1

CHNG 1:

MHNG KIN THC C BN CA QU TRNH TRUYN CHT

A.Nhng khi nim c bn: I. nh ngha v phn loi: 1. nh ngha: 1.1. nh ngha pha: Pha l mt phn ng th ca h m thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht vt l ti tt c cc im ca pha u ng nht v c tch ra khi cc phn ng th kia ca h bng nhng b mt phn chia. H c th c 1, 2, hoc 3 pha cng tn ti; h 3 pha: rn-lng-kh; h 2 pha: rn-lng, rn-kh, lng-lng, lng-kh. 1.2. nh ngha qu trnh truyn cht: qu trnh di chuyn vt cht t pha ny sang pha khc khi hai pha tip xc trc tip vi nhau, gi l qu trnh truyn cht, hay cn gi l qu trnh chuyn khi hoc qu trnh khuych tn. 2. Phn loi: Cc qu trnh truyn cht c phn loi da trn 2 nguyn tc sau: 2.1. Da theo chiu ca s di chuyn vt cht v c ch ca qu trnh: Hp th: l qu trnh ht kh (hoc hi) bng cht lng (dung mi), trong vt cht di chuyn t pha kh vo pha lng. Nguyn tc l da trn ha tan c chn lc ca cu t kh vo dung mi. V d: - Hp th NH3, SO2, CO2, COS, H2S bng nc lnh - Hp th SO3 bng axit H2SO4 iu ch oleum - Hp th tch butadien, acetylen t phn on hydrocacbon C4 Chng: l qu trnh tch hn hp lng ng th thnh cc cu t ring bit bng cch un si, trong vt cht (c cu t nng v cu t nh) di chuyn t pha lng vo pha hi ri li i t hi sang

lng, ch c t l bay hi v ngng t khc nhau m thi. Nguyn tc l da trn chnh lch p sut hi bo ha hay nhit si ca cc cu t. V d: - Tch h ru-nc, benzen-toluen, axit acetic-nc, ... Hp ph: l qu trnh ht kh (hoc hi) hay cn c th ht lng bng cc cht rn xp, trong vt cht di chuyn t pha kh (hoc hi) vo pha rn. Nguyn tc l da vo ha tan c chn lc ca cu t kh, lng vo rn xp. V d: - Lm kh: ht m ra khi hn hp kh. - Kh mi, kh cc cht c: trnh nhim mi trng. - Ty mu dung dch - Tch nhiu cht lng hu c phn t thp (thay cho phng php chng luyn), tch khng kh (giu oxy v giu nit). Trch li: l qu trnh tch cht ha tan trong cht lng hay cht rn bng mt cht lng khc (dung mi), trong vt cht di chuyn t lng sang lng hoc t rn sang lng. Nguyn tc l da vo ha tan chn lc ca cu t cn tch vo dung mi lng. V d: - Tch axit acetic t dung dch vi nc bng etylacetat, tch - Trong ch bin nhin liu ht nhn, ngi ta chit uranylnitrat bng triankylphotphat. - Tch hn hp H.C mch thng v H.C mch vng c khi lng phn t gn bng nhau bng dietylen glycol (CH3-CH2-CH-OH)2. Kt tinh: l qu trnh tch cht rn ha tan trong dung dch thnh dng rn bng cch h nhit hay lm bay hi mt phn dung mi, trong vt cht di chuyn t pha lng sang pha rn. Nguyn phenol t nc thi bng n-butylacetat hay bng izopropyl ete.

tc l cht rn ha tan trong dung dch s chuyn trng thi (ha rn) khi dung dch t n trng thi qu bo ha. V d: - Thu c cc cht rn dng sch: mui, ng, ... Sy: l qu trnh tch m (nc, dung mi) t vt liu m (rn), trong vt cht dng lng (nc) nm trong pha rn sang pha hi (s chuyn pha xy ra nhit bt k; trong hai pha rn v khng kh khng tham gia vo qu trnh truyn cht). Nguyn tc l da trn tnh khng bay hi ca vt liu rn. V d: sy kh cc loi vt liu. C c: qu trnh ny thc cht tng t qu trnh sy, nhng n tin hnh nhit si, trong hai pha cht tan v khng kh khng tham gia vo qu trnh) V d: lm m c cc dung dch mui. 2.2. Da trn s tham gia thc hin qu trnh truyn cht ca cc cu t trong h: Nhm 1: bao gm cc qu trnh c s tham gia ca t nht l 3 cht: mt cht to thnh pha th nht; mt cht to thnh pha th hai; cht th ba l cu t phn b gia hai pha v di chuyn t pha ny sang pha khc. Cc cht to thnh 2 pha gi l cht mang cu t phn b hay l cu t tr (chng khng di chuyn t pha ny sang pha kia). Thuc nhm ny gm cc qu trnh sau: hp th, hp ph, trch li, sy, c c, kt tinh. Trong nhm ny bao gm hai nhm nh: 1/ Nhm 1a: gm cc qu trnh: hp th, hp ph, trch li. Cc qu trnh ny da trn nguyn tc mun tch cu t phn b ra khi hn hp bi cht to thnh pha th nht ta phi dng mt cht th hai (pha th hai) gi l dung mi v da trn ha tan c chn lcca

cu t phn b vo dung mi m tch cu t phn b ny ra khi cht th nht: Trong

A B+C B+ AC

A: cu phn b; B: pha th nht; C: pha th hai

AC A+C

Sau thc hin qu trnh nh cu t phn b ra khi dung mi: 2/ Nhm 1b: gm cc qu trnh c c, sy, kt tinh. Cc qu trnh ny khng s dng dung mi bn ngoi m ch s dng nng lng bn ngoi bng cch sy, un si, lm lnh, ... s lm cho cu t phn b thot ra khi cht th nht bay hi vo cht th hai:
A B + C (khongkhi) B + A C

