1. Mt s nh ngha - Cc p l cc c h bng nng lng tnh, khng gy nn xung lng ln u cc.

- Ti trng thit k l gi tr ti trng do Thit k d tnh tc dng ln cc. - Lc p nh nht (Pep)min l lc p do Thit k quy nh m bo ti trng thit k ln cc, thng thng ly bng 150 - 200% ti trng thit k; - Lc p ln nht (Pep)max l lc p do Thit k quy nh, khng vt qu sc chu ti ca vt liu cc; c tnh ton theo kt qu xuyn tnh, khi khng c kt qu ny th thng ly bng 200 300% ti trng thit k. 2. u nhc im ca phng php thi cng p cc Hin nay c nhiu phng php thi cng cc nh ba ng, kch p, khoan nhi... Vic la chn v s dng phng php no ph thuc vo a cht cng trnh v v tr cng trnh. Ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo chiu di cc, my mc thit b phc v thi cng. Mt trong cc phng php thi cng cc l p cc bng kch p. u im: m, khng gy ra ting n Khng gy ra chn ng cho cc cng trnh khc Kh nng kim tra cht lng tt hn: tng on cc c p th di lc p v ta xc nh c sc chu ti ca cc qua lc p cui cng. Nhc im Khng thi cng c cc c sc chu ti ln hoc lp t xu cc phi xuyn qua qu dy. 3. Chun b mt bng thi cng - Phi tp kt cc trc ngy p t 1 n 2 ngy (cc c mua t cc nh my sn xut cc) - Khu xp cc phi t ngoi khu vc p cc, ng i van chuyn cc phi bang phng, khng g gh li lm - Cc phi vch sn trc thun tin cho vic s dng my kinh v cn chnh - Cn loi b nhng cc khng cht lng, khng m bo yu cu k thut - Trc khi em cc i p i tr, phi p th nghim 1 2% s lng cc - Phi c y cc bo co kho st a cht cng trnh, kt qu xuyn tnh. 4. V tr p cc - V tr p cc c xc nh ng theo bn v thit k: phi y khong cch, s phn b cc cc trong i mng vi im giao nhau gia cc trc. - cho vic nh v thun li v chnh xc, ta cn phi ly 2 im mco nm ngoi kim tra cc trc c th b mt trong qu trnh thi cng. Thc t, v tr cc cc c nh du bng cc thanh thp di t 20 n 30cm - T cc giao im cc ng tim cc, ta xc nh tm ca mng, t ta xc nh tm cc cc. 5. La chn phng n thi cng p cc Vic thi cng p cc ngoi cng trng c nhiu phng n p, sau y l hai phng n p ph bin: 5.1. Phng n 1 Ni dung: Tin hnh o h mng n cao trnh nh cc, sau mang my mc, thit b p n v tin hnh p cc n su cn thit. u im : o h mng thun li, khng b cn tr bi cc u cc Khng phi p m Nhc im : nhng ni c mc nc ngm cao, vic o h mng trc ri mi thi cng p cc kh thc hin c Khi thi cng p cc m gp tri ma th nht thit phi c bin php bm ht nc ra khi h mng Vic di chuyn my mc, thit b thi cng gp nhiu kh khn Vi mt bng thi cng cht hp, xung quanh ang tn ti nhng cng trnh th vic thi cng theo phng n ny gp nhiu kh khn, i khi khng thc hin c 5.2. Phng n 2 Ni dung: Tin hnh san phng mt bng tin di chuyn thit b p v vn chuyn sau tin hnh p cc theo yu cu. Nh vy, t c cao trnh nh cc cn phi p m. Cn phi chun b cc on cc dn bng thp hoc bng b tng ct thp cc p c ti chiu su thit k. Sau khi p cc xong ta s tin hnh o t thi cng phn i, h ging i cc u im: Vic di chuyn thit b p cc v vn chuyn cc c nhiu thun li k c khi gp tri ma Khng b ph thuc vo mc nc ngm Tc thi cng nhanh

