LI NI U

Wireless Lan l mt trong nhng cng ngh truyn thng khng

dy c p dng cho mng cc b. S ra i ca n khc phc nhng
hn ch m mng ni dy khng th gii quyt c, v l gii php cho
xu th pht trin ca cng ngh truyn thng hin i. Ni nh vy
thy c nhng li ch to ln m Wireless Lan mang li, tuy nhin n
khng phi l gii php thay th ton b cho cc mng Lan ni dy
truyn thng.
Da trn chun IEEE 802.11 mng WLan i n s thng nht
v tr thnh mng cng nghip, t c p dng trong rt nhiu lnh
vc, t lnh vc chm sc sc khe, bn l, sn xut, lu kho, n cc
trng i hc. Ngnh cng nghip ny kim li t vic s dng cc
thit b u cui v cc my tnh notebook truyn thng tin thi gian
thc n cc trung tm tp trung x l. Ngy nay, mng WLAN ang
c n nhn rng ri nh mt kt ni a nng t cc doanh nghip.
Li tc ca th trng mng WLAN ngy cng tng.
V vy, nhm chng em chn ti tm hiu cng ngh
Wirelesss Lan.

Nhm sinh vin thc hin

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CHNG I
GII THIU V MNG WLAN
Mng WLAN l mt h thng thng tin lin lc d liu linh hot c thc
hin nh phn m rng, hoc thay th cho mng LAN hu tuyn trong nh hoc trong
cc c quan. S dng sng in t, mng WLAN truyn v nhn d liu qua khong
khng, ti gin nhu cu cho cc kt ni hu tuyn. Nh vy, mng WLAN kt ni d
liu vi ngi dng lu ng, v thng qua cu hnh c n gin ha, cho php
mng LAN di ng.
Cc nm qua, mng WLAN c ph bin mnh m trong nhiu lnh vc, t
lnh vc chm sc sc khe, bn l, sn xut, lu kho, n cc trng i hc. Ngnh
cng nghip ny kim li t vic s dng cc thit b u cui v cc my tnh
notebook truyn thng tin thi gian thc n cc trung tm tp trung x l. Ngy
nay, mng WLAN ang c n nhn rng ri nh mt kt ni a nng t cc doanh
nghip. Li tc ca th trng mng WLAN ngy cng tng.
1.1 Cc ng dng ca Mng WLAN
Mng WLAN l k thut thay th cho mng LAN hu tuyn, n cung cp mng
cui cng vi khong cch kt ni ti thiu gia mt mng xng sng v mng trong
nh hoc ngi dng di ng trong cc c quan. Sau y l cc ng dng ph bin ca
WLAN thng qua sc mnh v tnh linh hot ca mng WLAN:
Trong cc bnh vin, cc bc s v cc h l trao i thng tin v bnh nhn
mt cch tc thi, hiu qu hn nh cc my tnh notebook s dng cng ngh
mng WLAN.
Cc i kim ton t vn hoc k ton hoc cc nhm lm vic nh tng nng
sut vi kh nng ci t mng nhanh.
Nh qun l mng trong cc mi trng nng ng ti thiu ha tng ph i li,
b sung, v thay i vi mng WLAN, do gim bt gi thnh s hu mng
LAN.
Cc c s o to ca cc cng ty v cc sinh vin cc trng i hc s dng
kt ni khng dy d dng truy cp thng tin, trao i thng tin, v nghin cu.
Cc nh qun l mng nhn thy rng mng WLAN l gii php c s h tng
mng li nht lp t cc my tnh ni mng trong cc ta nh c.
Nh qun l ca cc ca hng bn l s dng mng khng dy n gin ha
vic ti nh cu hnh mng thng xuyn.
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Cc nhn vin vn phng chi nhnh v trin lm thng mi ti gin cc yu

cu ci t bng cch thit t mng WLAN c nh cu hnh trc khng cn cc
nh qun l mng a phng h tr.
Cc cng nhn ti kho hng s dng mng WLAN trao i thng tin n c
s d liu trung tm v tng thm nng sut ca h.
Cc nh qun l mng thc hin mng WLAN cung cp d phng cho cc
ng dng trng yu ang hot ng trn cc mng ni dy.
Cc i l dch v cho thu xe v cc nhn vin nh hng cung cp dch v
nhanh hn ti khch hng trong thi gian thc.
Cc cn b cp cao trong cc phng hi ngh cho cc quyt nh nhanh hn v
h s dng thng tin thi gian thc ngay ti bn hi ngh.
1.2 Cc li ch ca mng WLAN
tin tng cao trong ni mng ca cc doanh nghip v s tng trng mnh
m ca mng Internet v cc dch v trc tuyn l bng chng mnh m i vi li ch
ca d liu v ti nguyn dng chung. Vi mng WLAN, ngi dng truy cp thng
tin dng chung m khng tm kim ch cm vo, v cc nh qun l mng thit lp
hoc b sung mng m khng lp t hoc di chuyn dy ni. Mng WLAN cung cp
cc hiu sut sau: kh nng phc v, tin nghi, v cc li th v chi ph hn hn cc
mng ni dy truyn thng.

Kh nng lu ng ci thin hiu sut v dch v - Cc h thng mng

WLAN cung cp s truy cp thng tin thi gian thc ti bt c u cho ngi
dng mng trong t chc ca h. Kh nng lu ng ny h tr cc c hi v
hiu sut v dch v m mng ni dy khng th thc hin c.

n gin v tc nhanh trong ci t - Ci t h thng mng WLAN nhanh

v d dng v loi tr nhu cu ko dy qua cc tng v cc trn nh.

Linh hot trong ci t - Cng ngh khng dy cho php mng i n cc ni

m mng ni dy khng th.

Gim bt gi thnh s hu - Trong khi u t ban u ca phn cng cn cho

mng WLAN c gi thnh cao hn cc chi ph phn cng mng LAN hu
tuyn, nhng chi ph ci t ton b v gi thnh tnh theo tui th thp hn
ng k. Cc li ch v gi thnh tnh theo tui th l ng k trong mi trng
nng ng yu cu thng xuyn di chuyn, b sung, v thay i.

Tnh linh hot - Cc h thng mng WLAN c nh hnh theo cc kiu topo
khc nhau p ng cc nhu cu ca cc ng dng v cc ci t c th. Cu
hnh mng d thay i t cc mng c lp ph hp vi s nh ngi dng n
cc mng c s h tng vi hng nghn ngi s dng trong mt vng rng ln.
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Kh nng v hng:cc mng my tnh khng dy c th c cu hnh theo

cc topo khc nhau p ng cc nhu cu ng dng v lp t c th. Cc cu
hnh d dng thay i t cc mng ngang hng thch hp cho mt s lng nh
ngi s dng n cc mng c c s h tng y dnh cho hng nghn
ngi s dng m c kh nng di chuyn trn mt vng rng.

1.3 Bng so snh u v nhc im gia mng khng dy v c dy:

1. Phm vi ng dng
Mng c dy

Mng khng dy

- C th ng dng trong tt c cc m - Ch yu l trong m hnh mng nh v

hnh mng nh, trung bnh, ln, rt ln

trung bnh, vi nhng m hnh ln phi

kt hp vi mng c dy

- Gp kh khn nhng ni xa xi, a - C th trin khai nhng ni khng

hnh phc tp, nhng ni khng n nh, thun tin v a hnh, khng n nh,
kh ko dy, ng truyn

khng trin khai mng c dy c

2. phc tp k thut
Mng c dy

Mng khng dy

- phc tp k thut ty thuc tng - phc tp k thut ty thuc tng

loi mng c th

loi mng c th
- Xu hng to kh nng thit lp cc
thng s truyn sng v tuyn ca thit
b ngy cng n gin hn

3. tin cy
Mng c dy

Mng khng dy

- Kh nng chu nh hng khch quan - B nh hng bi cc yu t bn ngoi

bn ngoi nh thi tit, kh hu tt

nh mi trng truyn sng, can nhiu

do thi tit

- Chu nhiu cuc tn cng a dng, - Chu nhiu cuc tn cng a dng,
phc tp, nguy him ca nhng k ph phc tp, nguy him ca nhng k ph
hoi v tnh v c tnh

hoi v tnh v c tnh, nguy c cao hn

mng c dy

- t nguy c nh hng sc khe

- Cn ang tip tc phn tch v kh

nng nh hng n sc khe
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4. Lp t, trin khai
Mng c dy

Mng khng dy

- Lp t, trin khai tn nhiu thi gian - Lp t, trin khai d dng, n gin,

v chi ph

nhanh chng

5. Tnh linh hot, kh nng thay i, pht trin

Mng c dy

Mng khng dy

- V l h thng kt ni c nh nn tnh - V l h thng kt ni di ng nn rt

linh hot km, kh thay i, nng cp, linh hot, d dng thay i, nng cp,
pht trin

pht trin

6. Gi c
Mng c dy

Mng khng dy

- Gi c ty thuc vo tng m hnh - Thng th gi thnh thit b cao hn

mng c th

so vi ca mng c dy. Nhng xu

hng hin nay l cng ngy cng gim
s chnh lch v gi

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CHNG II
NGUYN TC HOT NG CA WLAN
2.1 Cch lm vic ca mng WLAN
Mng WLAN s dng sng in t (v tuyn v tia hng ngoi) truyn
thng tin t im ny sang im khc m khng da vo bt k kt ni vt l no. Cc
sng v tuyn thng l cc sng mang v tuyn bi v chng thc hin chc nng
phn pht nng lng n gin ti my thu xa. D liu truyn c chng ln trn
sng mang v tuyn n c nhn li ng my thu. l s iu bin sng
mang theo thng tin c truyn. Mt khi d liu c chng (c iu ch) ln trn
sng mang v tuyn, th tn hiu v tuyn chim nhiu hn mt tn s n, v tn s
hoc tc truyn theo bit ca thng tin bin iu c thm vo sng mang.
Nhiu sng mang v tuyn tn ti trong cng khng gian ti cng mt thi
im m khng nhiu vi nhau nu chng c truyn trn cc tn s v tuyn khc
nhau. nhn d liu, my thu v tuyn bt sng (hoc chn) mt tn s v tuyn xc
nh trong khi loi b tt c cc tn hiu v tuyn khc trn cc tn s khc.
Trong mt cu hnh mng WLAN tiu biu, mt thit b thu pht, c gi mt
im truy cp (AP - access point), ni ti mng ni dy t mt v tr c nh s dng
cp Ethernet chun. im truy cp (access point) nhn, lu vo b nh m, v truyn
d liu gia mng WLAN v c s h tng mng ni dy. Mt im truy cp n h
tr mt nhm nh ngi s dng v vn hnh bn trong mt phm vi vi mt ti vi
chc mt. im truy cp (hoc anten c gn ti n) thng thng c gn trn cao
nhng thc t c gn bt c ni u min l khong v tuyn cn thu c.
Cc ngi dng u cui truy cp mng WLAN thng qua cc card giao tip
mng WLAN, m c thc hin nh cc card PC trong cc my tnh notebook, hoc
s dng card giao tip ISA hoc PCI trong cc my tnh bn, hoc cc thit b tch
hp hon ton bn trong cc my tnh cm tay. Cc card giao tip mng WLAN cung
cp mt giao din gia h iu hnh mng (NOS) v sng tri (qua mt anten). Bn
cht ca kt ni khng dy l trong sut vi NOS.

2.2 Cc cu hnh mng WLAN

Mng WLAN n gin hoc phc tp. C bn nht, hai PC c trang b cc
card giao tip khng dy thit lp mt mng c lp bt c khi no m chng nm
trong phm vi ca nhau. N c gi l mng ngang hng. Cc mng ny khng yu
cu s qun tr hoc s nh cu hnh trc. Trong trng hp ny mi khch hng ch
truy cp ti ti nguyn ca khch hng khc v khng thng qua mt nh phc v
trung tm.

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Hnh 2.1. Mt mng ngang hng khng dy

Vic thit lp mt im truy cp m rng phm vi ca mt mng, phm vi cc

thit b lin lc c m rng gp i. Khi im truy cp c ni ti mng ni dy,
mi khch hng s truy cp ti cc ti nguyn phc v cng nh ti cc khch hng
khc. Mi im truy cp iu tit nhiu khch hng, s khch hng c th ph thuc
vo s lng v c tnh truyn. Nhiu ng dng thc t vi mt im truy cp phc
v t 15 n 50 thit b khch hng.

Hnh 2.2. Khch hng v im truy nhp

Cc im truy cp c mt phm vi hu hn, 152,4m trong nh v 304,8m ngoi

tri. Trong phm vi rt ln hn nh kho hng, hoc khu vc c quan cn thit phi lp
t nhiu im truy cp hn. Vic xc nh v tr im truy da trn phng php kho
st v tr. Mc ch s ph ln vng ph sng bng cc cell ph sng chng lp nhau
cc khch hng di chuyn khp vng m khng mt lin lc mng. Kh nng cc
khch hng di chuyn khng ghp ni gia mt cm ca cc im truy cp c gi
roaming. Cc im truy cp chuyn khch hng t site ny n site khc mt cch t
ng m khch hng khng hay bit, bo m cho kt ni lin tc.

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Hnh 2.3. Nhiu im truy cp v Roaming

gii quyt cc vn c bit v topology, nh thit k mng chn cch s

dng cc im m rng (Extension Point - EP) lm tng cc im truy cp ca
mng. Cch nhn v chc nng ca cc im m rng ging nh cc im truy cp,
nhng chng khng c ni dy ti mng ni dy nh l cc AP. Chc nng ca EP
nhm m rng phm vi ca mng bng cch lm tr tn hiu t mt khch hng n
mt AP hoc EP khc. Cc EP c ni tip nhau truyn tin t mt AP n cc
khch hng rng khp, nh mt on ngi chuyn nc t ngi ny n ngi khc
n mt m chy.

Hnh 2.4. Cch s dng ca mt im m rng (EP)

Thit b mng WLAN cui cng cn xem xt l anten nh hng. Gi s c

mt mng WLAN trong ta nh A ca bn, v bn mun m rng n ti mt ta nh
cho thu B, cch 1,609 km. Mt gii php l s lp t mt anten nh hng trn
mi ta nh, cc anten hng v nhau. Anten ti ta nh A c ni ti mng ni dy
qua mt im truy cp. Tng t, anten ti ta nh B c ni ti mt im truy cp
trong ta nh , m cho php kt ni mng WLAN thun tin nht.