Nhm 2: gm cc qu trnh c s tham gia t nht l hai cht, trong cc cht to thnh hai pha u trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh truyn cht nh qu trnh chng, ngha l cc cu t t pha lng chuyn sang pha hi, ng thi cc cu t pha hi li chuyn sang pha lng. Gi cc cu t c nhit si thp hay bay hi ln l cu t d bay hi. Cc cu t cn li l cu t kh bay hi. Nhm ny khng c cu t mang hay cu t tr, m tt c cc cu t u tham gia vo qu trnh truyn cht. Vic tch mt hn hp ng pha c th c thc hin bng mt trong nhng phng php trn. V d, tch mt hn hp lng gm benzentoluen (C6H6-C7H8) ta c th dng: - Hp ph: dng mt cht rn ht benzen ra khi toluen - Trch li: dng mt dung mi lng ht benzen ra khi toluen - Chng luyn: dng nhit lm bay hi benzen ra khi toluen - Kt tinh: lm lnh kt tinh benzen (5,50C) ra khi toluen (-94,20C)

Vic chn la 4 phng php trn da vo tnh kinh t. Trong cc trng hp trn th 3 qu trnh hp ph, trch li v kt tinh l khng kinh t. Ch c phng php chng luyn l hiu qu kinh t nht (ch thc hin un si nhit 80-1100C). Ch : Khi mt hn hp 2 cu t c nhit si rt gn nhau th kh thc hin c c qu trnh chng (thp v cng cao). Do , phi s dng cc phng php khc da trn tnh cht vt l khc nhau nh ha tan, im ng c, ... tch chng ra. V d, hn hp benzen-cyclohecxan khng th tch c bng chng ct trc tip (v to thnh hn hp ng ph), do vy phi thm dung mi th ba (aceton) mi c th chng ct c. II. Cch biu din thnh phn pha: Trong mt pha c th gm mt, hai hoc nhiu cu t to thnh. Thnh phn cc cu t trong pha c th c biu din bng nhiu cch khc nhau, chng hn nh phn khi lng; phn mol; phn th tch; phn khi lng tng i; phn mol tng i. Bng 1.1. Biu din thnh phn pha ca h gm hai pha lng v kh. i lng Phn lng
yk
_

K hiu

n v
kg kg kg kg

Thnh phn ca cu t
xk =
_

Tng thnh phn cc cu t

_

khi x_ k

gk g = k g i Gx

xk = 1 y
x
_ k

' ' gk gk yk = = g i' G y

=1

Phn mol

xk

kmol kmol

xk =
yk =

nk n = k ni n x
' nk n' = k ni' n y

yk

kmol kmol

=1

=1

Phn th tch

vk

m3 m3 N m2

vk =

Vk V = k Vi V
' nk V P= k P ny V

=1

p sut ring phn Phn lng i Phn tng i

pk

pk =

=P

khi X k tng

kg kg kg kg kmol kmol kmol kmol

Xk = Yk =

gk Gx g k
' gk ' Gy gk

Yk

mol X k

Xk = Yk =

nk n x nk

Yk

' nk ' n y nk

Trong :
x : pha lng khi chng luyn; hp th; pha phn tn khi trch ly; pha

rn khi hp ph.
y : pha hi khi chng luyn; hp th; hp ph; pha lin tc khi trch

ly.
G x : khi lng pha x

(kg) (kg) (kmol) (kmol)

G y : khi lng pha y n x : s mol pha x n y : s mol pha y

g k : khi lng ca mt cu t bt k trong pha x (kg)

' g k : khi lng ca mt cu t bt k trong pha y (kg)

nk : s mol ca mt cu t bt k trong pha x

(kmol)

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' nk : s mol ca mt cu t bt k trong pha y

(kmol) (phn khi lng) (phn khi lng) (phn mol) (phn mol) (phn khi lng

x k : nng ca mt cu t bt k trong pha x y k : nng ca mt cu t bt k trong pha y x k : nng ca mt cu t bt k trong pha x y k : nng ca mt cu t bt k trong pha y X k : nng ca mt cu t bt k trong pha x

tng i, kg/kg)
Yk : nng ca mt cu t bt k trong pha y

(phn khi lng

tng i, kg/kg)
X k : nng ca mt cu t bt k trong pha x

(phn mol tng

i, kmol/kmol)
Yk : nng ca mt cu t bt k trong pha y

(phn mol tng

i, kmol/kmol)
v k : phn th tch ca mt cu t bt k p k : p sut ring phn ca cu t bt k trong h

(m3/m3) (N/m2) (N/m2) (kg/kmol)

P : p sut chung ca h
M i : khi lng mol

Vic la chn cch biu din thnh phn pha ph thuc vo nh lut cn bng pha v dng vt liu khng i theo chiu cao ca thit b. i vi qu trnh chng luyn, nng phn mol thng c la chn v theo nh lut Raoult v Dalton. C nhiu cng thc bin i thnh phn. sau y l nhng cng thc thng c s dng:

Bin i phn khi lng sang phn mol:

xk Mk

xk =

M
i =1

xi
i

yk =

yk Mk

M
i =1

yi
i

(1.1)

Bin i phn mol sang phn khi lng:

xk =

xk M k

x
i =1

Mi

yk =

yk M k

y
i =1

(1.2)

Mi

Bin i phn mol sang phn mol tng i trong hp th:

Xi = xi 1 xi

; ;

Yi = yi =

yi 1 yi Yi 1 + Yi

(1.3) (1.4)

