Giao Rinh Bao Tri May Tinh

Giao trnh Bao tr may tnh va cai t phn mm & 1
PHN I
GII THIU KHAI QUAT V MAY TNH VA CAC
THIT B NGOAI VI

.1. TNG QUAN V CU TRUC MAY VI TNH
I. Cu truc chung cua may vi tnh
May vi tnh la mt h thng c ghep nhiu thanh phn tao nn. Do o,
may tnh co th hoat ng c ta phai lp ghep cac thanh phn cua no mt
cach hp ly va khai bao vi cac thanh phn khac. Ngay nay nganh tin hoc da
trn cac may tnh hin ang phat trin trn c s hai phn:
Phn cng: G m nhng i tng vt ly hu hnh nh vi mach , ban mach
in, dy cap ni mach in, b nh, man hnh, may in, thit b u cui, ngun
nui,... Phn cng thc hin cac chc nng x ly thng tin c ban mc thp
nht tc la cac tn hiu nh phn.
Phn mm: La cac chng trnh (Program) iu va phi tac cac hoat ng
phn cng cua may vi tnh va ch ao vic x ly s liu. Phn mm cua may tnh
co th chia thanh hai loai: Phn mm h thng (System Software) va phn mm
ng dung (Applications software). Phn mm h thng khi c a vao b nh
chnh, no ch ao may tnh thc hin cac cng vic. Phn mm ng dung la cac
chng trnh c thit k giai quyt mt bai toan hay hay mt vn cu th
ap ng mt nhu cu ring trong mt s lnh vc.
May tnh cac nhn PC (Personal Computer): Thep ung tn goi cua no la
may tnh co th c s dung bi ring mt ngi.

Hnh 1
Man hnh
Ban phm
PC
May in
Chut
Hnh 1 la mt h thng may vi tnh thng c s dung. Phn trung tm la may
PC, no gm co: B x ly d liu, a cng (HDD), a mm (FDD), CDROM,
cac mach ghep ni... Bn ngoai co ban phm (Key board), man hnh (Monitor),
chut (Mouse), may in (Printer).
II. Cac thanh phn c ban cua may vi tnh

S tng quan v cu truc may tnh
1. Vo may: La ni gn cac thanh phn cua may tnh thanh khi nh
ngun, Mainboard, card v.v... co tac dung bao v may tnh.
2. Ngun in: Cung cp hu ht h thng in cho cac thit b bn trong
may tnh.
3. Mainboard: Co chc nng lin kt cac thanh phn tao nn may tnh va
la bang mach ln nht trn may vi tnh.
4. CPU (Central Processing Unit): B vi x ly chnh cua may tnh.
5. B nh trong (ROM, RAM): La ni lu tr d liu va chng trnh
phuc vu trc tip cho vic x ly cua CPU, no giao tip vi CPU khng qua mt
thit b trung gian.
6. B nh ngoai: La ni lu tr d liu va chng trnh gian tip phuc vu
cho CPU, bao gm cac loai: a mm, a cng, CDROM, v.v... Khi giao tip vi
CPU no phai qua mt thit b trung gian (thng la RAM) hay goi la ngt.
7. Man hnh: La thit b a thng tin ra giao din trc tip vi ngi
dung. y la thit b xut chun cua may vi tnh hay con goi la b trc (Monitor).
8. Ban phm (Keyboard): Thit b nhp tin vao giao din trc tip vi
ngi dung. y la thit b nhp chun cua may vi tnh.
Mai nboar d
Vo may CPU
B nh trong B nh ngoai
Cac thit b khac
Modem, fax, Card
mang v.v...
Man hnh Ban phm Chut May in
Ngun in
9. Chut (Mouse): Thit b iu khin trong mi trng hoa giao din
trc tip vi ngi s dung.
10. May in (Printer): Thit b xut thng tin ra giy thng dung nht.
11. Cac thit b nh Card mang, Modem, may Fax,... phuc vu cho vic lp
t mang may tnh va cac chc nng khac.

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.2. NGUN IN CHO MAY TNH

Ngun in may tnh co chc nng chuyn i ngun in 110V/220V
thanh ngun in mt chiu 3, 3V, 5V va 12V cung cp cho toan b h thng
may tnh. Cng sut trung bnh cua b ngun hin nay khoang 200W. Cng sut
tiu thu mt s thanh phn nh sau:
Mainboard : 20W - 35W.
CD-ROM : 20W - 25W
a mm : 5W - 15W.
a cng : 5W - 15W.
Ram : 5W /MB.
Card : 5W - 15W.
CPU : Tuy theo mc lam vic nhiu hay t.
Cac s liu trn y ch mang tnh cht tham khao, bi v hin nay xu th
cac hang san xut a ra cac thit b tiu thu in nng nho. Bn canh o, tuy
thuc vao s lng thit b ma may tnh s dung nhu hay t in nng.
Hin nay, may vi tnh ca nhn thng s dung hai loai b ngun in la
AT va ATX. Sau y, ta xet cho thanh phn cua ngun AT con ATX tng t.
Co th chia u ra ngun in may tnh thanh hai loai nh sau:
1. Phch dung cho main board: Gm 12 dy chia thanh 2 phch cm co cu
truc nh sau:

Dy Mau Tn hiu
1
2
Gach
o
iu chnh
+5V
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Vang
Xanh
en
en
en
en
Trng
o
o
o
+12V
-12V
Ni t
Ni t
Ni t
Ni t
-5V
+5V
+5V
+5V

* Quy tc cm vao mainboard: Mt s mainboard co ghi ro t chn 1 n chn
12, c th ta cm cho ung vao khe cm trn mainboard.
2. Phch dung cho cac thanh phn khac: La loai phch 4 dy thng dung
cho a cng, a mm, CDROM v.v..., cu truc cua loai nay nh sau:

Chn Mau Tn hiu
1
2
3
4
o
en
en
Vang
+5V
Ni t
Ni t
+12V

Thng thng, ta cm phch in vao ung gf cua phch cm in cua
thit b. Nu phch hoc thit b khng co gf th ta phai cm ung s hiu chn
co ghi trn thit b.
Khi co nghi ng v b ngun cua may tnh nh in khng n nh ta d
dang kim tra b ngun bng cach dung ng h o in.
Thc t, hin nay co loai ngun ATX co nhiu chc nng nh co th t
ngt in khi may tnh thoat khoi Windows 95 tr v sau. Song v cu truc, cach
cm cua chung c ban la ging loai ngun AT trn, ch khac phch cm vao
mainboard co 20 dy va co dy -3,3V va +3,3V. Sau y la s chn cua phch
cm cua ngun ATX:

Dy Mau Tn hiu Dy Mau Tn hiu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Gach
Gach
en
o
en
o
en
Xam
Tm
Vang
+3,3V
+3,3V
Ni t
+5V
Ni t
+5V
Ni t
PWRGOOD
+5VS
+12V
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Gach
Xanh sm
en
Xanh la
en
en
en
Trng
o
o
+3,3
-12V
Ni t
PW_ON
Ni t
Ni t
Ni t
-5V
+5V
+5V

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.3. BANG MACH CHNH (MAINBOARD)
I. Gii thiu v bang mach chnh
y la bang mach ln nht trong may vi tnh. Mainboard co chc nng
lin kt va iu khin cac thanh phn c cm vao no. y la cu ni trung gian
cho qua trnh giao tip cua cac thit b c cm vao mainboard.
Khi co mt thit b yu cu c x ly th no gi tn hiu qua mainboard,
ngc lai, khi CPU cn ap ng lai cho thit b no cung phai thng qua
mainboard. H thng lam cng vic vn chuyn trong mainboard goi la bus, c
thit k theo nhiu chun khac nhau.
Mt mainboard cho phep nhiu loai thit b khac nhau vi nhiu th h
khac nhau cm trn no. V du: mt mainboard cho phep nhiu th h cua CPU
cm vao no (Xem Catalogue i cung mainboard bit chi tit no tng thch vi
cac loai CPU nao).
Mainboard co rt nhiu loai do nhiu hang san xut khac nhau nh Intel,
Compact v.v..., mi hang san xut co nhng c im ring cho loai mainboard
cua mnh. Nhng nhn chung chung co cac thanh phn va c im ging nhau,
ta se khao sat cac thanh phn trn mainboard trong muc sau.
II. Cac thanh phn c ban trn Mainboard
1. Khe cm CPU: Co hai loai c ban la Slot va Socket.
- Slot: La khe cm dai nh mt thanh dung cm cac loai CPU i mi
nh Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium Pro, loai nay ch co trn cac mainboard
mi. Khi n CPU vao Slot con co thm cac vit gi cht CPU.
- Socket: la khe cm hnh ch nht co xm l cm CPU vao. Loai nay
dung cho tt ca cac loai CPU con lai khng cm theo Slot. Hin nay, a s CPU
dung Socket 7, Socket 370 (co vat 1 chn). Mt s t CPU i cu dung Socket 4,
Socket 3 (u chn).
2. Khe cm RAM: Thng co hai loai chnh DIMM va SIMM. Ngoai ra,
con co cac loai DIMM RAM, SIMM RAM thng c gn sn i cung vi
mainboard.
- DIMM: Loai khe RAM co 168 chn dung cho loai 16 MB tr ln.
- SIMM: Loai khe cm 72 chn dung cho cac loai con lai.
Hin nay co rt nhiu loai mainboard co ca hai loai khe SIMM va DIMM
trn nn rt tin cho vic nng cp va s dung lai RAM cu.
3. Bus: La ng dn thng tin trong bang mach chnh, ni t vi x ly n
b nh va cac the mach, khe cm m rng. Bus c thit k theo nhiu chun
khac nhau nh PCI, ISA, EISA, VESA v.v...
4. Khe cm b iu hp: Dung cm cac b iu hp nh Card man
hnh, Card mang, Card m thanh v.v... Chung cung gm nhiu loai c thit k
theo cac chun nh ISA, EISA, PCI v.v...
+ ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): La khe cm card dai dung cho cac
card lam vic ch 16 bit.
+ EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture): La chun cai tin cua
ISA tng kha nng giao tip vi Bus m rng va khng qua s iu khin cua
CPU.
+ PCI (Peripheral Component Interface): la khe cm ngn dung cho loai
Card 32 bit.
5. Khe cm IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics): Co hai khe cm dung
cm cap a cng va CDROM.
6. Khe cm Floppy: Dung cm cap a mm.
7. Cng ni ban phm.
8. Cac khe cm ni tip (thng la COM1 va COM2): s dung cho cac
thit b ni tip nh: chut, modem v.v... Cac b phn nay c s h tr cua cac
chip truyn nhn khng ng b van nng UART (Univeral Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter) c cm trc tip trn mainboard iu khin trao i
thng tin ni tip gia CPU vi cac thit b ngoai. Cac chip nay thng co tn
Intel 8251, 8250 hay motorola 6821, 6530 v.v...
9. Cac khe cm song song (thng la LPT1 va LPT2): Dung cm cac
thit b giao tip song song nh may in.
10. Khe cm in cho mainboard thng co hai khe, mt dung cho loai
ngun AT va mt dung cho loai ATX.
11. Cac ROM cha cac chng trnh h tr khi ng va kim tra thit b.
Tiu biu la ROM BIOS cha cac trnh iu khin, kim tra thit b va trnh khi
ng may.
12. Cac chip DMA (Direct Memory Access): y la chip truy cp b nh
trc tip, giup cho thit b truy cp b nh khng qua s iu khin cua CPU.
13. Pin va CMOS lu tr cac thng s thit lp cu hnh may tnh gm ca
RTC (Real Time Clock - ng h thi gian thc).
14. Cac thanh phn khac nh thoi dao ng thach anh, chip iu khin
ngt, chip iu khin thit b, b nh Cache v.v... cung c gn sn trn
mainboard.
15. Cac Jump thit lp cac ch in, ch truy cp, en bao v.v...
Trong mt s mainboard mi, cac Jump nay c thit lp t ng bng phn
mm.
Mc du c thit k tch hp nhiu phn nhng c san xut vi cng
ngh cao, nn khi b hong mt b phn thng phai bo nguyn ca mainboard.
III. Cac loai Mainboard thng c s dung hin nay

Loai Mainboard CPU c h tr Khe cm RAM Cac chip phu tr
SQ594(Co jump)
Socket7: Intel
P54C(100-200MHz),
P55C(166-233MHz).
AMDK5(100-200MHz),
AMDK6 (PR 166,
PR200, PR233). Cyrix
6x86, 6x86 L/M2
4 SIMM,
2 DIMM
Intel 82371SB,82437VX,
82438 VX, Cache, BIOS
6x86, 6x86 L/M2
CE (Co jump)
Socket7: Intel(P75 -
P200, P166MMX,
P200MMX). AMDK5
(K5PR75 - K5PR 166),
AMDK6(K6PR 166,
K6PR200, K6PR233)
Cyrix(M1PR 120, 6x86
L/M2
4SIMM,
1DIMM
Intel SB 82371,
82437VX, 82438 VX,
Cache, BIOS
Intel i430 VX2
(Co jump)
P200). AMDK5
(K5PR90 - K5PR 166),
Cyrix(M1PR 150,166)

4SIMM,
Intel SB 82371,
82437VX, 82438 VX,
Cache, BIOS
TXPRO II (Co
jump)
P200, P166MMX,
P200MMX). AMDK5
(K5PR75 - K5PR 166),
AMDK6(K6PR 166,
K6PR200, K6PR233)
L/M2).
4SIMM,
2DIMM
Intel SB 82371,
82437VX, 82438 VX,
Cache, BIOS
ACORP-5TX29
(Co jump)
P200, P166MMX,
P200MMX). AMDK5
(K5PR75 - K5PR 166),
AMDK6(K6PR 166,
K6PR200, K6PR233)
L/M2)
4SIMM,
2DIMM
Intel 82371AB,
82439TX, Cache, BIOS
SP-PIII
LXB/EXB (Co
jump)
Slot: Intel Pentium II(
166, 333).

3DIMM
Intel FW82443LX,
FX82371AB, Cache,
FlashBIOS
EX-98 (Auto
jump)
Slot: Intel Pentium II(
166, 333).
2DIMM
Intel 440EX, 82371EX,
Cache, FlashBIOS
LX-98 (Auto
jump)
Socket370: Celeron.
2DIMM
Intel440LX, 82371LX,
Cache, FlashBIOS
Nh vy, mt mainboard co th h tr nhiu CPU khac nhau co tc
khac nhau nn ta co th nng cp chung bng cach tra loai CPU tng thch vi
loai mainboard o.