Hnh 2.5. Cch s dng anten nh hng

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2.2.1 Mng WLAN c lp (mang ngang hang)

Cu hnh mng WLAN n gin nht l mng WLAN c lp (hoc ngang
hng) ni cc PC vi cc card giao tip khng dy. Bt k lc no, khi hai hoc hn
card giao tip khng dy nm trong phm vi ca nhau, chng thit lp mt mng c
lp (hnh 1.6). y, cc mng ny khng yu cu s qun tr hoc s nh cu hnh
trc.

Hnh 2.6. Mng WLAN c lp

Hnh 2.7. Mng WLAN c lp phm

vi c m rng s dng im truy
cp nh mt b chuyn tip

Cc im truy cp m rng phm vi ca mng WLAN c lp bng cch ng

vai tr nh l mt b chuyn tip (hnh 1.7), c hiu qu gp i khong cch gia cc
PC khng dy.
2.2.2. Mng WLAN c s h tng (infrastructure)
Trong mng WLAN c s h tng, nhiu im truy cp lin kt mng WLAN
vi mng ni dy v cho php cc ngi dng chia s cc ti nguyn mng mt cch
hiu qu. Cc im truy cp khng cc cung cp cc truyn thng vi mng ni dy
m cn chuyn tip lu thng mng khng dy trong khu ln cn mt cch tc thi.
Nhiu im truy cp cung cp phm vi khng dy cho ton b ta nh hoc khu vc
c quan.

Hnh 2.8. Mng WLAN C s h tng

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2.2.3 Microcells v roaming

Thng tin v tuyn b gii hn bi tn hiu sng mang i bao xa khi cng sut
ra cho trc. Mng WLAN s dng cc cell, gi l cc microcell, tng t h thng
in thoi t bo m rng phm vi ca kt ni khng dy. Ti bt k im truy cp
no trong cng lc, mt PC di ng c trang b vi mt card giao tip mng WLAN
c lin kt vi mt im truy cp n v microcell ca n, hoc vng ph sng. Cc
microcell ring l chng lp cho php truyn thng lin tc bn trong mng ni dy.
Chng x l cc tn hiu cng sut thp v khng cho ngi dng truy cp khi h i
qua mt vng a l cho trc.

Hnh 2.9. Handing off gia cc im truy cp

2.3 Cc ty chn cng ngh

Cc nh sn xut mng WLAN chn nhiu cng ngh mng khc nhau khi thit
k gii php mng WLAN. Mi cng ngh c cc thun li v hn ch ring.
2.3.1 Tri ph
a s cc h thng mng WLAN s dng cng ngh tri ph, mt k thut tn
s v tuyn bng rng m trc y c pht trin bi qun i trong cc h thng
truyn thng tin cy, an ton, trng yu. S tri ph c thit k hiu qu vi s nh
i di thng ly tin cy, kh nng tch hp, v bo mt. Ni cch khc, s dng
nhiu bng thng hn trng hp truyn bng hp, nhng i li to ra tn hiu mnh
hn nn d c pht hin hn, min l my thu bit cc tham s ca tn hiu tri ph
ca my pht. Nu mt my thu khng chnh ng tn s, th tn hiu tri ph ging
nh nhiu nn. C hai kiu tri ph truyn i bng v tuyn: nhy tn v chui trc
tip.
2.3.2 Cng ngh tri ph nhy tn (Frequency Hopping pread Spectrum)
Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS) s dng mt sng mang bng hp thay i tn s
trong mt mu c my pht ln my thu. c ng b chnh xc, hiu ng mng s
duy tr mt knh logic n. i vi my thu khng mong mun, FHSS lm xut hin
cc nhiu xung chu k ngn.
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Hnh 2.10. Tri ph nhy tn

FHSS nhy tn t bng hp sang bng hp bn trong mt bng rng. c bit

hn, cc sng v tuyn FHSS gi mt hoc nhiu gi d liu ti mt tn s sng
mang, nhy n tn s khc, gi nhiu gi d liu, v tip tc chui nhy - truyn d
liu ny. Mu nhy hay chui ny xut hin ngu nhin, nhng tht ra l mt chui c
tnh chu k c c my thu v my pht theo di. Cc h thng FHSS d b nh
hng ca nhiu trong khi nhy tn, nhng hon thnh vic truyn dn trong cc qu
trnh nhy tn khc trong bng tn.

Hnh 2.11. Tri ph chui trc tip

2.3.3 Cng ngh tri ph chui trc tip (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS) to ra mt mu bit d cho mi bit c truyn.
Mu bit ny c gi mt chip (hoc chipping code). Cc chip cng di, th xc sut
m d liu gc b loi b cng ln (v tt nhin, yu cu nhiu di thng). Thm ch
khi mt hoc nhiu bit trong mt chip b h hi trong thi gian truyn, th cc k thut
c nhng trong v tuyn khi phc d liu gc m khng yu cu truyn li. i
vi my thu khng mong mun, DSSS lm xut hin nhiu bng rng cng sut thp
v c loi b bi hu ht cc my thu bng hp.
B pht DSSS bin i lung d liu vo (lung bit) thnh lung symbol, trong
mi symbol biu din mt nhm cc bit. Bng cch s dng k thut iu bin pha
thay i nh k thut QPSK (kha dch pha cu phng), b pht DSSS iu bin hay
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nhn mi symbol vi mt m ging nhiu gi l chui gi ngu nhin (PN). N c

gi l chui chip. Php nhn trong b pht DSSS lm tng gi to di bng c
dng ph thuc vo di ca chui chip.
2.3.4 Cng ngh bng hp (narrowband)
Mt h thng v tuyn bng hp truyn v nhn thng tin ngi dng trn mt
tn s v tuyn xc nh. V tuyn bng hp gi cho di tn tn hiu v tuyn cng hp
cng tt ch cho thng tin i qua. S xuyn m khng mong mun gia cc knh
truyn thng c trnh bng cch kt hp hp l cc ngi dng khc nhau trn cc
knh c tn s khc nhau.
Mt ng dy in thoi ring rt ging vi mt tn s v tuyn. Khi mi nh
ln cn nhau u c ng dy in thoi ring, ngi trong nh ny khng th nghe
cc cuc gi trong nh khc. Trong mt h thng v tuyn, s dng cc tn s v
tuyn ring bit hp nht s ring t v s khng can thip ln nhau. Cc b lc ca
my thu v tuyn lc b tt c cc tn hiu v tuyn tr cc tn hiu c tn s c
thit k.
2.3.5 Cng ngh hng ngoi ( Infrared )
H thng tia hng ngoi (IR) s dng cc tn s rt cao, ch di tn s ca nh
sng kh kin trong ph in t, mang d liu. Ging nh nh sng, tia hng ngoi
IR khng th thm nhp cc i tng chn sng; n s dng cng ngh trc tip (tm
nhn thng) hoc cng ngh khuch tn. Cc h thng trc tip r tin cung cp phm
vi rt hn ch (0,914m) v tiu biu c s dng cho mng PAN nhng thnh thong
c s dng trong cc ng dng WLAN c bit. Cng ngh hng ngoi hng kh
nng thc hin cao khng thc t cho cc ngi dng di ng, v do n c s
dng thc hin cc mng con c nh. Cc h thng IR WLAN khuch tn khng
yu cu tm nhn thng, nhng cc cell b hn ch trong cc phng ring l.

2.4 Cc ch tiu k thut ca mng WLAN

So vi mng LAN hu tuyn, mng WLAN linh hot hn trong ci t, nh
cu hnh v t do vn c trong mng lu ng. Cc khch hng mng WLAN cng
nh cc nhn vin k thut cn xem xt cc ch tiu k thut sau.
2.4.1 Phm vi/Vng ph sng
Khong cch m qua cc sng RF truyn thng l mt nhim v ca vic
thit k sn phm (bao gm thit k my thu v cng sut pht) v ng truyn dn
mng LAN, c bit trong mi trng trong nh. Cc tng tc vi cc i tng xy
dng tiu biu, bao gm tng nh, kim loi, v thm ch c con ngi, nh hng
n cch truyn nng lng, v nh vy tnh c phm vi v vng ph sng ca h
thng. a s cc h thng mng WLAN s dng sng RF v cc sng v tuyn thm
nhp qua tng v cc b mt trong nh. Phm vi (hoc bn knh ph sng) tiu biu
ca h thng mng WLAN thay i t di 30,48m ti hn 152,4m. Vng ph sng
c m rng, v s t do ch thc ca kh nng lu ng thng qua roaming, c
cung cp qua cc microcell.
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2.4.2 Lu lng
Nh cc h thng mng LAN hu tuyn, lu lng thc t trong mng WLAN
l sn phm v c cu ph thuc. Cc nhn t nh hng ti lu lng bao gm s tc
nghn sng (s lng ngi dng), cc h s truyn, kiu h thng mng WLAN s
dng, cng nh gc tr v cc c chai trn cc phn ni dy ca mng WLAN. Tc
d liu tiu biu t 1 n 11 Mbps.
Mng WLAN cung cp lu lng cho cc ng dng vn phng ph bin
trn nn mng LAN, bao gm s trao i email, truy cp chia s thit b ngoi vi,
v cc truy cp ti c s d liu v cc ng dng nhiu ngi dng.
2.4.3 S ton vn v tin cy
Cc cng ngh d liu khng dy c chng minh qua hn nm mi nm
s dng cc ng dng khng dy trong cc h thng c thng mi ln qun i.
Nhiu v tuyn gy ra s gim st lu lng, nhng chng him c ti ni lm vic.
Cc thit k ni bt ca cng ngh mng WLAN v gii hn khong cch tn hiu
truyn dn ti cc kt ni ca mng ny mnh hn cc kt ni in thoi t bo, v
mng cung cp kh nng thc hin ton vn d liu bng hoc hn mng ni dy.
2.4.4 Kh nng kt ni vi c s h tng mng ni dy
a s cc h thng mng WLAN cung cp kt ni chun cng nghip vi cc
h thng ni dy, bao gm Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) v Token Ring (IEEE 802.5). Kh
nng kt ni trn nn chun lm cc phn khng dy ca mng trong sut hon ton
vi phn cn li ca mng. Cc nt mng WLAN lc h tr bi cc h iu hnh
mng theo cch ging nh cc nt mng LAN khc qua trnh iu khin. Mt khi c
ci t, cc h iu hnh mng xem cc nt mng nh mi thnh phn khc ca mng.
2.4.5 Kh nng kt ni vi c s h tng mng khng dy
C th c vi kiu kt ni gia cc mng WLAN. iu ny ph thuc c cch
la chn cng ngh ln cch thc hin ca nh cung cp thit b c th. Cc sn phm
t cc nh cung cp khc nhau s dng cng cng ngh v cng cch thc hin cho
php trao i gia cc card giao tip v cc im truy cp. Mc ch ca cc chun
cng nghip, nh cc c t k thut IEEE 802.11, s cho php cc sn phm tng
hp vn hnh vi nhau m khng c s hp tc r rng gia cc nh cung cp.
2.4.6 Nhiu
i vi cc WLAN hot ng bng tn v tuyn 2,4 GHz cc l vi sng l
mt ngun nhiu quan trng. Cc l vi sng cng sut ln ti 750W vi 150 xung trn
giy v c bn knh bc x hot ng khong 10 m. Nh vy i vi tc d liu 2
Mbit/s di gi ln nht phi nh hn 20.000 bit hoc 2.500 octet. Bc x pht ra
qut t 2,4 GHz n 2,45 GHz v gi n nh theo chu k ngn tn s 2,45 GHz.
Cho d cc khi b chn th phn ln nng lng vn gy nhiu ti truyn dn WLAN.
Cc ngun nhiu khc trong bng tn 2,4 GHz gm my photocopy, cc thit b chng
trm, cc m t thang my v cc thit b y t.

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2.4.7 Tnh n gin v d dng trong s dng

Ngi dng cn rt t thng tin mi nhn c thun li ca mng WLAN.
V bn cht khng dy ca mng WLAN l trong sut i vi h iu hnh mng
ngi dng, nn cc ng dng hot ng ging nh chng hot ng trn mng LAN
hu tuyn. Cc sn phm mng WLAN hp nht s a dng ca cc cng c chn
on hng vo cc vn lin quan n cc thnh phn khng dy ca h thng;
tuy nhin, cc sn phm c thit k hu ht cc ngi dng him khi cn n cc
cng c ny.
Mng WLAN n gin ha nhiu vn ci t v nh cu hnh m rt phin
toi i vi cc nh qun l mng. Ch khi cc im truy cp ca mng WLAN yu
cu ni cp, cc nh qun l mng c gii phng khi vic ko cp cho cc ngi
u cui mng WLAN. Khng c ni cp cng lm di chuyn, b sung, v thay i
cc hot ng bnh thng trn mng WLAN. Cui cng, bn cht di ng ca mng
WLAN cho php cc nh qun l mng nh cu hnh trc v sa li ton b mng
trc khi lp t chng ti cc v tr t xa. Mt kho c nh cu hnh, mng WLAN
c di chuyn t ch ny n ch khc m t hoc khng c s ci bin no.
2.4.8 Bo mt
V cng ngh khng dy bt ngun t cc ng dng trong qun i, nn t lu
bo mt l mt tiu chun thit k cho cc thit b v tuyn. Cc iu khon bo
mt in hnh c xy dng bn trong mng WLAN, lm cho chng tr nn bo mt
hn so vi hu ht cc mng LAN hu tuyn. Cc my thu khng mong mun (cc
ngi nghe trm) kh c kh nng bt c tin ang lu thng trong mng WLAN.
K thut m ha phc tp lm cho cc gi mo tt nht truy cp khng php n
lu thng mng l khng th. Ni chung, cc nt ring l phi cho php bo mt trc
khi chng c php tham gia vo lu thng mng.
2.4.9 Chi ph
Mt mng WLAN thc hin y bao gm c chi ph c s h tng, cho cc
im truy cp khng dy, ln chi ph ngi dng, cho cc card giao tip mng WLAN.
Cc chi ph c s h tng ph thuc ch yu vo s lng im truy cp c trin
khai; khong chi ph ca cc im truy cp t 800$ ti 2000$. S lng im truy cp
ph thuc tiu biu vo vng ph sng c yu cu v/hoc s v kiu ngi dng
c dch v. Vng ph sng t l bnh phng vi phm vi sn phm. Cc card giao
tip mng WLAN c yu cu trn nn my tnh chun, v khong chi ph t 200$
ti 700$. Chi ph lp rp v bo tr mt mng WLAN ni chung thp hn gi lp rp
v bo tr ca mt mng LAN hu tuyn truyn thng, v hai l do. u tin, mt
mng WLAN loi tr cc chi ph trc tip ca vic ni cp v chi ph lao ng lin
quan n lp rp v sa cha n. Th hai, v mng WLAN n gin ha vic di
chuyn, b sung, v thay i, nn chng gim bt cc chi ph gin tip v thi gian
ngh ca ngi dng v tng ph hnh chnh.