Nhc im: Phi thm cc on cc dn p m Cng tc o t h mng kh khn, phi o th cng nhiu, thi gian thi cng laua v rt kh thi cng c gii ha 5.3. Kt lun Cn c vo u nhc im ca 2 phng n trn, cn c vo mt bng cng trnh, phng n o t h mng, ta s chn ra phng n thi cng p cc. Tuy nhin, phng n 2, kt hp o h mng dng ao s kt hp c nhiu u im tin thnh thi cng c hiu qu. 6. Cc yu cu k thut i vi on p cc - Ct thp dc ca on cc phi hn vo vnh thp ni theo c 2 bn ca thp dc v trn sut chiu cao vnh - Vnh thp ni phi phng, khng c vnh - B mt u hai on cc ni phi tip xc kht vi nhau. - Kch thc cc bn m ng vi thit k v phi 4mm - Trc ca on cc c ni trng vi phng nn - Kim tra kch thc ng hn so vi thit k, ng hn ni cc phi c trn c 4 mt ca cc. Trn mi mt cc, chiu di ng hn khng nh hn 10cm 7. Yu cu k thut vi thit b p cc - Lc p danh nh ln nht ca thit b khng nh hn 1,4 ln lc p ln nht - Pp max yu cu theo quy nh thit k - Lc nn ca kch phi m bo tc dng dc trc cc khi p nh, khng gy lc ngang khi p - Chuyn ng ca pittng kch phi u, v khng ch c tc p - ng h o p lc phi tng xng vi khong lc o - Thit b p cc phi m bo iu kin vn hnh theo ng quy nh v an ton lao ng khi thi cng - Gi tr o p lc ln nht ca ng h khng vt qu 2 ln p lc o khi p cc - Ch huy ng t (0,7 0,8) kh nng ti a ca thit b p cc - Trong qu trnh p cc phi lm ch c tc p m bo cc yu cu k thut 8. Tnh ton chn cu phc v Cn c vo trng lng bn thn ca cc, ca i trng v cao nng cu cn thit chn cu thi cng p cc - Sc nng Qmax/Qmin - Tm vi Rmax/Rmin - Chiu cao nng: Hmax/Hmin - di cn chnh L - di cn ph - Thi gian - Vn tc quay cn 9. Phng php p cc v chn my p cc p cc thng dng 2 phng php: p nh p cc 9.1. p nh Lc p c tc dng t nh cc n cc xung u im Ton b lc p do kch thy lc to ra c truyn trc tip ln u cc chuyn thnh hiu qu p. Khi p qua cc lp t c ma st ni tng i cao nh ct, st do cng... lc p c th thng lc cn do ma st h cc xung su d dng. Nhc im Cn phi c hai h khung gi. H khung gi c nh v h khung gi di ng, vi chiu cao tng cng ca hai h khung gi ny phi ln hn chiu di mt on cc: nu 1 on cc di 6m th khung gi phi t 7 8m mi c th p c cc. V vy khi thit k cc p, chiu di mt on cc phi khng ch bi chiu cao gi p trong khong 6 8m 9.2. p m Lc p c tc dng t hai bn hng cc do chu ma st to nn p cc xung u im Do bin php p t 2 bn hng ca cc, my p khng cn phi c h khung gi di ng, chiu di on cc p c th di hn.

Nhc im p cc t hai bn hng cc thng qua 2 chu ma st do do khi p qua cc lp ma st c ni ma st tng i cao nh st, st do cng... lc p hng thng khng th thng c lc cn do ma st tng h cc xung su. Ni chung, phng php ny khng c s dng rng ri bng phng php p nh 9.3. Cc b phn ca my p cc (p nh) i trng Trm bm thy lc gm c: ng c in Bm thy lc ngn ko ng tuy- thy lc v gic thy lc Dn my p cc: gm c khung dn vi gi xi lanh, khung dn l mt lng thp c hn thnh khung bi cc thanh thp gc v tm thp dy. B dn h 2 u cc c th i t trn xung di. Khung dn gn vi ng c ca xi-lanh, khung dn c th ln xung theo trc hnh trnh ca xi-lanh Dn my c th di chuyn nh ch l bt cc bulng B my p cc gm 2 thanh thp hnh ch I loi ln lin kt vi dn my ng vi khong cch hai hng cc c th ng ti 1 v tr p c nhiu cc m khng cn phi di chuyn b my. C th p mt lc nhiu cc bng cch ni bulng y dn my sang v tr p cc khc b tr trong cng mt hng cc. My p cc cn c lc p P gm 2 kch thu lc mi kch c Pmax = P/2 (T)

