t vn cao su c cha trong bn c ry lc th a v nh my v c x vo h tip nhn m c ry lc tinh (60 80 l/inch). Amoniac c np vo a hm lng amoniac trong latex t t l qui nh. Tip theo, m c trn u v ly mu xc nh hm lng DRC. Sau khi trung ho bo, m latex c lu tr qua m ch n nh. Cng on ly tm:

11

Latex t bn cha nguyn liu ch ly tm c dn vo cc my ly tm qua hp li lc. Qua my ly tm, latex c phn ly c c, loi tp cht v nc, hm lng DRC trong latex t trn 60%. Cng on n nh:

T my ly tm, m c a vo cc bn trung chuyn theo cc mng dn m, cc cht bo tr v kh amoniac c thm vo v trn u. M c bm nn vo cc bn thnh phm v c cha trong bn ch n nh trong thi gian 15 25 ngy. Trc v sau khi m c n nh phi xc nh cht lng m ly tm theo nhng tiu chun nh sn. Cng on hon chnh sn phm:

M ly tm sau khi c kim tra cht lng ln cui c x vo nhng bn cha hay bao cht do v a n ni tiu th.
M nc NH3 H cha ch ly tm (12h) Ha cht trung ha My ly tm NH3 Bn trung chuyn Ha cht bo tr Bn thnh phm Axit Xut xng Dy chuyn m tp Mng nh ng Mng kh NH 3 M Skim H cha

S quy trnh cng ngh ch bin m ly tm

2.1.2. Qui trnh ch bin m Skim Cng on x l nguyn liu:

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M skim thi ra t my ly tm qua mng dn chy vo h cha skim. T h cha skim, m skim c chuyn n thp kh amoniac nh mt bm chuyn m ly tm. Qua thp kh, amoniac trong m c bay hi. M skim c kh amoniac chy qua mng nh ng v c nh ng bng HCl v CaCl2. Cng on gia cng c hc:

Sau khi nh ng, m skim ng s c a vo my cn ko tch bt nc v a vo ch bin dy chuyn m tp. trnh nh hng chung n cht lng m ca dy chuyn, vic ch bin c th tin hnh ring i vi m skim nh ng c HCl v CaCl2, sn phm m sau ch bin c cht lng tng ng SVR 20. 2.1.1.1.

Qui trnh ch bin m tp:

Cng on x l nguyn liu:

M tp bao gm: m chn, m ming, m dy, m t; c im m tp c cha nhiu tp cht: ct, t, rc do trong giai on u cn phi ct chng ra, ngm nc v ra sch nhiu ln loi b cc tp cht. Nu tn tr nguyn liu, phi ni kh ro v c mi che, khng cho nh nng mt tri chiu trc tip vo nguyn liu. Sau qu trnh sn xut c thc hin qua cc cng on tip theo. Cng on gia cng c hc:

Dng bng ti gu chuyn m vo my bm th, m ra khi my xung h ra, sau qua cc my cn, m sau khi ra khi my tip tc vo h ra. Tu theo cht lng nguyn liu, s ln cn thay i t 8 12 ln, tip tc t m c a qua my ct to ht cm. Ht cm c ra thm ln na v chuyn n sng rung tch nc. Cui cng m c a qua cng on sy v hon thin sn phm.

13

M tp B ngm (tip nhn phn loi v ngm ra sch)

p ct th

Bm th c nh

Cn to t

Bm tinh

Cn to t

Bm cm

Xp hc, ro

Sy kh

Cn

p kin

ng gi bao b

Lu kho

S quy trnh cng ngh ch bin m tp

1.2.2.

S x l nc ~
14

BOD5 = 4300 mg/l COD = BOD5 = 3870 10600 mg/l mg/l SS = 2000 COD = 9540 mg/l mg/l SSBOD5 = = 460 mg/l 3676,5 mg/l COD = 9063 BOD5 = mg/l 3088,26 mg/l SS = 276 COD = mg/l 7612,9 mg/l BOD5 = 1327,5 mg/l COD = 2655 mg/l SS = 252 mg/l SS = 110,4 mg/l BOD5 = 150 M mg/l Gn Latex tp COD = 250 1 mg/l SS = 41,25 mg/l N-tng = BOD5 = 45 100 mg/l mg/l COD = 75 N-NH3 = 34 mg/l mg/l 24,75 SS = mg/l P = 25 mg/l N-tng = 60 mg/l N-NH3 = 20,4 mg/l Mt s tiu chun lai B (TCVN P = 50 mg/l 5945-2005), mt s cha t. Nc thi m Latex Gn Latex 1 B cha

Gn Latex 2 Phn, Polyme B DAF H bm bn

B cn bng NaOH Mng DO Lng ly tm Bn tun ho n B cha Bn bn d

My p bn dy ai

H hon thin ng nc ng bn ng ha cht

Sui Hn

S cng ngh x l nc thi nh my Xun Lp

Thuyt minh cng ngh:

15

Nc thi sinh ra t cc qu trnh ch bin m, ra bn cha m c tp trung vo b gn (mi lai nc thi Latex v m tp s c phn ra v theo mng dn khc nhau), ti y nh qu trnh chuyn ng zic zc s tch pha, m s ni trn b mt. Nc t b gn Latex 1 t chy qua b cha n nh lu lng, sau c bm vo b gn Latex 2 tch tip mt lng m cn st li . K tip, nc thi s c bm vo b DAF tch cc tp cht ( dng rn hoc lng) phn tn khng tan, t lng km khi pha lng bng cch sc cc bt kh nh vo pha lng, cc bt kh ny s dnh kt vi cc ht cn nh ha cht. Khi khi lng ring ca tp hp bt kh v cn nh hn khi lng ring ca nc, cn s theo bt kh ni ln b mt, bt ny s c gt sang ngn cha v t chy sang b cha bt. Nc t b DAF s t chy sang b cn bng, trn ng ng dn c thm vo mt lng NaOH nhm nng pH ca nc thi t 6,0 ln 7,5. Ti b cn bng c lp t h thng lm thong dng phao ni vi mc ch tng cng s tip sc ca nc thi vi oxi khng kh v lm gim ng k lng N-NH3 (qu trnh Nitrat ha). Nc t b cn bng v b gn tp c bm vo mng oxi ha, nc thi khi vo mng oxi ha vi h thng cp kh nhm cung cp oxi cho vi sinh vt, nc thi c khuy trn han chnh cng vi lng bn hat tnh s phn b u ngay lp tc trong tan b dung tch b. Cng vi nc thi i vo b cn c dng bn hat tnh bm t b lng b sung lng bn (vi sinh vt) tri ra khi b do qu trnh xo trn. Ti y lng cht nn (COD) c trong nc thi s c vi sinh vt hiu kh s dng lm c cht, lng thc, tng sinh khi v lm gim nng cht bn trong nc thi. Nc thi sau khi qua mng oxi ha s t chy sang qua b lng, nhim v ca b lng l lng li tt c lng bn tri qua t mng oxy ha. Ti b lng, nc thi i t di ln trn qua ng trung tm, bn s trt xung v gom vo y b, lng bn ny c tun hon li mng oxi ha theo nh k, cn lng bn d c bm qua b cha bn v c bm ln my p bn dy ay to thnh cc bnh bn. Nc trong chy qua h hon thin ri thi ra ngun theo tiu chun.

16

CHNG 3: HIN TRNG MI TRNG CA C S SN XUT V XUT CC C HI SN XUT SCH HN (SXSH)

2.1.

Hin trng mi trng ti c s 2.1.1.

-

nhim nc
Lu lng nc thi ca nh my l 1300 m3/ngy m. Trong Latex: 450 m3/ngy.m, m tp: 850 m3/ngy.m

Nc thi sn xut: Dy chuyn sn xut m ly tm: Dy chuyn ny thc hin quy trnh chng ng nn s dng mt lng kh ln ammoniac khong 20kgNH3/tn DRC nguyn liu. Bn cnh vic gy nhim cc ngun nc (nc ngm v nc mt), cc cht hu c trong nc thi b phn hy k kh to thnh H2S v mercaptan l nhng hp cht khng nhng gy c v nhim mi trng m chng cn l nguyn nhn gy mi hi thi, nh hng n cnh quan mi trng v dn c khu vc. Do c tnh ca nc thi:

pH: 5,5 6,5 Nng BOD, COD, N rt cao Lng nc thi ch yu pht sinh nhiu t khu ly tm

Dy chuyn ch bin m tp: L dy chuyn sn xut tiu hao nc nhiu nht trong cc dy chuyn ch bin m. Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh ngm, ra m tp, cn bm, cn to t, ra my mc thit b v v sinh nh xng. M tp ln kh nhiu t ct v cc cht l lng khc. Do , trong qu trnh ngm, ra m, nc thi cha rt nhiu t, ct, mu nc thi thng c mu . pH: 7,3 Nng BOD, COD thp hn nc thi t dy chuyn ch bin m nc.

Ngoi ra nc thi cn pht sinh do ra xe ch m v sinh hat. Tnh cht v lu lng nc thi thay i theo ma sn xut (cao nht vo cui nm).

Bng 5: Thnh phn nc thi nh my Xun Lp

17

c tnh nuc thi cha x l STT Ch tiu n v Sn xut m Latex 5,5 6,5 mg/l mgO2/l mgO2/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 2.300 10.600 4.300 370 50 220 Sn xut m cm t m tp 7,3 315 2950 1475 139 90

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

pH SS COD BOD5 N tng P tng N NH3

Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng nh my ch bin cao su Xun Lp - 2004 Nc thi sinh hot

Khi so snh nng cc cht nhim chnh vi tiu chun thi cng nghip TCVN 5945 2005 vi ngun nc loi B th nc thi sinh hot ti nh my c nng cc cht nhim u cao hn tiu chun thi nhiu ln, do vy nc thi sinh hot cng cn phi c x l trc khi x ra mi trng trnh gy nhim cho ngun nc tip nhn. Nc ma

Vo ma ma, lng nc ma cao, nc thot khng kp s trn qua cc khu vc hot ng ca nh my, cun theo cc cht rn, du m, t ct v cc ha cht khc c th gy nhim n ngun nc mt, nc ngm v i sng thy sinh vt trong khu vc. Tuy nhin nc ma c qui c l sch, sau khi qua cng on lng lc ti cc h ga c php thi ra ngoi mi trng.