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2.4.10 Tnh linh hot

Cc mng khng dy c thit k n gin v cng hoc kh phc tp. Cc
mng khng dy h tr s lng nt mng v/hoc cc vng vt l ln ln bng cch
thm cc im truy cp vo vng ph sng c m rng hoc tng.
2.4.11 Tui th ngun pin cho cc sn phm di ng
Cc sn phm khng dy ca ngi dng u cui c kh nng c gii phng
hon ton dy nh, v hot ng qu ngun pin trong my tnh notebook hoc my
tnh cm tay ch. Cc nh cung cp mng WLAN dng cc k thut thit k c bit
lm tng tui th pin v cch dng ngun nng lng ca my tnh ch.
2.4.12 An ton
Cng sut ra ca cc h thng mng WLAN rt thp, t hn nhiu in thoi t
bo cm tay. Khi cc sng v tuyn yu dn nhanh chng qua khong khng th c rt
t hng nng lng RF cung cp n cc vng ca h thng LAN khng dy.
Mng WLAN phi thch hp vi s qun l nghim v cc quy tc cng nghip
m bo an ton. Mng WLAN khng c hi cho sc khe cng ng.

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CHNG III
CHUN IEEE 802.11
3.1 Li gii thiu
Mc ch chng ny s cung cp tng quan v chun IEEE 802.11 mi vi
cc khi nim c bn, cc nguyn l hot ng, v vi l do ng sau cc c tnh v
cc thnh phn ca chun. Chng ny hng vo cc kha cnh MAC v cc chc
nng chnh ca n.

3.2 Kin trc IEEE chun IEEE 802.11

3.2.1 Cc thnh phn kin trc
Chun mng LAN IEEE 802.11 da vo kin trc t bo, l kin trc trong
h thng c chia nh ra thnh cc cell, mi cell (c gi l Tp hp dch v c
bn, hoc BSS) c kim sot bi mt trm c s (gi l im truy cp, hoc AP).
Mc d, mt mng LAN khng dy c th c hnh thnh t mt cell n, vi
mt im truy cp n, nhng hu ht cc thit lp c hnh thnh bi vi cell, ti
cc im truy cp c ni ti mng xng sng (c gi h phn phi, hoc DS),
tiu biu l Ethernet, v trong c mng khng dy.
Ton b lin kt li mng LAN khng dy bao gm cc cell khc nhau, cc
im truy cp v h phn phi tng ng, c xem xt thng qua m hnh OSI, nh
mt mng n chun IEEE 802, v c gi l Tp hp dch v c m rng (ESS).
Hnh sau m t mt chun mng LAN IEEE 802.11 tiu biu:

Hnh 4.1. Mng WLAN IEEE 802.11 tiu biu

Chun cng nh ngha khi nim Portal, l mt thit b lin kt gia mng
LAN chun IEEE 802.11 v mng LAN chun IEEE 802 khc. Khi nim ny m t
v l thuyt phn chc nng ca cu chuyn dch.
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Mc d chun khng yu cu s ci t tiu biu tt yu phi c AP v Portal

trn mt thc th vt l n.
3.2.2 M t cc lp chun IEEE 802.11
Nh bt k giao thc chun IEEE 802.x khc, giao thc chun IEEE 802.11
bao gm MAC v lp vt l, chun hin thi nh ngha mt MAC n tng tc vi
ba lp vt l (tt c hot ng tc 1 v 2Mbit/s):
FHSS hot ng trong bng tn 2.4GHz
DSSS hot ng trong bng tn 2.4GHz, v
Hng ngoi

Hnh 4.2. Lp MAC

Ngoi cc tnh nng chun c thc hin bi cc lp MAC, lp MAC chun

IEEE 802.11 cn thc hin chc nng khc lin quan n cc giao thc lp trn, nh
Phn on, Pht li gi d liu, v Cc ghi nhn.
Lp MAC: Lp MAC nh ngha hai phng php truy cp khc nhau, Hm phi hp
phn tn v Hm phi hp im.
3.2.3. Phng php truy cp c bn: CSMA/CA
y l mt c ch truy cp c bn, c gi Hm phi hp phn tn, v c bn
l a truy cp cm bin sng mang vi c ch trnh xung t (CSMA/CA). Cc giao
thc CSMA c bit trong cng nghip, m ph bin nht l Ethernet, l giao thc
CSMA/CD (CD ngha l pht hin xung t).
Giao thc CSMA lm vic nh sau: Mt trm truyn i cc cm bin mi
trng, nu mi trng bn (v d, c mt trm khc ang pht), th trm s tr hon
truyn mt lc sau, nu mi trng t do th trm c cho php truyn.
Loi giao thc ny rt c hiu qu khi mi trng khng ti nhiu, do n cho
php cc trm truyn vi t tr hon, nhng thng xy ra trng hp cc trm pht
cng lc (c xung t), gy ra do cc trm nhn thy mi trng t do v quyt nh
truyn ngay lp tc.
Cc tnh trng xung t ny phi c xc nh, v vy lp MAC phi t truyn
li gi m khng cn n cc lp trn, iu ny s gy ra tr ng k. Trong trng
hp mng Ethernet, s xung t ny c on nhn bi cc trm pht i ti quyt
nh pht li da vo gii thut exponential random backoff.

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Cc c ch d tm xung t ny ph hp vi mng LAN ni dy, nhng chng

khng c s dng trong mi trng mng LAN khng dy, v hai l do chnh:
1.
Vic thc hin c ch d tm xung t yu cu s thi hnh ton song
cng, kh nng pht v nhn ng thi, n s lm tng thm chi ph mt cch
ng k.
2.
Trn mi trng khng dy chng ta khng th gi thit tt c cc trm
nghe thy c nhau (y l s gi thit c s ca s d tm xung t), v
vic mt trm nhn thy mi trng t do v sn sng truyn khng tht s
c ngha rng mi trng l t do quanh vng my thu.
vt qua cc kh khn ny, chun IEEE 802.11 s dng mt c ch trnh
xung t vi mt s Ghi nhn tnh tch cc (Positive Acknowledge) nh sau:
Mt trm mun truyn cm bin mi trng, nu mi trng bn th n tr
hon. Nu mi trng rnh vi thi gian c ch r (gi l DIFS, Distributed Inter
Frame Space, Khng gian khung Inter phn tn), th trm c php truyn, trm thu
s kim tra m CRC ca gi nhn c v gi mt gi chng thc (ACK). Chng thc
nhn c s ch cho my pht bit khng c s xung t no xut hin. Nu my pht
khng nhn chng thc th n s truyn li on cho n khi n c tha nhn hoc
khng c php truyn sau mt s ln pht li cho trc.
Cm bin sng mang o (Virtual Carrier Sense)
gim bt xc sut kh nng hai trm xung t nhau v chng khng th
nghe thy nhau, chun nh ngha mt c ch Cm bin sng mang o:
Mt trm mun truyn mt gi, trc ht n s truyn mt gi iu khin ngn
gi l RTS (Request To Send) gm ngun, ch n, v khong thi gian giao dch sau
(v.d. gi v ACK tng ng), trm ch s p ng (nu mi trng t do) bng
mt gi iu khin p li gi l CTS (Clear To Send) gm cng thng tin khong thi
gian.
Tt c cc trm nhn RTS v/hoc CTS, s thit lp ch bo Virtual Carrier
Sense ca n (gi l NAV, Network Allocation Vector, Vect nh v mng) cho
khong thi gian cho trc, v s s dng thng tin ny cng vi Cm bin sng mang
vt l (Physical Carrier Sense) khi cm bin mi trng.
C ch ny gim bt xc sut xung t v vng my thu do mt trm n t
my pht, lm ngn khong thi gian truyn RTS, v trm s nghe thy CTS v d
tr mi trng khi bn cho n khi kt thc giao dch. Thng tin khong thi gian v
RTS cng bo v vng my pht khi cc xung t trong thi gian ACK (bi cc trm
nm ngoi phm vi trm nhn bit).
Cn ch thng tin khong thi ACK v cc khung RTS v CTS l cc khung
ngn, N cng lm gim bt mo u ca cc xung t, v chng c nhn dng
nhanh hn khi n c nhn dng nu ton b gi c truyn, (iu ny ng nu
gi ln hn RTS mt cch ng k, nh vy l chun cho php k c cc gi ngn s
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c truyn m khng c giao dch RTS/CTS, v iu ny c iu khin bi mt

tham s gi l ngng RTS).
Cc s sau cho thy mt giao dch gia hai trm A v B, v s thit lp
NAV ca cc trm gn chng:

Hnh 4.3. Giao dch gia hai trm A v B, v s thit lp NAV

Trng thi NAV c kt hp vi cm bin sng mang vt l cho bit trng

thi bn ca mi trng.
3.2.4 Cc chng thc mc MAC
Lp MAC thc hin d tm xung t bng cch ch i s tip nhn ca mt
ghi nhn ti bt k on c truyn no (Ngoi l cc gi m c hn mt ni n,
nh Qung b, cha c tha nhn).
3.2.5 Phn on v Ti hp
Cc giao thc mng LAN tiu biu s dng cc gi vi vi hng trm byte (v
d, gi Ethernet di nht di trn 1518 byte) trn mt mi trng mng LAN khng
dy. L do cc gi di c a chung s dng cc gi nh l:
V t l li bit BER ca thng tin v tuyn cao hn, xc sut mt gi b h tng
thm theo kch thc gi.
Trong trng hp b hng (v xung t hoc nhiu), gi nh nht vi t mo u
hn gy ra s pht li gi.
Trn mt h thng FHSS, mi trng c ngt nh k mi khi nhy tn
(trong trng hp ny l mi 20 mili - giy), nh vy nh hn gi, nh hn c hi
truyn b hon li sau thi gian ngng truyn.
Mc khc, n khng c gii thiu nh l mt giao thc mng LAN mi v n
khng th gii quyt cc gi 1518 byte c s dng trn mng Ethernet, nh vy
IEEE quyt nh gii quyt vn bng cch thm mt c ch phn on/ti hp n
gin ti lp MAC.

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C ch l mt gii thut Send - and - Wait n, trong trm pht khng cho
php truyn mt on mi cho n khi xy ra mt trong cc tnh hung sau y:
1. Nhn mt ACK cho on, hoc
2. Quyt nh rng on cng c truyn li nhiu ln v th vo ton b khung
Cn phi nh rng chun cho php trm c truyn ch mt a ch khc gia
cc pht li ca mt on cho, iu ny c bit hu ch khi mt AP c vi gi ni
bt vi cc ch n khc nhau v mt trong s chng khng tr li.
S sau biu din mt khung (MSDU) c chia thnh vi on (MPDUs):

Hnh 4.4. Khung MSDU

3.2.6 Cc khng gian khung Inter (Inter Frame Space)

Chun nh ngha 4 kiu khng gian khung Inter, c s dng cung cp cc
quyn u tin khc nhau:
SIFS - Short Inter Frame Space, c s dng phn chia cc truyn dn
thuc mt hi thoi n (v.d. Ack - on), v l Khng gian khung Inter ti
thiu, v lun c nhiu nht mt trm n truyn ti thi gian cho trc, do
n c quyn u tin i vi tt c cc trm khc. l mt gi tr c nh
trn lp vt l v c tnh ton theo cch m trm pht truyn ngc li
nhn kiu v kh nng gii m gi vo, trong lp vt l chun IEEE 802.11 FH
gi tr ny c thit lp 28 micr - giy.
PIFS - Point Cooordination IFS, c s dng bi im truy cp (hoc Point
Coordinator, c gi trong trng hp ny), c truy cp ti mi trng
trc mi trm khc. Gi tr ny l SIFS cng vi mt khe thi gian (s c
nh ngha sau), v d 78 micr - giy.
DIFS - Distributed IFS, L khng gian khung Inter c s dng bi mt trm
sn sng bt u mt truyn dn mi, m l c tnh ton l PIFS cng
thm mt khe thi gian, v d 128 micr - giy.
EIFS - Extended IFS, L mt IFS di hn c s dng bi mt trm nhn
mt gi khng hiu, n cn ngn trm (trm m khng hiu thng tin khong
thi gian Cm bin sng mang o) khi xung t vi mt gi tng lai thuc
hi thoi hin thi.
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3.2.7 Gii thut Exponential Backoff

Backoff l mt phng php ni ting gii quyt cc tranh dnh gia cc
trm khc nhau mun truy cp mi trng, phng php yu cu mi trm chn mt
s ngu nhin (n) gia 0 v mt s cho trc, v i s khe thi gian ny trc khi
truy cp mi trng, n lun kim tra liu c mt trm khc truy cp mi trng trc
khng.
Khe thi gian c nh ngha theo cch m mt trm s lun c kh nng xc
nh liu trm khc truy cp mi trng ti thi gian bt u ca khe trc
khng. iu ny lm gim bt xc sut xung t i mt na.
Exponential Backoff c ngha rng mi ln trm chn mt khe thi gian v xy
ra xung t, n s tng gi tr theo ly tha mt cch ngu nhin.
Chun IEEE 802.11 chun nh ngha gii thut Exponential Backoff c thc
hin trong cc trng hp sau y:
Nu khi trm cm bin mi trng trc truyn gi u tin, v mi trng
ang bn