Hnh 1. My p cc1-Cc BTCT ; 2-Khung gi di ng ; 3-Khung gi c nh ; 4-ng cung cp du5-i trng ; 6Ray di chuyn ; 7-ng h o kh nn ; 8-Bm du ; 9-Pittng thy lc 9.4. Nguyn l lm vic Dn my c lp rp vi b my bng 2 cht nh vy c th di chuyn p mt s cc khi b my c nh ti mt ch, gim s ln cu i trng ng th cc c 2 xilanh nng ln h xung, nng lng thy lc truyn i t trm bm qua xilanh qua ng th cc v qua gi u cc truyn sang cc, vi i trng nng lng s bin thnh lc dc trc p cc xung t. 9.5. Chn my p cc Chn my p cc a cc xung chiu su thit k, cc phi qua cc tng a cht khc nhau ty theo iu kin c th ca a cht cng trnh. Mun cho cc qua c nhng a tng th lc p cc phi t gi tr: Pep K.Pc Trong : Pep lc p cn thit cc i su vo t nn ti su thit k K h s K > 1; c th ly K = 1,5 2 ph thuc vo loi t v tit din cc Pc tng sc khng tc thi ca nn t, Pc = Pmui + Pmasat Pmui : phn khng mi cc Pmasat : ma st thn cc Nh vy, p c cc xung chiu su thit k cn phi c mt lc thng c lc ma st bn ca cc v ph v cu trc ca lp t di mi cc. Lc p bng trng lng bn thn cc v lc p bng thy lc. Lc p cc ch yu do kch thy lc to ra. V d: Cc 300 x 300mm

 Cc c tit din 300x300, chiu di on cc C1=7m; on C2 v C3 = 8m Sc chu ti ca cc: Pcoc = PCPT = 79,215T m bo cho cc c p n su thit k, lc p ca my phi tha mn iu kin: Pep min 1,5Pcoc = 1,5 x 79,215 = 108,8T V ch nn s dng 0,8 0,9 kh nng lm vic ti a ca my p cc, cho nn ta chn my p thy lc c lc nn ln nht 120T Vy trng lng i trng mi bn: P Pep/2 = 120/2 =60T, dng mi bn 12 i trng b tng ct thp, trng lng mi khi nng 5T c kch thc 1x1x2m Nhng ch tiu k thut ch yu ca thit b p : + Chn ng knh piton thy lc du (thng dng 2 piton) :

+ Ly Pdau = 150 kg/cm2. Suy ra :

Chn D=25cm Vi l = 1200mm, l l lch trnh ca piton thy lc L lch my phi c cc bn c thm quyn kim tra kim nh cc c trng k thut Lu lng du ca my bm (lt/pht) p lc bm du ln nht (kg/cm2) Hnh trnh pittng ca kch (cm) Din tch y pittng ca kch (cm2) Phiu kim nh ng h o p lc du v cc van chu lc do c quan c thm quyn cp 9.6. Tnh s my p cc cho cng trnh T s lng cc cn p v nh mc ca my (theo M 24-2005), ta tnh ra s ca my cn thit cho vic thi cng cng trnh. Nu s ca my qu ln, ta c th chn tng s my p ln: 2 my, hoc 3 my... V d: tit din cc 250 x 250mm, tng s chiu di cc p 5000m, tra nh mc tit din cc 25x25cm v my p < 150T, nh mc l 3,05ca/100m cc Vy, s my cn thit :