2.1.2.

nhim khng kh: mi, bung sy, kh thi khc

Kh thi t du t qu trnh vn hnh l xng m

Hi amoniac t qu trnh chng ng m Hi axit t qu trnh nh ng m Mi hi t nhin ca cao su Cc ngun nhim khc : bi, kh thi, ting n t cc xe ch m nguyn liu t vn cy v nh my v xe ch m thnh phm ra khi nh my.

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 nhim mi: Mi trong nc thi thng gy ra bi cc kh c sn sinh trong qu trnh phn hu vt cht hu c. Mi r rt nht rong nc thi b phn hu k kh thng l mi ca H2S, vn l kt qu hot ng ca cc vi khun kh sunfat. Ngoi ra H2S cng l kt qu ca s phn hu c k kh ln hiu kh cc axit amin c cha lu hunh tng thi kh. Cc axit bo bay hi (VFA) l: sn phm ca s phn hu do vi sinh vt, ch yu l trong iu kin k kh, cc lipid v phospholipid c trong cht nhim hu c. y l nhng axit hu c mch thng cha cc nguyn t cacbon v mt nhm caboncyl. Cng thc tng qut ca cc axt ny la C nH2n+1COOH vi s nguyn t C t 6 tr xung. Cc VAF c s nguyn t C t 4 n 6 (butyric, valeric, caproic) c mi tanh hi. Cc amin v cc cht hu c cha lu hunh nh cc sunphua v mercaptan cng c mi c bit kh chu thng gp trong nc thi cha cht nhim hu c. Kh thi t bung sy: Do c s dng mt lng axit trong qu trnh nh ng, hn na li c sy nhit 110 11000C, mt lng hi kh c hi s pht sinh trong qu trnh ny. Thnh phn ch yu l hi axt v cc loi hydrocacbon. Cc kh thi khc: Kh thi t cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu ti cc c s sn xut, phng tin xp d v vn chuyn ni b trong c s. Khi hot ng nh vy, cc phng tin vn ti vi phng tin tiu th ch yu l xng v du diezel s thi ra mi trng mt lng khi thi cha cc cht nhim khng kh. Thnh phn kh thi ch yu l COx, NOx, SOx, cacbuahydro, aldehyde, bi v quan trng hn c l ch nu cc phng tin ny c s dng nguyn liu pha ch.

2.1.3.

Cht thi rn
Cht thi sinh hot

Rc thi sinh hot ca nh my bao gm cc cht hu c d b phn hy ch yu l thc phm, rau qu d tha, bc nilon, giy, lon, chai, thc n d tha trong qu trnh n ung, sinh hot hng ngy ca cn b cng nhn vin nh my. y l loi rc khng mang tnh c hi v khi lng khng ln (10kg/ngy) nhng nu khng c bin php tiu tn, x l thch hp m lu ngy s tn ng mt v sinh do rc hu c b phn hy ym kh to ra cc cht gy mi hi thi nh hng n sc khe v hiu qu cng vic ca cn b cng nhn vin nh my. Cht thi sn xut, kinh doanh

Cht thi sn xut, kinh doanh: bao gm cc sn phm km cht lng (cc sn phm cao su km cht lng), cc loi m cao su ph thi, cc loi bao b cha ho cht, ph gia vn m cao su khu ct dn, nhn hng ha bao b, rc vn phng. Lng cht thi ny khong 50 - 60 kg/ngy. y l ngun cht thi rn c khi lng khng ln, cc loi cht thi ny ni chung khng c tnh c hi c bit nhng cng cn phi c bin php thu gom hng ngy v x l hp v sinh. Nu khng s gy nn trnh trng mt v sinh do tn ng lu ngy, v lng cht thi pht sinh tn ng ngy mt nhiu hn. Tch ly lu di rc ti ch c th gy nhim t.

19

Mt phn cht dinh dng c kh nng ngm vo tng su tch ly v dn gy tc ng xu n ngun nc ngm ti khu vc. Nc ma chy trn qua cc ng rc cun theo cc cht gy nhim ngun nc mt. Bn cnh cc bi rc h l ni tr ng v pht trin cc ng vt trung gian ly bnh nh rui, mui, chut c th gy nn dch bnh cho con ngi. y l tc ng c nh gi l tiu cc v lu di. Bn, rc thi t cng trnh x l nc thi

Cht thi ca qu trnh x l nc thi v nc cp: bao gm bn lng v cao su ph liu. Bn lng t qu trnh x l nc thi thuc loi cht thi c bit. Cao su thu hi c ti s dng cho cc ngnh cng nghip cp thp.