Sau mi ln truyn li

Sau mt ln truyn thnh cng

Trng hp duy nht khi c ch ny khng c s dng l khi trm quyt
nh truyn mt gi mi v mi trng rnh cho nhiu hn DIFS.
Exponential backoff khin cc nt chu kh ch lu hn khi mc xung t cao.
bit time: thi gian truyn 1 bit.
n l s ln xung t khi truyn mt frame no .
sau n ln xung t, nt s i 512 x K bit time ri truyn li; K c
chn ngu nhin trong tp {0,1,2,,2m 1} vi m:=min (n,10).
Hnh sau biu din s c ch truy cp:

Hnh 4.5. S c ch truy cp

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3.3 Cch mt trm ni vi mt cell hin hu (BSS)

Khi mt trm mun truy cp mt BSS hin hu (hoc sau ch bt ngun, ch
ngh, hoc ch l i vo vng BSS), trm cn c thng tin ng b t im truy cp
(hoc t cc trm khc khi trong kiu Ad - hoc).
Trm nhn thng tin ny theo mt trong s hai cch sau:
1. Qut b ng: Trong trng hp ny trm i nhn mt khung n
hiu (Beacon) t AP, (khung n hiu l mt khung tun hon cha thng
tin ng b c gi bi AP), hoc
2. Qut tch cc: Trong trng hp ny trm c gng tm mt im truy
cp bng cch truyn cc khung yu cu d (Probe), v ch p li thng tin
d t AP.
Hai phng php u hp l, v mi mt phng php c chn phi hi ho
gia kh nng tiu th in v kh nng thc hin.
3.3.1 Qu trnh chng thc
Mi khi trm tm thy mt im truy cp, n s quyt nh ni cc BSS, n
thc hin thng qua qu trnh chng thc, l s trao i thng tin ln nhau gia AP
v trm, m mi bn chng minh s nhn bit mt khu cho.
3.3.2 Qu trnh lin kt
Khi trm c xc nhn, sau n s khi ng qu trnh lin kt, y l s
trao i thng tin v cc trm v cc BSS, v n cho php thc hin DSS (tp hp cc
AP bit v tr hin thi ca trm). Ch sau khi qu trnh lin kt c hon thnh, th
mt trm mi c kh nng pht v nhn cc khung d liu.

3.4 Roaming
Roaming l qu trnh chuyn ng t cell ny (hoc BSS) n cell khc vi mt
kt ni cht. Chc nng ny tng t nh cc in thoi t bo, nhng c hai khc bit
chnh:
Trong mt h thng mng LAN da trn cc gi, s chuyn tip gia cc cell
c thc hin gia cc truyn dn gi, ngc vi k thut in thoi trong
s chuyn tip xut hin trong thi gian mt cuc ni chuyn in thoi, iu
ny lm roaming mng LAN d hn mt t, nhng
Trong mt h thng ting ni, mt gin on tm thi khng nh hng cuc
ni chuyn, trong khi trong mt gi da vo mi trng, n s gim ng k
kh nng thc hin v s chuyn tip c thc hin bi cc giao thc lp trn.
Chun IEEE 802.11 khng nh ngha cch roaming c thc hin, nhng
nh ngha cc cng c c bn cho n, iu ny bao gm s qut tch cc/b ng, v
mt qu trnh ti lin kt, trong mt trm roaming t im truy cp ny sang im
truy cp khc s c lin kt vi mt im truy cp mi.

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3.5 Gi ng b
Cc trm cn gi ng b, gi cho nhy tn c ng b, v cc chc nng
khc nh tit kim nng lng. Trong mt c s h tng BSS iu ny c thc hin
bi tt c cc trm cp nht cc ng h ca chng theo ng h ca AP, s dng c
ch sau:
AP truyn cc khung tun hon gi l cc khung bo hiu, cc khung ny cha
gi tr ca ng h AP ti thi im truyn (Ch rng y l thi im khi truyn
dn tht s xut hin, v khng phi l thi im truyn khi n c t vo hng i
truyn, v khung bo hiu c truyn s dng cc quy tc CSMA, nn truyn dn
tr mt cch ng k).
Cc trm thu kim tra gi tr ng h ca chng thi im nhn, v sa cha
n gi ng b vi ng h ca AP, iu ny ngn nga s tri ng h gy ra do
mt ng b sau vi gi hot ng.

3.6 Tit kim nng lng

Mng LAN khng dy tiu biu lin quan n cc ng dng di ng, v trong
cc kiu ng dng ny ngun pin l mt ngun nhanh ht, l l do ti sao chun
IEEE 802.11 trc tip hng vo vn tit kim nng lng v nh ngha c c ch
cho php cc trm i vo trong ch ngh ngi cho cc thi hn di m khng mt
thng tin.
tng chnh ng sau c ch tit kim nng lng l AP duy tr mt bn ghi
c cp nht ti cc trm hin thi ang lm vic trong ch tit kim nng lng,
v nh m cc gi c gi ti cc trm ny cho n khi c trm yu cu nhn cc
gi bng cch gi mt yu cu kim tra tun t, hoc cho n khi chng thay i thao
tc ca n.
AP cng truyn nh k (mt phn ca cc khung bo hiu) thng tin v trm
tit kim nng lng no c cc khung c nh m AP, nh vy cc trm ny cn
phi c nh thc nhn mt trong s cc khung bo hiu , v nu mt ch bo
cho bit c mt khung c lu tr ti AP i phn pht, th trm cn phi trong
trng thi hot ng v gi mt thng bo kim tra tun t cho AP c cc khung
ny.
Qung b v Pht thanh c lu tr bi AP, v c truyn mt thi im
c bit trc (mi DTIM), ti tt c trm tit kim nng lng mun nhn kim
khung ny cn phi hot ng.

3.7 Cc kiu khung

C ba kiu khung chnh:
Khung d liu: cc khung c s dng truyn d liu
Khung iu khin: cc khung c s dng iu khin truy cp ti mi trng
(v d RTS, CTS, v ACK), v
Khung qun l: cc khung c truyn ging nh cc khung d liu trao i
thng tin qun l, nhng khng hng ti cho cc lp trn.
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Mi kiu c chia nh ra thnh cc kiu nh hn khc nhau, ty theo chc

nng ca chng.

3.8 Khun dng khung

Tt c cc khung chun IEEE 802.11 u c cc thnh phn sau y:

Hnh 4.6. Khun dng khung chun IEEE 802.11

3.8.1. Tin t (Preamble)

N ph thuc lp vt l, v bao gm:
Synch: Mt chui 80 bit 0 v 1 xen k, c s dng bi bo mt lp vt l
la chn anten thch hp (nu tnh s phn tp c s dng), v nh hng ti vic
sa li dch tn s trng thi vng ng b vi vic nh thi gian gi nhn c.
SFD: Mt b nh ranh gii khung bt u, n gm 16 bit nh phn 0000 1100
1011 1101, c dng nh ngha nh thi khung.
3.8.2 u mc (Header) PLCP
u mc PLCP lun lun c truyn tc 1 Mbit/s v n cha thng tin
Logic m s c s dng bi lp vt l gii m khung, v gm c:
Chiu di t PLCP_PDU: biu din s byte cha trong gi, n c ch cho lp
vt l pht hin ra chnh xc kt thc gi,

Tng bo hiu PLCP: hin thi, n ch cha ng thng tin tc , c m

ha tc 0.5 MBps, tng dn t 1Mbit/s ti 4.5 Mbit/s, v

Trng kim tra li u mc: l trng pht hin sai st CRC 16 bit

3.8.3 D liu MAC

Hnh sau cho thy khun dng khung MAC chung, cc phn ca trng trn
cc phn ca cc khung nh m t sau .

Hnh 4.7. Khun dng khung MAC

3.8.3.1 Trng iu khin khung (Frame Control)

Trng iu khin khung cha ng thng tin sau:
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a. Phin bn giao thc (Protocol Verson)

Trng ny gm 2 bit c kch thc khng i v xp t theo cc phin bn
sau ca chun IEEE 802.11, v s c s dng nhn bit cc phin bn tng lai
c th. Trong phin bn hin thi ca chun gi tr c nh l 0.
b. ToDS
Bit ny l tp hp cc bit 1 khi khung c nh a ch ti AP hng n ti
h phn phi (gm trng hp m trm ch t li khung ging vi BSS, v AP). Bit
l tp hp cc bit 0 trong tt c cc khung khc.
c. FromDS
Bit ny l tp hp cc bit 1 khi khung ang n t h phn phi.
d. More Fragments
Bit ny l tp hp cc bit 1 khi c nhiu on hn thuc cng khung theo sau
on hin thi ny.
e. Retry
Bit ny cho bit on ny l mt chuyn tip mt on trc c truyn, n
s c s dng bi trm my thu on nhn bn sao c truyn ca cc khung
m xut hin khi mt gi Chng thc b mt.
f. Power mangenment (Qun l nng lng)
Bit ny cho bit kiu qun l nng lng trong trm sau khi truyn khung ny.
N c s dng bi cc trm ang thay i trng thi t ch tit kim nng lng
n ch hot ng hoc ngc li.
g. More Data (Nhiu D liu hn)
Bit ny cng c s dng qun l nng lng v n c s dng bi AP
cho bit rng c nhiu khung c nh m hn ti trm ny. Tm quyt nh s
dng thng tin ny tip tc kim tra tun t hoc kiu ang thay i thm ch
thay i sang ch hot ng.
h. WEP
Bit ny cho bit rng thn khung c m ha theo gii thut WEP
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i. Order (Th t)
Bit ny cho bit rng khung ny ang c gi s dng lp dch v Strictly Order.
3.8.3.2 Khong thi gian/ID

Trng ny c hai ngha ph thuc vo kiu khung:

Trong cc bn tin Kim tra tun t tit kim nng lng, th n l ID trm, v
Trong tt c cc khung khc, n l gi tr khong thi gian c dng cho Tnh
ton NAV.
3.8.3.3 Cc trng a ch

Mt khung cha ln trn ti 4 a ch ph thuc vo cc bit ToDS v FromDS

c nh ngha trong trng iu khin, nh sau:
a ch - 1 lun l a ch nhn (v d, trm trn BSS m nhn gi tc thi),
nu bit ToDS c lp th y l a ch AP, nu bit ToDS c xa th n l a ch
trm kt thc.
a ch - 2 Lun lun l a ch my pht (v d,. trm ang truyn gi vt l),
nu bit FromDS c lp th y l a ch AP, nu c xa th n l a ch trm.
a ch - 3 Trong hu ht cc trng hp cn li, mt a ch, trn mt khung
vi bit FromDS c lp, sau a ch - 3 l a ch ngun gc, nu khung c bit
ToDS lp, sau a ch - 3 l a ch ch.
a ch - 4 c s dng trong trng hp c bit trong mt h phn phi
khng dy c s dng, v khung ang c truyn t im truy cp ny sang im
truy cp khc, trong trng hp ny c cc bit ToDS ln cc bit FromDS c lp, v
vy c a ch ch gc v a ch ngun gc u b mt.
Bng sau tng kt cc cch dng a ch khc nhau theo cch thit lp bit ToDS
v bit FromDS:

3.8.3.4 iu khin ni tip

Trng iu khin ni tip c dng biu din th t cc on khc nhau

thuc khung, v nhn bit cc gi sao, n gm c hai trng con: trng S on, v
trng S ni tip, m nh ngha khung v s on trong khung.
4.8.3.5 CRC

CRC l mt trng 32 bit cha mt m kim tra d s chu k 32 bit (CRC)

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3.9 Cc khung nh dng ph bin nht

3.9.1 Khun dng khung RTS
Khung RTS nh sau:

RA ca khung RTS l a ch STA, trong mi trng khng dy, n c dnh

nhn d liu tip theo hoc khung qun l mt cch tc thi.
TA l a ch ca STA pht khung RTS.
Gi tr Khong thi gian l thi gian, tnh theo micr - giy, c yu cu
truyn d liu lin tip hoc khung qun l, cng vi mt khung CTS, cng mt khung
ACK, cng ba khong SIFS.
3.9.2 Khun dng khung CTS
Khung CTS nh sau:

a ch my thu (RA) ca khung CTS c copy t trng a ch my pht

(TA) ca khung RTS ngay trc n mt p ng CTS no . Gi tr Khong thi
gian l gi tr thu c t trng Khong thi gian ca khung RTS ngay trc , tr
thi gian (tnh theo micr - giy) c yu cu pht khung CTS v khong SIFS.
3.9.3 Khun dng khung ACK
Khung ACK nh sau:

a ch My thu ca khung ACK c sao chp t trng a ch 2 ca khung

ngay trc . Nu nhiu bit on hn c xa (0) trong trng iu khin khung
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ca khung trc , th gi tr Khong thi gian l 0, nu khng th gi tr Khong thi

gian thu c t trng Khong thi gian ca khung trc , tr i thi gian (tnh
theo micr - giy) c pht khung ACK v khong SIFS ca n.

3.11 Hm Phi hp im (PCF)

Bn cnh Hm Phi hp Phn tn c bn, c mt Hm Phi hp im chn,
m s dng thc hin cc dch v bin - thi gian, nh ting ni hoc truyn video.
Hm Phi hp im lm cho im truy cp s dng quyn u tin cao hn bng cch
s dng mt Khng gian khung Inter (PIFS) nh hn.
Bng cch s dng cao hn ny quyn u tin truy cp, cc vn im truy
cp kim tra tun t yu cu ca cc trm truyn d liu, do iu khin vic truy
cp mi trng. cho php cho cc trm bnh thng kh nng vn cn truy cp mi
trng, c mt chun b m im truy cp phi li thi gian cho Truy cp Phn
tn trong gia PCF

3.12 Cc mng Ad hoc

Trong mt s trng hp cc ngi dng mun lp mt mng LAN khng dy
m khng c mt c s h tng (c bit hn khng c mt im truy cp), iu ny
bao gm truyn file gia hai ngi dng my notebook, cuc hp gia cc cng tc
vin bn ngoi vn phng, vn vn.
Chun IEEE 802.11 gii quyt cc nhu cu ny bng cch nh ngha mt m
hnh hot ng Ad hoc, trong trng hp ny khng c im truy cp no hoc phn
no tnh nng ca n c thc hin bi cc trm ngi dng cui (nh to bo hiu,
ng b, vn vn), v cc chc nng khc khng c h tr (nh t li gia hai trm
khng nm trong phm vi, hoc tit kim nng lng).