Ngc li:

xi =

Xi 1+ Xi

i vi h hai cu t, ta c th chng minh d dng cc php bin i trn:

n1' ' yi n' n1' n1' + n 2 = ' Yi = 1 = ' = ' ' ' ' ' 1 yi n2 n1 + n2 n1 n1 + n2 n ' 1 ' ' ' n1 + n2 n1 + n2

(1.5)

i vi hn hp kh l tng, phn th tch ca cu t c th xc nh theo p sut:

yk = vk = pk P PV = nRT

(1.6)

Thc vy t phng trnh:

Vit cho cu t bt k v cho ton pha hi, ta c:

' Vk = n k (

RT ) v P

V = ny (

RT ) P

- cng mt nhit v P chung ta c:

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' Vk n k vk = = = yk V ny

- cng mt nhit v th tch chung (v p sut ring phn cng chim cng mt th tch V) ta c:
' p k = nk (

RT ) v V

P = ny (

RT ) V

' p k nk = = yk P ny

B. Cn bng pha: I. Khi nim v cn bng pha: Gi s ta c h ch c hai pha x v y tip xc nhau v c mt cu t phn b trong c hai pha l M (cu t d bay hi). - Lc u cu t M ch c trong pha y vi nng yM, cn pha x khng c cu t M, nng xM = 0 - Khi hai pha tip xc trc tip vi nhau th cu t M s di chuyn t pha y sang pha x. V qu trnh truyn cht l qu trnh thun nghch nn khi pha x c M th lp tc c qu trnh di chuyn ngc li, nhng vn tc ca vt cht i t pha y vo pha x vn ln vn tc ca vt cht i t pha x vo pha y. Qu trnh di chuyn vt cht ny c tip din cho n khi t c cn bng ng, ngha l vn tc thun v nghch bng nhau. Lc nng cu t M trong c 2 pha l khng i v t n nng cn bng. Vy nng cn bng ca pha x l nng ln nht ca cu t M m pha x c th cha c ti mt iu kin nht nh (P,T,y). Tng t, nng cn bng ca pha y l nng nh nht ca cu t M m pha y c th gim c ti mt iu kin nht nh (P,T,y).

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- iu kin P, T khng i nu tip tc thm M vo pha y: y1, y2, y3, ... th cn bng ng ta thu c cc gi tr x tng ng xcb1, xcb1, xcb1, ... pha x. Vy ta lp c ng cn bng nh sau:
x * = f ( y ) hay y * = f ( x) x * , y * : nng ca cu t phn b trong pha

x v pha y trng thi cn

bng. Nu y < y * th vt cht di chuyn t pha x vo pha y (qu trnh chng luyn); nu y > y * th vt cht di chuyn t pha y vo pha x (qu trnh hp th) - ng lc ca qu trnh: khi y u c cc gi tr: y1 y2 y3 : : :
* y1 = y1 y1 * y 2 = y 2 y 2 * y 3 = y 3 y 3 * x1 = x1 x1 * x 2 = x 2 x 2 * x3 = x3 x3

Qu trnh truyn cht l qu trnh di chuyn vt cht t pha ny sang pha khc, vy iu kin nht thit phi xy ra qu trnh l gia hai pha phi cha t trng thi cn bng ng. Hay ni cch khc l ng lc ca qu trnh vn cn khc 0. Vy ng lc ca qu trnh truyn cht l hiu s nng ban u v nng cn bng hoc ngc li gia nng cn bng v nng ban u ca cng mt pha trn cng mt tit din. Theo pha y :
y = y y * y = y * y

: cho qu trnh hp th : cho qu trnh chng luyn : cho qu trnh hp th : cho qu trnh chng luyn

Theo pha x :

x = x * x x = x x *

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ng lc ca qu trnh cng ln th tc chuyn khi cng ln, ng lc gim v gi tr ng lc bng 0 th h tn ti cn bng ng v vn tc truyn cht ca 2 pha l bng nhau. II. Qui tc pha ca Gibbs: Cc qu trnh truyn cht nh hp th, hp ph, chng luyn, trch li, ... (gm h 2 pha: K-L, K-R, L-H, L-L, ...) c tin hnh trong nhng trng thi cn bng pha nht nh. Cc trng thi cn bng pha ny tn ti trong nhng iu kin nhit , p sut, nng xc nh. Nu ta thay i cc bin s T, P, x (y) c lp m khng ph hp vi qui tc pha th s lm cho cn bng pha b ph hy, tc l h hai pha trn khng tn ti m s ch c mt pha, hai pha hoc ba pha khc, khi qu trnh truyn cht s khng cn ngha na. Trng thi cn bng pha trong h thng ch duy tr c nhng iu kin xc nh, nu thay i nhng iu kin khng theo qui tc pha th cn bng s b ph hy. Vy, qui tc pha cho php ta bit c i vi mt h thng nht nh ta c th thay i bao nhiu bin s c lp m cn bng pha ca h vn khng b ph hy. Nu gi: C: s bc t do hay s iu kin t nht m khi ta thay i chng mt cch c lp vi nhau th cn bng pha ca h thng khng b ph hy, tc l khng lm thay i s pha v tnh cht pha. : s pha ca h k: s cu t c lp ca h. n: s yu t bn ngoi nh hng ln cn bng ca h (i vi qu trnh truyn cht s yu t bn ngoi l p sut v nhit nn n = 2; vi cc qu trnh khc cn phi tnh thm in trng, t trng, ...) Nh vy, qui tc pha ca Gibbs c biu th bng phng trnh sau:

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C = k - + n Hay: C = k - + 2

(1.7) (1.8)