2.1.4.

Nhit tha

Cc nh xng ch bin m cao su thng c xy dng kh thng thong v ng thi quy trnh cng ngh sn xut c s dng mt lng nc kh ln cho nn ngun nhim do nhit tha to nn hu nh ch pht sinh cng on sy. Theo kho st nhit ti khu vc l sy cao hn tiu chun cho php ti ni lm vic (30 0C ) t 1 30C. Theo thng k th ngi cng nhn lm vic trong iu kin nhit cao thng c t l mc bnh cao hn so vi cc nhm khc, c th l v bnh tiu ha l 15% so vi 7.5%, bnh ngoi da l 6.3% so vi 1.6% , bnh suy nhc thn kinh l 17% so vi 5.6%, bnh tim mch l 1% so vi 0.6% . Triu chng thng gp khi lm vic nhit cao l say nng, co git.

2.1.5.

Tc ng n mi trng t

Tc ng n mi trng t ca nh my bao gm cc ngun chnh sau: Nc thi sn xut: Nc thi sn xut nu cha x l s c pH rt thp, nc thi ny khng c thu gom v x l ng mc khi thi vo mi trng t xung quanh c canh tc s lm gim s tng trng v hot ng ca vi khun trong t, tc l lm gim qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c thnh dinh dng cho cy trng, trc tip lm gim nng sut canh tc v gin tip lm cho t b thoi ha, bc mu. Nc ma: H thng thot nc khng tt vo nhng ngy ma ln to thnh dng chy mnh gy xi l t trong khu vc.

Cht thi rn: Bao gm cht thi sn xut v sinh hot ca nh my khng c thu gom v qun l cht ch s e da n cht lng t khu vc. R r nguyn liu: Kh nng gy nhim t cn phi cn nhc l s r r nhin liu (du DO) do tn tr v bo qun trong nh my. Anh hng ca du r r n t ai s l rt nghim trng, mang tnh lu di v kh khc phc.

20

2.1.6.

Cc s c mi trng, chy n

Trong hot ng sn xut ca nh my c th xy ra nhng ri ro mi trng, nhng s c kh lng trc. Ri ro c th xy ra trong mi cng on, khu sn xut ca nh my. Cc s c ri ro c th xy ra cc dng sau: R r nhin liu, ha cht

Vic tn tr v bo qun nhiu liu, ha cht (NaOH, phn, NH3) trong nh my m phc v sn xut c th b r r. Ha cht r r trong qu trnh bo qun v s c tht thot trong qu trnh np liu c th gy nn s c nhim t trong khu vc. S c chy n

S c ny c th xy ra do thao tc bt cn hoc trc trc k thut trong qu trnh np nhin liu. Ngoi ra c s c chy n c th xy ra do chp in. Nguyn liu v sn phm ca nh my l cao su l nhng cht d bt chy nn s c chy n s rt nghim trng nu xy ra. S c chy n c th gy thng tch cho cng nhn v gy thit hi ti sn cho nh my.

2.2. xut cc c hi SXSH 2.2.1. Qun l ni vi

Qun l cht ch tt c cc kha cnh bao gm: qun l nguyn vt liu sn phm cht thi; qun l ch sn xut v qun l nhn s V nguyn nhin vt liu v trang thit b: Ti u ha quy trnh sn xut, x l sn phm, gim cc khu trung gian, rt ngn thi gian sn xut v ch bin. Duy tr nhit ti u ca kho bo qun bng cc thit b qut cng nghip v qut phun sng. Ti u qu trnh t trong l sy. Xc nh ch bo qun nguyn liu ph hp: m ti v x l v a vo dy chuyn ch bin ngay; m tp cn c trn tm bt v mi che nhm trnh b dnh thm ct. Bo n ng ng, thit k h thng phn phi hi, nc v m hp l. Kim tra v bo dng thit b thng xuyn. Kha cht cc van, kim tra ng ng nhm trnh r r. Khc phc ngay cc s c r r khi pht hin.

21

Tt cc thit b in khi khng s dng. i vi cht thi: Thu gom cht thi rn trc khi c ra, v sinh Lp dt li chn ti cc h ga ngn cht thi rn i vo dng thi V nhn lc: - o to nng cao nhn thc cho cng nhn trong vic gi gn an ninh, nguyn tc ca nh my, ng thi cung cp cp kin thc v bo v mi trng v thc hin ch tit gim chung cho ton nh my. - Vi nguyn vt liu v sn phm l m coa su, rt d bt chy; v th cn thng xuyn t chc cc bui tp hun, cc cuc thi v phng chy cha chy cho cng nhn. - Lp dt cc bng cnh bo nguy him v bng hng dn thc hin tit gim trong nh my. - T chc thi ua gia cc t nhm, khen thng khi cng nhn thc hin tt cc chng trnh nh my ra.