Vy, nu thi cng ton b s cc trn cn t nht 5 thng. Nu ta dng 2 my p cc th thi gian thi cng s gim xung 1/2. V s ngy cng cho 2 my: 77 ngy, sau khi c s ngy, s my th ta s thit k c s p cc chnh thc. 9.7. Tnh ton chn cu phc v p cc 10. Tin hnh p cc 10.1. Chun b mt bng thi cng v cc Vic b tr mt bng thi cng p cc nh hng trc tip n tin thi cng nhanh hay chm ca cng trnh. Vic b tr mt bng thi cng phi hp l cc cng vic khng b chng cho, cn tr ln nhau, gip y nhanh tin thi cng, rt ngn thi gian thc hin cng trnh. Cc phi c b tr trn mt bng sao cho thun li cho vic thi cng m vn khng cn tr my mc thi cng V tr cc cc phi c nh du sn trn mt bng bng cc ct mc chc chn, d nhn. Cc phi c vch sn cc ng trc s dng my ngm kinh v 10.1.1. Gic i cc trn mt bng Ngi thi cng phi kt hp vi ngi lm cng tc o c. Trn bn v tng mt bng thi cng phi xc nh y v tr ca tng hng mc cng trnh, ghi r cch xc nh li to , da vo cc mc chun c sn hay da vo mc quc gia, chuyn mc vo a im xy dng Thc hin cc bin php nh du trc mng, ch n mi dc taluy ca h mng 10.1.2. Gic cc trong mng Gic mng xong, ta xc nh c v tr ca i, ta tin hnh xc nh v tr cc trong i phn mng trn mt bng, ta xc nh c tim i nh cc im chun. Cc im ny c nh du bng cc mc Cng dy trn cc mc, ly thng bng, sau t tim o ra cc khong cch xc nh v tr tim cc theo thit k Xc nh tim cc bng phng php th cng, dng qu di th t cc giao im trn dy xc nh tim cc xc nh tim cc thc di t, nh du cc v tr ny 10.2. Cng tc chun b p cc Cc p sau nn thi im bt u p cc tu thuc vo s tho thun gia thit k ch cng trnh v

ngi thi cng p cc Vn chuyn v lp rp thit b p cc vo v tr p m bo an ton Chnh my cc ng trc ca khung my, ng trc kch v ng trcj ca cc ng thng v nm trong mt mt phng, mt phng ny phi vung gc vi t phng chun nm ngang (mt phng chun i mng). nghing ca n khng qu 5% Kim tra 2 mc cu ca dn my tht cn thn kim tra 2 cht ngang lin kt dm my v lp dn ln b my bng 2 my Khi cu i trng, dn phi c k tht phng, khng nghing lch, kim tra cc cht vt tht an ton. Ln lt cu cc i trng ln dm khung sao cho mt phng cha trng tm 2 i trng trng vi trng tm ng th cc. Trong trng hp i trng t ngoi dm th phi k chc chn Dng cu t hnh cu trm bm n gn dn my, ni cc gic thu lc vo gic trm bm, bt u cho my hot ng Chy th my p kim tra n nh ca thit b (chy khng ti v c ti) Kim tra cc v vn chuyn cc vo v tr cc trc khi p 10.2.1. Kim tra cc chi tit ni cc v my hn Trc khi p cc i tr, phi tin hnh p lm th nghim nn tnh cc ti nhng im c iu kin a cht tiu biu nhm la chn ng n loi cc, thit b thi cng v iu chnh n thit k, s lng cn kim tra vi th nghim nn tnh l 1% tng s cc p nhng khng t hn 3 cc. 10.2.2. Chun b ti liu Phi kim tra loi b cc cc khng t yu cu k thut Phi c y cc bn bo co kho st a cht cng trnh, biu xuyn tnh, bn cc cng trnh ngm. C bn v mt bng b tr li cc trong khi thi cng C phiu kim nghim cp phi, tnh cht c l ca thp v b tng cc Bin bn kim tra cc H s thit b s dng p cc 10.3. Lp on cc u tin 10.3.1. Chun b on cc u tin phi c lp chnh xc, phi cn chnh trc ca C1 trng vi ng trc ca kch v i qua im nh v cc sai lch khng qu 1cm u trn ca cc c gn vo thanh nh hng ca khung my Nu on cc C1 b nghing s dn n hu qu ca ton b cc b nghing 10.3.2. Tin hnh thi cng p cc Khi y kch (hoc nh pittong) tip xc vi nh cc th iu chnh van tng dn p lc, nhng giy u tin p lc du tng dn u, on cc C1 cm su dn vo t vi vn tc xuyn 1m/s. Trong qu trnh p dng 2 my kinh v t vung gc vi nhau kim tra thng ng ca cc lc xuyn xung. Nu xc nh cc nghing th dng li iu chnh ngay. Khi u cc C1 cch mt t 0,3 0,5m th tin hnh lp on cc C2, kim tra v mt 2 u cc C2 sa cha sao cho tht phng. Kim tra cc chi tit ni cc v my hn. Lp on cc C2 vo v tr p, cn chnh ng trc cc C2 trng vi trc kch v trc on cc C1, nghing 1% Tc ng ln cc C2 1 lc to tip xc sao cho p lc mt tip xc khong 3 4kg/cm2 ri mi tin hnh ni 2 on cc theo thit k Lm tng t vi cc on cc sau 10.3.3. Thao tc p m Trong qu trnh p cc, khi p cc ti on cui cng, ta phi c bin php a u cc xung mt ct m no so vi ct t nhin. C th dng 2 phng php Phng php 1: Dng cc ph Dng mt cc BTCT ph c chi di ln hn chiu cao t nh c trong i n mt t t nhin mt on (1 1,5m) p h u cc xung cao trnh ct m cn thit. Thao tc: Khi p ti on cui cng, ta hn ni tip mt on cc ph di 2,5m ln u cc, nh du ln thn cc ph chiu su cn p xung khi p cc u cc s tng i u nhau, khng xy ra tnh trng nhp nh khng bng nhau, gip thi cng p u cc v lin kt vi i thun li hn. xc nh su ny cn dng my kinh v t ln mt trn ca dm thp ch I xc nh cao trnh thc t ca dm thp vi ct 0,00, tnh ton xc nh c chiu su cn p v nh du ln thn cc ph (chiu su ny thay i theo tng v tr mt t ca i m ta t dm thp ca my p cc). Tin hnh thi cng cc ph nhn cc chnh ti chiu su vch sn trn thn cc ph u im: khng phi dng cc p m nhng phi ch to th s mt di cc BTCT lm cc dn, thi cng xong s p i gy tn km, hiu qu kinh t khng cao. Phng php 2: Phng php p m Phng php ny dng mt on cc dn p cc xung ct m thit k sau li rt cc dn ln p cho cc khc, cu to cc p m do cn b thi cng thit k v ch to. Cc p m c th l bng BTCT hoc thp