Ty theo s bc t do m h c th l bc khng (C=0); bc mt (C=1); bc hai (C=2); v bc cao (C>2). 1. p dng qui tc pha cho h 1 cu t: * Trng hp cht nguyn cht ng thi tn ti c 3 pha: R-L-H th theo qui tc pha ta c: C = k - + n = 1-3+2 = 0 ngha l h bc khng, h ny ch tn ti mt gi tr nht nh ca p sut v nhit . Nu thay i cc yu t trn th h s mt i mt pha v bin thnh h 2 pha. V d: nc nguyn cht ch tn ti h 3 pha R-L-H nhit 0.010C v p sut 4,6 mmHg. * Trng hp cht nguyn cht tn ti 2 pha: L-H (hi bo ha) th theo qui tc pha ta c: C = k - + n = 1-2+2 = 1, tc l ta c th thay i p sut hay nhit m cn bng ca h khng b pha hy. Trong cc h thng c s ph thuc n v gia p sut v nhit . V vy, nu thay i nhit th p sut s thay i tng ng. Do , i vi mi cht lng ta c th lp c ng cong ph thuc gia p sut hi bo ha v nhit (hnh 1.1). P ng si p sut hi Nhit si t Hnh 1.1. s ph thuc p sut v nhit ca hi nc bo ha

13

Thng cc s liu v p sut v nhit ca cht lng l nhng s liu thc nghim cho trong cc ti liu chuyn mn. Trng hp khng c s liu thc nghim ta c th tm c mi ph thuc bng l thuyt t cc phng trnh sau: S dch chuyn cn bng ca mt cht t pha ny sang pha khc th hin bng phng trnh: r = T Trong :
dP V dT

(1.9)

r: nhit chuyn pha (bc hi, ha lng, thng hoa, ...), (J/kmol) T: nhit chuyn pha, (0K) P: p sut, (N/m2) V: s bin i th tch mol khi chuyn pha, (m3/kmol)

i vi h gm pha lng v pha hi th:

dP r = dT (Vh Vl )T

(1.10)

trong :

Vh: th tch mol ca hi, (m3/kmol) Vl: th tch mol ca lng, (m3/kmol)

- i vi khu vc p sut khng ln lm th Vh >> Vl, v vy c th b qua Vl, tc l: ta bit:

dP r = dT VhT Vh = RT dP r = dT P P RT 2

(1.11)

- i vi mt khong nhit khng ln lm ta c th coi r = constant, do ly tch phn phng trnh trn ta c:
ln P =
r +C RT

(C: hng s tch phn)

(1.12)

Khi bit mt gi tr P v mt gi tr r mt nhit T bt k ta c th tnh c hng s C v sau c th xc nh c P bt k nhit no.

14

Trng hp khng bit nhit ha hi r th ta phi hai tr s p sut hai nhit , thay hai tr s p sut ny vo phng trnh (1.12) ta s c h hai phng trnh, gii ta s tm c gi tr r v C. Ngoi ra cng c th da vo qui tc Trouton tnh r:
r 21 T

(1.13)

hoc phng trnh Clausius-Clapeyron:

lg P1 r 1 1 = P2 4.537 T2 T1

(1.14)

Trong :

P1, T1 v P2, T2: p sut hi v nhit si tng ng.

* Trng hp cht nguyn cht tn ti 1 pha: pha lng chng hn, ta c C = 1-1+2 = 2, ngha l ta c th thay i c p sut v nhit mt cch c lp vi nhau th h vn tn ti mt pha. V d, nc trng thi lng c nhit 00C < t < 1000C th c th chu c bt k p sut no. 2. p dng qui tc pha cho hai nhm ca qu trnh truyn cht: * Nhm 1: gm cc qu trnh hp th, hp ph, trch li c s tham gia ca 3 cu t, tn ti di dng 2 pha, khi : C = 3-2+2 = 3 (h bc 3). Nh vy, vi h thng gm 2 cu t tr ln to thnh th v tr cn bng ca n khng ch ph thuc vo p sut, nhit m cn ph thuc vo nng ca cc cu t trong mt pha l xM v yM, tc l: Trng thi cn bng pha = f(P, T, xM (yM)) Vi cc qu trnh thuc nhm 1, v c s bc t do bng 3 th ta c th thay i mt cch c lp p sut chung P, nhit T v mt nng ca cu t phn b ca mt trong hai pha xM hay yM m khng lm thay i s pha, bn cht v cn bng pha.

15

Trong thc t cc qu trnh thuc nhm 1 thng lm vic p sut v nhit khng i, khi thay i nng ca pha ny th s c s thay i tng ng nng cn bng ca pha kia, ngha l: y* = f(x) hay x* = f(y) Nh vy, khi xt tng qut tt c cc yu t nh hng ln cn bng pha th C = 3, cn trong iu kin lm vic c th khi P,T = const th C = 1. * Nhm 2: gm qu trnh chng luyn, c s tham gia ca 2 cu t, tn ti di dng hai pha, ta c: C = 2-2+2 = 2, ngha l ta c th thay i ng thi mt cch c lp p sut chung v nhit T m s pha trong h vn khng thay i. Song ngoi p sut v nhit cn c thnh phn pha (tc l nng ca cu t phn b xM, yM), nn c trng cho h ny thng thng tha nhn mt yu t l khng i, cn yu t kia ph thuc n tr vo thnh phn pha, ngha l khi p sut khng i th mt thnh phn pha s ng vi mt nhit nht nh v ngc li khi nhit khng i th mt thnh phn pha s ng vi mt p sut nht nh th lc tnh cht pha v thnh pha s khng b ph hy. Trong thc t cc qu trnh thuc nhm 2 thng lm vic P = const nn khi nhit thay i th nng pha lng v pha hi cng thay i theo. Cn khi qu trnh tin hnh T = const th s thay i ca p sut P ta li c s thay i ph thuc ca x v y. III. Cc nh lut cn bng pha: Cn bng pha c biu th bng nh lut Henry v nh lut Raoult. Phm vi ng dng ca hai nh lut ny khc nhau. 1. inh lut Henry: Khi ta cho mt pha kh c cha cu t phn b tip xc vi mt pha lng iu kin nhit v p sut khng i th s c mt lng xc nh cc cu t phn b trong pha kh khuych tn vo pha lng do tnh cht ha