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.4. CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

I. Gii thiu v CPU
y la b nao cua may tnh, no iu khin moi hoat ng cua may tnh.
CPU lin h vi cac thit b khac qua mainboard va h thng cap cua thit b.
CPU giao tip trc tip vi b nh RAM va ROM, con cac thit b khac c lin
h thng qua mt vung nh (a ch vao ra) va mt ngt thng goi chung la
cng.
Khi mt thit b cn giao tip vi CPU no se gi yu cu ngt (Interrupt
Request - IRQ) va CPU se goi chng trnh x ly ngt tng ng va giao tip vi
thit b thng qua vung a ch quy nh trc. Chnh iu nay dn n khi ta
khai bao hai thit b co cung a ch vao ra va cung ngt giao tip se dn n li
h thng (xung t ngt - IRQ Conflict) co th lam treo may.
Ngay nay vi cac th h CPU mi co kha nng lam vic vi tc cao va
bus d liu rng giup cho vic xy dng chng trnh a nng ngay cang d
dang hn.
anh gia cac CPU, ngi ta thng cn c vao cac thng s cua CPU
nh tc , rng cua bus, ln cua Cache va tp lnh c CPU h tr. Tuy
nhin rt kho co th anh gia chnh xac cac thng s nay, do o ngi ta vn
thng dung cac chng trnh th trn cung mt h thng co cac CPU khac nhau
anh gia cac CPU.
II. Phn loai CPU
Hin nay, trn th trng co rt nhiu loai CPU do nhiu hang san xut
khac nhau vi cac tc va kha nng khac nhau dn n gia ca cua chung cung
khac nhau. Ta co th phn loai CPU theo 2 cach nh sau:
1. Phn loai theo i
1. Cac CPU i cu nh 8080, 8086, 8088 la cac b vi x ly c s cho cac
vi x ly sau nay. Do gii han v kha nng quan ly b nh, s bit d liu cung nh
tc nn loai nay hin nay khng c dung na ma nhng cho cac th h sau.
2. Cac CPU 80286, 80386, 80486: Co nhiu t pha so vi th h trc
trong vic quan ly b nh nh s dung b nh m rng, ap ng cac chng trnh
a nhim, h tr b ng x ly giup cho vic x ly cac phep toan ng co hiu
qua.
3. Cac CPU Pentium nh Pentium I, Pentim II, Celeron, AMDK5 v.v...
y la cac CPU c s dung rng rai hin nay. Chung co nhiu u im v tc
, bus d liu va ap ng c nhiu chng trnh hoa co tnh a nhim cao.
4. Cac CPU i mi: Gn y, Intel a cho ra i Pentium III, IV vi tc
ln n 2.6 GHz, hoc AMDK6 v.v... Co nhiu u im v cng ngh cao, tc
x ly cao, song gia thanh cua chung giam i rt nhiu do co nhiu hang san
xut canh tranh vi nhau.
2. Phn loai theo hang san xut:
Co rt nhiu hang san xut CPU, song ta co th phn loai theo cac hang
san xut chnh ma CPU cua ho c dung rng rai hin nay nh sau:

Nha san xut Cac CPU tng ng
Intel
i trc: 8080,8086,8088,80286,80386,80484SX,80486DX v.v...
PentiumI:(PR 75- PR 166, PR 166MMX- PR 233 MMX)
PentiumII:(266 - 450), Celeron v.v...
Pentium III, IV.
AMD
K5 (PR75 - PR166)
K6 (PR166 -PR 233)
Cyrix/IBM
M1: PR120, PR133, PR150, PR166, PR200, PR200L
M2: PR166, PR200, PR233
III. Cach cm CPU vao Mainboard va thit lp cac thng s
Nh a gii thiu phn trn, hin nay co hai tiu chun chnh gn
CPU vao Mainboard la Socket va Slot. Song ring mi loai mainboard cung ch
cho phep vi mt s loai CPU nht nh nao o (iu nay phai tham khao trong
Catalogue i kem vi mainboard).
Khi CPU lam vic, no toa lng nhit tng i ln, do o b nong ln.
Chnh v vy no thng c lp kem vi b giai nhit hoc quat lam giam
nhit trong qua trnh hoat ng x ly.
Sau khi tham khao cac tham s cua CPU cho phep cm ln mainboard at
yu cu, ta tin hanh i vao thit lp cac thng s lam vic cho no. y la bc
quan trong v nu thit lp khng ung cac thng s cho CPU se la giam kha
nng lam vic, giam tui tho cung nh co th lam chay CPU. Mt CPU thng
co hai thng s chnh phai thit lp la mc in ap tiu thu va h s ratio.
- Mc in ap tiu thu: la mc in ap cn thit cho CPU lam vic, no
thng c ghi trc tip trn mt CPU. Nu thit lp mc in ap di mc nay
CPU khng lam vic, nu trn se lam chay CPU. Hin nay mc nay cho cac CPU
thng la 2,8V - 3,3V.
- H s Ratio: La h s ng b gia tc CPU (tnh bng giao ng
ng h tinh th) va tc mainboard (tnh bng giao ng thach anh) iu
khin ng h go nhp ng b (V du: CPU co tc 200 MHz, Mainboard 66
MHz th h s nay la 3 v 66x3 200). H s nay thng cung c ghi trc tip
trn CPU.
thit lp 2 h s trn ta phai tra trn Catalogue cua mainboard tm ra
cac CPU c h tr cung vi cach cm cua cac Jump trn mainboard. Sau o,
truy tm cac Jump trn mainboard cm cho ung. Mt s mainboard mi hin
nay co chc nng Autojump se t ng xac nh cac thng s in ap ta ch chon
thng s Ratio cho phu hp theo hnh thc Tc CPU/Tc mainboard trong
CMOS.
IV. Ngt (Interrupt Request)
Nh ta a bit CPU lam vic vi nhiu thit b khac nhau. Song tai mt
thi im th CPU ch phuc vu c mt cng vic nht nh nao o. Do o,
CPU co th kim soat va phuc vu tt tt ca cac thit b th khi mt thit b co yu
cu x ly no se goi CPU ngng cac cng vic khac phuc vu cho mnh, qua
trnh trn goi la ngt. Khi lam vic, mi thit b c t trng bi mt ch s
ngt nao o ma thi. Nh vy, ngt lam vic nh th nao va co bao nhiu loai
ngt ?
Khi co yu cu ngt th CPU se lu gi cac thng s cua chng trnh
ang thc hin, sau o goi chng trnh x ly ngt thc hin ap ng. a ch
cua chng trnh x ly ngt c cha trong bang Vector ngt. Khi thc hin
xong ngt, CPU khi phuc lai lnh cua chng trnh ang thc hin d tip
tuc. B x ly ngt phn cng co th c thc hin bi mt chip c gn trc
tip trn mainboard hay trn thit b goi la chip x ly ngt.
Ngt co nhiu cach phn loai nh ngt cng va ngt mm, ngt che c
va khng che c, ngt trong va ngt ngoai v.v... Do khi nh ngha ngi ta
nhn theo cac goc khac nhau. O y ta ch nh ngha theo cach ngt cng va
ngt mm.
+ Ngt cng la ngt c tao ra bi cac phn cng nh ngt ban phm,
chut v.v... Ngt cng thng do mt chip x ly ngt cua thit b tao ra mi khi
co yu cu phuc vu.
+ Ngt mm la do chng trnh tao ra nh cac ngt yu cu d liu,
ngt chia cho 0 v.v...
Ngoai ra, khi giao tip vi cac thit b ngoai, CPU con quy nh vung trao
i d liu cho thit b goi la vung nh vao ra (I/O - Input/Output). Do o, mi
h thng co mt s b nh c ban vao ra (I/O Map). S nay co th do
ngi s dung khai bao hoc may tnh t ng cp nht. S kt hp gia ngt va
a ch b nh vao ra cho mt thit b goi la cng cua thit b o.

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.5. B NH TRONG (RAM & ROM)

I. Gii thiu v b nh trong
Xet trong gii han b nh gn trn mainboard th y la b nh trc tip
lam vic vi CPU. No la ni CPU ly d liu va chng trnh thc hin, ng
thi cung la ni cha d liu xut ra ngoai.
quan ly b nh nay ngi ta t chc gp chung lai thanh nhom 8 bits
ri cho no mt a ch CPU truy cp n. Chnh iu nay khi noi n dung
lng b nh, ngi ta ch cp n n v byte ch khng phai bit nh ta a
bit. B nh trong gm 2 loai la ROM va RAM.
1. ROM (Read Only Memory): y la b nh ma CPU ch co quyn oc
va thc hin ch khng co quyn thay i ni dung vung nh. Loai nay ch c
ghi mt ln vi thit b ghi c bit. ROM thng c s dung ghi cac
chng trnh quan trong nh chng trnh khi ng, chng trnh kim tra thit
b v.v... Tiu biu trn mainboard la ROM BIOS.
Hin nay, trn hu ht cac thit b u co gn ROM phuc vu cac
chng trnh cn thit. ROM co nhiu loai vi cng ngh khac nhau nh
EPROM, FROM, v.v...
2. RAM (Random Access Memory): y la b nh chnh ma CPU giao
tip trong qua trnh x ly d liu cua mnh, bi loai nay cho phep ghi va xoa d
liu nhiu ln giup cho vic trao i d liu trong qua trnh x ly cua CPU thun
li hn.
RAM c t chc thanh cac byte xp sat nhau va c anh a ch cho
tng byte. Khi CPU ghi d liu vao b nh, no se gi gia tr nh u va dai
ghi c khi truy cp CPU tm n a ch u cua muc cn tm va t o oc
tip cac thng tin con lai.
Khi thc hin chng trnh, CPU oc chng trnh va ghi ln b nh sau
o mi tin hanh thc hin cac lnh. Ngay nay, cac chng trnh co kch thc rt
ln va yu cu d liu cang ln. Do o, may tnh thc hin nhanh chong yu
cu phai co b nh RAM ln va tc truy cp RAM cao. Chnh v th ma cac
hang san xut mainboard va b nh khng ngng a ra cac dang RAM co tc
cao va co kch thc ln.
II. Phn loai RAM
* Co nhiu cach phn loai RAM. Nu phn loai theo khe cm trn
mainboard th RAM co cac loai nh sau:
- SIMM (Single Inline Module Memory): y la loai RAM giao tip 72 chn
c s dung nhiu cac mainboard cu, dung lng mi thanh co th la: 4MB,
8MB, 16MB, 32MB v.v...
- DIMM (Dual Inline Module Memory): La chun thanh RAM 168 chn co
mt cac mainboard mi, cac thanh nay co kch thc 8 MB tr ln va c cm
vao khe DIMM trn mainboard.
- SIPRAM (Single Inline Pin Random Access Memory) va DIPRAM (Dual
Inline Pin Random Access Memory): y la 2 loai RAM thng c cm sn
trn mainboard va thng co dung lng nho tnh theo Kb. Cac mainboard mi
hin nay khng con thy cac loai nay.
- Cache: (B nh khay) la b nh co tc cc nhanh, lam vic trung gian
gia b nh va CPU nhm tng tc truy cp d liu cua CPU trong qua
trnh x ly. Cache thng c phn bit theo 2 loai la Cache ni (Internal
Cache) c tch hp trn CPU va Cache ngoai (External Cache) c gn trn
mainboard hay trn cac thit b.
Trn cac mainboard mi hin nay hu ht h tr ca DIMM ln SIMM rt
thun tin cho qua trnh nng cp RAM.
* Nu phn loai theo cng ngh th RAM co cac loai nh sau:
+ SRAM (Static Random Access Memory): Con c goi la RAM tnh,
loai nay co tc cao nhng linh hoat kem, ngay nay t c dung ring re.
+ DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory): Con goi la RAM ng,
loai nay lam vic linh ng hn nhng n nh khng cao.
+ SDRAM (Static Dynamic Random Access Memory): La loai kt hp
cng ngh cua hai loai trn va c s dung rng rai hin nay ch tao cac
thanh DIMM, SIMM .
+ EDORAM (Extended Data Out Dynamic Random Access Memory):
Biu th cho vic s dung bng thng m rng d liu, do vy loai nay co tc
nhanh hn 25 so vi cac loai tng ng cung chun.
Ngoai ra, con co cac loai RAM khac nh Cache (B nh khay) co tc rt
cao, lam nhim vu trung gian cua b nh va CPU tng tc x ly.
Khi cm RAM nn cn thn, bi v nguyn nhn may khng khi ng do
RAM rt hay gp trong thc t. Ngoai ra, tuy theo mc s dung cac chng
trnh co kch thc ln cua chung ta ma chon cu hnh RAM cho phu hp.
Ngay nay, c s h tr cua cac chip DMA va cung tng tc cua cac
thit b ngoai vi, hu ht cac Card thit b iu co gn ROM va RAM ring trn
no tng cac tnh nng lam vic, tc giao tip.
III. Chip truy cp b nh trc tip (DMA - Direct Memory Access)
Ngay nay, kch thc cua chng trnh ngay cang ln, s lng x ly cua
CPU cang nhiu. Do o, nu ch CPU n phng thc hin tt ca cac cng
vic t u n cui th se lam chm h thng i rt nhiu do phai ch truy
cp cho cac thanh phn t bn ngoai vao b nh trong. khc phuc iu nay
ngi ta a ra chip truy cp b nh trc tip, cho phep trao i d liu gia b
nh trong vi thit b ngoai ma khng qua s iu khin cua CPU. Cac chip o
goi la chip DMA.
Cac chip DMA c gn trn mainboard hay trn cac thit b. No thng
la cac chip mang tn 8237, 82C37 v.v...

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.6. B NH NGOAI (FLOPPY, HARD DISK, CDROM)

Trong phn trc ta a khao sat xong b nh trong cua may tnh va thy
c chung co u i m v tc rt ln va lam vic trc tip vi CPU. Tuy
nhin, chung co gii han v dung lng cung nh gia ca cua no cung kha t.
Hn na, b nh RAM b mt d liu khi b ngt in, con ROM th ch ghi c
mt ln. co th lu gi d liu va di chuyn chung mt cach c lp, ro rang,
ta phai cn mt b nh khac co kha nng lu d liu khi khng co in va di
chuyn c d dang hn. B nh o la b nh ngoai bao gm a mm, a
cng, CDROM va mt s a khac.
I. a mm va a mm
a mm c lam bng nha, bn trong co lp nhim t bng cht deo
dung lu tr d liu. a mm co nhiu loai, co kch thc va dung lng khac
nhau.
V du: Thng co hai loai: 5.1/4 inch: 360 KB, 720 KB, 1.2 MB v.v...
3.1/2 inch: 360KB, 720KB, 1.2MB, 1.44 MB v.v...
Hin nay a s dung loai 3.1/2 inch 1.44MB.
Khi a mm lam vic, no c t trong mt a, a nay co tac dung
lam quay a va co mt u t se lam nhim t trn b mt a ng vi cac bit
c ghi vao. a nay giao tip vi mainboard qua mt si cap c cm vao
khe cm Floppy trn mainboard.
1. T chc vt ly cua a mm
a mm co th ghi d liu c va co th oc c d liu ra t a
mm, ngi ta phai nh dang va anh a ch vao tng n v cua a mm. Phn
nay do h iu hanh am nhim. co th anh a ch cho a ngi ta chia cu
truc vt ly cua a mm nh sau:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
Sector
(cung)
Track
(vong)

Hnh 6.1. M ta cu truc a mm loai 3.1/2 inch (1.44MB)
M ta a mm loai 3.1/2 inch (1.44MB):
Track: Track la cac ng tron ng tm, c chia lam 80 ng c
anh s t ngoai vao trong, track ngoai cung mang s 0.
Sector: La n v quan ly nho nht trn a 1 Sector 512 bytes cho moi
loai a. Mt track c chia lam nhiu Sector.
Cluster: n v nay c tnh theo Sector, 1 Cluster 1,2,4,8,16,... Sector.
y la n v truy xut thng tin trn a, thng th a mm 1Cluster 1sector.
Head: V a mm co kha nng lam vic trn 2 mt nn no co 2 u ng
vi 2 mt o. phn bit hai u t trn ngi ta a ra cac gia tr 0 va 1 ng
vi 2 u t.
Nh vy, ta a thy tt ca cac im trn a mm u co th ch nh bng
t hp cac gia tr (Head, Track, Sector) hay (Head, Track, Cluster). Tuy vy, trn
y ch la cach t chc vt ly, rt kho cho qua trnh lam vic cua may tnh. Do
o, ngi ta a ra cach anh a ch cho cac n v lu tr trn a theo logic
chnh xac va n gian hn.
2. T chc logic cua a mm
quan ly cac thng tin trn a mm ngi ta t chc cu truc logic cua
no nh sau:
Boot Sector Hidden FAT1 FAT2 Root Directory 004 005
Boot Sector: La Sector u tin cua a m m cha cac thng tin v a
mm o va cac oan chng trnh iu khin khi ng (Bootrap) nu o la a
khi ng. Khi truy xut may tnh oc cac thng s nay xac nh cu truc cua
a, t o xac nh v tr thng tin truy xut. Nu la a khi ng th chng
trnh khi ng se c thc hin tm ra cac file khi ng trn a.
Bang FAT (File Allocation Table)
Bang FAT la cng cu lu gi cac thng tin lin quan n Cluster trn a.
Mi im vao cua bang FAT la ng vi mt gia tr cua t hp (Head, Track,
Cluster). Toan b bang FAT la anh xa cua toan b cac n v trn a. Cac im
vao nay c anh a ch tun t. Cac im vao trn FAT cua cac Cluster trng
trn a th mang gia tr 000, cac Cluster a ghi d liu se c anh du bng gia
tr cua Cluster tip theo trong chui, nu la Cluster cui cung se mang gia tr fff.
Khi ghi mt file, HH se ln trn bang FAT tm Cluster trng va ghi d
liu vao Cluster o trn a, ng thi gan gia tr cho Cluster o ch n a ch
cua cac Cluster tip theo hoc mang gia tr kt thuc fff. Trong giai oan nay,
HH cung ghi a ch cua Cluster u tin cua chui vao bang th muc.
Khi oc d liu t mt file, HH se tm n Cluster u tin oc d
liu. Sau o, oc dn n cac Cluster tip theo cho n Cluster mang gia tr fff.
Sau y la oan trch cua mt oan FAT:
003 004 005 006 007 008 009
004 005 009 5f7 000 000 fff
Cac Cluster 003, 004, 005, 009: cung mt file va Cluster 009 la Cluster
kt thuc. Cluster 006 thuc mt file khac, Cluster 007, 008 la cac Cluster con
trng.
Nh vy, bang FAT rt quan trong i vi a, no quyt nh vic truy
xut thng tin trn a va c s dung thng xuyn nn rt d b li. Do o,
trn a ngi ta phai lu tr d phong bang FAT thanh 2 ba ng la FAT1 va
FAT2. Trong o FAT1 c s dung va FAT2 d tr, khi FAT1 b li ta co th
thay FAT1 bng FAT2 tip tuc lam vic.
Root Directory: La bang cha thng tin v th muc, mi im vao cua
bang la nhng thng tin v cac File hay Th muc cha trong th muc gc cua a.
Nhng thng tin nay giup cho vic oc d liu trn a. Cu truc cua bang co th
c m ta nh sau:

Tn file hay
th muc
Cluster u Ngay thanh
lp
Ngay cp nht
gn nht
ln tp
tin, th muc
. . .
.
.
Tn file hay
th muc
Cluster u Ngay thanh
lp
Ngay cp nht
gn nht
ln tp
tin, th muc
. . .
- Nu la File th muc Cluster u se lu gi Cluster u tin cua File, c
ghi vao khi File c ghi va c s dung khi truy cp File. Nu la th muc con
th tro n a ch u cua bang th muc con co cu truc nh bang th muc gc
trn.
- Khi truy cp th muc th thng tin xut hin trn man hnh chnh la
thng tin cha trong bang th muc, do o ta thy dng nh nhng thng tin nay
xut hin tc thi.
a mm co th s dung c ta phai nh dang no. Trong DOS, lnh
nay la Format a: . Nu mun a nay thanh a khi ng ta thm thng s /s vao
lnh Format nh sau Format a: /s HH copy cac file h thng vao a giup no
tr thanh a khi ng.
3. a mm
Co th xem a mm gm mt motor quay quay tron a, motor bc
va cac u t c dch chuyn qua lai nhm xac nh v tr cn truy cp trn a.
Mt bang mach iu khin iu khin hoat ng cua cac motor, cac thanh
phn dn d liu va mt s thanh phn phu tr khac.
Ngoai ra, a mm lam vic c vi nhiu loai a co kch thc
khac nhau cn phai c iu khin bi phn mm goi la trnh iu khin a
mm, phn nay thng c cha trong chng trnh BIOS. Do o, khi co a
mm mi ma BIOS cu (phn mm iu khin khng phu hp vi a) th co th
gy ra li hoc khng s dung c nn phai nng cp BIOS cho phu hp.
Hin nay, a s cac BIOS u h tr 2 a mm co tn la A va B. Khi
cai t, ta phai khai bao trong CMOS th mi s dung c.
II. a cng
a cng cung la mt loai a t co cu truc va cach lam vic ging nh
a mm, nhng no gm nhiu la ng truc xp lai va c t trong mt vo kim
loai kt hp vi b iu khin thanh a cng. Do mi la a co dung lng ln
hn a mm va gm nhiu la nn cng co dung lng rt ln va co tc truy
cp rt cao. Hin nay co rt nhiu loai a cng co tc cao va dung lng hang
GB nh Seagate, Quantum v.v...
1 Cach t chc vt ly cua a cng
Nh a gii thiu, a cng rt ging a mm. Do o, v cu tao va t
chc cua no cung ging nhau gm Head, Track, Sector, Cluster, FAT. Tuy nhin,
chung cunng co thm mt s khac bit nh sau:


Do co cu truc nhiu la nn s u t cua a cng cung nhiu hn so
vi a mm va c anh s t 0 cho lp trn cung va c th tng dn xung
di. Cung v ly do nh trn ma trong a cng con co khai nim Cylinder la
hnh tru, tp hp cac Track co cung ch s.
2. Cach t chc logic a cng
Do dung lng a cng ln nn nguyn a nh vy se gy kho khn
cho vic t chc cung nh tm kim thng tin trn a. khc phuc tnh trang
trn, ngi ta cho phep chia a cng thanh nhiu phn co kch thc nho hn.
Mi phn nay hoat ng tng t nh mt a cng ring bit goi la Partition.
quan ly cac Partition nay, ngi ta dung bang Master Boot Record lu gi
cac thng tin nay, toan b cu truc logic cua a cng nh sau:

Master Boot Record
Boot Sector Hidden FAT1 FAT2 Root Directory
.
.
Boot Sector Hidden FAT1 FAT2 Root
Directory

a. Master Boot Record
Master Boot Record la Sector u tin cua a cng, no cha cac thng
tin v cac Partition nh s th t, tn a logic, trang thai, kch thc cua
Partition v.v... goi la cac im vao. Mi Master Boot Record co th quan ly 4
im vao, mi im vao co kch thc 16 bytes, nh vy cn 64 bytes lu gi
cac im vao nay goi la bang Partition. Khng gian con lai cua Sector nay c
lu tr chng trnh Bootrap cua a khi ng.
Nh trn, ta thy mi Master Boot Record ch cha 4 im vao, nh vy
mi a cng ch phn ti a thanh 4 phn. khc phuc iu nay, ngi ta ly
Sector u tin cua Partition th 4 quan ly cac phn chia tip theo nh la mt
Master Boot Record thc thu goi la Master Boot Record phu, c nh th ma ta
co th chia a cng thanh nhiu phn khac nhau.
Master Boot Record c tao ra bi chng trnh Fdisk cua DOS, do o,
ta co th khi phuc lai no bng lnh nay khi no b hong vi tham s mbr, tc la
lnh Fdisk /mbr.
b. Partition (Phn khu):
La phn c chia bi a cng, no lam vic nh mt a bit lp va co
cu truc ging ht nh a mm. Thng tin v Partition c lu gi trong bang
Partition trn Master Boot Record.
i vi cac h iu hanh DOS va Windows ch cho phep khi ng
Partition u tin. Ngoai ra, con co mt s h iu hanh cho phep khi ng t
cac Partition khac.
phn a cng thanh cac Partition, ta dung lnh Fdisk cua DOS, theo
doi cac trnh n cua tin ch nay chia a cng va tao Partition khi ng.
c. Bang FAT:
V c ban, bang FAT c ng ging ht nh vic t chc trn a mm,
song chung ch khac nhau v kch thc.
i vi a mm, do kch thc a han ch nn ch cn dung 12 bits
anh a ch la u, thng c goi la FAT 12. (12 bits anh c 2
12
a ch
im vao cua FAT, nu dung 1 Cluster 1 Sector ta se anh a ch cho a co
dung lng: 2
12
.512 2
21
2 MB ln hn cac loai a mm hin nay).
Song i vi a cng co dung lng ln, nu dung FAT 12 quan ly
toan b a cng ta phai tng ch s Cluster ln rt nhiu gy lang ph a. (V du
500MB dung FAT 12 th luc o 1Cluster 250 Sector (1.024.000/4096) 125
KB. Song mi ln ghi dung mt Cluster nn nu ghi mt file co kch thc 100
byte cung phai s dung 125 KB tht la lang ph).
khc phuc tnh trang trn ngi ta a a ra cac bang FAT16 (2
16
im
vao) va FAT32 (2
32
im vao) quan ly cho a cng. Vi tc tng dung
lng cua a cng nh hin nay trong tng lai chc chn se co FAT 64 va hn
na. Tuy nhin, vi mt a nho ma ta dung bang FAT ln se gy lang ph
khng gian cha bang FAT va anh hng n tc truy tm.
d. Lp rap va khai bao s dung a cng:
Hin nay, a s a cng c thit k theo 2 chun IDE (Intergrated
Drive Electronics) va SCSI (Small Computer System Interface). Song IDE c
s dung rng rai hn.
Cac loai a IDE giao tip vi h thng thng qua Bus cm vao hai khe
cm IDE1 va IDE2 trn Mainboard. Mi khe cm cho dung chung hai thit b
lam vic theo ch khach chu. Nh vy, trn toan b may tnh s dung a
IDE co th s dung 4 a nh sau:
1: Primary Master.
2: Primary Slave
3: Secondary Master.
4: Secondary Slave.
thit lp ch Master, Slave cho a cng ta cm lai Jump thit lp,
thng c ch dn trc tip trn a cng hoc Catalogue i cung. Tuy nhin,
mt s loai a cng t ng nh n Master khi cm cung vi cac a khac.
Sau khi thit lp xong phn cng, ta phai khai bao s dung a cng trong
muc Standard cua CMOS va kim tra bng muc Auto Detect Hard Disk xem
a cng co c nhn din hay khng.
i vi loai a giao din SCSI th cn phai co Card giao din SCSI
iu khin a nay. Card nay c cm vao bus PCI hay ISA cua Mainboard. Cac
loai a nay cho phep s dung ti a 7 thit b va khng qua kim tra cua CMOS.
3. nh dang a cng:
a cng co th lam vic c ta cn phai nh dang no tao ra cu
truc logic. Toan b qua trnh nh dang co th chia thanh cac bc nh sau:
* nh dang cp thp: y la phng an nh dang v cac mt vt ly cho
a cng nh Track, Cluster, Cylinder, h s an xen. Chng trnh nay kim tra
n tng Sector cua a cng va anh du bo qua cac Sector hong va a cac gia
tr thng tin v cung mt dang 0,1. Do o, y cung la chng trnh cn loai
tn gc d liu trn a cng cung nh sa cac li Bad Sector cua a cng. Cac
Mainboard hin nay a s co h tr chng trnh nay trong BIOS qua muc Hard
disk Level Low Format.
* Phn chia a: Phn chia a cng thanh nhiu thanh phn (Partition)
tao cac a logic nh a trnh bay trn. Chc nng nay do chng trnh Fdisk
cua h iu hanh am nhim, chng trnh tao ra cac Partition, xac nh Partition
cho phep khi ng va tao ra Master Boot Record cha bang cac thng s v
Partition. Ngoai ra, chng trnh cung cho phep xem, sa va xoa cac Partition a
co.
* nh dang cp cao: y la phn xac nh cac thng s logic, cu hnh
cac Partition a c chia no lam vic nh mt a thc thu. Phn nay do
chng trnh Format cua h iu hanh am nhim, nhm tao ra Boot Sector,
FAT, Root Directory v.v...
Khi mun tao ra a khi ng ta dung lnh sau i vi cac Partition a
c thit k khi ng trong phn phn a trn:
Format Tn a logic : / s.
i vi cac Partition khng cn khi ng ta dung lnh sau tao mt
a lu d liu bnh thng:
Format Tn a logic.
Kt thuc cac qua trnh nay ta a kt thuc qua trnh nh dang a cng va
co th s dung bnh thng.
III. Qua trnh khi ng may tnh trong DOS
y la qua trnh din bin t khi bt may cho n khi xut hin du nhc
cua h iu hanh. Qua trnh nay rt quan trong trong vic xac nh s c cua may
vi tnh. Toan b qua trnh c ta nh sau:
- Khi bt may nu ngun in hoat ng tt th chng trnh POST
(Power On Seft Test) trong ROM BIOS se chay t ng kim tra
cac thit b c ban nh CPU, RAM, Mainboard, Card man hnh. Nu
cac thit b trn hoat ng tt th se nhn c mt tin Bip cua RAM
va h thng tip tuc lam vic. Nu co thit b li se co mt dong ting
Bip thoat ra hoc h thng khng thc hin g ca.
- Chng trnh POST tip tuc kim tra cac thit b c cm vao may
tnh va khai bao s dung trong CMOS, nu co thit b nao o b li th
xut hin thng bao li, con khng th chuyn qua bc sau.
- Kim tra cac thng s cu hnh trong CMOS h tr cac thng s
Plug and Play cua BIOS cho thit b, ng thi cung a lun bang
Vector ngt ln vung nh c ban va xac nh thit b khi ng
chuyn iu khin n.
- Thc hin chng trnh Bootrap trn Boot Sector cua a khi ng
tm ra hai file khi ng chnh la IO.SYS va MSDOS.SYS chuyn
iu khin n o. Hai tp IO.SYS va MSDOS.SYS c nh v tai
hai v tr a xac nh trc nn ta khng co quyn thay i no. Nu no
b thay i hoc b li th a o khng khi ng c na va thng
bao li Non System Disk.
- Kim tra Command.com thc hin, nu file nay b li se thng bao
Command.com not Interpret. Nu bnh thng th h thng se oc
Command.com ln RAM ri thc hin cac lnh trong Config.sys va
Autoexec.bat, cui cung la du nhc cua h iu hanh.
Da vao cac thng bao li va cac din bin xay ra xac nh cac thanh
phn gy li va tm cach khc phuc.
IV. CDROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
Khac vi 2 loai a trc hoat ng bng phng thc nhim t, CDROM
hoat ng bng phng phap quang hoc. No c ch tao bng vt liu cng co
trang cht phan quang trn b mt.
Khi ghi a CD, ngi ta s dung tia lazer chiu ln b mt cua a tao
ra vung d liu ng vi cac gia tr cua bit 0 va 1. Do o, a CDROM ch ghi
c 1 ln. Khi oc a CDROM chiu tia sang xung b mt phan quang va
thu tia phan xa, cn c vao cng tia phan xa ngi ta suy ra o la bit 0 hay
bit 1.
Cach t chc v cu truc vt ly va logic cua a CDROM tng t nh trn
a mm nn y ta khng nhc lai.
CDROM co dung lng rt ln (khoang 650MB), co th di chuyn d
dang va gia tng i re, rt thun tin cho vic lu gi cac chng trnh ngun
co kch thc ln, phim a nh, v.v... nn hin nay no c dung rt rng rai.
co th oc c CDROM cn co mt a CDROM c cai t
ung vao may tnh. a CDROM hin nay co rt nhiu loai co tc khac
nhau nh 4x, 8x, 16x, 24x, 32x, 64x v.v...(1x150 kbyte/s). CDROM hin nay
c thit k theo tiu chun SCSI nhng no co bang mach chuyn theo chun
IDE nn thng c cm vao khe cm IDE trn Mainboard hoc gn i kem vi
a cng.
* Cai t trnh iu khin cho a CDROM
- Trong Windows 95 v sau, ch Plus and Play t ng nhn va thit
lp trnh iu khin cho CDROM do o chung ta khng cn cai t. Song chung
ta cung co th cai t lai chung.
- Trong DOS, ta nht thit phai cai trnh iu khin cho CDROM th no
mi lam vic c. Cho chay file Setup.exe trong a cai t a CDROM
cai t trnh iu khin cho no. Khi chay chng trnh nay se tao ra th muc
CDPRO cha cac file cu hnh va cac file thng tin v a, chep file
mscdex.exe vao a khi ng h tr trnh iu khin m rng ng thi sa
lai hai file Confg.sys va Autoexec.bat. Khi ng lai may tnh cp nht trnh
iu khin a, nu khng co li th ta a cai thanh cng a CDROM va co
th dung no nh mt a bnh thng ch oc.
ghi CDROM, ngi ta dung mt ghi ring va gia ca a nay tng
i cao nn t c dung rng rai. Mt s CDROM hin nay c ghi thm cac
file h thng cho phep khi ng t a CDROM rt thun tin cho vic bao
quan h thng sach.
Mt chc nng thng c s dung na cua CDROM la nghe nhac. Nu
kt hp vi Card m thanh va loa th co th nghe nhac, xem hnh t a Compact
Disk thng qua mt s chng trnh iu khin nh CD Player trong
Windowsv.v.....
1 co th s dung c cac phn mm co m thanh, ta cn phai co Sound
Card (Card m thanh). Sound Card co tac dung chuyn tn hiu s (digital signal)
thanh tn hiu tng t (analog) phat ra loa. Card m thanh lam vic c, ta
cn phai cai t trnh iu khin cho no.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.7. CAC THIT B NGOAI VI THNG DUNG

I. Man hnh (Monitor)
Man hnh la thit b a thng tin cua may tnh ra ngoai giao tip vi
ngi s dung. No la b xut chun cho may tnh hay con goi la b trc. Hin
nay, co nhiu hang san xut man hnh nh Acer, IBM, Funal, Samsung, LG,
Hitashi v.v... Nu phn loai theo tnh nng, man hnh bao gm: Mono, EGA,
VGA, SVGA v.v... Man hnh giao tip vi Mainboard qua mt b iu hp goi
la card man hnh c cm qua khe PCI, ISA hoc EISA trn.
Ba vn cn quan tm trn man hnh la con tro man hnh, phn giai
va mau sc. Con tro man hnh ch nh v tr d liu se xut ra trn man hnh,
phn giai c trng cho mn man hnh.
+ Con tro: La ni may tnh a thng tin tip theo ra t o, no c t
trng bi cp toa (x, y: Ch xet cho phn giai ch khng xet theo ch
vn ban hay ch hoa) trn man hnh.
+ phn giai: Man hnh c chia thanh nhiu im anh, s im anh
c tnh bng tch s dong doc va dong ngang chia trn man hnh. Cp gia tr
ngang, doc goi la phn giai cua man hnh nh (480 x 640), (600 x 800), (1024
x 768) v.v...
+ Mau sc: mau cua cac i tng trn man hnh do mau cac im anh tao
nn.
Card man hnh iu khin n tng im anh trn man hnh. Ni dung cua
cac im anh (v tr va mau sc) trn man hnh c lu gi trn mt chip nh
(RAM Card) va c sau mt khoang thi gian nho hn 1/24 giy no se quet toan
b man hnh mt ln lam cho chung ta thy hnh anh hin th lin tuc trn man
hnh. Khi chip nay co dung lng ln, no co kha nng lu gi s im anh nhiu
hn va mau cho mi im anh cung a dang hn tao cho man hnh co mn va
net cao. Tuy nhin, nu man hnh hoat ng chm ma phn giai cao va ch
mau ln se khng am bao mc chu ky 1/24 giy dn n man hnh nhp
nhay.
H iu hanh DOS va Windows u h tr tnh nng Plus and Play (cm
s dung) cho man hnh. Tuy nhin, trong cac ch hoa cao cp yu cu phai
co trnh iu khin ung cho man hnh th mi at c hiu qua cao. Card man
hnh co loai c Windows t ng cai trnh iu khin, co loai ta phai t cai ly.
cai lai trnh iu khin cho Card man hnh ta thc hin nh sau:
1. Khi ng Windows, vao Control Panel/ System/ Device manager
2. Remove iu khin card man hnh co sn.
3. Chon Add New Hardware ri ch ng dn n trnh iu khin card man
hnh.
4. Chon Apply ap dung trnh iu khin mi va khi ng lai may tnh.