3.13 H chun IEEE 802.11

3.13.1 Chun IEEE 802.11a
L mt ch tiu k thut IEEE cho mng khng dy hot ng trong di tn s 5
GHz (5.725 GHz ti 5.85 GHz) vi tc truyn d liu cc i 54 Mbps. Di tn s
5 GHz khng nhiu nh tn s 2.4 GHz, v ch tiu k thut chun IEEE 802.11
ngh nhiu knh v tuyn hn so vi chun IEEE 802.11b. S b sung cc knh ny
gip trnh giao thoa v tuyn v vi ba.
3.13.2 Chun IEEE 802.11b (Wifi)
L chun quc t cho mng khng dy hot ng trong di tn s 2.4 GHz (2.4
GHz ti 2.4835 GHz) v cung cp mt lu lng ln trn 11 Mbps. y l mt tn s
rt thng s dng. Cc l vi ba, cc in thoi khng dy, thit b khoa hc v y hc,
cng nh cc thit b Bluetooth, tt c lm vic bn trong di tn s 2.4 GHz.
3.13.3 Chun IEEE 802.11d
Chun IEEE 802.11d l mt chun IEEE b sung lp s iu khin truy cp
(MAC) vo chun IEEE 802.11 y mnh kh nng s dng rng mng WLAN
chun IEEE 802.11. N s cho php cc im truy cp truyn thng thng tin trn cc
knh v tuyn dng c vi cc mc cng sut chp nhn c cho cc thit b
khch hng. Cc thit b s t ng iu chnh da vo cc yu cu a l.
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Mc ch 11d l s thm cc c tnh v cc hn ch cho php mng WLAN

hot ng theo cc quy tc ca cc nc ny. Cc nh sn xut Thit b khng mun
to ra mt s a dng rng ln ca cc sn phm v cc ngi dng chuyn bit
theo quc gia m ngi i du lch khng mun mt ti y cc card PC mng WLAN
chuyn bit theo quc gia. Hu qu s l cc gii php phn sn chuyn bit theo quc
gia.
3.13.4 Chun IEEE 802.11g
Tng t ti chun IEEE 802.11b, chun lp vt l ny cung cp mt lu lng
ln ti 54 Mbps. N cng hot ng trong di tn s 2.4 GHz nhng s dng mt cng
ngh v tuyn khc tng di thng ton b. Chun ny c ph chun cui nm
2003.
3.13.5 Chun IEEE 802.11i
y l tn ca nhm lm vic IEEE dnh cho chun ha bo mt mng WLAN.
Bo mt chun IEEE 802.11i c mt khung lm vic c da vo RSN (C ch Bo
mt tng cng). RSN gm c hai phn:
1. C ch ring ca d liu v
2. Qun l lin kt bo mt.
C ch ring ca d liu h tr hai s c xng: TKIP v AES. TKIP
(S ton vn kha thi gian) l mt gii php ngn hn m nh ngha phn mm v
cho WEP cung cp mt mc ring t d liu thch hp ti thiu. AES hoc AES OCB (Advanced Encryption Standard and Offset Codebook) l mt s ring t d
liu mnh m v l mt gii php thi hn lu hn.
Qun l lin kt bo mt c nh a ch bi:
a) Cc th tc m phn RSN,
b) S Chng thc chun IEEE 802.1x v
c) Qun l kha chun IEEE 802.1x.
Cc chun ang c nh ngha cng tn ti mt cch t nhin cc mng pre RSN m hin thi c trin khai. Chun ny khng k vng s c thng qua cho
n khi kt thc nm 2003.
3.13.6 Chun IEEE 802.1x (Tbd)
Chun IEEE 802.1x (Yu cu mt nh cung cp dch v RADIUS) cung cp
cc doanh nghip & cc nh ring mt gii php chng thc bo mt, bin i c s
dng k thut ti kha (re - keying) ng, s chng thc tn v mt khu ngi dng
v chng thc ln nhau. K thut ti kha ng, m trong sut vi ngi dng, loi tr
phn phi kha khng bo mt v s chi phI thi gian v ngn nga cc tn cng lin
quan n cc kha WEP tnh. S chng thc trn nn ngi dng loi tr cc l bo
mt xut hin t thit b b trm hoc mt khi s chng thc trn nn thit b c s
dng, v s chng thc ln nhau gim nh tn cng da vo cc im truy cp lu c.
ng thi, v s chng thc chun IEEE 802.1x thng qua mt c s d liu
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RADIUS, n cng chia thang d dng iu khin cc s lng ngi dng mng
WLAN ang gia tng.

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CHNG IV
BO MT TRONG MNG WLAN
Chng ny phc tho cc giao thc, cc c ch bo mt lin quan, v cc kin
trc ca chun IEEE 802.11 - mng WLAN v thc hin cc khuyn ngh ti mt thi
hnh c thc hin dn ca cc mng WLAN.

4.1 Mt s hnh thc tn cng mng

C th tn cng mng theo mt trong cc hnh thc sau y:
4.1.1 Da vo nhng l hng bo mt trn mng: nhng l hng ny c th cc
im yu ca dch v m h thng cung cp, v d nhng k tn cng li dng cc
im yu trong cc dch v mail, ftp, web xm nhp v ph hoi.
Cc l hng ny trn mng l cc yu im quan trng m ngi dng, hacker da
tn cng vo mng. Cc hin tng sinh ra trn mng do cc l hng ny mang
li thng l : s ngng tr ca dch v, cp thm quyn i vi cc user hoc cho
php truy nhp khng hp php vo h thng.
Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu cch phn lai khc nhau v l hng ca h thng
mng. Di y l cch phn loi sau y c s dng ph bin theo mc tc hi
h thng, do B quc phng M cng b nm 1994.
a. Cc l hng loi C
Cc l hng loi ny cho php thc hin cc phng thc tn cng theo DoS
(Denial of Services - T chi dch v). Mc nguy him thp, ch nh hng ti
cht lng dch v, c th lm ngng tr, gin on h thng; khng lm ph hng d
liu hoc t c quyn truy nhp bt hp php
DoS l hnh thc tn cng s dng cc giao thc tng Internet trong b giao thc
TCP/IP lm h thng ngng tr dn n tnh trng t chi ngi s dng hp php
truy nhp hay s dng h thng. Mt s lng ln cc gi tin c gi ti server trong
khong thi gian lin tc lm cho h thng tr nn qu ti, kt qu l server p ng
chm hoc khng th p ng cc yu cu t client gi ti.
Mt v d in hnh ca phng thc tn cng DoS l vo mt s Web Site ln
lm ngng tr hot ng ca web site ny: nh www.google.com, www.ebay.com,
www.yahoo.com v.v
Tuy nhin, mc nguy him ca cc l hng loi ny c xp loi C; t nguy
him v chng ch lm gin on cung cp dch v ca h thng trong mt thi gian
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m khng lm nguy hi n d liu v nhng k tn cng cng khng t c quyn

truy nhp bt hp php vo h thng.
b. Cc l hng loi B
Cc l hng cho php ngi s dng c thm cc quyn trn h thng m khng
cn thc hin kim tra tnh hp l. i vi dng l hng ny, mc nguy him
mc trung bnh. Nhng l hng ny thng c trong cc ng dng trn h thng;
c th dn n mt hoc l thng tin yu cu bo mt.
Cc l hng loi B c mc nguy him hn l hng loi C, cho php ngi s
dng ni b c th chim c quyn cao hn hoc truy nhp khng hp php.
Nhng l hng loi ny thng xut hin trong cc dch v trn h thng. Ngi
s dng cc b c hiu l ngi c quyn truy nhp vo h thng vi mt s
quyn hn nht nh.
Mt s l hng loi B thng xut hin trong cc ng dng nh l hng ca trnh
SendMail trong h iu hnh Unix, Linux... hay li trn b m trong cc chng trnh
vit bng C.
Nhng chng trnh vit bng C thng s dng mt vng m, l mt vng trong
b nh s dng lu d liu trc khi x l. Nhng ngi lp trnh thng s dng
vng m trong b nh trc khi gn mt khong khng gian b nh cho tng khi d
liu. V d, ngi s dng vit chng trnh nhp trng tn ngi s dng; qui nh
trng ny di 20 k t.
Do h s khai bo:
char first_name [20];
Vi khai bo ny, cho php ngi s dng nhp vo ti a 20 k t. Khi nhp d
liu, trc tin d liu c lu vng m; nu ngi s dng nhp vo 35 k t; s
xy ra hin tng trn vng m v kt qu 15 k t d tha s nm mt v tr khng
kim sot c trong b nh. i vi nhng k tn cng, c th li dng l hng ny
nhp vo nhng k t c bit, thc thi mt s lnh c bit trn h thng.
Thng thng, l hng ny thng c li dng bi nhng ngi s dng trn h
thng t c quyn root khng hp l.
Vic kim sot cht ch cu hnh h thng v cc chng trnh s hn ch c
cc l hng loi B.
c. Cc l hng loi A
Cc l hng ny cho php ngi s dng ngoi c th truy nhp vo h thng bt
hp php. L hng ny rt nguy him, c th lm ph hy ton b h thng.
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Cc l hng loi A c mc rt nguy him; e da tnh ton vn v bo mt ca

h thng. Cc l hng loi ny thng xut hin nhng h thng qun tr yu km
hoc khng kim sot c cu hnh mng.
Nhng l hng loi ny ht sc nguy him v n tn ti sn c trn phn mm
s dng; ngi qun tr nu khng hiu su v dch v v phn mm s dng s c th
b qua nhng im yu ny.
i vi nhng h thng c, thng xuyn phi kim tra cc thng bo ca cc
nhm tin v bo mt trn mng pht hin nhng l hng loi ny. Mt lot cc
chng trnh phin bn c thng s dng c nhng l hng loi A nh: FTP, Gopher,
Telnet, Sendmail, ARP, finger...
nh hng ca cc l hng bo mt trn mng WLAN
Phn trn chng ta phn tch mt s trng hp c nhng l hng bo mt,
nhng k tn cng c th li dng nhng l hng ny to ra nhng l hng khc to
thnh mt chui mt xch nhng l hng. V d, mt k ph hoi mun xm nhp vo
h thng m anh ta khng c ti khon truy nhp hp l trn h thng . Trong
trng hp ny, trc tin k ph hoi s tm ra cc im yu trn h thng, hoc t
cc chnh sch bo mt, hoc s dng cc cng c d xt thng tin (nh SATAN, ISS)
trn h thng t c quyn truy nhp vo h thng. Sau khi mc tiu th nht
t c; k ph hoi c th tip tc tm hiu cc dch v trn h thng, nm bt
c cc im yu v thc hin cc hnh ng ph hoi tinh vi hn.
Tuy nhin, khng phi bt k l hng bo mt no cng nguy him n h
thng. C rt nhiu thng bo lin quan n l hng bo mt trn mng WLAN, hu
ht trong s l cc l hng loi C, v khng c bit nguy him i vi h thng. V
d, khi nhng l hng v sendmail c thng bo trn mng, khng phi ngay lp tc
nh hng trn ton b h thng. Khi nhng thng bo v l hng c khng nh
chc chn, cc nhm tin s a ra mt s phng php khc phc h thng.
Da vo k h ca cc l hng ny, k xu s xy dng cc hnh thc tn cng
khc nhau nhm khng ch v nm quyn kim sot trn mng. Cho n nay, cc
hacker ngh ra khng bit bao nhiu kiu tn cng t xa qua mng khc nhau. Mi
cuc tn cng thng m u bng vic trc tip hoc gin tip chui vo mt hoc
nhiu my tnh ang ni mng ca ngi khc. Sau khi vo c h thng mng,
hacker c th i n cc bc khc nh xem trm, ly cp, thay i v thm ch ph
hu d liu hoc lm treo cc hot ng ca mt h thng thng tin in t. Cc
hacker cng c th gi by nhng ngi s dng thiu cnh gic hoc nh la nhng
h thng thng tin km phng b. Chng hn, chng su tm cc a ch email v gi
th km virus n hoc lm nghn tc mng bng cch gi tht nhiu cc bc th
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in t n cng mt a ch. i khi cc hacker xm nhp vo mt mng my tnh

no m n pht hin ra li v li thng bo cho ngi qun tr mng, t hn na l
chng ci virus hoc phn mm no theo di v ly i nhng thng tin ni b.
Di y l mt s k thut tn cng mng ch yu c s dng nhiu trn thc
t.
4.1.2 S dng cc cng c ph hoi: v d s dng cc chng trnh ph kha
mt khu truy cp vo h thng bt hp php;lan truyn virus trn h thng; ci t
cc on m bt hp php vo mt s chng trnh.
Nhng k tn cng mng cng c th kt hp c 2 hnh thc trn vi nhau t
c mc ch.
Mc 1: Tn cng vo mt s dch v mng : nh Web, Email dn n cc
nguy c l cc thng tin v cu hnh mng. Cc hnh thc tn cng mc ny c
th dng D hoc spam mail.
Mc 2: K ph hoi dng ti khn ca ngi dng hp php chim ot ti
nguyn h thng ( da vo cc phng thc tn cng nh b kha, nh cp mt
khu); k ph hoi c th thay i quyn truy cp h thng qua cc l hng bo mt
hoc c cc thng tin trong tp tin lin quan n truy nhp h thng nh /etc/paswd
-

T mc 3 n mc 5: K ph hoi khng s dng quyn ca ngi dng

thng thng m c thm mt s quyn cao hn i vi h thng, nh quyn kch hot
mt s dch v, xem xt cc thng tin khc trn h thng.
-

Mc 6: K tn cng chim c quyn root trn h thng.