16

tan c chn lc v n mt lc no h s t trng thi cn bng ng iu kin nhit v p sut . Lng cu t phn b khuych tn ph thuc vo bn cht ca kh v dung mi; cng mt loi cu t phn b trong pha kh th chng s khuych tn khc nhau trong nhng dung mi khc nhau, v ngc li trong cng mt dung mi th cc cu t khc nhau s phn b khc nhau. Gia p sut ring phn ca mt cu t phn b trong phan kh v nng ca n trong pha lng c mt s oh thuc v c Henry pht hin ra v mang tn nh lut Henry; nh lut Henry c pht biu nh sau: p sut ring phn ca cu t phn b (p) trong pha kh tn ti cn bng vi pha lng lun t l vi nng phn mol (x) ca n trong pha lng. Trong : pi: p sut ring phn ca cu t phn b trong pha y, N/m2 xi: nng phn mol ca cu t phn b trong pha x, kmol/kmol : h s Henry c th nguyn l th nguyn ca p sut (N/m2), gi tr ca n ph thuc vo tnh cht ca kh, lng v nhit . Khi nhit tng th h s Henry tng. i vi kh l tng th phng trnh (1.15) c biu th bng ng thng. i vi kh thc th h s Henry ph thuc vo nng v ng biu din trong trng hp chung l ng cong. Nhng khi nng x b th ng biu din ca phng trnh trn l ng thng. ng biu din trn ch mi quan h ph thuc p-x gi l ng cn bng. Mt khc nu y i* l nng cn bng ca cu t i trong hn hp kh v p sut chung ca hn hp kh l P th p sut ring phn ca cu t kh i c th xc nh theo phng trnh:
p i = xi

(1.15)

17

pi = y i* P

(1.16)

T phng trnh (1.15) v (1.16) rt ra:

y i* =

xi

hay l: trong :
m=

y * = mx

(1.17)

hng s cn bng khng c th nguyn. y

y * = f ( x)

ng biu din ca phng trnh

(1.17) gi l ng cn bng. N biu th mi quan h gia nng cn bng trong pha kh vi nng ca n trong pha lng. i vi dung dch l tng th ng cn bng l ng thng (hnh 1.2). Trong trng hp chung th ng cn bng l ng cong c dng: y * = f ( x) . tnh ton qu trnh hp th. nh lut Henry ch s dng cho cu t phn b vo trong lng m khng h s dng cho cc cu t cn li. V d hn hp kh gm 2 cu t A v B (A cu t phn b), th nh lut Henry ch c vit nh sau: p A = x A ch khng th vit p B = x B , vic tnh pB c tnh nh sau: p B = P p A . 2. nh lut Raoult: Nu trong mt bnh kn c p sut P chung khng i, ta cho vo mt hn hp lng gm 2 cu t A v B c bay hi khc nhau; hay ni cch khc l ti mt nhit t1 khng i no , p sut hi bo ha ca cu t A nguyn cht l p bh khc vi p sut hi bo ha ca cu t B A1
bh nguyn cht l p B1 . Gi s ti nhit t1 ta c: bh p bh > P > p B1 A1

y * = mx

Hnh 1.2

ng cn bng ca h kh lng

nh lut Henry ch ng vi cht kh, thng c ng dng trong

18

Sau khi cung cp nhit nng cho hn hp, do p bh > P nn cu t A s A1 di chuyn t pha lng vo pha hi, ng thi do s va chm vi cu t A c ng nng ln nn mt phn t cu t B s nhn c mt nng lng
bh thot ra khi hn hp u vo pha hi (mc d p B1 < P ). Do vy, hi bay

ln phn ln cha cu t A (cu t d bay hi) v mt phn t cu t B (cu t kh bay hi) v n mt lc no s t n trng thi cn bng ng. Nh vy, do s c mt ca cc cu t A v B trong pha hi, chng s gy nn cc gi tr p sut ring phn pA v pB. Khi nghin cu mi quan h gia cc gi tr p sut ring phn ca cc cu t trong pha hi vi thnh phn ca cc cu t trong pha lng cn bng Raoult rt ra nh lut sau: p sut ring phn ca cu t i trn dung dch bng p sut hi bo ha ca cu t ( cng mt nhit ) nhn vi nng phn mol ca n trong dung dch:
pi = pibh xi

(1.18)

trong :

pi: p sut hi ring phn ca cu t i trong hn hp hi;

pibh : p sut hi bo ha ca cu t i cng mt nhit ;

xi: nng ca cu t i trong dung dch. Trong thc t ngi ta thay s biu din ca pi bng s biu din ca
y i* (nng phn mol ca cc cu t trong pha hi cn bng vi pha lng):
pi = yi* P

suy ra:

pibh y = xi P
* i

(1.19)

Mt khc vi h hai cu t theo nh lut Dalton p sut chung c tnh: Hay:

P = p1 + p 2
bh P = p1bh x1 + p 2 (1 x1 )

(1.20) (1.21)

19
bh Trong : p1bh v p 2 : p sut hi bo ha ca cu t 1 v cu t 2.