2.2.2.

Gim thiu cht thi

2.2.2.1. Tach ring dong thai

Lp thm chi gt, thanh gt cao su b cha nc nhm thu gom trit CTR trc khi i vo dng thi. Chia b lng thnh nhiu n nguyn gip cho vic lng nhanh v c th d dng thu gom bn lng. 2.2.2.2. Ngn nga ro ri, tht thoat hoa cht Lp t ng dn m kn thay cho ng h.

Hnh: ng ng dn m ly tm kn

22

 y k cc thng phuy dng ha cht, t bng nghim cm phn s, v y l nhng ha cht c hi (acid, ammoniac v phn). Xy dng cc mng bao quanh khu ha cht v nhin liu, ng thi dn v b x l phng trng hp v bn ng ha cht.

2.2.3.

Tit kim nng lng

2.2.3.1. Bao toan nhit

Thng xuyn kim tra l sy bo m trong tnh trng gi kn nhit, trnh r r v tht tht nhit ra ngi. Cc h ga v lng kh t b UASB c tp trung li qua b tch metan dng cho mc ch nu nng. 2.2.3.2. Bao toan in v ha cht Tt mi thit b in khi khng cn dng n; Lp t h thng in t ng ngt khi ht gi lm vic; Thay th cc thit b n hao in bng n hunh quang t tn hao in; Hng dn cho cng nhn r v thnh tho v cch s dng mi thit b; Lp t cc thit b chm ha cht v c iu chnh bi h thng my trong phng iu khin, va trnh lng ph ri vi, va tit kim thi gian v nhn lc.

2.2.4.

Thay i cng ngh

2.2.4.1. Thay i nguyn liu

Hin nay, vn ng quan tm nht l nng nito v phosphor trong nc thi cao su rt cao so vi tiu chun, ng thi, ti cc c s sn xut c trng bi mi hi t NH3, CH3COOH v mi cao su t nhin. gii quyt mt phn hin tng ny, cn nghin cu thay i vic dng NH3 bng cht khc dng cho vic chng ng m cao su. Tuy nhin, cho n nay vn cha c cng trnh nghin cu no tm ra gii php thay th NH3 bng mt cht khc.

V phn nguyn liu chnh cho vic sn xut l m latex v m tp ta ch c th iu chnh trong qu trnh khai thc m bo nguyn liu tinh khit hn v do vn c ca m cao su. 2.2.4.2. Thay i, nng cp my mc, thit b Thay th cc van nc bng loi ph hp S dng cc vi phun p lc cao, vi c van kha t ng

23

Hnh: Cc cng nhn nh my dng vi ra p lc cao Trang b thit b ra chuyn dng p lc cao S dng chi gt, thanh gt cao su nhm thu gom trit CTR trc khi i vo dng thi cc toilet, lp t toilet c 2 nt x (gim tiu hao t 66 lt nc/ngi/ngy => 27) Lp phao t ngt ti nh my

Hnh: Phao t ng c lp t ti nh my

Thay th tt c cc ng dn nc tit din ln bng ng tit din nh tng p lc nc, ng thi s dng nc t hn nhng ra sch hn v mi u u lp t van kha nc...

hn ch vic s dng ho cht trong qu trnh sn xut nhm gim ti lng nhim trong nc thi v chi ph x l nc thi, ta c th tin hnh thc hin mt s gii php SXSH nh: Ni di ng ht tho y ti bn tip nhn; - Nhng ng bm m thnh phm l nhng ng di nn d xy ra tnh trng b nght c th c khc phc bng cch thay th bng nhiu on ng ngn ni li;
-

Thu hi trit nc ra u tin v m cn st trong h tip nhn; Tch bn cn trc khi nh ng cng vi m skim;

24

- Kt hp 2 dng thi t xng m skim d kim v xng m ng d acid thu hi cao su hiu qu hn gim lng ho cht s dng iu chnh pH trong x l nc thi v gim mi hi trong khu vc sn xut 2.2.4.3. iu khin ch vn hanh Thc hin vn hnh ng cc nguyn tc ca tng b. a ng lng ha cht cn thit vo cc b. iu chnh mt cy lc bnh cho ph hp vi s xy ha lng cht hu c v nito cn li cho t tiu chun.

2.2.5.

Ci tin quy trnh sn xut

2.2.5.1. C s xut:

C s da vo hin trng cng ngh c:

Hin nay cht lng nc thi ti nh my c mt s ch tiu t tiu chun loi B (TCVN 5945-2005): BOD5, COD, SS. Cc ch tiu N-NH3, N-tng, P vn rt cao. Nguyn nhn ca vn ny l:

Mng DO cha pht huy ht kh nng x l Nit, Photpho do phi chu ti trng nhim kh ln (BOD5 = 3000 mg/l, COD = 5000 mg/l). Mt cy lc bnh trong h hon thin ngy cng tng m thi gian lm thong h nh k rt tha tht. iu ny to iu kin ym kh trong b pht trin, dn n hm lng photpho trong b tng.