II. Ban phm (Keyboard)
Ban phm la mt thit b a thng tin vao trc tip giao din vi ngi s
dung. No c ni kt vi Mainboard thng qua cng ban phm (c trng bi
vung nh I/O va ngt ban phm).
Ban phm c t chc nh mt mang mach an xen nhau ma mi nut
mang la mt phm. Khi n mt phm se lam chp mach in tao ra xung in
tng ng vi phm c n goi la ma quet (Scan Code). Ma nay c a vao
b x ly ban phm (8048,8042) din dch ra ky t theo mt chun nao o, thng
thng la chun ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
Sau o, b x ly ngt ban phm yu cu ngt va gi vao CPU x ly. V thi gian
thc hin rt nhanh nn ta thy cac phm c x ly tc thi.

Hin nay, trn th trng co nhiu loai ban phm do nhiu hang san xut
khac nhau nh Acer, IBM, Turbo Plus, Mitsumi v.v... Tuy nhin, chung co chung
mt s cac phm c ban t 101 n 105 phm c chia lam 2 nhom:
- Nhom ky t: La nhom cac phm khi go ln co ky t xut hin trn man
hnh.
- Nhom iu khin: khi go khng thy xut hin ky t trn man hnh ma
thng dung thc hin mt tac vu nao o.
Tt ca cac phm u c c trng bi mt ma, mt s t hp phm cung
co ma ring cua no. iu nay giup cho vic iu khin ban phm rt thun li,
nht la trong cng vic lp trnh.

III. Chut (Mouse)
Chut la la thit b iu khin tro trc tip ph bin nht, c bit la trong
lnh vc hoa. Hin nay, co rt nhiu loai chut do nhiu hang san xut khac
nhau nh IBM, Acer, Mitsumi, Genius, Logitech v.v... a s c thit k theo
hai chun cng cm tron va dep. Tuy nhin, chung co cu tao va chc nng nh
nhau.
V cu truc th chut co cac loai nh chut c hoc, chut quang hoc, chut
c quang v.v... Song ch co loai chut c hoc la ph bin con cac loa i khac c
dung trong cac lnh vc c bit. Chut c hoc hoc co hai b phn la bi di chuyn
va cac nut nhp.
- Bi di chuyn: Gm mt vin bi va hai thanh quay ngang, doc.
Khi di chuyn chut tng ng theo cac chiu se la m cac thanh quay
tng ng tao ra xung in di chuyn v tr chut tng ng trn man hnh.
- Nut nhp: Tao ra xung ch th s thc hin cac lnh iu khin tai v tr
chut trn man hnh. Nhp chut (Click) la ng tac n phm trai cua chut, song
lai tha nhanh ra ngay (thng dung chon mt cai g o trn man hnh). Nhp
kep (Double Click) co tac dung cho chay mt chng trnh. Nhp phai (Right
Click) thng s dung trong mi trng Windows 9x, 2000, NT... nhm m trnh
n phu (pop up) cua mt i tng.
i vi Windows 95 tr ln chut c Plus and Play, con i vi DOS
chung ta phai cai t trnh iu khin cho chut (thng la file mouse.com,
gmouse.com) th no mi co th hoat ng c.
IV. May in (Printer)
May in la thit b chu ao xut d liu may tnh ln giy. Khi mun in
mt file d liu ra giy th CPU se gi toan b d liu ra hang i (queue) may in
va may in se ln lt in t u cho n ht file.
May in hin nay co rt nhiu loai vi nhiu cach thc lam vic khac nhau
nh may in kim, may in phun, may in lazer v.v... anh gia v cht lng cua
may in ngi ta cn c vao hai yu t cua may in la tc (speed) va mn.
- Tc cua may in thng o bng trang/ giy (ch tng i). Tc
nay nhiu khi con phu thuc vao tc cua may tnh va mt cua trang in ch
khng ch cua may in. i vi may in kim th tc rt han ch song n may in
Laze th tc a c cai thin i rt nhiu.
- mn (dots per inch): mn phu thuc vao nhiu yu t song yu t
c ban phu thuc thng s dpi c ghi trc tip trn ma y in.
May in giao tip vi CPU thng qua cac cng song song LPT1, LPT2,
LPT3, LPT4 c gn qua khe cm trn Mainboard.
Hu ht cac h iu hanh u h tr may in. i vi DOS th ta phai cai
t Driver cua may in cho h iu hanh th no mi lam vic c. Song i vi
cac h iu hanh t Windows 95 tr ln ch Plus and Play h tr hu ht cac
loai may in hin nay, do o ta ch chon cho ung trnh iu khin ma thi.
thit lp may in va in c mt file ta lam nh sau:
1. Cm may in vao may tnh va cm in cho may in.
2. Bt may tnh va cai t may in cho h iu hanh ang s dung.
3. Bt in may in va cho giy vao chun b sn sang.
4. Chon file cn in va g lnh in. Trong DOS la lnh PRN tn
file. Trong Windows m file cn in. sau o chon File/Print.
V. Mt s thit b khac
Ngoai ra, con rt nhiu thit b c cm vao may tnh phuc vu cho
nhiu muc ch khac nhau nh Card mang, Modem, Scaner, v.v... Sau y, xin
gii thiu s lc v mt s thit b:
1. Card mang (Network Adapter): la v mach c ni vao may thng qua
Bus PCI hoc ISA, u ra s dung cac u ni ni dy mang. Card mang dung
thit lp mang cho muc ch giao tip gia cac may tnh vi nhau. Card
mang hoat ng c, ta phai thit lp ung trnh iu khin cua no, a ch cua
cac may tnh trn mang, va cai ung giao thc (Protocol) giao tip.
2. Modem: La t vit tt cua Modulator - Demodulator la thit b iu ch
- giai iu ch. Modem la thit b truyn d liu c dung ni cac may tnh
vi nhau bng ng dy vin thng vi c ly bt ky trn th gii nh mang
Internet.
Tn hiu x ly trong may tnh hoc tn hiu bt tay gia hai may tnh la tn
hiu s (Digital Signal), trong khi ng truyn vin thng chu yu phuc vu tn
hiu dang tng t (Analog). Tn hiu truyn trn ng dy in thoai la tn
hiu a c iu ch bin AM (Amplitude Modulation), v vy Modem co
nhim vu chuyn i tn hiu s t may tnh thanh tn hiu AM va gi i. Tai u
nhn, Modem lai giai iu ch (Demodulation) tn hiu AM ly lai tn hiu s
cung cp cho may tnh. Nh co Modem ma hai may tnh khoang cach xa co th
noi chuyn c vi nhau.
Modem co hai loai: Loai lp thng vao trong may tnh bng mt card ring
c goi la Modem trong (Internal Modem), hoc Modem ngoai (External
Modem), Modem ngoai c ni thng qua cng ni tip cua may tnh nh cng
COM1, COM2.
Khi noi n Modem, ngi ta thng quan tm n tc truyn. n v
la Baud bit/ giy (thng c ky hiu la bps, KBps). Tc thng t 9600
bps n 33600 bps. Hin nay, a s Modem co tc la 56K bps.
3. Scanner: la thit b chuyn dung quet cac hnh anh va lu vao may
tnh di dang t p tin anh.
VI. Truyn song song (Parallel), ni tip (Serial):
Trn y, ta a xet xong cac thit b ngoai vi cua may tnh cung nh qua
trnh giao tip cua chung vi CPU. Nhng ta cha xet v cach truyn d liu cua
chung nh th nao. Tt ca cac thit b giao tip vi CPU u s dung cac dang
truyn song song hoc ni tip hoc va ni tip va song song.
Truyn ni tip: La hnh thc d liu c truyn va nhn theo dong tng bit
mt. Loai na y co nhc im la tc truyn d liu nho, song vic kim
soat d liu c truyn th n gian. Hnh thc nay thng c dung trong
cac giao tip cua ban phm, chut v.v...
Truyn song song: La hnh thc d liu c truyn theo nhiu ng cung
mt luc. Tai mt thi im, co th truyn c nhiu bit d liu, do o ma tc
tng ln rt nhiu. Cung chnh iu nay lam cho vic kim soat d liu ni
nhn phc tap hn nhiu. Kiu truyn nay thng c s dung rng rai trong
giao tip may in.
Hin nay, hu ht cac thit b may tnh kt hp ca hai kiu truyn song song
va ni tip va am bao tc nhanh va am bao kim soat d dang. Khi
d liu song song vao oan ni tip se b ngen lai. giai quyt tnnh trang
nay, ngi ta dung b thu phat a nng khng ng b UART (Univesal
Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter) lam vic vi tt ca cac phn mm
truyn thng giai quyt vn trn.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PHN II
CAI T H THNG MAY TNH

.8. RAP MAY

I. Cac thanh phn cn thit
Sau y la tt ca cac thanh phn cn thit chun b cho vic rap may:
- H p may va b ngun.
- Mainboard (Mainboard).
- CPU va quat CPU.
- a cng.
- a mm.
- a CDROM.
- Man hnh.
- B iu hp man hnh.
- Card m thanh.
- Card MODEM.
- Ban phm.
- Chut.
- Cap IDE.
- Cap a mm.
- Cap audio a CDROM.
- Phn mm: O y ta se s dung cac h iu hanh thng dung cua
Microsoft tc la cac phin ban cua Windows (Windows 95, Windows 98,
Windows 2000 hoc Windows XP) va nhng phn phn mm cn thit
khac.
- Mt a mm khi ng.
II. Dung cu
Trc khi bt u, ban nn tp hp tt ca cac chi tit may va chun b mt
tut - n - vt va mt cai km mo dai. Km mo dai dung t cu hnh cho cac
cu ni nho. Nu ban khng co km mo dai ban co th s dung nhp.

III. Cn thn vi dong in tnh
Trc khi cham vao bt c linh kin nao, ban phai phong tt ca cac dong
in tnh trong c th ban. C th ngi co th cha t 300V dong in tnh tr
ln. Nu ban cham vao bt ky mt b phn nhay in nao, dong in tnh se c
xa qua no. Dong in tnh nay se pha huy hoc gy h hong nng nhng thit b
nho.
Khi ban cham vao tay nm ca bng kim loai, ban a co th t phong
dong in tnh ang tch luy trong c th ban. Tt hn ht, ban nn cham vao
nhng vt g no trc tip tip xuc vi t nh ng nc hay bng kim loai thun
cua may tnh ban. Hu ht cac board va cac thit b u co dan li canh bao v
dong in tnh trn cac bao hnh.

IV. Cac bc thc hin
Trc khi rap may ban nn tp hp chung lai va trn mt cai ban hay
mt khu vc nao danh ring cho no. Cng vic tip theo la bt cng tc ngun va
th no trc khi rap no vao hp may phong khi co vn g xay ra cung d
phat hin hn khi no vn con trong trang thai m. Pha sau mainboard va cac
board khac co phn nh ra rt nhon, v vy ban nn t cac board mach ln trn
nhiu lp bao tranh gy try xc cho mt ban.
Cac bc lp t chi tit c lit k phn sau, tom tt qua trnh nh sau:
Gn cap ngun in vao mainboard. Nu ban s dung ngun in kiu cu (ngun
AT) th 4 dy cap mau en phai mm gia, nu ban s dung mainboard va b
ngun loai ATX th cac cm trn no c thit k ch cho phep ban gn b ni
cap theo mt cach duy nht. K n, ban ni dy a mm, a cng, ban
phm, Card man hnh va man hnh. Xong ban bt ngun in, cho may khi ng
th xem no co hoat ng c khng.

1. Xac nh s b mt s cu hnh
Cac CPU: AMD K6, Cyrix 6x86MX, IDT Centaur C6 va Intel Pentium
MMX c thit s dung trn mainboard Socket 7.
Tt ca cm CPU cho cac loai CPU Socket 7 la mt cm ZIF (Zero
Insertion Force). Bn di cm la mt on by khi ban nng no ln, no se m
tt ca cac ch tip xuc ban d dang gn CPU vao. Khi ban ha no xung, cac
chn cua CPU c kep cht bn trong cm nay.
CPU Intel Pentium II va III c lp trn mt board nho, Intel goi board
nay la b ni canh n SEC (Single Edge Contact). board SEC c cm vao
mainboard nh vao b ni Slot 1.

2. Cu hnh cho mainboard
Nu mua chung mainboard va CPU, cac cu ni trn mainboard a c
cai va cu hnh sn CPU ri nhng ban cung nn oc tai liu hng dn kim
tra lai cho chc chn. Nu ban mua mainboard va CPU ri ban phai s dung n
tai liu hng dn i kem cai cac cu ni (jump) CPU cho ung bi v trn
mt mainboard cho phep ban s dung rt nhiu loai CPU khac nhau. Cu ni trn
mainboard rt nho, v vy ban cn phai s dung n km mo dai hoc nhp cai
t chung. Cu ni nho thng c dung cu hnh cho in ap s dung trn
CPU, tn s, tc Bus, loai b nh, va nhiu chc nng khac na. Ban cn cn
thn khi cai t cac cu ni nay. V du, cac mainboard u cho phep s dung
nhiu loai CPU khac nhau nn nu ban cai t mc in ap cho CPU khng ung
co th dn ti chay CPU.

3. Lp CPU vao mainboard Socket 7
g n CPU vao mainboard Socket 7 ta ch vic nhc on by ZIF ln va
t CPU xung. Ban nn chu y la mt goc cua CPU co du chm va goc nay b
ct cho bit o la chn s 1. Ban tm chn s 1 va t CPU khp vao socket, ta
phai rt cn thn bi cac chn cua CPU rt yu. Khi a t CPU vao, keo on by
xung va gn quat ln trn CPU va ni ngun in cho quat. Ngun in cho
quat CPU tuy theo u ni in la loai cm thng ln mainboard hoc ni trc
tip vao ngun in ma ta cm tng ng.
Nu CPU la loai Pentium III, trc tin ban phai lp thm mt cai vong
kep ln mainboard no gi CPU. CPU c gn vao b ni Slot 1, xung quanh
la 4 vit gi cho ch t.

4. Lp b nh
Buc k tip la lp cac chip b nh . Mt khi a gn mainboard vao ban se
rt kho ung ti cac khe cm b nh, v vy tt hn ht ban nn gn cac chip b
nh vao mainboard trc khi lp mainboard vao hp may.
Cac khe cm chip b nh khng c dan nhan mt cach ro rang. V
vy, ban nn s dung tai liu hng dan i kem vi mainboard xac nh xem
cn gn vao khe nao trc. Thng thng ban phai gn vao dai c anh s nho
nht, s 0 (hoc 1) trc. B nh rt d gn v no c thit k sao cho ban ch co
mt cach duy nht gn. i vi cac module nh mt hang chn (SIMM) ban
ch vic dt chung hi nghing mt chut vao cac khe va keo chung v pha ban
cho ti khi vong kep bn ngoai kep cht chung .
i vi Module nh co 2 hang chn (DIMM), vic lp t no hi kho hn
SIMM mt chut. Thay v t nghing va keo t t nh SIMM, vi DIMM ban n
thng t trn xung cho ti khi chung c khoa cht lai

5. Lp t a
i vi mt vai a cng, tht kho xac nh mt nao la mt trn. Thng
thng mt trn thng c bt kn, mt di thng co cac thit b linh kin
in t c boc trn. Trc khi lp ia, ban phai cu hnh cho chung. Nu ban
ch lp mt a IDE, cac hang san xut a cai sn cho ban no la a 1 hoc
a chnh (Master). Ban dung oan cap ruy bng 40 dy i kem, thng co 3 u
ni, mt u cui cung dung gn vao cng trn mainboard c anh du la
Primary. Ban ni a cng vi mt trong hai b ni con lai.
Nu ban lp hai a cng IDE, th a C se la khi ng (la a
chnh), a con lai se la a phu. Thng thng, khi san xut, cac hang san
xut u cai sn a cng nao cung la a chnh. Nu ta khng cu hnh lai
cho ung la a phu, ta se khng truy xut vao cac a c.
Trn mainboard thng co 2 hang chn gn cac a IDE, c anh
du la Primary (hoc IDE 0, IDE1) va Secondary (hoc IDE 1, IDE2). Nu ta
lp mt a cng th gn chung trn hang chn co a nh du la Primary. Ban
phai xac nh mt co mau cua cap gn cho ung chn s 1. Nu ban lp nhiu
hn 2 a IDE, ban phai lp chung trn hang chn phu th hai (co du la
Secondary) . Thng thng, trn hang chn c goi la Primary se cho phep ta
gn 2 a: 1 chnh, va mt phu ; trn hang chn c goi la Secondary cung
cho phep ban gn 2 a nh trn hang chn Primary.
i vi cac a ban nn s dung mi bn hai con vt gi chung nhng
ban ng nn sit cht qua bi v cac khung cua a c lam bng cht liu
nhm, mm, rt d b troc. Ban cung khng nn s dung cac con vt qua dai, nu
qua dai chung se cham vao mach in trn a.