Thay vo (1.19) ta c: Gi = c:

y* =

p1bh x bh p1bh x + p 2 (1 x)

(1.22)

p1bh l bay hi tng i ca cu t 1 trong hn hp, khi ta bh p2 y* =

x 1 + x( 1)

(1.23)

Phng trnh (1.23) gi l phngtrnh cn bng, ng biu din ca n gi l ng cn bng. Phng trnh ny ch ng vi dung dch l tng. i vi dung dch thc s liu cn bng thng xc nh bng thc nghim. nh lut Raoult thng c ng dng tnh cho qu trnh chng luyn. C. Cc nh lut khuych tn: (cc phng thc khuych tn) Khi hai pha chuyn ng tip xc nhau, do s cn tr ca pha ny i vi pha kia, ngha l do s ma st gia chng m trn b mt phn chia pha to thnh hai lp mng. Ch chuyn ng trong mng v trong nhn cc dng c c trng khc nhau. Nh chng ta bit qu trnh khuych tn l qu trnh di chuyn nhng phn t ca mt hay nhiu cht trong mt pha n nhng im khc trong cng pha hay pha khc. S di chuyn cc phn t ny c th do: * Chuyn ng nhit ca cc phn t gi l phng thc khuych tn phn t. Hay ni cch khc s chuyn ng ny nhn lp mng nhn
Hnh 1.3. S tip xc gia hai l th

bm phn pha

20

l nh s tip xc gia cc phn t v tc dng tng h gia chng. Vn tc khuych tn theo phng thc ny rt chm, do vy mc d lp mng rt mng n vn c mt gi tr quyt nh i vi qu trnh khuych tn. * Tc ng ca nhng tia dao ng xoy ti tng im trong bn thn mi pha gi l phng thc khuych tn xoy. * S i lu vt cht trong bn thn mi pha gi l phng thc khuych tn i lu. Trong qu trnh truyn cht c th ng thi tn ti c 3 phng thc hoc ch tn ti phng thc khuych tn phn t m thi, iu ty thuc vo vn tc ca cc dng pha. Ngha l, trong mi trng ng yn ch tn ti khuych tn phn t (v vn tc hai pha rt nh c th coi hai pha ng yn, lc ny lp mng s chim ton b th tch hai pha), cn trong mi trng chuyn ng th tn ti c 3 phng thc (khi hai pha c vn tc chuyn ng ln th chiu dy hai lp mng bin gii s nh khi khuych tn i lu v khuych tn xoy s chim u th, lc qu trnh truyn cht chung s c quyt nh bi phng thc khuych tn xoy v i lu). I. Khuych tn phn t: Theo nh ngha th phng thc khuych tn phn t l s chuyn ng dao ng nhit ca cc phn t vo trong lng cc phn t khc, l thuyt ng hc phn t gii thch bn cht ca phng thc khuych tn phn t nh sau: Chng ta hnh dung c mt phn t dch chuyn trn mt khong cch nht nh vi mt vn tc nht nh m khng c s va chm vi cc phn t xung quanh. Sau khong cch n s va chm vi cc phn t khc, v th vn tc ca n s thay i c hng ln ln. Nh bit vn tc ca cc phn t l rt ln nhng do va chm nhiu nn vn tc thc t l rt nh.

21

iu ny dn n phng thc khuych tn phn t xy ra rt chm. qu trnh dch chuyn ny xy ra lin tc dn n cc phn t ny s khuych tn vo trong lng cc phn t khc v hng ch o ca qu trnh vn l hng theo chiu gim nng . Bn cht khuych tn phn t trong kh v trong lng l nh nhau. Nhng cc phn t trong pha lng nhiu hn trong pha kh, do khong cch gia cc phn t trong cht lng nh hn nhiu, nn s ln va chm tng ln dn n khuych tn phn t trong cht lng xy ra chm hn nhiu so vi trong cht kh. Thc nghim ch ra h s khuych tn ca kh v lng nh sau: Dkh = (103 104)Dlng Theo c ch trn ta thy vn tc khuych tn phn t tng khi nhit tng v p sut gim. Trong qu trnh truyn cht, khuych tn phn t xy ra trong lp mng hay trong mi trng ng yn. Do vy, vic tng nhit tng qu trnh c nhiu hn ch. Thng thng ngi ta c gng tng vn tc ca cc pha tng cng phng thc khuych tn xoy v i lu. 1. Vn tc khuych tn: Cng tng t nh nh lut Newton v vn chuyn vt cht th hin qua lc ma st ca dng chy: S = F
dw (N ) dx

hay nh lut Fourier v vn chuyn nhit lng th hin qua lng nhit dn i bng phng thc dn nhit:
Q = F dt (W ) dx

Fick tm ra nh lut v khuych tn vt cht bng phng thc khuych tn phn t nh sau: Vn tc khuych tn l lng vt cht chuyn qua mt n v b mt trong mt n v thi gian (
dG ) l t l vi gradient nng ca cht . Fd

22

dG dC = D Fd dx

(1.24)

trong :

F: b mt vung gc vi hng khuych tn, m2; D: h s t l gi l h s khuych tn, m2/h; : thi gian, h.

du (-) ch rng nng gim theo chiu khuych tn. Gii phng trnh (1.24) ta bit c lng vt cht khuych tn:
G = DF dC dx

(1.25)

Nu lng vt cht G c biu din bng kg, thi gian l gi, F l m2, chiu di l m, nng C l kg/m3, th h s khuych tn D c th nguyn l:
kg.m m 2 [D] = kg = h m2 h 3 m

ngha ca h s khuych tn: - H s khuych tn l lng cht i qua mt n v b mt trong mt n v thi gian khi nng vt cht gim mt n v trn mt n v chiu di theo hng khuych tn. - H s khuych tn l mt hng s vt l c trng cho kh nng xm nhp ca cht ang xt vo mi trng no . V vy n khng ph thuc vo iu kin thy ng ca qu trnh. - H s khuych tn ch ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht ang xt, vo p sut, nhit v c xc nh bng cc cng thc thc nghim. Thng thng i vi cht kh D tng khi nhit tng v p sut gim; cn i vi cht lng D khng ph thuc nhiu vo p sut. 2. Cng thc tnh h s khuych tn: 2.1. H s khuych tn ca kh trong kh:

23

V d kh A khuych tn vo kh B (hay ngc li kh B khuych tn vo kh A). H s khuych tn D nhit T v p sut P c xc nh theo cng thc:
D= 1,55.10 T
3 3 2 2

1 1 PV A3 + VB3

1 1 + MA MB

(m2/h)

(1.26)

Trong :

MA, MB: khi lng phn t ca kh A v kh B, kg/kmol; VA, VB: th tch mol ca kh A v kh B, cm3/kmol; P: p sut chung ca kh, at; T: nhit tuyt i ca kh, 0K.

Th tch mol ca cc cht thng cho trong ti liu chuyn mn. Trng hp thiu s liu ta c th tnh th tch mol theo cng thc sau:
V = nvi

(1.27)

trong :

n: s nguyn t cng loi vi: th tch nguyn t (xem trong cc s tay)

Trng hp trong phn t c cha vng benzen hay vng napthtalen th phi thm h s hiu chnh. i vi vng benzen th h s hiu chnh l 15 i vi vng naphtalen th h s hiu chnh l 30. V d: tnh th tch mol ca benzen (C6H6)
VC6 H 6 = 6vC + 6v H 15 = 6 14,8 + 6 3,7 15 = 96cm 3 / mol

Nu bit h s khuych tn D0 ca kh A T0 v P0 ta c th xc nh c h s khuych tn D ca kh nhit T v p sut P theo cng thc sau:

P D = D0 0 P T 2 T 0
3

(1.28)

2.2. H s khuych tn ca kh trong lng:

24

V d kh A khuych tn vo cht lng B, nhit 200C, h s khuych tn c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
D20 = 0,00360
1 1 ab V A3 + VB3 2

1 1 + MA MB

(m2/h)

(1.29)

trong :

a,b: l h s hiu chnh ca kh v dung mi (cho trong s tay); i vi cc cht kh khuych tn thng th a = 1. : nht ca dung mi, cP.

cc nhit t khc 200C, h s khuych tn D c tnh theo cng thc sau: Vi: Trong :
Dt = D20 + [1 + (t 20)]

(1.30)

0,2
3

: h s nhit ; : nht ca dung mi 200C, cP. : khi lng ring ca dung mi 200C, kg/m3.

Vi dung mi l nc th: II. Khuych tn i lu:

0,2
3

0,2 1
3

1000

= 0,02

L phng thc khuych tn do s i lu vt cht trong bn thn mi pha. Chng ta thy rng khi dng pha chuyn ng xoy th trong bn thn mi pha s c di chuyn vt cht do dng i lu, ng thi ti mi im bt k di tc dng ca cc tia dao ng xoy vt cht cng di chuyn hn lon. C hai loi khuych tn trn cng tn ti khi cc pha chuyn ng nn c gi chung l khuych tn i lu. Loi khuych tn c vn tc ln hn nhiu ln so vi vn tc khuych tn phn t v n ph thuc vo ch chy ca dng pha.

25

Chuyn ng i lu thu c nh cc qu trnh c hc nh khuy trn, to chnh lch p sut ca dng chy hay di tc dng ca lc trng trng. Ch chy ca cc dng pha c th l ch chy dng (Re < 2320), ch qu (2320 < Re <10000) v ch chy xoy (Re > 10000). Xu hng chung l c gng to nn ch chy xoy tng qu trnh i lu, gim chiu dy lp mng tc tng cng phng thc khuych tn i lu so vi phng thc khuych tn phn t. V d xt qu trnh khuych tn t dng kh vo dng cht lng git. Dng kh c vn tc w v nng cu t phn b l C. Dng lng i vo vi vn tc u (hnh 1.4). Vt cht khuych tn t kh vo lng khng nhng nh vo chuyn ng ca phn t m cn nh vo s chuyn ng ca cc pha. kh (Cw) Hnh 1.4. S chuyn ng ca kh v lng nghin cu qu trnh ny cn tch ra mt nguyn t th tch dV c cnh l dx, dy, dz v t n vo trong h ta Oxyz (hnh 1.5). z Gz+dGz Gy dy Gx dz Gy+dGy y Gz x dx Gx+dGx lng (u)

Hnh 1.5. Phn b nng trong mi trng chuyn ng

26

Theo nh lut khuych tn phn t lng vt cht i qua cc b mt ca nguyn t th tch dV trong khong thi gia d c th biu din bng nhng phng trnh sau: * Qua mt dydz:
Gx = D
C dydzd x

(1.31)

Cng trong thi gian lng vt cht i qua mt i din l:

G x + dx = G x + dG x = D
C C dydzd + D dxdydzd x x x

(1.32)

Vy lng vt cht tch li trong th tch nguyn t theo trc Ox l:

dG x = G x + dx
2C G x = D 2 dxdydzd x

(1.33)

Chng minh tng t ta c: * Qua mt dxdz: * Qua mt dxdy:

dG y = G y + dy G y = D dG z = G z + dz G z = D
2C dxdydzd y 2 2C dxdydzd z 2

(1.34) (1.35)

v vi ton b th tch dV ta c:
2C 2C 2C dG = dG x + dG y + dG z = D 2 + 2 + 2 dxdydzd x y z

(1.36)