 V hnh trnh ca pitng my p ch p c cch mt t t nhin khong 0,6 0,7m, do vy chiu di cc c ly t cao trnh nh cc trong i n mt t t nhin cng thm mt on 0,7m l hnh trnh pitng nh trn, c th ly ra thm 0,5m na gip thao tc p d dng hn. u im: Khng phi dng cc ph BTCT, hiu qu kinh t cao hn, cc dn lc ny tr thnh cc cng c trong vic h cc xung ct m thit k. Nhc im: thao tc vi cc dn phi thn trng trnh lm nghing u cc chnh v cc dn ch lin kt khp tm thi vi u cc chnh (chp m u cc ln u cc). Vic thi cng nhng cng trnh c tng hm, su y i ln hn thi cng dn kh hn, khi p xong rt cc ln kh khn hn, nhiu trng hp cc p chnh b nghing. 10.4. Kt thc cng vic p cc Cc c coi l p xong khi tho mn 2 iu kin: Chiu Lmax Lc di cc p vo t nn trong khong Lmin Trong : Lmin , Lmax l chiu di ngn nht v di nht ca cc c thit k d bo theo tnh hnh bin ng ca nn t trong khu vc Lc l chiu di cc h vo trong t so vi ct thit k; Lc p trc khi dng trong khong (Pep) min (Pep)max (Pep)KT Trong : (Pep) min l lc p nh nht do thit k quy nh; (Pep)max l lc p ln nht do thit k quy nh; (Pep)KT l lc p ti thi im kt thc p cc, tr s ny c duy tr vi vn tc xuyn khng qu 1cm/s trn chiu su khng t hn ba ln ng knh ( hoc cnh) cc. Trng hp khng t 2 iu kin trn ngi thi cng phi bo cho ch cng trnh v thit k s l kp thi khi cn thit, lm kho st t b sung, lm th nghim kim tra c c s l lun s l. 10.5. Cc im cn ch trong thi gian p cc Vic ghi chp lc p theo nht k p cc nn tin hnh cho tng mt chiu di cc cho ti khi t ti (Pep)min, bt u t su ny nn ghi cho tng 20cm cho ti khi kt thc, hoc theo yu cu c th ca T vn, Thit k. Ghi chp lc p u tin khi mi cc cm su vo lng t t 0,3 0,5m th ghi ch s lc p u tin sau c mi ln cc xuyn c 1m th ghi ch s lc p ti thi im vo nht l p cc Nu thy ng h o p lc tng ln hoc gim xung 1 cch t ngt th phi ghi vo nht k p cc s thay i . Nht k phi y cc s kin p cc c s chng kin ca cc bn c lin quan. 10.5.1. Ghi chp theo di lc p theo chiu di cc Khi mi cc cm su vo at t 30- 50cm th ghi ch s lc u tin. Sau c mi ln cc i xung su c 1m th ghi lc p ti thi im vo s nht k p cc Nu thy ch s trn ng h o p lc tng ln hoc gim xung t ngt th phi ghi vo nht k cng su v gi tr lc p thay i t ngt ni trn. Nu thi gian thay i lc p ko di th ngng p v tm hiu nguyn nhn, xut phng php s l. S nht k c ghi mt cch lin tc n ht su thit k, khi lc p tc dng ln cc c gi tr bng 0,8.Pp min th ghi li dod su v gi tr Bt u t su c p lc P=0,8Pp min, ghi chp tng ng vi tng saua xuyn 20cm vo nht l, tip tc ghi nh vy cho n khi p xong 1 cc. 10.5.2. Thi im kha u cc Mc ch ca kha u cc Huy ng cc vo thi im thch hp trong qu trnh tng ti ca cng trnh khng chu nhng ln hoc ln khng u. i vi cc p trc khi thi cng i, vic kha u cc do CT v ngi thi cng quyt nh Thc hin vic kha u cc Sa u cc cho ng cao trnh thit k b xung quanh bng ct ht trung, m cht cho ti cao ca lp b tng lt t li thp cho cc 11. X l cc s c khi thi cng p cc Do cu to a cht di nn t khng ng nht nn thi cng p cc c th xy ra cc s c sau: Khi p n su no cha n su thit k nhng p lc t, khi phi gim bt tc , tng lc p ln t t nhng khng ln hn Pp max. Nu cc vn khng xung th ngng p v bo co vi bn thit k kim tr s l. Nu nguyn nhn l do lp ct ht trung b p qu cht th dng p cc li mt thi gian ch cho cht lp t gim dn ri p tip