6. Lp cac board Plus-in
Sau khi gn tt ca cac cap, bc k tip la gn cac board plus-in. Gia ban
co mt board iu hp man hnh, mt board m thanh, mt board FAX/
MODEM. Tt ca cac board nay u gn ln trn mainboard.
Tip theo la ban gn cac en LED mt trc hp may bao hiu trang
thai va hoat ng cua may va cng. Trn o cung co cac hang chn gn loa,
gn cng tc khi ng lai.
Cui cung ban gn ban phm va chut.

7. Bt ngun va khi ng may
Trc khi gn np hp may lai, ta nn kim tra lai xem tt ca cap a c
gn ung hay cha khi gn vao ri ban khng phai mt thi gian kim tra lai.
Sau khi kim tra lai a ung toan b, bt ngun va khi ng may. Ta phai
chun b mt a mm khi ng 3
1
/
2
inch, gm co ca cac chng trnh FDISK va
FORMAT thc hin vic nh dang cho a cng.
Lu y: i vi cac may tnh cha c cai t thng tin cu hnh h thng
(BIOS Setup) ln nao th phai c thc hin trc tin sau khi bt may ln u.
Bc nay ta se nghin cu ky bai sau.

8. nh dang a cng
Sau khi rap xong, cn phai nh dang va nap cac phn mm vao a
cng. Ban khng th s dung a cng cho ti khi chung c nh dang hoan
chnh.
Cac phn mm Windows 95/ 98 thng c ghi trn mt a CDROM
650MB, trn o bao gm hang trm chu va tp tin giup ban. Ban se khng
th tm thy bt c mt giup nao v vic nh dang a cng ma ch co tp tin
giup ban ng dang a mm. Tht vy, cung co rt t sach noi chi tit v cach
thc nh dang mt a cng.

a. Muc ch cua vic nh dang
Cng vic nh dang se giup ban t chc a d liu co th c lu tr
va truy xut mt cach d dang va nhanh chong. Nu d liu khng c t chc,
se rt kho tm no trn mt a cng co kch thc ln. Thng thng, cac tp tin
c ghi trn mt a cng u c lu trn cac ranh ghi va cung t a c
anh s. Bang nh v tp tin FAT se thit lp tp tin v v tr cua tng ranh ghi,
tng cung t trn a.
Cach thc t chc a cng ging nh cach thc t chc mt manh t.
Mt manh t c chia thanh nhiu l, trn mi l se xy mt cn nha mi nha
se co mt a ch duy nht tc la co tn ng va co s nha. Ranh ghi trn a
tng ng vi tn ng va s cung t tng ng vi s nha.
Bang FAT tng t nh mt bang ch dn ng hay mt trang muc luc
bt ky mt quyn sach nao. Khi co mt yu cu c gi n u ghi oc hoc
ghi tp tin, no se i ti bang FAT, tm v tr nh v cua tp tin o va di chuyn
n no. u ghi co th tm bt c tp tin nao hoc bt c phn nao cua tp tin mt
cach nhanh chong va d dang.
Cng vic nh dang khng phai la cng vic c thc hin mi ngay, no
ch c thc hin luc mi boc hp, phat hin hong a, chia lai a v.v... S d
cac hang san xut khng thc hin vic nh dang trc cho a cng v no co
qua nhiu cach chon la. V du: nu ta co mt a cng 20 GB, ta co th chia
no thanh 2 hoc 3 a logic tuy y ban. V vy, ho khng thc hin nh dang
trc ma phai do ban t nh dang.

b. Cac bc thc hin
Ban phai co mt a mm khi ng cha cac tp tin Command.com,
IO.sys, MSDOS.sys, Fdisk.com, Format.com, Sys.com, Config.sys, Autoexec.bat
va Mscdex.exe. Cho a khi ng nay vao a mm va bt ngun. Tai ng
dn A: ban go fdisk Enter. Chng trnh Fdisk cho phep ban phn a thanh
mt hoc nhiu a logic. a u tin cua ban nn la a h thng DOS
chnh, tc la a C. Trong h thng cua ch co th co mt a chnh hoat ng,
con lai tt ca cac a logic khac u la cac a DOS m rng.

c. Cac tuy chon khi thc hin chng trnh FDISK
FDisk co ngha la Fixed Disk hay Format Disk. No la mt tp tin lnh
ngoai tru cua DOS trn a khi ng. Ban se khng th s dung c a cng
cho ti khi no c phn chia bng lnh FDisk, sau o no c nh dang mc
cao (lnh Format).
DOS s dung tt ca cac ky t trong bang ch cai t tn cho a. No
danh ky t A cho a mm, C cho a kh i ng. Nu co mt a dung lng
ln, ta co th chia thanh 23 phn logic nho hn c t tn la t a D n
a Z.
Khi ban go lnh FDisk, nu ban s ung MSDOS 6.22 hoc cac phin ban
v sau. Ban se nhn c thng bao u tin khi chay tp tin Fdisk nh sau:

Fdisk Options:
Current Fixed Disk Drive: 1
Choose one of the following:
1. Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive
2. Set active Partition
3. Delete Partition or Logical DOS Drive
4. Display Partition Information

Y ngha cac muc chon trn nh sau:
1: Tao mi mt vung hoc tao a logic
2: Chon la vung hoat ng ban u
3: Xoa vung a phn chia hoc xoa a logic
4: Hin th thng tin cac vung a phn chia
Nu chon s 1 (Nu la ln u Fdisk a), cac tuy chon tip nh sau:

Enter choice: [1]
Press ESC to exit FDISK

Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive
Current Fixed Drive: 1
1. Create Primary DOS Partition
2. Create Extended DOS Partition
3. Create logical DOS drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition
Enter choice: [1]
Press ESC to return to FDISK Options

Nu ban mun khi ng t a cng, phai chon s1 tao mt phn
DOS chnh va lam cho no hoat ng. Nu chon 1, ta se nhn c mt cu
nhc nh nh sau:
Do you wish to use the maximum size for a primary DOS Partition and
make the Partition active (Y/N) ? [Y]

Co ngha la: Ban co mun s dung ht dung lng a cho phn DOS
chnh va cho phep phn nay hoat ng khng ?
Nu ban go Y tra li ng y, toan b a cua se c tao thanh mt
a C: duy nht. Nu ban go N, no se xut hin xut hin dung lng a ti a
cua ban va hoi ban mun danh bao nhiu phn trm cho a chnh. Ban co th
chon 50 hoc tuy theo cach chia cua ban. Ban co th s dung mt a la mt
phn duy nht, nhng tt hn ht ban nn phn no thanh 2 phn nho tr ln.
Sau khi ban tao phn chnh xong, n phm ESC, ta se nhn c man hnh
vi cac tuy chon sau:

Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive
Current Fixed Drive: 1
1. Create Primary DOS Partition
2. Create Extended DOS Partition
3. Create logical DOS drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition
Enter choice: [1]
Press ESC to return to FDISK Options

Phn chnh a c tao nn phn nay ta chon 2 tao phn DOS m rng.
No se cho bit a cua con lai bao nhiu sau khi ban a ch nh cho phn
chnh. Nu ta co a 20 GB va a ch nh 5 GB cho a chnh, FDisk se bao
cho bit con 15 GB cho cac phn con lai.
Tai y, ban khng th thc hin phn a cua ban c. Ban ch co th
chp nhn con s c a ra. Nu ban c gng phn a tai y th con s ban
ch nh la bao nhiu no se la tt ca nhng g ban co th s dung c. Theo v du
trn: vi tuy chon 2, nu a con lai 15 GB va ban go con s 7.5, chng trnh
hiu la toan b phn a m rng ch la 7.5 GB. Nh vy, ban se khng th s
dung 7.5 GB con lai. Tai y ban phai bao la s dung 15 GB hin co.
K tip, n Esc va tr v bang tuy chon, sau o chon s 3. Tuy chon nay
cho phep chia phn nay thanh bao nhiu a tuy y.
Tai y, chng trnh se cho bit la con bao nhiu khng gian a cho phn
m rng. Mc nh no se hin th tng s dung lng a con lai. Nu ban ng y
ch s dung mt a chnh va mt a m rng, ch vic n phm Enter. Ngc
lai, go vao s Megabyte phu hp, c nh th, tao cac a logic cho n ht toan
b a.
Sau o, n phm Esc va n s 4 oc thng tin cac phn va tao. Sau
cung, khi ng lai may va tin hanh nh dang mc cao.

d. nh dang mc cao
Sau khi hoan tt cng oan FDisk, khi ng lai may, tr v a A va nh
dang mc cao cho a C. Do vic se s dung a C thanh a khi ng nn ta
phai chuyn cac tp tin h thng (Command.com, MSDOS.sys, IO.sys) t a A
sang a C, thao tac nh dang co chuyn cac tp tin h thng nay sang a C
bng lnh:
Format C:/S Enter
DOS se hi th thng bao:
Warning! All data on non-removable disk drive C: will be lost !
Proceed with format (Y/N)
Bang nay canh bao: Tt ca d liu trn a C: se b mt. Tip tuc nh dang
(Y/N)
Nu ban go Y, a se bt u c nh dang. Tuy theo dung lng a
ln hay nho ma thi gian nh dang se nhanh hay chm, xong DOS hin th:
Format complete
System transferred
Volume label (11 characters, ENTER for none) ?
Co ngha: qua trnh nh dang a hoan tt - Cac tp tin h thng a c
truyn tai - Ban co th gan tn nhan cho a nu ban mun.
Qua trnh trn ch mi nh dang cho a C, nu ban co cac phn khac hay
mt cng th hai ban cung tin hanh nh dang tng t nh vy nhng khng
chuyn cac tp tin khi ng (/S trong cu lnh Format) sang cac phn khac hay
cac a khac.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.9. GII THIU V BIOS VA CMOS

Mt s ngi thng lm ln gia BIOS va CMOS trong h thng. Thc ra
chung la hai phn hoan toan tach bit nhau.
BIOS trn mainboard c lu tr trn mt chip ROM c nh, bi vy cac
thng tin cua no khng th thay i. co th hoat ng, BIOS cn phai c
cung cp cac tham s phu hp khac nhau. Cac thng s nay c lu tr thng
trc trong mt loai chip nh co tn RTC/NVRAM. Chip nay ong vai tro la ng
h thi gian thc (Real - Time Clock), gi xung nhp s. No co vai bytes b nh
phu. Chip u tin c s dung la chip Motorola MC 1468, co 64 bytes b nh
lu tr, trong o, 10 bytes danh cho chc nng clock. Khi khng co ngun in
cung cp, d liu va cac cai t time/ date trong phn b nh phu se b xoa ht.
Chip nay c thit k theo cng ngh CMOS (Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor), no hoat ng c nh mt vin pin nho va cn rt t
nng lng, ch vi dong in 1 microampe. Khoang 5 nm, pin nay se ht va cac
d liu trn RTC/NVRAM b xoa.
Khoan t nm 1996 v sau, cac PC thng s dung Flash ROM lu tr
BIOS. Flash ROM la chip EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory). i vi Flash ROM, co th xoa va ghi lai bng vic lp trnh ma
khng cn phai thao ra.
Vic xac lp cac thng tin cho chip nay nay goi la BIOS Setup. Trn th
trng hin nay, thng thng, cng vic BIOS Setup do ni cung cp may tnh
thc hin ngay sau khi rap b may tnh. Tuy nhin, ban cung phai bit cach BIOS
Setup phong may t mt cac thng tin lu trong BIOS v cac ly do nh: ht
pin, nhiu in, virus pha hoai, v.v... Tuy mi loai mainboad theo tng hang ch
tao (Award, Ami, Pheonix...) ma cac muc trong BIOS Setup co th khac nhau,
tuy nhin, v cn ban chung tng t nhau. Trong phn nay, chung ta ban v cac
tnh nng ph bin, con cac tnh nng ring, mi cua mi BIOS trn cac
mainboard khac nhau ban phai t tm hiu thm nh vao cac kin thc cn ban
nay.
Man hnh BIOS Setup a s la man hnh chay ch Text. Gn y,
ang phat trin loai BIOS Win (Ami) co man hnh Setup th hin nh khi chay
trong Windows va s dung c Mouse trong khi Setup, ng nhin cac muc
vn khng thay i.
Lu y:
- Thao tac vao BIOS Setup tuy mi loai BIOS cua cac hang san xut
trn mainboard nn se khac nhau, ta se n cac phm quy nh trong qua trnh
POST vao:
+ n Delete i vi AMI BIOS.
+ n F2 i vi Phoenix BIOS.
+ n Ctrl - Alt - Esc hoc Delete i vi Award BIOS.
+ n Esc i vi Microid Research BIOS.
- Trng hp, may thuc dang chnh hang:
+ n F1 i vi IBM Aptiva/Valuepoint.
+ n Ctrl - Alt - Esc hoc Ctrl - Alt - S i vi Older Phoenix
BIOS.
+ n F10 i vi may Compaq.
- Nh vy, cai ma ngi ta thng goi la CMOS thc ra la mt loai chip
nh, con CMOS ch la tn mt cng ngh ch tao ra chip nh o. Tn ung cua
chip nay la RTC/NVRAM con goi la CMOS RAM.
- Chng trnh BIOS Setup thng s dung cac phm mui tn chon la
cac muc. Thay i gia tr cua cac muc ang Set bng hai phm Page Up va Page
Down, hoc + va -, n Esc thoat khoi muc. n F10 thoat khoi BIOS
Setup, nu mun lu cac thay i, khi hp thoai hin ra, bm Y lu, N tr
lai man hnh BIOS Setup.

1. Setup cac thanh phn cn ban (Standard CMOS Setup)
y la cac thanh phn cn ban cua BIOS trn tt ca cac PC g m cac thng
s v ngay, gi, a cng, a mm v.v... Ngoai ra, muc nay con cho bit
thm cac thng tin v b nh hin co trn may.