C s khoa hc:
T s BOD5/COD = 0,7 thch hp cho vic x l sinh hc. Hm lng COD u vo = 5000 mg/l >> cho php = 1000 1500 mg/l

Do cn c s kt hp gia x l sinh hc k kh v hiu kh.

m ca bn t b DAF l 96,6%, b lng ly tm l 98%. Do cn phi c b nn bn nhm gim m xung cn 95%. 2.2.5.2. xut:

V hu ht cc cht hu c cha trong nc thi ch bin cao su, bao gm cc loi ng, m v cht bo, trc tin c chuyn ha thnh VAF, ch yu l axit acetic v mt lng nh axit propionic, butyric. Theo nghin cu th kh nng phn hy ca cc cht hu c cha trong nc thi t 90 95%. Nhng mt vi loi protein, nh hevein, l rt bn vng v t khi b phn hy sinh hc. V nhng l do ny, r rng l qu trnh k kh c kh nng p dng cao trong qu trnh x l nc thi ch bin m cao su.

25

Do vic xut thm b UASB vo cng trnh x l nc thi ca nh my l iu cn thit nhm h tr v nng cao hiu qu cho phng php x l hiu kh pha sau mng oxi ha. u im ca b UASB: Chi ph u t, vn hnh thp, Lng ha cht cn b sung t, Khng i hi cp kh, tn nng lng, C th thu hi, ti s dng nng lng t biogas, Lng bn sinh ra t,

Cho php vn hnh vi ti lng hu c cao: 2 25 kgCOD/m3.ngy, COD vo c th ln n 20.000 mg/l,

Gim din tch cng trnh.

Nhc im ca b UASB truyn thng: M ng t bm thnh tng mng dy c h thng tch kh, nc. Kh khng thot c to p trong b, y bn ni ln b mt, tro ra ngoi. Cao su ng t, kt mng trn b mt bn ht. Do cu trc mng polyme nn kh phn hy, ngn cn qu trnh tip xc cht hu c v VSV.

V th, cn s dng lai b UASB ci tin c cu to gn ging vi b lng 2 v. Vi lai b ny ta c th ch ng trong vic hn ch s dnh bm ca cao su vo h thng tch kh v nc bng cch nh k co lp cao su bm vo np b.

26

BOD5 = 4300 mg/l COD = 10600 BOD = 3870 mg/l 5 mg/l SS = 2000 mg/l COD = 9540 mg/l SS = 460 mg/l BOD5 = 3676,5 mg/l BOD5 9063 mg/l COD = = 3088,26 mg/l SS = 276 mg/l COD = 7612,9 mg/l SS M = 110,4 mg/l M Gn Latex 11 Gn Latex tp tp BOD5 = 600 mg/l COD = 1500 mg/l SS = 165 mg/l
BOD5 = 30 mg/l COD = 75 mg/l SS = 16,5 mg/l N-tng = 50 mg/l N-NH3 = 17 mg/l P = 12,5 mg/l BOD5 = 9 mg/l COD = 22,5 mg/l SS = 9,9 mg/l N-tng = 30 mg/l N-NH3 = 10,2 mg/l P = 6,25 mg/l

Nc thi Nc thi m Latex m Latex Gn Latex 11 Gn Latex B cha B cha

Gn Latex 22 Gn Latex Phn, Polyme B DAF B DAF H bm bn H bm bn

BOD5 = 1327,5 mg/l COD = 2655 mg/l SS = 252 mg/l

B cn bng B cn bng NaOH B UASB B UASB

Mng DO Mng DO

Bn tun hon Bn d B cha B cha bn bn B nn B nn bn bn

Lng ly tm Lng ly tm

H hon thin H hon thin

My p bn My p bn dy ai dy ai ng nc ng bn ng ha cht

t tiu chun lai A, B (TCVN 5945-2005)