4.2 C s chun IEEE 802.11

Chun IEEE 802.11 nh ngha lp vt l (PHY) v lp iu khin truy cp mi
trng (MAC) cho cc mng WLAN. N nh ngha lp vt l hot ng tc d
liu 1Mbps v 2 Mbps trong bng tn RF 2.4 GHz v trong hng ngoi (IR). Chun
IEEE 802.11 l mt thnh vin ca h chun IEEE 802 c pht hnh bi IEEE m
gm chun IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) v chun IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring). N c m
rng hai ln vo nm 1999 thnh chun IEEE 802.11a nh ngha lp vt l cho bng
5GHz tc 54 Mbps, v chun IEEE 802.11b nh ngha lp vt l cho bng 2.4
GHz tc 5.5 v 11 Mbps.
Mc ch ca chun IEEE 802.11 nh IEEE nh ngha l " cung cp kt ni
khng dy ti cc thit b, hoc cc trm t ng m yu cu trin khai nhanh, v xch
tay hoc cm tay, hoc c gn ln cc phng tin chuyn ng bn trong mt
vng".
4.2.1 Lp vt l
Chun IEEE 802.11 quy nh cc lp vt l nh bng 2.1.
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Bng 3.1. So snh cc lp vt l ca chun IEEE 802.11.

Chun

Tn s v
tuyn (RF)

Hng ngoi
(IR)

C ch

Tc d liu
cc i
(Mbps)

IEEE 802.11

2.4 GHz

DSSS

IEEE 802.11

2.4 GHz

FHSS

IR

IEEE 802.11

850 - 950 nm

IEEE 802.11a

5 GHz

OFDM

54

IEEE 802.11b

2.4 GHz

DSSS

11

H thng tri ph nhy tn FHSS 2.4 GHz v h thng IR ca chun IEEE

802.11 t khi c s dng. Lp vt l OFDM 5 GHz c phm vi hn ch (xp x
15m) nn n t c s dng. a s cc sn phm hin ti thc hin cng ngh tri
ph chui trc tip (DSSS) theo chun IEEE 802.11b tc d liu ln trn ti 11
Mbps do li th kh nng thc hin v gi thnh ca n.
Mc ch ca cng ngh tri ph l tng thm thng lng v tin cy ca
truyn dn bng cch s dng nhiu di tn. DSSS hot ng bng cch chuyn i
mi bit truyn thnh mt chui "chip" m thc cht l mt chui s 1 v 0. Sau
chip ny c gi song song qua mt di tn rng. V s dng nhiu di tn, nn n
tng cng tin cy truyn dn khi c giao thoa. V mi bit c biu din bi mt
chui chip, nn nu phn no ca chui chip b mt v giao thoa, th gn nh phn
chip nhn c s vn phn bit bit gc.
4.2.2 iu khin truy cp mi trng (MAC)
Trong khi lp vt l chun IEEE 802.11 khc vi chun IEEE 802.3 Ethernet,
th ch tiu k thut ca MAC tng t nh ch tiu k thut ca MAC Ethernet chun
IEEE 802.3 cng vi iu khin lin kt Logic (LLC) chun IEEE 802.2, n lm cho
khng gian a ch MAC chun IEEE 802.11 thch hp vi khng gian a ch MAC
ca cc giao thc IEEE 802. Trong khi MAC Ethernet chun IEEE 802.3 thc cht l
CSMA/CD - a truy cp nhy sng mang pht hin xung t, th MAC chun IEEE
802.11 l CSMA/CA - a truy cp nhy sng mang trnh xung t. S khc nhau ny
l do khng c phng cch thit thc truyn v nhn cng lc trn mi trng
khng dy (mi trng WM). CSMA/CA c gng trnh cc va chm trn mi trng
WM bng cch t mt khong thi gian thng tin trong mi khung MAC, cc trm
thu xc nh thi gian cn li ca khung trn mi trng WM. Nu khong thi gian
ca khung MAC trc ht v mt kim tra nhanh trn mi trng WM ch ra rng
n khng bn, th trm truyn c php truyn. Bng cch ny, n cho php ni gi
truyn bt k lc no m mi trng khng bn.
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4.2.3 So snh kiu C s h tng v kiu Ad Hoc

C hai phng php lm vic khc nhau cho thit b chun IEEE 802.11: Ad
Hoc (tp hp cc dch v c bn c lp, IBSS) v C s h tng (tp hp cc dch v
c m rng, ESS). Mt mng Ad Hoc thng thng l mt mng tn ti trong mt
thi gian hu hn gia hai hoc nhiu hn hai thit b v tuyn m khng c ni
thng qua mt im truy cp (AP) ti mt mng ni dy. V d, hai ngi dng laptop
mun chia s cc file s thit lp mt mng Ad Hoc s dng cc card NIC thch hp
chun IEEE 802.11 v chia s cc file qua mi trng WM m khng cn phng tin
truyn thng ngoi no (nh a mm, cc card flash).
Kiu C s h tng gi thit c mt mt hoc nhiu hn cc AP bc cu
phng tin truyn thng khng dy vi phng tin ni dy truyn thng (hnh 2.1).
AP iu khin vic chng thc v lin kt trm ti mng khng dy. Nhiu AP c
ni bi mt h phn phi (DS) m rng phm vi ca mng khng dy ra nhiu
vng ln hn. Trong cc ci t tiu biu, DS n gin l c s h tng mng IP hin
hu. Vi mc ch bo mt, ngi ta thng s dng cc mng LAN o (VLAN)
tch ring lu thng mng khng dy vi lu thng mng khc trn DS. Mc d chun
IEEE 802.11 cho php cc trm v tuyn lin kt chuyn mch ng t im truy cp
ny n im truy cp khc, nhng n khng iu khin cch trm thc hin. Kt qu
l, cc thi hnh ca nh cung cp khc nhau ni chung khng tng tc vi nhau trong
ng cnh ny. Ti thi im hin nay, kh nng thc hin kiu hot ng ny yu cu
mt gii php nh cung cp n.

Hnh 4.1. So snh kiu Ad Hoc v kiu c s h tng.

4.2.4 Lin kt v Chng thc

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Chun IEEE 802.11 nh ngha mt trm cui l nh x AP cc trm khc

trn mng ni dy v mng khng dy c phng tin giao tip vi trm cui. nh
x ny c gi "lin kt". Trong khi cc trm cui c php lin kt ng n cc
AP khc, th ti bt k im cho trc mt trm cui ch c lin kt n mt AP.
Mt trm cui "c lin kt" vi mt AP kh ging vi mt trm cui Ethernet c
t vo trong cu ni (bridge) ca mt switch. Khng c c ch ny, AP khng c
cch xc nh thc y cc khung nhn c trn cng Ethernet ti cng khng dy
hay khng.
Lin kt l mt qu trnh ba trng thi: (1) khng c lin kt v khng c
xc thc; (2) khng c lin kt nhng c xc thc; (3) c lin kt v c xc
thc.
Cc bn tin i qua trong thi gian thc hin cc bc ny c gi l cc khung
qun l. iu quan trng trong qu trnh ny l lin kt s khng xy ra cho n khi
chng thc xy ra. S chng thc theo chun IEEE 802.11 c ni k trong phn
4.2.3.
4.3 Cc mc bo v an ton mng

firewalls

Physical protection

data encrytion

login/password

I n f o r m a t io n

Access rights

V khng c mt gii php an ton tuyt i nn ngi ta thng phi s dng

nhiu mc bo v khc nhau to thnh nhiu lp "ro chn" i vi hot ng xm
phm. Vic bo v thng tin trn mng ch yu l bo v thng tin ct gi trong cc
my tnh, c bit l trong cc server ca mng. Hnh sau m t cc lp ro chn thng
dng hin nay bo v thng tin ti cc trm ca mng.

Hnh 2 - Cc mc bo v mng
Nh hnh minh ha trong hnh trn, cc lp bo v thng tin trn mng gm
- Lp bo v trong cng l quyn truy nhp nhm kim sot cc ti nguyn ( y
l thng tin) ca mng v quyn hn ( c th thc hin nhng thao tc g) trn ti
nguyn . Hin nay vic kim sot mc ny c p dng su nht i vi tp
- Lp bo v tip theo l hn ch theo ti khon truy nhp gm ng k tn/ v mt
khu tng ng. y l phng php bo v ph bin nht v n n gin, t tn km
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v cng rt c hiu qu. Mi ngi s dng mun truy nhp c vo mng s dng
cc ti nguyn u phi ng k tn v mt khu. Ngi qun tr h thng c trch
nhim qun l, kim sot mi hot ng ca mng v xc nh quyn truy nhp ca
nhng ngi s dng khc ty theo thi gian v khng gian.
- Lp th ba l s dng cc phng php m ha (encrytion). D liu c
bin i t dng " c c" sang dng khng " c c" theo mt thut
ton no . Chng ta s xem xt cc phng thc v cc thut ton m ha
c s dng ph bin phn di y.
- Lp th t: l bo v vt l ( physical protection) nhm ngn cn cc truy
nhp bt hp php vo h thngd. Thng dng cc bin php truyn thng
nh ngn cm ngi khng c nhim v vo phng t my, dng h thng
kha trn my tnh, ci t cc h thng bo ng khi c truy nhp vo h
thng..
- Lp th nm: Ci t cc h thng tng la (firewall), nhm ngn chn c

thm nhp tri php v cho php lc cc gi tin m ta khng mun gi i

hoc nhn vo v mt l do no .

4.4 C s bo mt mng WLAN

Chun IEEE 802.11 c vi c tnh bo mt, nh h thng m v cc kiu
chng thc kha dng chung, nh danh t dch v (SSID), v gii thut WEP. Mi
c tnh cung cp cc mc bo mt khc nhau v chng c gii thiu trong phn
ny. Phn ny cng cung cp thng tin v cch dng anten RF hn ch lan lan
truyn trong mi trng WM.
4.4.1 Gii hn lan truyn RF
Trc khi thc hin cc bin php bo mt, ta cn xt cc vn lin quan vi
lan truyn RF do cc AP trong mt mng khng dy. Khi chn tt, vic kt hp my
pht v anten thch hp l mt cng c bo mt c hiu qu gii hn truy cp ti
mng khng dy trong vng ph sng nh trc. Khi chn km, s m rng mng ra
ngoi vng ph sng nh trc thnh nhiu vng ph sng hoc hn na.
Cc anten c hai c tnh ch yu: tnh nh hng v khuch i. Cc anten
a hng c vng ph sng 360 , trong khi cc anten nh hng ch ph sng trong
vng hn ch (hnh 3.2). khuch i anten c o bng dBi v c nh ngha l
s tng cng sut m mt anten thm vo tnh hiu RF.

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Hnh 4.2. Cc mu lan truyn RF ca cc anten ph bin.

4.4.2 nh danh thit lp Dch v (SSID)

Chun IEEE 802.11b nh ngha mt c ch khc gii hn truy cp: SSID.
SSID l tn mng m xc nh vng c ph sng bi mt hoc nhiu AP. Trong
kiu s dng ph bin, AP lan truyn nh k SSID ca n qua mt n hiu (beacon).
Mt trm v tuyn mun lin kt n AP phi nghe cc lan truyn v chn mt AP
lin kt vi SSID ca n.
Trong kiu hot ng khc, SSID c s dng nh mt bin php bo mt
bng cch nh cu hnh AP khng lan truyn SSID ca n. Trong kiu ny, trm
v tuyn mun lin kt n AP phi sn c SSID nh cu hnh ging vi SSID ca
AP. Nu cc SSID khc nhau, cc khung qun l t trm v tuyn gi n AP s b
loi b v chng cha SSID sai v lin kt s khng xy ra.
V cc khung qun l trn cc mng WLAN chun IEEE 802.11 lun lun c
gi n r rng, nn kiu hot ng ny khng cung cp mc bo mt thch hp. Mt
k tn cng d dng nghe cc khung qun l trn mi trng WM v khm ph
SSID ca AP.
4.4.3 Cc kiu Chng thc
Trc khi mt trm cui lin kt vi mt AP v truy cp ti mng WLAN, n
phi thc hin chng thc. Hai kiu chng thc khch hng c nh ngha trong
chun IEEE 802.11: h thng m v kha chia s.
4.4.3.1 Chng thc h thng m

Chng thc h thng m (hnh 2.3) l mt hnh thc rt c bn ca chng thc,

n gm mt yu cu chng thc n gin cha ID trm v mt p li chng thc
gm thnh cng hoc tht bi. Khi thnh cng, c hai trm c xem nh c xc
nhn vi nhau.
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Hnh 4.3. Chng thc h thng m.

4.4.3.2 Chng thc kha chia s

Chng thc kha chia s (hnh 4.4) c xc nhn trn c s c hai trm tham
gia trong qu trnh chng thc c cng kha chia s. Ta gi thit rng kha ny
c truyn ti c hai trm sut knh bo mt no trong mi trng WM. Trong
cc thi hnh tiu biu, chng thc ny c thit lp th cng trn trm khch hng v
AP. Cc khung th nht v th t ca chng thc kha chia s tng t nh cc khung
c trong chng thc h thng m. Cn cc khung th hai v khung th ba khc nhau,
trm xc nhn nhn mt gi vn bn yu cu (c to ra khi s dng b to s gi
ngu nhin gii thut WEP (PRNG)) t AP, mt m ha n s dng kha chia s, v
gi n tr li cho AP. Sau khi gii m, nu vn bn yu cu ph hp, th chng thc
mt chiu thnh cng. chng thc hai pha, qu trnh trn c lp li pha i
din. C s ny lm cho hu ht cc tn cng vo mng WLAN chun IEEE 802.11b
ch cn da vo vic bt dng mt m ha ca mt p ng bit trc, nn dng chng
thc ny l mt la chn km hiu qu. N cho php cc hacker ly thng tin nh
mt m ha WEP v cng l l do ti sao chng thc kha chia s khng bao
gi khuyn ngh.
S dng chng thc m l mt phng php bo v d liu tt hn, v n cho
php chng thc m khng c kha WEP ng. Bo mt gii hn vn c duy tr v
trm s khng th pht hoc nhn d liu chnh xc vi mt kha WEP sai.

Hnh 4.4. Chng thc kha chia s.

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4.4.4 WEP
WEP c thit k bo v ngi dng mng WLAN khi b nghe trm tnh
c v n c cc thuc tnh sau:
Mt m ha mnh, ng tin cy. Vic khi phc kha b mt rt kh khn.
Khi di kha cng di th cng kh khi phc.