Ngay, gi (Date/Day/Time):
Ban khai bao ngay, thang, nm vao muc nay. Khai ban nay se c may
tnh xem la thng tin gc va se bt u tnh t y tr i. Cac thng tin v ngay
gi c s dung khi thao tac cac tp tin, th muc, v.v... Co nhiu loai chng
trnh khi chay cung cn thng tin nay. Th du bao cho ban cp nht khi qua
han, chm dt hoat ng khi n ngay quy nh v.v... Bnh thng, phn nay b
Set sai hay khng Set cung chng anh hng g n hoat ng cua may. Cac hoat
ng nay co th sa cha trc tip ngoai DOS bng hai lnh Date va Time, hay
bng Control Panel cua Windows ma khng cn vao BIOS Setup.
Lu y: ng h may tnh co khi chay chm khoang vai giy/ngay, thnh
thoang ban nn chnh lai gi cho ung. Nhng nu qua chm la co vn cn
phai xem lai mainboard.

a mm (Drive A/B):
Khai bao loai a cho A va B, ban cn c vao vic ni dy cho a
xac nh a ni vi u ni ngoai cung cua dy ni la A, kia la B, co
kch thc ln la 1.2MB - 5.25 inch, nho la 1.44MB - 3.5 inch. Nu khng co
th chon Not Install. Trng hp, co a nhng ta khai bao Not Install se lam
cho a mm khng hoat ng nhng khng anh hng g, khi cn s dung ta
khai bao lai. Trong cac Mainboard s dung BIOS i mi, khai bao sai loai a
1.2MB thanh 1.44MB va ngc lai, a vn hoat ng bnh thng nhng ku
rt ln luc mi u oc a, v lu dai co th mau chong lam hong a.
Cac BIOS va cac Card I/O i mi co th cho phep ban trao i hai a
mm ma khng cn trao i dy (swap floppy drive), tc la A thanh B va
ngc lai khi s dung. Khi trao i bng cach Set Jumper trn Card I/O, ban nh
khai bao lai trong BIOS Setup (khi trao i bng lnh Swap trong BIOS th
khng cn khai bao lai), nhng co ng dung khng chu cai t khi Swap a
mm, nht la cac ng dung co bao v chng sao chep.

a cng (Drive C/D) loai IDE:
Phn khai bao a cng rc ri hn, bt buc ban phai khai bao chi tit
cac thng s, ban khai bao sai khng nhng cng khng hoat ng ma i khi
con lam h cng nu ban khai bao qua dung lng tht s cu a cng va cho
tin hanh FDISK. FORMAT theo dung lng sai nay. May mn la cac BIOS sau
nay u co phn do tm thng s cng IDE t ng (IDE HDD auto detection)
nn cac ban khoi mt cng nh khi s dung cng loai IDE. Chung ti se noi v
phn Auto Detect nay sau. Ngoai ra, cac cng sau nay co ghi thng s ln
nha dan trn mt. Ban cho chay auto detect, BIOS se t ng in cac tham s
nay dum ban. Vic khai bao cng C va D oi hoi phai ung vi vic Set cac
Jumper trn hai cng. Ban xac lp cng khng phai qua u ni dy ma bng
cac Jumper trn mach iu khin cng. Cac cng i mi ch co mt Jumper
3 v tr: duy nht, Master ( C), Slave ( D) va co ghi ro cach Set trn
nhan. Cac a cng i cu nhiu Jumper hn nn nu khng co tai liu hng
dn la rc ri, phai mo mn rt lu.
- a cng (Drive E/F) loai IDE:
Cac BIOS va cac Card I/O i mi cho phep gn vi 4 a cng, v hin
nay cac a CDROM cung s dung u ni cng hoat ng, goi la
CDROM Interfaces IDE (giao din a IDE) n gian vic lp t.
Chu y: Khai bao la NONE trong BIOS Setup cho a CD-ROM.
- Man hnh (Video) - Primary Display:
+ EGA/VGA: Danh cho man hnh s dung Card mau EGA hay VGA,
Supper VGA.
+ CGA 40/CGA 80:Danh cho laoi man hnh s dung Card mau CGA 40
ct hay CGA 80 ct.
Treo may nu phat hin li khi khi ng (Error Halt):
+ Tt ca cac li (All error):Treo may khi phat hin bt c li nao trong qua
trnh kim tra may, ban khng nn chon muc nay v BIOS se treo may khi gp li
u tin nn ban khng bit cac li khac, n u co.
+ Bo qua li cua Keyboard (All, but Keyboard): Tt ca cac li ngoai tr
li cua ban phm.
+ Bo qua li a (All, but Diskette): Tt ca cac li ngoai tr li cua a
+ Bo qua li ia va ban phm (All, but Disk/Key): Tt ca cac li ngoai tr
li cua a va ban phm.
+ Khng treo may khi co li (No error): Tin hanh qua trnh kim tra may
cho n khi hoan tt du pgat hin bt c li g. Ban nn chon muc nay bit
may b truc trc b phn nao ma co phng hng giai quyt.
-Keyboard:
+Install: Cho kim tra ban phm trong qua trnh khi ng, thng bao trn
man hnh nu ban phm co li.
+Not Install: Khng kim tra ban phm khi khi ng
Chu y: Chon muc nay khng co ngha la v hiu ban phm v nu vy lam
sao iu khin may. No ch co tac dung cho BIOS khoi mt cng kim tra ban
phm nhm rut ngn thi gian khi ng.

2. Setup cac thanh phn nng cao (Advanced Setup):
Cho phep thit lp cac thng s v chng Virus, chon Cache, th t khi
ng may, cac tuy chon bao mt v.v... Song chung ta cn chu y cac thng s
chnh sau y:

- Virut Warning: Nu Enabled, BIOS se bao ng va treo may khi co hanh ng
vit vao Boot Sector hay Partition cua cng. Nu ban cn chay chng trnh co
thao tac vao 2 ni o nh Fdisk, Format ...ban cn phai Disable.
- Internal Cache: Cho hiu lc (Enable) hay v hiu hoa (Disable) cache (L1) ni
trong CPU 586 tr v ln.
- External cache: Cho hiu lc (Enable) hay v hiu hoa (Disable) cache trn
mainboard, con goi la Cache mc 2 (L2).
- Quyck Power On Seft Test: Nu Enable BIOS se rut ngn va bo qua vai muc
khng quan trong trong qua trnh khi ng, giam thi gian khi ng ti a.
- About 1 MB Memory Test: Nu Enable BIOS se kim tra tt ca b nh. Nu
Disable ch kim tra 1 MB b nh u tin.
- Memory Test Tick Sound: Cho phat m (Enable) hay khng (Disable) trong
thi gian Test b nh.
- Etended BIOS Ram Area: Khai bao muc nay nu mun dung 1 Kb trn nh
cua b nh quy c, tc 1Kb bt u t a ch 639 K hay 0:300 cua vung BIOS
h thng trong b nh quy c lu cac thng tin v a cng. Xac lp co th
1K hay 0:300.
- Swap Floppy Drive: Trao i tn hai a mm, khi chon muc nay ban khng
cn khai bao lai a nh khi trao bng cach Set Jumper trn Card I/O.
- Boot Sequence: Chon a khi BIOS tm h iu hanh khi khi ng. Co th C
ri n A hay A ri n C hay ch co C. Ban nn chon C, A hay ch co C,
phong trng hp v tnh khi ng bng a mm co virus.
Hin nay trn cac Mainboard Pentium. BIOS cho phep ban ch nh khi
ng t mt trong hai mm hay trong 4 cng IDE hay bng cng SCSI
thm ch bng CD-Rom cung c.
- Boot Up Floopy Seek: Nu Enable BIOS se do tm kiu cua a mm la 80
track hay 40 track. Nu disEnable BIOS se bo qua. Chon Enable lam chm thi
gian khi ng v BIOS lun lun phai oc a mm trc khi oc a cng, mt
du ban a chon ch khi ng bng a C.
- Boot Up Numlock Status: Nu ON la cho phm Numlock m (en Numlock
sang) sau khi khi ng, nhom phm bn tay phai ban phm dung anh s.
Nu OFF la phm Numlock tt (en Numlock ti) , nhom phm bn tay phai dung
di chuyn con tro.
- Boot Up System Speed: Quy nh tc CPU trong thi gian kh i ng la
High (cao) hay Low (thp).
- Memory Parity Check: Kim tra chn le b nh. Chon theo mainboard v co
loai cho phep muc nay Enable co loai bt ban chon Disable mi chu chay. u
tin ban chon Enable, nu may treo ban chon lai la Disable. Muc nay khng anh
hng n h thng, ch co tac dung kim tra RAM.
- IDE HDD Block Mode: Nu cng cua ban h tr kiu vn chuyn d liu
theo tng khi (cac a i mi co dung lng cao). Ban cho Enable tng tc
cho a. Nu a i cu ban cho Disable muc nay.
- Pri.Master/Slave LBA (Logic Block Addressing) Mode: Nu hai a cng
c ni vao u ni Primary cua card I/O co dung lng ln hn 528 MB, ban
cho Enable muc nay.
- Sec.IDE Ctrl Drive Install: Muc nay khai bao may ban co a cng ni
vao u ni Secondary cua card I/O. cac ch nh co th la Master, Mst/Slv va
Disable.
- Sec Master/Slave LBA Mode: Xac lp LBA cho u ni th 2.
Chu y: Cac muc h tr cho a cng co dung lng ln va cac card I/O
i mi giup ban s dung a co dung lng trn 528 MB. Trong trng hp
ban cho Enable cac muc nay ri mi tin hanh Fdisk va Format a, nu sau o
ban lai Disable cac muc nay hay em gn qua may khac cung chon Disable, ban
se khng th s dung c a cng. Khi dung CD-ROM co u ni IDE, ban
nn gn vao u ni Secondary khoi anh hng n a cng (gn vao u
ni Pri) khi cn chay 32 Bit DiskAccess trong Windows.
- Typenatic Rate Setting: Nu Enable la ban cho 2 muc di y co hiu lc. Hai
muc nay thay th lnh Mode cua DOS, quy nh tc va thi gian tr cua ban
phm.
- Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec): Ban la chon s ky t /giy tuy theo tc anh
phm nhanh hay chm cua ban. Nu ban Set thp hn tc anh th may se phat
ting Bip khi no chay theo khng kp.
- Typematic Delay (Msec): Ch nh thi gian lp lai ky t khi ban n va gi lun
phm, tnh bng mili giy.
- Security Option: Muc nay dung gii han vic s dung h thng va BIOS
Setup.
Setup: Gii han vic thay i BIOS Setup, mi khi mun vao BIOS Setup
ban phai anh ung mt khu a quy nh trc.
System hay Always: gii han vic s dung may. Mi khi m may, BIOS
lun lun hoi mt khu, nu khng bit mt khu Bioc se khng cho phep s
dung may.
Chu y:Trong trng hp ban cha ch nh mt khu, Disable (v hiu
hoa) muc nay, ban chon Password Setting, ban ng anh g vao nhp mt
khu ma ch cn bm ENTER.Trong trng hp ban a co ch nh mt khu nay
lai mun bo i. Ban chon Password setting ban anh mt khu cu vao nhp mt
khu cu (Old Password) con trong nhp khu mi (New Password)ban ng
anh g ca ma ch cn bm ENTER. Con mainboard thit k thm mt jumper
xoa ring mt khu ngoai jumper xoa toan b thng tin trong CMOS. Tt hn
ht la ban ng s dung muc nay v ban thn chung ti chng kin nhiu trng
hp d khoc d ci do muc nay gy ra. Li t ma hai nhiu. Ch nhng may tnh
cng cng mi ch s dung muc nay thi.
- System BIOS Shadow, Video BIOS Shadow: Nu Enable la cho copy cac d
liu v System va video trong BIOS (co tc chm) vao RAM (tc nhanh)
rut ngn thi gian khi cn truy cp vao cac d liu nay
- Wait for <F1> if Any Error: Cho hin thng bao ch n phm F1 khi co li.
- Numerric Processor: Thng bao gn CPU ng x ly (Present) trn may hay
khng (absent). Muc nay thng co trong cac may dung CPU 286, 386, 486 SX.
T 486 DX tr v sau a co con ng x ly bn trong CPU nn trn cac may mi
co th khng co muc nay.
- Turbo Switch Function: Cho nut Turbo co hiu lc (Enable) hay khng
(Disable). Muc nay thng thy cac BIOS i cu, trn cac may i mi la
chon nay thng bng cach Set Jumper cua Mainboard. T Mainboard Pentium
tr i khng co muc nay.

3. Setup cac thanh phn co lin quan n vn hanh h thng (Chipset Setup):
Thit lp cac thng s cho cac chip phu tr nh RAM, Cache nh thi
khi ng t xa, Cache cho VIDEO BIOS v.v...

- Auto Configuration: Nu Enable, BIOS se t ng xac lp cac thanh phn v
DRAM, Cache ... mi khi khi ng tuy theo CPU type (kiu CPU) va System
clock (tc h thng). Nu Disable la cho ban t ch nh.
- AT Clock Option: Nu Asyne (khng ng b) la ly dao ng chun cua b
dao ng thach anh chia i am tc hoat ng cho AT Bus (bus-8-16 Bit).
Thng la 14.318Mhz/2 tc 7159 MHz. Co BIOS con cho chon tc cua muc
nay la 14,318 Mhz. Nu Syns (ng b) la dung System Clock (do ban ch nh
bng cach Set Jumper trn Mainboard) lam tc chun.
- Synchronoun AT Clock/AT Bus Clock Selector: Ch nh tc hoat ng cho
AT Bus bng cach ly tc chun (System Clock) chia nho con lai khoang
8M cho phu hp vi Card 16 bit. Cac la chon nh sau:
-CLKI/3 khi System clock la 20-25 MHz.
-CLKI/4 khi System clock la 33 MHz.
Tc d nay cang ln (s chia cang nho), may chay cang nhanh do tng tc
vn chuyn d liu. Tuy nhin ln n u con phu thuc vao Mainboard va
card cm trn cac Slot (quan trong nht la cac I/O). Cac ban phai th nghim
giam s chia tng nc va chu y may co khi ng hay oc a bnh thng
khng, nu phat sinh truc trc th giam xung mt nc. Thng th ban co th
tng c hai nc. Th du: System clock la 40 MHz, ban chon CLKI/3. Card ISA
8 va 16 bit co th chay tt trong khoang t 8 MHz-14 MHz. Nu nhanh qua,
thng Card I/O gp truc trc trc (khng oc c a cng).
- AT Cycle Wait States/Extra AT Cycle WS: Enable hay Disable vic chen
thm mt thi gian ch vao thi gian chun cua AT Bus. Nu System clock di
33 MHz chon Disable. Nu trn 33 MHz chon Enable.
- Fast AT Cycle: Khi Enable se rut ngn thi gian chun cua AT Bus.
- DRAM ReadWait States/DRAM Brust Cycle:
Di 33 MHz la: 3-2-2-2 hay 2-1-1-1.
T 33 n 45 MHz la: 4-3-3-3 hay 2-2-2-2.
50 MHz la: 5-4-4-4 hay 3-2-2-2.
Chon muc nay anh hng ln n tc CPU.
- DRAM?Memory Write Wait States:
Chon IWS kkhi h thng nhanh hay DRAM chm (tc 40 MHz tr
ln). Chon OWS khi h thng va DRAM co th tng thch (33 MHz tr xung).
- Hidden Refresh Option: Khi Enable, CPU se lam vic nhanh hn do khng phai
ch mi khi DRAM c lam ti.
- Slow Refresh Enable: Muc nay nhm bao am an toan d liu trn DRAM, thi
gian lam ti se keo dai hn bnh thng. Ban ch c Enable muc nay khi b
nh cua may h tr vic cho phep lam ti chm.
- L1 Cache Mode: La chon gia Write-Through va Write-Back cho Cache ni
trong CPU 486 tr ln. Xac lp Write-Through may se chay chm hn Write-
Back. Nhng vic la chon con tuy thuc vao loai CPU.
- L2 Cache Mode: Xac lp cho Cache trn Mainboard.
- IDE HDD Auto Detection/IDE SETUP:
Khi chon muc nay se xut hin mt cua s cho ban ch nh a cn do
tm thng s (2 hay 4 a tuy theo BIOS) sau o bm OK hay Yes BIOS
in vao phn Standard dung cho ban. Trong BIOS i mi, auto Detect co th
a ra vai loai a. Tuy thei cach s dung a (Normal, LBA, ...) ma ban chon
loai thch hp.

4. Power Management Setup:
i vi CPU 486:
Phn nay la cac ch nh cho chng trnh tit kim nng lng sn cha
trong cac BIOS i mi. Chng trnh nay dung c cho ca hai loai CPU: Loai
thng va loai CPU kiu S. CPU kiu S hay CPU co hai ky t cui SL la mt loai
CPU c ch tao c bit, co thm b phn qun ly nng lng trong CPU. Do
o trong phn co hai loai ch nh danh cho hai loai CPU.
i vi Pentium:
Dung chung cho moi loai Pentium hay cac chip cua cac hang khac cung
i vi Pentium.
- Power Management/Power Saving Mode:
Disable: Khng s dung chng trnh nay.
Enable/User Define: Cho chng trnh nay co hiu lc.
Min Saving: Dung cac gia tr thi gian dai nht cho cac la chon (tit kim
nng lng t nht).
- Pmi/Smi: Nu chon Smi la may ang gn CPU kiu S cua hang Intel. Nu chon
auto la may gn CPU thng.
- Doze Timer: Muc nay ch dung cho CPU kiu S. Khi ung thi gian may a
ranh (khng nhn c tn hiu t cac ngt) theo quy nh CPU t ng ha tc
xung con 8 MHz. Ban chon thi gian theo y ban (co th t 10 giy n 4 gi)
hay Disable nu khng mun s dung muc nay.
- Sleep timer/Standby Timer: Muc nay ch dung cho CPU kiu S. Ch nh thi
gian may ranh trc khi vao ch Sleep (ngng hoat ng). Thi gian co th t
10 giy n 4 gi.
- Sleep Clock: Muc nay ch dung cho CPU kiu S: Stop CPU ha tc xung
con 0 MHz (ngng hn). Slow CPU ha tc xung con 8 MHz.
- HDD Standby Timer/HDD Power Down:
Ch nh thi gian ngng motor cua a cng.
- CRT Sleep: Nu chon Enable la man hnh se tt khi may vao ch Sleep.
Ch nh: Cac ch nh cho chng trnh quan ly ngun bit cn kim tra
b phn nao khi chay.
Chu y: Do BIOS c san xut s du ng cho nhiu loai may khac nn
cac ban lun gp phn nay trong cac BIOS. Thc ra chung ch co gia tr trong cac
may xach tay (laptop) v xai Pin nn vn tit kim nng lng c t ln
hang u. Chung ti khuyn cac ban ang s dung may ban (desktop) nn v
hiu hoa tt ca cac muc trong phn nay, tranh cac tnh hung bt ng nh:
ang cai chng trnh t nhin may ngng hoat ng, ang chay Dafrag t nhin
may chm cc ky...