Sui Hn Sui Hn

S cng ngh h thng x l nc c ci to ti nh my

27

Thuyt minh cng ngh c xut: Nc thi sinh ra t cc qu trnh ch bin m, ra bn cha m c tp trung vo b gn (mi lai nc thi Latex v m tp s c phn ra v theo mng dn khc nhau), ti y nh qu trnh chuyn ng zic zc s tch pha, m s ni trn b mt. Nc t b gn Latex 1 t chy qua b cha n nh lu lng, sau c bm vo b gn Latex 2 tch tip mt lng m cn st li. K tip, nc thi s c bm vo b DAF tch cc tp cht ( dng rn hoc lng) phn tn khng tan, t lng km khi pha lng bng cch sc cc bt kh nh vo pha lng, cc bt kh ny s dnh kt vi cc ht cn nh ha cht. Khi khi lng ring ca tp hp bt kh v cn nh hn khi lng ring ca nc, cn s theo bt kh ni ln b mt, bt ny s c gt sang ngn cha v t chy sang b cha bt. Nc t b DAF (t chy) v b gn tp (bm chm) s chy sang b tip xc, trn ng ng dn c thm vo mt lng NaOH nhm nng pH ca nc thi t 6,0 ln 7,5. Sau nc t b tip xc t chy vo b cn bng. Ti b cn bng, nc c lu trong khong thi gian di, qua mt lng cht l lng s c gim. Nc t b cn bng c bm vo b UASB, ti y nc c phn b u t y ln vi vn tc 0,6 0,9 m/s ri a vo mng oxy ha. bn s theo tm chn ca ngn lng ri xung y b, cn nc sau lng chy trn vo mng thu nc c rng ca v theo ng ng t chy vo mng oxi ha. Nc thi khi vo mng oxi ha vi h thng cp kh nhm cung cp oxi cho vi sinh vt, nc thi c khuy trn han chnh cng vi lng bn hat tnh s phn b u ngay lp tc trong tan b dung tch b. Cng vi nc thi i vo b cn c dng bn hat tnh bm t b lng b sung lng bn (vi sinh vt) tri ra khi b do qu trnh xo trn. Ti y lng cht nn (COD) c trong nc thi s c vi sinh vt hiu kh s dng lm c cht, lng thc, tng sinh khi v lm gim nng cht bn trong nc thi. Nc thi sau khi qua mng oxi ha s t chy sang qua b lng, nhim v ca b lng l lng li tt c lng bn tri qua t mng oxy ha. Ti b lng, nc thi i t di ln trn qua ng trung tm, bn s trt xung v gom vo y b, lng bn ny c tun hon li mng oxi ha theo nh k, cn lng bn d c bm qua b cha bn v c bm ln my p bn dy ay to thnh cc bnh bn. Nc trong chy qua h hon thin ri thi ra ngun theo tiu chun. Tt c cc b trc khu vo x l sinh hc u c che bt nhm gim mi hi t nc thi lu ngy.

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2.2.6. Ap dung 3R (Reduce Reuse Recycle)

2.2.6.1. u

Theo doi va iu khin ch vn hanh sao cho ti

Lp ng h nhnh thay cho ng h tng nh trc y pht hin cc khu sn xut gy tn hao nc nhiu nht.

Chia b keo t thnh nhiu n nguyn thc hin vic to bng nhanh hn v tit kim lng ha cht chm vo.

Xy dng cc ng i tri nha thay v ng t ct, t s tit kim c lng nc ti ng.

2.2.6.2. Tai s dung nng lng, nc Bm nc ti s dng ti mng nh ng cho vic ra m tp, gip lm gim lng nc s dng.

Hnh: Bm nc s dng ti mng nh ng ca nh my Dng nc sau x l lm ngun cung cp nc cho vic cu ha v ti ng. Dn ng nc thi sau x l ti cho vn cy cao su gn . 2.2.6.3. Tai ch cht tha thai Cho chinh nha may s dung Tun hon lng bn thi t cc b UASB, lng a qua b tch CH4 phc v cho vic nu nng.
-

- Nc thi t cc b sau x l t loi A c th cp cho sinh hot, ti tun hon vng i ca nc, tit kim c mt lng chi ph ng k.

Hoc ban cho n vi s dung - Cc cht thi c gt ra l nhng ht m nh, em ti sn xut trong dy chuyn ch bin m cm. Lng cn bn, bn cho n v thu mua sn xut phn bn hoc chn lp.

29

Cc bao nilon dng ng kin c tp trung li bn cho n v ti ch.

2.2.7. Thay i san phm

2.2.7.1. Thay i mu ma, bao bi Chuyn t lng bao b ang s dng l vt phm khng phn hy c thnh bao b phn hy c. iu gip cho cng ty tit gim chi ph cho vic thu gom v gy nhim mi trng. Kim sot cht ch lng bao b dng trong sn xut. Trnh vt ba bi, va lm mt m quan nh my, va gy nhim t. Trn cc sn phm c ghi ch r rng tn sn phm, loi, n v v ngy xut phm. 2.2.7.2. Thay i thanh phn san phm Hin nay cc sn phm ca cng ty u rt t cht lng, v th cha nghin cu c hng thay i thnh phn cng nh cht lng cho va tt hn li va tit kim.

2.2.8. Phn u at tiu chun mi trng cho ca nha may va san phm
a cc d n, chng trnh sn xut sch hn vo chnh sch thi ua ca cng ty. Cp nht v bo co hng thng v cng ty m, t khng nh v th ca cng ty qua danh hiu t c v p dng sn xut sch hn.

Cc sn phm ca cng ty cng t s c chng nhn l sn phm sn xut sch hn, c a chung bi cc tp on kinh doanh khc v va lng ngi tiu dng.