T ng b ha. Khng cn gii quyt mt cc gi. Mi gi cha ng thng

tin cn gii m n.

Hiu qu. N c thc hin ng tin cy trong phn mm.

Gii thut WEP thc cht l gii thut gii m ha RC4 ca Hip hi Bo mt
D liu RSA. N c xem nh l mt gii thut i xng v s dng cng kha cho
mt m ha v gii mt m UDP (Protocol Data Unit) vn bn gc. Mi khi truyn,
vn bn gc XOR theo bit vi mt lung kha (keystream) gi ngu nhin to ra
mt vn bn c mt m. Qu trnh gii mt m ngc li.
Gii thut hot ng nh sau:
Ta gi thit rng kha b mt c phn phi ti c trm pht ln trm thu
theo ngha bo mt no .
Ti trm pht, kha b mt 40 bit c mc ni vi mt Vect Khi to (IV) 24
bit to ra mt seed (ht ging) cho u vo b PRNG WEP.

Seed c qua b PRNG to ra mt lung kha (keystream) l cc octet gi

ngu nhin.

Sau PDU vn bn gc c XOR vi keystream gi ngu nhin to ra

PDU vn bn mt m ha.
PDU vn bn mt m ha ny sau c mc ni vi IV v c truyn trn
mi trng WM.
Trm thu c IV v mc ni n vi kha b mt, to ra seed m n chuyn cho
b PRNG.
B PRNG ca my thu cn phi to ra keystream ng nht c s dng bi
trm pht, nh vy khi no c XOR vi vn bn mt m ha, PDU vn bn gc
c to ra.

PDU vn bn gc c bo v bng mt m CRC ngn nga can thip ngu

nhin vo vn bn mt m ang vn chuyn. Khng may l khng c bt k cc quy
tc no i vi cch s dng ca IV, ngoi tr ni rng IV c thay i "thng
xuyn nh mi MPDU". Tuy nhin, ch tiu k thut khuyn khch cc thc thi
xem xt cc nguy him do qun l IV khng hiu qu.
4.4.5 WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
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Nhn thy c nhng kh khn khi nng cp ln 802.11i, Wi-Fi Alliance a ra

gii php khc gi l Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). Mt trong nhng ci tin quan trng
nht ca WPA l s dng hm thay i kho TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol).
WPA cng s dng thut ton RC4 nh WEP nhng m ho y 128 bit. V mt c
im khc l WPA thay i kho cho mi gi tin. Cc cng c thu thp cc gi tin ph
kho m ho u khng th thc hin c vi WPA. Bi WPA thay i kho lin tc
nn hacker khng bao gi thu thp d liu mu tm ra mt khu. Khng nhng th,
WPA cn bao gm kim tra tnh ton vn ca thng tin (Message Integrity Check). V
vy, d liu khng th b thay i trong khi ang trn ng truyn. Mt trong nhng
im hp dn nht ca WPA l khng yu cu nng cp phn cng. Cc nng cp min
ph v phn mm cho hu ht cc Card mng v im truy cp s dng WPA rt d dng
v c sn. Tuy nhin, WPA cng khng h tr cc thit b cm tay v my qut m vch.
WPA c sn 2 la chn: WPA Personal v WPA Enterprise. C 2 la chn ny u
s dng giao thc TKIP v s khc bit ch l kho khi to m ho lc u. WPA
Personal thch hp cho gia nh v mng vn phng nh, kho khi to s c s dng
ti cc im truy cp v thit b my trm. Trong khi , WPA cho doanh nghip cn mt
my ch xc thc v 802.1x cung cp cc kho khi to cho mi phin lm vic. Trong
khi Wi-Fi Alliance a ra WPA, v c coi l loi tr mi l hng d b tn cng ca
WEP nhng ngi s dng vn khng thc s tin tng vo WPA. C mt l hng trong
WPA v li ny ch xy ra vi WPA Personal. Khi m s dng hm thay i kho TKIP
c s dng to ra cc kho m ho b pht hin, nu hacker c th on c kho
khi to hoc mt phn ca mt khu, h c th xc nh c ton b mt khu, do c
th gii m c d liu. Tuy nhin, l hng ny cng s b loi b bng cch s dng
nhng kho khi to khng d on. iu ny cng c ngha rng k thut TKIP ca
WPA ch l gii php tm thi, cha cung cp mt phng thc bo mt cao nht. WPA
ch thch hp vi nhng cng ty m khng khng truyn d liu "mt" v nhng thng
mi, hay cc thng tin nhy cm... WPA cng thch hp vi nhng hot ng hng ngy
v mang tnh th nghim cng ngh.

4.5 Trng thi bo mt mng WLAN

Chun IEEE 802.11b hnh thnh di s khuyn khch t nhiu hng. C
nhiu ti liu ca cc nh nghin cu khc nhau ch ra cc l hng bo mt quan
trng trong chun. H ch ra rng gii thut WEP khng hon ton cung cp tnh
ring t trn mt mng khng dy. H khuyn ngh:
Cc lp lin kt xut khng c bo mt.
S dng cc c ch bo mt cao hn nh IPsec v SSH, thay cho WEP.
Xem tt c cc h thng c ni qua chun IEEE 802.11 nh l phn ngoi.
t tt c cc im truy cp bn ngoi bc tng la.
Gi thit rng bt c ai trong phm vi vt l u c th lin lc trn mng nh
mt ngi dng hp l. Nh rng mt i th cnh tranh c th dng mt anten
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tinh vi vi nhiu vng nhn sng rng hn c th c tm thy trn mt card PC

chun IEEE 802.11 tiu biu.

4.6 Cc v d kin trc bo mt mng WLAN

Cc kin trc mng WLAN sau y c ngha khi ta nghin cu ton b cc cch
tip cn c th. N khng hng vo cc vn mt m ha lp cao ca d liu trn
mi gi trong mi trng WM, nh mt mng ring o (VPN). Trong tt c cc trng
hp, ta gi thit rng mt gii php VPN c u tin hn so vi cc kin trc khc
tng mc bo mt. Bin php bo mt c tho lun di y nhm bo v s lu
thng mng c truyn gia cc AP v radio khch hng. Do , ta gi thit rng
mng ni dy hin ti tht s c bo v bi mt bin php no chp nhn
c.
SSID cung cp rt t mc bo mt v bn cht vn bn sch ca n v do ta
khng quan tm n SSID khi tho lun v cc kin trc bo mt.
Sau y l mt danh sch kin trc mng WLAN v cc tn thnh cng nh cc
phn i i vi chng. Bng 2.2 so snh cc c tnh ca cc kin trc bo mt mng
WLAN.
Chng thc m khng c gii thut WEP (hnh 4.3)
Cc tn thnh: khng c mo u qun l; bt k khch hng no cng c th
lin kt n AP m khng c bt k cu hnh b sung no.
Cc chng i: khng c bo mt no khc ngoi a ch MAC da vo k
thut lc.
Chng thc m c gii thut WEP (hnh 4.3)
Cc tn thnh : tnh bo mt tt ngn cn bt k k xm phm tnh c
no; c mo u qun l kh.
Cc chng i: cc kha gii thut WEP b tha hip.
Chng thc kha chia s vi gii thut WEP (hnh 4.4)
Cc tn thnh: tnh bo mt tt ngn cn bt k cc k xm nhp no; c
mo u qun l kh.
Cc chng i: s dng mt c ch yu cu/p ng khng bo mt; cc kha
gii thut WEP b tha hip.
Chng thc m LAWN/MOWER
LAWN/MOWER l mt kin trc s dng cc giao thc chung v phn mm
ngun m tch ngi dng trn mng WLAN ra khi mng cho n khi h c
xc nhn bi mt h thng tnh ton. Mt khi c xc nhn, cc quy tc c thm
vo router n cho php khch hng giao tip trong mng ni dy. Nh mt bin php
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bo mt b sung, a ch MAC v IP ca khch hng c m ha cht cng trong

cache nh MOWER ARP.
Cc tn thnh: c lp (ch B trnh duyt c kh nng SSL c yu cu); da
vo phn mm ngun m sn c t do; chng thc kh mnh m (SSL v Kerberos
128 bit).
Cc chng i: khng c truy cp ngoi mng WLAN m khng c chng thc.
Cng Gateway Firewall khng dy Ames ca NASA (WFG)
WFG tng t vi LAWN/MOWER ch c iu c s d liu trn nn
RADIUS thay v trn nn Kerberos. WFG c thit k quanh mt nn n c kh
nng nh tuyn, lc gi, chng thc, v DHCP. N hot ng bng cch gn cc a
ch IP sut DHCP, xc nhn cc ngi dng qua mt trang Web c mt m ha
SSL, cho php truyn thng cho IP chng thc thng qua cng gateway, v ng nhp
(logging). Khi DHCP c gii phng, c s dng li, b ht hiu lc hoc c
thit lp li, WFG g b cc firewall theo a ch . iu ny nh a ch tng phn
lin quan thng qua hijacking (bt cc) mt IP chng thc sau khi ngi dng hp
php ri mng.
Cc tn thnh: c lp nn; da vo phn mm ngun m; qun tr
username/password trung tm.
Cc chng i: khng truy cp bn ngoi mng WLAN m khng c chng
thc.
Cisco LEAP/RADIUS (gii thut WEP theo phin + Chng thc Mt khu) (hnh 4.5)
Cc tn thnh: chng thc username/password; qun tr username/password
trung tm; gii thut WEP theo phin c c t bt ngun t username/password.
Cc chng i: mc du Cisco s hu nhng n da phn ln vo cc chun
AAA (ngoi tr LEAP); phc tp; khi s dng VPN vi chi ph qun l ng k; phn
mm khch hng (cc trnh iu khin, cc phn sn, cc tin ch) c cn li.

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Hnh 4.5. Chng thc LEAP/RADIUS Cisco.

Bng 4.2. Cc c tnh ca cc kin trc bo mt mng WLAN.

c tnh

Chng thc m
gii thut
w/WEP

Mt m ha gi

LAWN/MOWER

WFG

Kha WEP theo ngi

dng/theo phin

Username/password

X
X

Logging (ng nhp)

c lp nn

Mo u qun l thp
Ngun m

LEAP/RADIUS

4.7 Bo mt
Bo mt l mt trong cc quan tm hng u ca ai mun trin khai mt mng
LAN khng dy, y ban chun IEEE 802.11 hng vo vn ny bng cch cung
cp WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
Quan tm chnh ca ngi dng l mt k quy ry khng c kh nng :
Truy cp cc ti nguyn mng bng cch s dng thit b mng LAN khng dy
tng t, v
C th chim c lu thng mng LAN khng dy (nghe trm)
4.7.1 Ngn nga truy cp ti ti nguyn mng
N c thc hin bng cch s dng mt c ch chng thc trong mt trm
cn chng minh s nhn bit kha hin thi, n tng t nh mng LAN ring ni
dy, n pht hin k xm nhp (bng cch s dng mt kho vt l) ni trm lm
vic ca hn ti mng LAN ni dy.
4.7.2 Nghe trm
Vic nghe trm c ngn nga bng cch s dng gii thut WEP, n l mt
B to s gi ngu nhin (PRNG) c khi to bi mt kho b mt dng chung.
PRNG ny to ra mt chui kha cc bit gi ngu nhin c chiu di bng vi chiu
di ca gi ln nht m c kt hp vi gi n/i ang to ra gi c truyn trong
khng gian.
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Gii thut WEP l mt gii thut n gin c da vo gii thut RC4 ca

RSA, n c cc thuc tnh sau:
tin cy mnh m: cc tn cng mnh m ti gii thut ny kh thc hin bi
v mi khung c gi vi mt vector khi to (IV) bt u li PRNG cho
mi khung.
T ng b: Gii thut ng b da vo mi bn tin, n c cn lm vic
trong mt mi trng khng kt ni, ti cc gi b mt (nh bt k mng
LAN no).

4.8 Kin trc khuyn ngh

Phn ny xng mt kin trc mng WLAN da vo cc nguyn l sau y:
Mng khng dy c xem xt nh mt mng khng bo mt c hu. Nh vy,
n cn phi c firewall bn ngoi.
S mt m ha theo gii thut WEP d b b gy vi cc gii thut thng
thng, khng tin cy bo mt d liu.
WEP cung cp t nht mt s bo v khi xm nhp v n nn c s dng
nu c chi ph qun l thp.
Khi yu cu mt m ha d liu mnh, cn s dng gii php VPN/IPsec
V truy cp ti mng khng dy kh iu khin hn so vi cc truy cp ti
mng ni dy, nn cn thc hin bo dng khi cung cp truy cp t mng WLAN
n cc mng khc (thm ch l mng Internet) m khng c chng thc trc.

Kin trc tng quan

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Hnh 4.6. Kin trc mng WLAN c xng.

Kin trc c xng (hnh 4.6) c th thay th mng khng dy bn ngoi

firewall. Ngoi ra, n s dng cc kha WEP tnh trong mng WLAN c chi ph
qun l thp v cung cp mt phng tin D tm Xm nhp Mng (NID) theo di
cc cuc tn cng bt ngun t mng WLAN n mng Internet v cc mng khc.
Ngi ta khuyn ngh rng phm vi a ch IP v tn min ca mng khng dy
u lin kt vi mng ni b hin hu bt k. iu ny s cho php tch cc lu thng
khng dy tt hn v gip nhn din v lc lu thng ti/ra khi mng ny.
Kin trc c xng hp nht hu ht cc nguyn l thit k ban u trong
khi cho php mt vi mc truy cp ti mng Internet t mng khng - VPN, t ngi
dng khng c xc thc. Gi s lan truyn RF gii hn trong vng kho st v thit
lp cng sut anten v my pht thch hp, mng WLAN khng biu hin bt k du
hiu quan trng no e da n mng ni b nh mng Internet.
V roaming gia cc AP vn nm trong min s hu, ngi ta khuyn co cao
rng tt c AP phi c mua t cng nh cung cp. iu ny s bo m mt trm
cui c trang b vi bt k card NIC tng thch chun IEEE 802.11 s roam gia
cc AP. Ngoi ra, bt k ci tin bo mt chuyn bit mi no c gii thiu yu cu
cc AP ng nht.