5. Phn danh ring cho mainboard theo chun giao tip PCI co I/O va IDE
On Board (Peripheral Setup):

- PCI On Board IDE: Cho hiu lc (Enabled) hay v hiu (Disabled) 2u ni
a cng IDE trn mainboard. Khi s dung card PCI IDE ri, ta cn chon
Disabled.
- PCI On Board Secondary IDE: Cho hiu lc (Enable) hay v hiu (Disable) u
ni a cng IDE th hai trn mainboard. Muc nay b sung cho muc trn va ch
co tac dung vi u ni th 2.
- PCI On Board Speed Mode: Ch nh kiu vn chuyn d liu (PIO Speed
Mode). Co th la Disable, mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, mode 3, auto. Trong o
mode 4 la nhanh nht.
- PCI Card Present on: Khai bao s dung Card PCI IDE ri hay khng va nu co
th c cm vao Slot nao. Cac muc chon la: Disable, auto, Slot 1, Slot 2, Slot 3,
Slot 4.
- PCI IRQ, PCI Primary IDE IRQ, PCI Secondary IDE IRQ:
Ch nh cach xac lp ngt cho PCI IDE ri.
Chu y: Trong muc nay co phn xac lp th t gan ngt cho cac Card b
sung. Th du: 19, 210, 311, 412 co ngha la Card u tin cm vao bt ky
Slot nao se c gan ngt 9, nu co 2 Card th Card cm vao Slot co s th t nho
se c gan ngt 9, Slot co s th t ln se c gan ngt 10 v.v...
- IDE 32 Bit Transfers Mode:
Xac lp nhm tng cng tc cho a cng trn 528 MB, nhng cung
co a khng khi ng oc khi Enable muc nay du Fdisk va Format vn bnh
thng.
- Host to PCI Post Write W/s, Host to Burst Write Host to DRAM Burst Write:
Cac xac lp nay cho CPU Bus, khng anh hng nhiu n tc cua
CPU, co th nguyn xac lp mt nhin.
- PCIBus Park, Post Write Buffer:
Khi Enable cac muc nay co th tng cng thm tc h th ng
- FDC Control:
Cho hiu lc hay khng u ni cap va xac lp a ch cho a mm.
- Primary Serial Port:
Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM 1 va xac lp a ch cho cng nay.
- Secondary Serial Port:
Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM 2 va xac lp a ch cho cng nay.
Chu y: Nu ban s dung Card b sung co xac lp a ch la COM 1 va
COM 2, ban phai Disable cng tng ng trong hai muc trn.
- Parallel Port:
Cho hiu lc hay khng Cng LPT 1 va xac lp a ch cho cng nay.

6. Hng dn BIOS Setup:
Trong cac tai liu i kem mainboard, iu co hng dn BIOS Setup. Khi
mua may hay mua Mainboard, cac ban nh oi cac tai liu nay v no rt cn cho
vic s dung may.
Trong cac phn Setup trn, phn Standard. Advanced co anh hng n
vic cu hnh may. Phn Chipset anh hng n tc may. Phn PCI anh hng
n cac gan ngt, a ch cho cac Slot PCI, cng; cach vn chuyn d liu cho
IDE On Board.
Nu gp cac thanh phn hoan toan mi, trc tin ban hay Set cac thanh
phn a bit, kim tra vic thay i cua may, cui cung mi Set ti cac thanh
cha bit. Chung ti xin nhc lai, vic BIOS Setup sai khng bao gi lam h may
va cac ban se d dang Setup lai nh vao chnh BIOS. Trn Mainboard lun lun
co mt Jumper dung xoa cac thng tin cha trong CMOS ban co th tao lai
cac thng tin nay trong trng hp khng th vao lai BIOS Setup khi khi ng
may.
Khi tin hanh tm hiu BIOS Setup, ban nn theo mt quy tt sau: Ch Set
tng muc mt ri khi ng may lai, chay cac chng trnh kim tra xem tc
CPU, a co thay i g khng? Cach lam nay giup ban phat hin anh hng
cua tng muc vao h thng va ban co th bit chc truc trc phat sinh do muc nao
sa cha. Khi xay ra truc trc ma ban khng bit cach i pho, ban ch cn
vao lai BIOS Setup chon Load BIOS Default hay bm F6 trong phn Set ma ban
mun phuc hi sau o khi ng may lai la xong.
PHN III
CAI T PHN MM MAY TNH

Trong phn trc ta a xet v cu truc cung nh cach lam vic cua cac
thanh phn cu tao nn ma y tnh va a cai t h iu hanh n gian nht la
MSDOS. Song i vi cac h iu hanh, cac chng trnh ln oi hoi s tng
thch v cu hnh cung nh qua trnh cai t cua no phai chnh xac th mi co th
lam vic co hiu qua, nht la cac phn mm hoa nh Windows, Microsoft
Office v.v...
Cai t phn mm la qua trnh xac nh ngun tai nguyn ma h iu
hanh, phn mm o c s dung trn h thng va cac thanh phn cua phn m m
c s dung. T o phn b cac thng tin nay vao cac file chng trnh khi
ng hay cac file cu hnh cho phu hp. Co th n c qua trnh cai t chung
cua phn mm gm cac bc sau:
- Kim tra cac tai nguyn h thng co am bao khng nh CPU, RAM,
Man hnh, Ban phm, Chut, khng gian a v.v...
- Xac nh cac thanh phn cua phn mm cai t.
- Chep cac file chng trnh, d liu ln a ch.
- Kim tra tt ca cac thanh phn h thng va a thng tin vao cac file
*.sys hay *.ini.
- Cp nht cac thng tin i cung vi ch khi ng cung nh cac iu
kin lam vic. Tiu biu la cac file Config.sys va Autoexec.bat .
- Xac nh cac thanh phn hin co cho phn mm va cp nht cac logo i
cung.
- Xy dng cac trnh iu khin thit b h thng cho phu hp nu cn.
Trong phn nay ta xet hai qua trnh cai t tiu biu va thng gp la
Microsoft Windows 95 va Microsoft Office 97. Sau o xet thm cac thanh phn
phu tr nh Vietware va cac trnh quan ly thit b.

.10. GII THIU QUA TRNH CAI T WINDOWS

Windows la mt h iu hanh s dung giao din hoa, do o no oi hoi
vic cu hnh phn cng phai chnh xac. Ngoai ra Windows con quan ly tt ca
cac tai nguyn cua may tnh va cp nht cac trnh iu khin cua cac thit b
lam vic cho thch hp. Do o Windows lam vic tt yu cu phai cai t
Windows. V qua trnh cai t cho cac phin ban Windows 9.x tr ln c s
dung hin nay, rt ging vi qua trnh cai t cua Windows 95 nn y ta ch
xet cho qua trnh cai t cua Windows 95.
1. Chun b phn cng:
1. CPU va Mainboard 486 tr ln (386 vn c nhng rt chm va t
c dung hin nay).
2. 8MB RAM b nh trong, nhng cang nhiu cang tt. (i vi
Windows 98 ti thiu 16 MB RAM).
3. a cng trng t 30MB tr ln a co cac file h thng khi ng
c may. (Tuy theo phin ban co th khac nhau).
4. Man hnh va Card man hnh mau.
5. Ban phm va Chut.
6. Cac thit b khac co th co nh CDROM, may in, modem v.v...
2. Chun b phn mm
cai Window 98 ta phai co b chng trnh ngun co file Setup va s
x_ri (Serial Number) cua no. B chng trnh nay vao khoang vai trm MB tuy
theo phin ban va cac thanh phn i kem. B chng trnh ngun nay co trong
a cng, CDROM hoc mang may tnh co sn.

* Cac thanh phn cua Window 9x
Windows c thit k theo cac module ghep lai vi nhau, do o ta co th
chon va cai t cac thanh phn thch hp. Co th chia Windows 9x thanh cac
thanh phn chnh nh sau:
1. Phn nhn (Kernel) thanh phn ct loi cua Windows, do o khi cai t
khng th thiu phn nay.
2. Phn h tr cac trnh iu khin thit b nh Chut, man hnh, ban
phm, may in v.v... Phn nay s dung cho ch Plus and Play.
3. Cac cng cu h thng nh Scandisk, Defragmenter, Speed disk v.v...
4. Cac tin ch i cung nh Wordpad, Notepad, Painbrush v.v...
5. Cac thanh phn h tr mang nh mang ngang hang, Windows NT,
Netware, Internet v.v... nh Internet Explorer, Email, Microsoft Network v.v...
6. Cac module h tr lp trnh va giao din phn mm nh cac ham API,
dch vu chuyn file kt nhumg v.v...

* Cac t hng s Set up:
/ ?-Help
/ c-Khng chay SMARTDrive.
/ id- Khng kim t ra dung lng a.
/ it - Khng kim t ra cac chng t rnh t hng t ru.
/ is- Khng chay Scandisk.
/ l- S dung Logit ech mouse t rong t hi gian Set up.
/ n- Khng dung mouse.

3. Tin trnh cai t Windows
1. Chay file Setup.exe cua chng trnh cai t. File nay cha trong a
th nht cua b chng trnh ngun. Khi chay Setup.exe, Windows 9x t ng
chay trnh kim tra a bng chng trnh Scandisk, nu khng mun chay trnh
nay ta dung Setup /is.
2. Chng trnh Setup yu cu s x_ri (Serial number) bao v ban
quyn. Nu cho ung s nay chng trnh tip tuc va yu cu nhp cac thng tin
cua ban nh tn, c quan v.v... s dung vao mt s muc ch sau nay.
3. Yu cu ch nh ni cai t chng trnh Setup copy cac file cn
thit vao o.
4. Chon ch Plug and play cho cactnh iu khin thit b.
5. Chon ch cai t, co 3 tuy chon cho ch nay la:
- Typical: Cai t y u tt ca cac thanh phn cua Windows .
- Custom: Cho ngi s dung chon cac thanh phn cai t.
- Port able: Ch cai cac t hanh phn ch s dung t rn
may t nh xach t ay.
- Compact: Cai ti thiu, bo ht cac tin ch tn a.
Nu chon ch Custom ta phai chon cac thanh phn cai t nh a
trnh bay trn.
6. Cu hnh cacthanh phn mang nh Card mang, a ch, giao thc v.v...
7. Toa da cu h dung khi Windows b li.
8. Chng trnh Setup cp nht cu hnh va cho khi ng lai may tnh
kt thuc qua trnh cai t.
Theo doi qua trnh cai t va ghi lai va x ly cac li nu co. Nu khng co
li th qua trnh cai t a thanh cng.
4. Hoan chnh windows sau khi cai t
a. Thm bt cac module:
Trong qua trnh cai t nu co module nao o cai t cha thanh cng
hoc mun thm bt chung ta lam nh sau:
- a b ngun Windows vao thit b trn may chun b sn sang.
- Chay file Setup va ch ng dn n b ngun trn.
- Chon thanh phn cn sa cha sau o chon Add thm vao va chon
Remove bo i.
b. Xem s xung t v thit b
Nh ta a bit cac thit b giao tip vi CPU qua mt a ch vung nh goi
la vung nh vao ra va mt ngt, do o khi co s trung lp gia cac thng tin nay
hay sai trnh iu khin thit b se xay ra xung t lam cho cac thanh phn hoat
ng khng bnh thng.
kim tra vn trn ta vao muc Setting\Control panel\System\ Device
xem cac cu hnh cho cac thit b. Khi thit b b li co xut hin mt du bn
canh thit b o, co th la x ly ta lam nh sau:
- Chon trnh iu khin o ri chon Remove g bo.
- Chon Add cu hnh lai cho phu hp.
5. Qua trnh khi ng cua Windows 95
Windows 95 la mt h iu hanh nn no quan ly qua trnh khi ng cua
may tnh. Co ngha la no thay i oan chng trnh khi ng Bootrap trong
Boot Sector cua a khi ng. Thng qua qua trnh nay ta co th chn oan c
cac li trn may tnh Co th m ta qua trnh khi ng cua Windows nh sau:
- Khi bt may qua trnh khi ng c thc hin trong qua trnh khi
ng DOS.
- Chng trnh khi ng tm cac file khi ng nh IO.SYS,
MSDOS.SYS va co th co WINBOOT.SYS. O y file IO.SYS vai tro chu ao
trong qua trnh khi ng cua Windows 95.
- Tip theo thc hin cac lnh trong CONFIG.SYS va AUTOEXEC.BAT,
sau o la cac lnh xy dng cu hnh cho Windows a c cu hnh sn trong h
thng.
- Tai cac trnh iu khin thit b s dung trong giao din hoa.
- Tai cac trnh iu khi n thit b cho chng trnh, cac cu hnh chng
trnh thng qua 2 file System.ini va Win.ini.
- Cui cung thc hin file tao mi trng lam vic cho ngi s dung nh
cac chng trnh, Shortcut, vao mang v.v...
Toan b qua trnh khi ng cua Windows 9.x tr ln c lu gi trong
file Bootlog.txt. Khao sat y u qua trnh khi ng cua Windows co th cho ra
cac chun oan chnh xac v li trong Windows.

* Y ngha file Setuplog.txt
y ngha la file ASSCII, c Windows tao ra trong thi gia Setup. No
cha tt ca cac thng tin v cac hoat ng cua chng trnh Setup. File nay co
muc ch giup ngi dung tham khao co hng khc phuc khi khng Setup
c.
Setup dung file na y khi chay Smart Recovery nhm tranh vic lp lai li
a mc trc o. Nu Setup xu, ban cn khi ng lai may tnh Setup tm oc
file SETUPLOG.TXT, khi n thu tuc b li no se bo qua thu tuc nay va tip tuc
qua trnh Setup.
* Y ngha file DETLOG.TXT
File nay cha cac thng tin v phn cng.
Nu may tnh b treo trong thi gian do tm phn cng, ban co th phat
hin li nay bng cach xem dong cui cung cua DETLOG.TXT.
* Y ngha file BOOTLOG.TXT
BOOTLOG.TXT la mt file text ASCII cha ng nhng thng tin v
trang thai khi ng cua Windows 95. c tao ra trong thi gian Setup hay mi
ln Windows 95 khi ng (n F8 khi khi ng dong Starting Windows 95,
chon muc tao BOOTLOG.TXT. BOOTLOG.TXTse c lu trong th muc cua
a khi ng).
File nay co th c dung cha li khi Setup hay khi Windows b truc
trc. Ban cn c vao cac dong nap co thng bao Failed hay dong lnh cui cung
trc khi treo may bit li do driver thit b nao.
10. Thay i a ch ngun Setup sau khi cai
Co nhiu trng hp ban cn thay i a ch ngun. Th du nh tric y
ban Setup Windows 95 t da cng, by gi ban co Windows trn CD ROM,
ban cn thay i a ch ngun Setup co th truy cp cac file trn CD ROM.
thay i ban lam theo cac bc sau:
-Bm nut Start, bm Run, anh regedit trong Open box, bm OK khi
ng Registry Editor.
-Ban ln lc m cac muc theo th t sau:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE_SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\Current
Version\Setup.
Bm kep vao muc SourcePath va sa cha lai a ch trong Value data.
Thoat Regedit.
Chu y: Trc khi sa ban nh Backup ca c file Registry (SYSTEM.DAT va
USER.DAT).

.11. CAI T MICROSOFT OFFICE

Microsoft Office la b cng cu vn phong manh nht hin nay. No tch
hp hu ht cac cng cu h tr cho cng vic vn phong nh vn ban, tnh toan,
quan ly, trnh din v.v... Do vy yu cu s dung tai nguyn cua no cung rt ln
va qua trnh cai t no cung tng i phc tap.
V yu cu phn cng va phn mm no cung ging nh Windows song
Microsoft Office yu cu khng gian a ln hn nh 200MB cho cac thanh phn
cua Microsoft Office97. Tuy nhin Microsoft Office 97 gm nhiu thanh phn
nn ta co th chon cac thanh phn cai t cho thch hp.
1. Cac thanh phn cua Microsoft Office 97
Microsoft Office 97 c thit k theo cac module ghep lai vi nhau. Do
do trong qua trnh cai t ta d dang loai bo hay cai t cac thanh phn cua
chung. Toan b Microsoft Office 97 c chia thanh cac thanh phn nh sau:
- Microsoft Word: Trnh x ly vn ban.
- Microsoft Exel: Trnh x ly bang tnh.
- Microsoft Access: H quan tr c s d liu.
- Microsoft Power Point: Phn trnh din cac ch hnh anh v.v...
- Cac thanh phn khac nh Microsoft Tool, Convert, Database v.v...
2. Tin trnh cai t
1. Cho chay file Setup.exe i kem vi b chng trnh ngun thc hin
tin trnh cai t.
2. Cho s x_ri (Serial number) va cac thng tin lin quan n ngi s
dung.
3. Chon ni cai t Microsoft Office. (Mc nh la th muc
PROGRAM FILE\MSOFFICE). Chng trnh cai t se chep cac file cn thit
vao y.
4. Chon ch cai t Typical, Custom, Minimum.
5. Chon Custom va chon cac thanh phn cai t ln may tnh cua ban.
6. Chng trnh Setup se cp nht h thng hoan thanh qua trnh cai
t.
7. Kim tra cac thanh phn cai t a hoan thin cha. Bng cach vao tng
thanh phn mt va kim tra cac chc nng.
3. Hoan thin cac thanh phn sau khi cai t
Sau khi cai t hoc sau mt thi gian s dung ta thy phn nao con thiu
hoc tha ta co th sa lai nh sau:
1. Cho b ngun Office vao thit b sn sang.
2. Chay file setup cho n muc Add, Remove.
3. Chon Add va chon cac thanh phn thm vao.
4. Chon Remove va chon cac thanh phn cn bo i.
5. Xem lai cac thanh phn va sa xong.