30

KT LUN KIN NGHI

Sn xut sch hn c ngha i vi tt c cc c s cng nghip, ln hay b, tiu th nguyn liu, nng lng, nc nhiu hay t. n nay, hu ht cc doanh nghip u c tim nng gim lng nguyn nhin liu tiu th t 10-15%. Vi mc tiu nng cao nhn thc cho cc doanh nghip ngnh ch bin cao su v li ch ca SXSH trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, ng thi ci thin hiu qu hot ng v mt kinh t v mi trng ca nh my, Kinh nghim thc t ch ra rng sn xut sch hn khng ch mang li li ch kinh t m cn c li ch v mt mi trng. Cc li ch ny c th tm tt nh sau:

Ci thin hiu sut sn xut; S dng nguyn liu, nc, nng lng c hiu qu hn; Ti s dng phn bn thnh phm c gi tr; Gim nhim;

Gim chi ph x l v thi b cc cht thi rn, nc thi, kh thi;

Ci thin sc kho ngh nghip v an ton. Gim nguyn liu v nng lng s dng Tip cn ti chnh d dng hn Cc c hi th trng mi v c ci thin To nn hnh nh cng ty tt hn Mi trng lm vic tt hn Tun th lut mi trng tt hn

Ngoi ra:

Vi nh my ch bin cao su Xun Lp ng Nai, vic p dng sn xut sch hn , ang v s c tin hnh ngy cng hiu qu hn na, xng ng l mt n v tin phong trong vic thc hin sn xut sch hn trn a bn tnh ng Nai ni ring v c nc ni chung ngnh sn xut v ch bin cao su.

31

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. 2.

ThS. Trn Th Ngc Diu, Bi ging Sn xut sch hn, 2006. Phm Thanh Trm, Lun vn tt nghip ti x l nc thi nh my ch bin cao su Xun Lp ng Nai, 2007. Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cho nh my ch bin cao su Xun Lp ng Nai, 2004. GVC. TS. L Thanh Hi, Sn xut sch hn v t hp sn xut sch hn, Vin Mi trng v Ti nguyn H Quc Gia. http://environmentsafety.com/courses/CleanerProduction/CleanerProduction.htm http://www.nea.gov.vn/html/congnghemt/sanxuatsach/02-3.htm http://cpi.moit.gov.vn http://www.dongnai.gov.vn/thong_tin_KTXH/Khoa_hoc_cong_nghe/m lnews.2008-03-17.7347086239/view?searchterm=r%E1%BB%ADa

3.

4.

5.

6. 7. 8.

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DANH MC CC BNG

Bng 1: c tnh nhim ca nc thi ngnh ch bin cao su (mg/l).................................................................................6 Bng 2: So snh hiu qu x l nc thi ch bin cao su sau x l (thc t) so vi yu cu x l ca TCVN 5945:2005.......7 Bng 3: Phng php sinh hc trong x l ammoniac............8 Bng 4: Tnh kh thi k thut ca cc phng php ha l trong x l ammoniac......................................................................8

33

MC LC

1.2.S cng ngh ch bin va san xut cao su chung................................................2 1.3.S lc c tnh nhim ca nc thi v tnh trng nhim ti Vit Nam (so snh vi tiu chun nc thi loi B ca Vit Nam)...........................................6 1.3.1.Tnh hnh cht lng nc thi ngnh ch bin cao su sau x l...................6 1.3.2.Vic tun th theo TCVN 5945:2005 ca ngnh cao su Vit Nam xt v mt k thut.........................................................................................................7 1.4.nh gi mc nhim v nhng vn cn tn ti...........................................9 1.5.Tnh cn thit p dng sn xut sch hn vo ngnh sn xut v ch bin cao su ..........................................................................................................................10 CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V C S SN XUT V CH BIN CAO SU XUN LP NG NAI.............................................................................................11 1.1.Tm tt thng tin chung v c s sn xut.............................................................11 1.2.Tnh hnh sn xut ca c s sn xut....................................................................11 1.2.1.Cc loi hnh sn xut v s cng ngh sn xut.....................................11 2.1.1.Qui trnh ch bin m ly tm (m Latex).............................................11 2.1.2.Qui trnh ch bin m Skim...............................................................12 2.2.4.3.iu khin ch vn hanh...........................................................25 2.2.5.Ci tin quy trnh sn xut............................................................................25 2.2.5.1.C s xut:................................................................................25 2.2.5.2. xut:..........................................................................................25 2.2.6.Ap dung 3R (Reduce Reuse Recycle).....................................................29 2.2.6.1.Theo doi va iu khin ch vn hanh sao cho ti u.................29 2.2.6.2.Tai s dung nng lng, nc........................................................29 2.2.6.3.Tai ch cht tha thai ....................................................................29 2.2.7.Thay i san phm.......................................................................................30 2.2.7.1.Thay i mu ma, bao bi................................................................30 2.2.7.2.Thay i thanh phn san phm......................................................30 2.2.8.Phn u at tiu chun mi trng cho ca nha may va san phm...............30

34

KT LUN KIN NGHI..............................................................................................31 TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................................................................32 DANH MC CC BNG ............................................................................................33 MC LC ......................................................................................................................34

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