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CHNG V
GII PHP MNG WIRELESS CHO
HC VIN CHNH TR KHU VC III
5.1 Kho st hin trng
Hc vin chnh tr khu vc III gm c 2 khu:
+ Khu 1: l vn phng v phng k thut ( 14 phng ban) lp t 1 Router khng dy,
3 my ch dng chung 1 a ch Subnet, IP c cp ng cho cc my Client.
+ Khu 2: l khu ging dy v k tc x (gm 13 khoa v 4 ta nh) lp t 2 Switch,
mi ta nh 5 tng,cao 200m, cch nhau 10 m, mi ta t 2 AP chun g.
-Mng c dy: gm 200 nt mng, 7 Switch 2960.

5.2 Thit k mng v gii php bo mt cho mng Wireless

M hnh logic ca mng Wireless

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Trong khi cu hnh cc thit b khng dy cn ch :

a/ Cu hnh router khng dy
Hy s dng mt cp mng i km vi router khng dy, bn cn tm kt ni my tnh
ca mnh ti mt trong nhng cng cn trng ca router khng dy (bt c cng no
m khng c nhn Internet, WAN, hoc WLAN). Bn hy bt my ca mnh, PC ca
bn s t ng kt ni vo router.
M IE v g a ch IP cu hnh router, c th s phi g mt khu. Tn mt khu
v a ch s rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo router m bn mua, bn cn xem hng dn
trong ti liu i km. Bng di y l mt cu hnh cc a ch, tn mt khu thng
c s dng mc nh ca hng sn xut.
Router Address
3Com

Username Password

http://192.168.1.1 admin

admin

Linksys http://192.168.1.1 admin

admin

Netgear http://192.168.0.1 admin

password

IE s hin th trang cu hnh router ca bn. Hu ht cc cu hnh mc nh u tt, tuy

nhin bn cn ch :
- Tn mng khng dy, thng gi l SSID: Ci tn ny xc nh mng ca bn.

Do , cn phi t tn khc v khng ging nh ci tn m hng xm ca bn

ang s dng.
- M ha khng dy WEP, v bo v truy cp khng dy (WPA): s gip
mng khng dy ca bn bo mt hn. Hu ht cc router, bn cn cung cp v k
t router ca bn t sinh cc kha. Bn hy g cc k t ny duy nht ng lp
li ( bn cng khng cn phi nh cc k t ny). Sau bn hy ghi li cc kha
m router t sinh.
- Mt khu qun tr, cha kha cu hnh mng khng dy: Cng ging nh cc
mt khu khc, mt khu cho router khng th l mt t no trong t in, n
cn phi l s kt hp cc k t, s, biu tng. nhng cng rt quan trng l bn
phi nh chng, bi bn s phi g mt khu khi ng nhp cu hnh li
router.
- Cc bc cu hnh c th rt khc gia cc router, nhng bao gi trong mi ln
thit lp cu hnh cng l c cc mc nh: Save Settings, Apply, v OK lu
li cc thay i ca bn.By gi, bn c th tt kt ni mng t my bn ang
dng cu hnh.
b/ Cu hnh AccessPoint & ISA server cp quyn truy cp internet v ti nguyn
ni b cho nhn vin.

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*Cu hnh DHCP ca AP: Dng my 1 truy cp web cu hnh AP (http://192.168.1.1)

Lan: IP address: 192.168.1.3, s.mask: 255.255.255.0, d.gateway:

192.168.1.1
DHCP: start IP: 192.168.1.11 end IP: 192.168.1.100

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- Cu hnh default route trn AP

- Kt qu

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* Thc hin ti my 2: Log on Domain Administrator. iu chnh access rule HTTP

outbound, tab From: thm network VPN Clients

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* Thc hin ti my 3: Log on Administrator.

Gi lp laptop nhn vin:
b1. Ngt kt ni AP.
b2. To conection VPN kt ni server 192.168.1.2 (ISA)
b3. Kt ni AP.
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b4. Kt ni VPN. Username: NV1, password: 123

b5. Truy cp d liu trn M1 (DC ).
b6. Truy cp internet.
Gii php wireless cho hc vin chnh tr khu vc III p ng c:
- Khng lm nh hng n h tng kin trc cn phng
- Cung cp kt ni tm thi vi mng cp c sn: ngi s dng mng wireless c
th truy nhp thng tin thi gian thc ti bt k ni no trong phng m khng
cn quan tm n ch cm card mng.
- Ci t rt nhanh chng v d dng hn nhiu so vi mng cp (wired).
- Gi h hn so vi mng cp m vn m bo tc v cht lng cuc truyn
- H tr kh nng m rng mng mt cch nhanh chng v linh ng
S ngi trong phng cng truy nhp ng thi vo mng cp s dng cc dch v
c cung cp qua thit b Access Point ln ti 2048 ngi vi mi ngi l i din
cho mt thit b u cui. iu ny c bit hu ch trong trng hp mt cuc hi
tho, cuc hp hay bui o to c t chc ti y. Mi ngi u c th ng thi
truy nhp vo mng qua thit b Access Point vi cc my tnh c ci Client
Adapter ph hp.

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KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN CA TI

Mng khng dy hin nay pht trin rt nhanh l nh vo s thun tin ca

n. Hin nay cng ngh khng dy, nht l Wi-Fi hin ang c ng dng ngy cng
mnh m trong i sng. Nhng a s mi ngi u ch s dng Wi-Fi cc lnh
vc lin quan n my tnh m khng bit rng bng sng Wi-Fi, ngi dng dng
my tnh iu khin h thng n, qut, my lnh, l si, my ti, h thng
nc Nhng vn quan trng nht ca mng khng dy hin nay l s bo mt
ca n cha c mt gii php no n nh.
Trong ti ny chng em c gng tng hp tt c nhng c ch bo mt v
tt c nhng kin thc c bn v Cng ngh mng khng dy. Vi kh nng nghin
cu, thi gian cn hn ch cng nh vn v thit b phn cng, phn mm cho
mng khng dy nn vn cn c nhng thiu st trong ti ny. Tuy nhin vi nhng
g nghin cu v tm hiu th: Mng khng dy theo chng em ngh l mt gii
php hay v thi i, n gip cho chng ta tit kim c thi gian cng nh cng sc
trong vic lp t cng nh s dng.
Trong iu kin cho php, cng vic ch mi dng li ch gii thiu v tm hiu,
nhng nhng cng vic nghin cu s c tip tc khi :
- H tr tnh nng Multi SSID cho php ngi dng phn chia mng thnh nhiu
mng con m bo rng ngi ngoi ch c th truy cp vo internet m khng tip
cn c ti nguyn cng ty khi kt ni vo mng khng dy.
- Tm hiu su hn k thut bo mt hin nay ang c s dng ph bin.
- Nghin cu cc l hng v cc cch tn cng mng WLAN tm ra phng
php bo mt hiu qu cho mi ngnh gip cho vic qun tr v trao i ti nguyn
gia cc trm lm vic trong mng WLAN.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n c Nguyn Th Minh Thi tn tnh gip
chng em trong thi gian thc hin ti v trong ny cng khng trnh khi nhng
thiu st, mong thy c gp chng em c th hon thin tt hn.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Hng Sn, K thut truyn s liu, NXB Lao ng X hi
[2] Nguyn Minh Nht , Bi ging An ton mng , Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin
i Hc Duy Tn
[3] Nguyn Thc Hi,Mng my tnh v cc h thng m.
[4] Building A Cisco Wireless LAN (Syngress Publishing 2002)
[5] Cc Website :
- http://www.wlana.com
- http://www.quantrimang.com
-http://www.cuocsongso.com.vn
-http://www.haiphongit.com.vn
-http://www.nhatnghe.com.vn
-http://www.adminviet.com.net
-http://www.3c.com.vn

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MC LC
LI NI U................................................................................................................1
CHNG I ..................................................................................................................2
GII THIU V MNG WLAN......................................................................................2
1.1 Cc ng dng ca Mng WLAN .................................................................................2
1.2 Cc li ch ca mng WLAN........................................................................................3
CHNG II ..................................................................................................................6
NGUYN TC HOT NG CA WLAN....................................................................6
2.1 Cch lm vic ca mng WLAN......................................................................................6
2.2 Cc cu hnh mng WLAN...............................................................................................6
2.2.1 Mng WLAN c lp (mang ngang hang).................................................................9
2.2.2. Mng WLAN c s h tng (infrastructure).............................................................9
2.2.3 Microcells v roaming.............................................................................................10
2.3 Cc ty chn cng ngh..................................................................................................10
2.3.1 Tri ph....................................................................................................................10
2.3.2 Cng ngh tri ph nhy tn (Frequency Hopping pread Spectrum)......................10
2.3.3 Cng ngh tri ph chui trc tip (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)................11
2.3.4 Cng ngh bng hp (narrowband)..........................................................................12
2.3.5 Cng ngh hng ngoi ( Infrared )...........................................................................12
2.4 Cc ch tiu k thut ca mng WLAN..........................................................................12
2.4.1 Phm vi/Vng ph sng...........................................................................................12
2.4.2 Lu lng.................................................................................................................13
2.4.3 S ton vn v tin cy.........................................................................................13
2.4.4 Kh nng kt ni vi c s h tng mng ni dy...................................................13
2.4.6 Nhiu .......................................................................................................................13
2.4.7 Tnh n gin v d dng trong s dng..................................................................14
2.4.8 Bo mt....................................................................................................................14
2.4.9 Chi ph......................................................................................................................14
2.4.10 Tnh linh hot.........................................................................................................15
2.4.11 Tui th ngun pin cho cc sn phm di ng......................................................15
2.4.12 An ton...................................................................................................................15
CHNG III ...............................................................................................................16
CHUN IEEE 802.11..................................................................................................16
3.1 Li gii thiu...................................................................................................................16
3.2 Kin trc IEEE chun IEEE 802.11 ...............................................................................16
3.2.1 Cc thnh phn kin trc..........................................................................................16
3.2.2 M t cc lp chun IEEE 802.11...........................................................................17
3.2.3. Phng php truy cp c bn: CSMA/CA..............................................................17
3.2.4 Cc chng thc mc MAC......................................................................................19
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3.2.5 Phn on v Ti hp ..............................................................................................19
3.2.6 Cc khng gian khung Inter (Inter Frame Space)....................................................20
3.2.7 Gii thut Exponential Backoff ...............................................................................21
3.3 Cch mt trm ni vi mt cell hin hu (BSS).............................................................22
3.3.1 Qu trnh chng thc...............................................................................................22
3.3.2 Qu trnh lin kt......................................................................................................22
3.4 Roaming..........................................................................................................................22
3.5 Gi ng b....................................................................................................................23
3.6 Tit kim nng lng......................................................................................................23
3.7 Cc kiu khung................................................................................................................23
3.8 Khun dng khung..........................................................................................................24
3.8.1. Tin t (Preamble)..................................................................................................24
3.8.2 u mc (Header) PLCP ........................................................................................24
3.8.3 D liu MAC...........................................................................................................24
3.9 Cc khung nh dng ph bin nht................................................................................27
3.9.1 Khun dng khung RTS...........................................................................................27
3.9.3 Khun dng khung ACK..........................................................................................27
3.11 Hm Phi hp im (PCF)...........................................................................................28
3.12 Cc mng Ad hoc..........................................................................................................28
3.13 H chun IEEE 802.11..................................................................................................28
3.13.1 Chun IEEE 802.11a..............................................................................................28
3.13.2 Chun IEEE 802.11b (Wifi)...................................................................................28
3.13.3 Chun IEEE 802.11d..............................................................................................28
3.13.4 Chun IEEE 802.11g..............................................................................................29
3.13.5 Chun IEEE 802.11i..............................................................................................29
3.13.6 Chun IEEE 802.1x (Tbd).....................................................................................29
CHNG IV ..............................................................................................................31
BO MT TRONG MNG WLAN...............................................................................31
4.2 C s chun IEEE 802.11...............................................................................................34
4.2.1 Lp vt l.................................................................................................................34
4.2.2 iu khin truy cp mi trng (MAC)..................................................................35
4.2.3 So snh kiu C s h tng v kiu Ad Hoc............................................................36
4.2.4 Lin kt v Chng thc............................................................................................36
4.4 C s bo mt mng WLAN...........................................................................................38
4.4.1 Gii hn lan truyn RF ............................................................................................38
4.4.2 nh danh thit lp Dch v (SSID).........................................................................39
4.4.3 Cc kiu Chng thc................................................................................................39
4.4.4 WEP.........................................................................................................................41
4.5 Trng thi bo mt mng WLAN...................................................................................42
4.6 Cc v d kin trc bo mt mng WLAN......................................................................43
4.7 Bo mt...........................................................................................................................45
4.7.1 Ngn nga truy cp ti ti nguyn mng.................................................................45
4.7.2 Nghe trm................................................................................................................45
4.8 Kin trc khuyn ngh.....................................................................................................46
CHNG V ..............................................................................................................48
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GII PHP MNG WIRELESS CHO .........................................................................48
HC VIN CHNH TR KHU VC III..........................................................................48
5.1 KHO ST HIN TRNG.....................................................................................48
HC VIN CHNH TR KHU VC III GM C 2 KHU:.............................................48
+ KHU 1: L VN PHNG V PHNG K THUT ( 14 PHNG BAN) LP T 1
ROUTER KHNG DY, 3 MY CH DNG CHUNG 1 A CH SUBNET, IP C
CP NG CHO CC MY CLIENT.........................................................................48
+ KHU 2: L KHU GING DY V K TC X (GM 13 KHOA V 4 TA NH)
LP T 2 SWITCH, MI TA NH 5 TNG,CAO 200M, CCH NHAU 10 M, MI
TA T 2 AP CHUN G..........................................................................................48
-MNG C DY: GM 200 NT MNG, 7 SWITCH 2960.......................................48
TI LIU THAM KHO...............................................................................................56
MC LC....................................................................................................................57

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Nhn Xt Ca Ging Vin Hng Dn

....

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Nhn Xt Ca Ging Vin Phn Bin

....

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