.12. CAI T CAC PHN MM KHAC
1. Cai cac Font ting vit
Ban co th cai cac font ting vit khac nhau nh Font ABC, Vietware,
Vietkey,...nhng u co chung quy tc la ban chon th muc co cha chng
trnh ngun, sau o ban chon tp tin setup.exe. Tip n ban go ma s ng
ky, chon ni cai t,chon ch cai t (Typical, Custom, Minimum).
Chng trnh Setup se cp nht h thng hoan thanh qua trnh cai t. Cui
cung ban chon Yes chp nhn khi ng lai may.

V du: Ban cai font Vietware, cac bc tin ha nh nh sau:
1. Ban chon tp tin Setup.exe trong chng trnh ngun, th co mt ca s
xut hin nh sau:
2. Ban go ma s dng ky vao hp Serial number va sau khi ban go xong
ban chon OK xut hin ca s
3. Tip theo ban chon ch cai t la:Full, Custom, Minimum.Sau khi
ban chon la xong click vao install tip tuc. Va th muc ngm nh
c cai t la C:\VW20 nu khng mun ban co th go lai ng
dn.Va ban chon Continue,ban ch khoang vai phut se xut hin hp
thoai
4. Nu ban mun khi ng lai may thi click Restart Windows, con nu
ban khng mun khi ng lai th click vao Continue hoan thanh
vic cai t.

2. Cai cac phn mm khac
- Cai Turbo Pascal 7.0: Cach thc cai t cung kha n gian ch cn co
b ngun cua phn mm (co th cha trn CDROM hay a cng). Ban
chon tp tin install.exe . Sau o ban n phm ENTER tip tuc, ban
se thy xut hin man hnh di y:
Ban go tn a chua nhng tp tin ngun (la A nu cai t a mm hay
C,D... nu t a cng)

- Sau o la go tn th muc cha ngun (V du: \SOFT\BP70).

- Dung phm mui tn ln xung chon muc Borland Pascal directory
va sau o n phm Enter i lai ng dn cua th muc nu nh ban
mun (gia s la C:\TURBO).
- Sau cung la dung phm mui tn a con tro n muc Start installation
ri n Enter cai t Turbo Pascal vao may.

- Tom lai: Cac phn mm khac ban cung cai t tng t nh cach cai
cac phn mm trn vy.
PHU LUC 1
CAC MA LI

S c ban mach chnh (101 - 109)
- 101 System interrup Failed: S c nay co th la mt vn tranzito(h
mach) khng thng xuyn xay ra hoc board b sung ang xm pham
ti chip iu khin tn hiu ngt. Nu ban khng th vt qua c ma
101, se phai thay ban mach chnh.
- 102 System Timer Failed: Chip b nh thi trn ban mach chnh b h,
phai thay ban mach chnh nu li thng xuyn xut hin.
- 103 System Timer interrup Failed: Chip b nh thi khng co chip iu
khin tn hiu ngt truyn tn hiu ngt zero (tnh ngt nh thi).
- 104 Protecd Mode Operation Failed: Ma li nay ch ap dung cho may tnh
AT.
- 105 8042 Command Not Accepted.Keyboard Communication Failed: B
mt chip iu khin ban phm 8042 hoc ban phm kem cht lng.
- 106 Post logic test Problem Logic Test Failed: Li nay co th gy ra do
board h thng b h hoc cac yu t khac nh cac the mach khng chnh
xac cung co th gy ra li.
- 107 MNI Test Failed: Kim tra ngt khng che c cua ban mach chnh
b s c , mt NMI la tn hiu ngt khng th c v hiu hoa bng mt
tn hiu khac. Nu li nay vn con, phai thay b x ly.
- 108 Failed System Timer Test: Chip b nh thi trn ban mach chnh
khng lam vic.
- 109 Probem With First 64K Ram, DMA Test Error: Ma nay ch mt vn
trong RAM 64K u tin trong cac PC ban u hoan toan la kha nng
cua ban mach chnh. Co th tm thay cac chip khng chnh xac hoc thay
ban mach chnh.

Cac ma li ps/2
- 110 PS/2 System Board Error, Parity chek: Li Board h thng, Kim tra
chn le.
- 111 PS/2 Memry Adapter Error: Li b phi hp b nh.
- 112 PS/2 Microchannel arbitration Error ,System Board: Li phn x ly
knh, Board h thng.
- 113 PS/2 Microchannel arbitration Error ,System Board: Li phn x ly
knh, Board h thng.
- 165 PS/2 System option not test:Cac tuy chon h thng khng c t.
- 166 PS/2 Microchannel adapter timeout Error: Li thi gian khng tnh b
phi hp vi knh.
- 199 PS/2 Configuration not correct. Check Setup: Cu hnh khng chnh
xac. Kim tra cai t.

Cac ma li IBM
Cac ma li nay c s dung trong mt s may IBM va mt s may nhai a
c t tng t.
- 115 System Board ,CPU Error: Ban mach h thng, li CPU
- 118 System Board memry Error: Li b nh Board h thng.
- 119 2,88MB diskette drive installed but not supported: a mm 2,88MB
c cai t , nhng khng h tr.
- 120 System Board processor, cache (b nh truy cp nhanh) Error: Li b
nh truy cp nhanh ,b vi x ly h thng.
- 121 Unexpected hardware interupts occurred: Cac tn hiu ngt phn cng
bt ng xay ra.
- 130 POST-no operation System ,check diskettes, configuration: H iu
hanh khng co POST, kim tra cac a mm, cu hnh.
- 131 Cassette interface test Failed , PS/2 System Board: Giao din cassette
b s c Board h thng PS/2.
- 132 DMA (direct memory access- truy cp b nh trc tip) extended
registerss Error . Run diagnostics: Li cac thanh ghi b sung DMA. Chay
chng trnh chn oan.
- 133 DMA (direct memory access - truy cp b nh trc tip) Error . Run
diagnostics:Li DMA. Chay chng trnh chn oan.

Cac ma li tng quat
- 162 sytem option not set, or Possible Bad Battery: Tuy chon h thng
khng c cai t, hoc pin co th khng cht lng.
- 162 sytem option not set, or invalid Checksum, or Coniguration incorrect:
Tuy chon h thng khng c cai t, hoc tng kim tra khng gia tr,
hay cu hnh khng chnh xac.
- 163 Time and Date Not Set: Thi gian va ngay thang khng c cai t.
- 106 Memory Size Error: Co vn lin quan n b nh CMOS.
- 201 Memory Error: Li Ram.
- 202 Memory Address Error Lines 0-15,203 Memory Address Error16-23:
Ch mt hoc nhiu chip b nh b h.
- 301 Keyboard Error: Li i vi ban phm.
- 302 System Unit Keylock Is Locked: B chuyn mach khoa phm b li
hoc ban phm b lit.
- 303 Keyboard o System Unit Error , 304 Keyboard o System Unit Error ,
Keyboard Clockline Error: Kim tra cac phm b lit ,cap ni ban phm
hoc chnh ban phm b h.
- 601 Disk Error: Ch vn a co th do may tnh o tm mt a mm
khng co.
- 602 Disk boot Record Error: Co th do a mm b h hoc mt b iu
khin a mm b h.
- 1701 Hard Disk Failure: Ch b iu khin a cng khng nhn c tra
li cua a cng ma no ang ch.
- 1780 Disk 0 Failure , 1790 Disk 0 Error , 1781 Disk 1 Failure , 1791 Disk 1
Error: B iu khin a cng khng nhn c tra li cua t a cng 0
hoc 1.
- 1782 Disk Controller Failure: B iu khin a co th b h.
PHU LUC 2
THNG BAO LI
- 128 NOT OK, Parity Disa(Industry Atandard Architect-kin truc tiu chun
cng ngh) Bled: 128 khng c, chn le b v hiu hoa.
- 8042 Gate - A20 Error: (ca8042-li A20) thng do ban phm b h.
- Access Denied: truy cp b t chi.
- Address Line Short!: iu co th la vn cua chip b nh va cung co th
do ban mach chnh va phai thay.
- Allocation Error ,Size Adjusted: Li phn phi, kch thc b iu chnh.
- Attempted Write - Protect Violation: th nh dang 1 a mm chng ghi.
- Bad DMA PORT: Cng truy cp b nh trc tip bi h.
- Bad Or Missing command interpreter: B dch lnh b h ho c mt.
- Bad Patition Table, Error Reading/Writing the Patition Table: Bang phn
chia b h, li oc/vit bang phn chia.
- Nnnk Base Memory , Base Memory Size=nnk: B nh c s Nnnk, kch
thc b nh c s nnK.
- Bus timeOut NMI At Slot X: NMI khng nh thi gian Bus tai khe X.
- C: Drive Error , Disk: Drive Error: Li a C, D. a C hoc D khng
c cai t chnh xac trong CMOS.
- C: Drive Failure ,D: Drive Failure: S c a C hoc D .
- Cache Memory bad , do Not Enable Cache: B nh truy cp nhanh trn ban
mach chnh b li.
- Cannot Chdir to (phatname).Tree past this point not processed: Khng th
kim tra th muc ti (tn ng dn). Cy qua im nay khng x ly
c.Mt trong cac tp tin cua th muc a b rac (li).
- Cannot chdir to Root: Khng th kim tra th muc ti th muc gc. (Th
muc gc a b rac).
- Cannot Recover (.) Entry Processing Continue: Khng th phuc hi(.) X ly
tip tuc.
- Cannot Recover (..) Entry Processing Continue: Khng th phuc hi(..) X
ly tip tuc.
- Cannot Recover (..) Entry, Entry Has a bad attribute (or link or size):
Khng th phuc hi(..) nhp, ni dung co thuc tnh (hoc lin kt hoc
kch thc) b h.
- CMOS barrety state low: tnh trang pin cmos yu (thay pin ng h Cmos).
- CMOS checksum Failure: S c kim tra tng quat CMOS.
- CMOS display type mismatch: Khng thch hp loai man hnh CMOS.
- CMOS Memory size mismatch: Khng thch hp kch thc b nh
CMOS.
- CMOS System Options not set: Cac tuy chon h thng CMOS khng c
cai t.
- CMOS Time & Date not Set: Thi gian va ngay thang CMOS khng c
cai t.
- COM port does not Exit: Cng COM khng co.
- Configuration Error For Slot n: Li cu hnh i vi khe n.
- Convert Directory to file?: Co chuyn i th muc thanh tp khng.
- Convert Lost Chains to files(Y/N)?: Chuyn i moc ni b mt thanh tp
(C/K) ?.
- Error Found, F Parameter Not Specified:Phat hin li ,Tham s F khng ro
- sa li se khng c ghi vao a.
- Disk Bad: a h.
- Disk Boot Error , Replace and strike Key to retry: Li khi ng a, thay
va go phm th lai.
- Disk configuration Error: Li cu hnh a.
- Hard Disk configuration Error: Li cu hnh a cng.
- Disk Boot Failure: S c khi ng a.
- Disk Drive Failure: s c a.
- Diskette Drive X Failure: S c a mm.
- Diskette Read Failure: s c oc a mm.
- DMA (Direct Memory Access) Error: Li truy cp b nh trc tip.
- Drive not ready. Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail ?: a khng sn sang. Huy, th
lai, bo qua, h ?
- FDD controller Failure: S c b iu khin a mm.
- FDD A is not installed: a mm A khng c cai t.
- File allocation table bad: Bang phn phi tp h.
- Fixed disk configuration error: Li cu hnh a c nh.
- Fixed disk controller Failure: S c b iu khin a c nh.
- Fixed disk Failure: Ch b iu khin a cng khng nhn c tra li cua
a cng ma no ang ch.
- Hard Disk Failure: S c a cng.
- Invalid boot diskette: a mm khi ng khng hp l.
- Invalid configuration information. Please run setup program: Thng tin cu
hnh khng hp l. Chay chng trnh cai t.
- Keyboard bad: ban phm h
- Keyboard data line Failure: S c ng truyn d liu cua ban phm.
- Keyboard controller Failure: S c b iu khin ban phm
- Keyboard Error: Li ban phm
- Non-system disk or disk error. Replace and Strike and key When Ready:
Khng co a h thng hoc a b li.Thay va go phm bt ky khi sn
sang.
- Non-system disk or disk error.Press A key to continue: Khng co a h
thng hoc a b li. n mt phm tip tuc.
- No a boot disk-strike F1 to retry boot: Khng co a khi ng, go phm F1
th khi ng lai.
- Real time clock Failure: ng h thc hoc pin h tr b s c.
- Track 0 bad - disk unsuable: a h khng s dung c track 0. Li nay co
th xay ra khi nh dang a mm 1.44MB ,hoc a mm o b h track
0. Nu thng bao nay trn a cng th phai thay a cng.
- Write protect error writing Drive X: Cht bao v a co th cha m.
PHU LUC 2
CAC MA LI BIP

1. CAC MA AMI

- Mt bip:S c lam ti cua DRAM. Nu may tnh hin th thng tin tiu
chun trn man hnh,ban khng gp vn g; nu co vn tr ngai, may
tnh se thng bao li trn man hnh.
- Hai bip: S c h mach chn le / li chn le.
- Ba bip: S c b nh 64K c s
- Bn bip: B hen thi h thng khng hoat ng.
- Nm bip: S c b vi x ly
- Sau bip: S c ca A20 / b iu khin ban phm 8042
- Bay bip: Li ngoai l ch o thc/ li ngt ngoai l b vi x ly
- Tam bip: Li vit oc b nh man hnh
- Chn bip: Li kim tra tng quat ROM BIOS. Cho bit ROM BIOS b h.
- Mi bip: Li vit / oc cua thanh ghi b CMOS ong.
- Mi mt bip: B nh cache b h - khng hu hiu hoa c cache.
- Khng co cac bip: Nu khng nghe thy cac bip va khng co hnh anh
trn man hnh, kim tra b ngun bng ng h von. K n, kim tra ban
mach chnh nghi ng co kt ni long ra khng. Chip CPU, BIOS, se gy ra
cho ban mach chnh co vn .

2. CAC MA PHOENIX
May tnh c cai BIOS Phoenix s dung mt nhom ba b Bip c tach
ra va y ghi nhng ma nay theo s ting Bip lin tip, v du:
1-1-3 ngha la Bip, ngng, Bip , ngng, Bip Bip Bip.
Hn na, con co cac ma c bit s dung ting Bip ngn va Bip keo dai.
- Mt bip: iu nay thng khng co vn g, Bip phat ra khi vic t kim
tra hoan tt trc khi DOS c tai.
- Hai Bip: Co th cu hnh b li.
- Mt Bip dai, mt Bip: Ch s c video. Kim tra cac b cu nhy va cac
b chuyn mach DIP trn the mach video hoc ban mach chnh.
- Mt Bip dai, mt bip ngn, Mt Bip dai, mt bip ngn: Ch s c cua b
phi hp video n sc va mau. BIOS a th khi tao, nhng ca hai u li
va khng hin th.
- 1-1-3 CMOS Write /read Failure: May tnh khng oc c cu hnh c
lu trong CMOS. Nu li vn tip tuc, thay ban mach chnh.
- 1-1-4 Rom BIOS checksum Error: Rom BIOS a b h va phai thay.
- 1-2-1 Programmable interval timer Failure: Chip b nh thi trn ban
mach chnh b h va ban mac chnh se phai thay.
- 1-2-2 DMA initialization Failure: Chip DMA co th b h.
- 1-3-1 Ram refresh verification Failure: Co th cac b nh chip b h, chip
DMA b h hoc cac chip a ch b nh trn ban mach chnh b h.
- 1-4-2 parity Failure first 64K or Ram: Chip b nh b h, hoc mt trong
cac chip nhay cam vi vi vic kim tra li chn le.
- 3-2-4 Keyboard controller test Failure: Chip iu khin ban phm khng
ap ng cac tn hiu luc khi ng.

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Giao trnh Bao tr may tnh va cai t phn mm & 1

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