 Nu gp vt cn th khoan ph, khoan dn, p cc to l Khi p n su thit k m p lc u cc vn cha t n yu cu theo tnh ton. Trng hp ny xy ra thng do khi u cc vn cha n lp ct ht trung, hoc gp cc thu knh, t yu, ta ngng p cc v bo vi bn thit k kim tra, xc nh nguyn nhn v tm bin php s l. Bin php s l trong TH ny l ni thm cc khi xa kim tra v xc nh r lp t bn di l lp t yu sau p cho n khi t p lc thit k. 12. Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc Sau khi p xong ton b cc ca cng trnh phi kim tra nn tnh cc bng cch thu cc c quan chuyn kim tra S cc phi kim tra bng 1% tng s cc cng trnh, nhng khng nh hn 3 cc Sau khi kim tra phi c kt qu u v kh nng chu ti, ln cho php, nu t yu cu c th tin hnh o mng thi cng b tng i. 13. An ton lao ng khi thi cng p cc Phi hun luyn cho cng nhn, trang b bo h v kim tra an ton thit b p cc Chp hnh nghim chnh quy nh trong an ton lao ng v s dng vn hnh kch thy lc, ng c in cn cu,... Cc khi i trng phi c xp theo nguyn tc to thnh khi n nh, khng c khi i trng nghing v ri trong qu trnh p cc Phi chp hnh nghim, cht ch quy trnh an ton lao ng trn cao, dy an ton, thang st... Dy cp chn h s an ton > 6

Di chuyn khung gi p

Trnh t p cc trong mt i Ti liu tham kho TCXDVN 286: 2003: ng v p cc - Tiu chun thi cng v nghim thu TCVN 4453 : 1995: Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp ton khi - Quy phm thi cng v nghim thu. TCVN 205: 1998: Mng cc - Tiu chun thit k TCVN 4091 : 1985 : Nghim thu cng tc ng p cc