Mt khc hn hp kh c nng C chuyn ng vi vn tc w i vo nguyn t th tch dV sau thi gian d c tnh: * Qua mt dydz:
G x = wx Cdydzd

(1.37)

Cng trong thi gian lng vt cht i qua mt i din l:

G x + dx = G x + dG x = wx Cdydzd + ( wx C ) dxdydzd x

(1.38)

Vy lng vt cht tch li trong th tch nguyn t theo trc Ox l:

dG x = G x + dx G x = ( wx C ) dxdydzd x

(1.39)

Chng minh tng t vi cc trc Oy, Oz:

27
dG y = G y + dy G y = (wy C ) y dxdydzd ; dG z = G z + dz G z = ( wz C ) dxdydzd z 2

(1.40)

Vy lng vt cht tch li trong nguyn t c th tch dV trong thi gian d: dG = dG x + dG y + dG z = x x

(w C ) + (w y C ) y + ( wz C ) dxdydzd z

(1.41)

Khai trin phng trnh (1.41) ta c:

Cwx Cw y Cwz C C C + wz + wy dG = wx dxdydzd + x + y + z dxdydzd z y x

Theo phng trnh dng lin tc v n nh th:

wx w y wz + + =0 z y x

Do vy lng vt cht tch li trong nguyn t c th tch dV trong thi gian d:

C C C dG = wx + wy + wz dxdydzd y z x

(1.42)

Lng vt cht tnh theo hai phng trnh (1.36) v (1.42) phi bng nhau, tc l:
2C 2C 2C D 2 + 2 + 2 = x y z

C C C wx x + w y y + wz z

(1.43)

Phng trnh (1.43) gi l phng trnh khuych tn trong mi trng chuyn ng, hay phng trnh dng khuych tn. D. Cn bng vt liu v ng lc ca qu trnh: I. Phng trnh cn bng vt liu trong thit b truyn cht: Trong khi thc hin qu trnh truyn cht ngi ta thng cho trc nng u v nng cui ca cc pha, nng thc t ca cc pha trong thit b nm trong gii hn nng u v nng cui cho, gi l nng lm vic. Qu trnh truyn cht thng c thc hin trong cc thit b loi thp, khi hai pha chuyn ng ngc chiu v tip xc trc tip vi nhau.

28

Hnh (1.6) biu th s phn b nng ca pha y v pha x, trong trng hp nng ca pha y gim t Y n Yc v ca pha x tng t X n Xc. X,Y Y dY Xc Yc dF X F Hnh 1.6. Phn b nng trong thit b Xt cho mt nguyn t b mt dF, phng trnh cn bng vt liu c dng:
G x dX = G y dY

Yc

X dF Y

dX

Xc

(1.44)

Phng trnh (1.44) biu din trn ton b b mt F:

G x ( X c X d ) = G y (Yd Yc )

(1.45)

Nu xt mt tit din bt k c nng X, Y:

G x ( X X d ) = G y (Y Yc )

(1.46) (1.47)

hay: trong :

Y=

Gx G X + Yc x X d Gy Gy

Gx, Gy: lu lng ca pha x v pha y; Y, Yc: nng u v nng cui (phn mol tng i) trong pha y; X, Xc: nng u v nng cui (phn mol tng i) trong pha x; Y, X: nng ca pha y v pha x mt tit din bt k.

29

Trong mi trng hp c th cc i lng Gx, Gy, X, Yc u cho trc v khng i, do phng trnh (1.47) c dng ng thng.
Y = AX + B

(1.48)

Phng trnh (1.48) gi l phng trnh ng nng lm vic. II. ng lc khuych tn: Qu trnh truyn cht gia cc pha xy ra mt cch t nhin khi nng lm vic v nng cn bng ca cu t phn b trong mi pha khc nhau. Hiu s gia nng lm vic v nng cn bng gi l ng lc khuych tn hay ng lc truyn cht. ng lc c th tnh theo nng pha y hay nng pha x. * Nu tnh theo nng pha y ta c ng lc l:
y = y * y hay y = y y *

* Nu tnh theo nng pha x ta c ng lc l:

x = x * x hay x = x x *

i vi bt c mt qu trnh truyn cht no trong thit b, ng lc truyn cht c th biu din bng th (hnh 1.7) y
y * = f ( x)

y
y * = f ( x)

y = ax + b

y = ax + b

II

30

Y
Y = AX + B

Y
Y = AX + B

Y Y * = f (X )

Y * = f (X )

III Cn ch rng:

IV

Hnh 1.7. S biu din ng lc qu trnh truyn cht 1. ng lc ca qu trnh thay i t u n cui, nn trong tnh ton phi dng ng lc trung bnh ca qu trnh. 2. Cht phn b s i vo pha no c nng lm vic thp hn nng cn bng. th I v II vt cht i t pha x vo pha y. th III v IV vt cht i t pha y vo pha x. III. Phng trnh truyn cht v ng lc trung bnh: 1. Phng trnh cp cht: Nhn xt chung: trong bt k mt qu trnh no th vn tc ca qu trnh t l thun vi ng lc v t l nghch vi tr lc. Trong qu trnh truyn cht th ng lc l hiu s nng cn tr lc do cht khuych tn chuyn ng qua lu th. Xt qu trnh chuyn vt cht t pha y vo pha x (s dng m hnh hai lp mng ca Withman hin c s dng rng ri v c hiu qu trong thc t; biu din qu trnh truyn cht ging nh qu trnh truyn nhit) (hnh 1.8).

31

bm phn pha C s ca m hnh Withman da trn nhng gi thit sau: * Qu trnh truyn cht l n nh * Khi hai pha lng v kh tio xc nhau th gia chng c b mt phn pha, trn b mt phn pha khng c tr lc truyn cht v qu trnh truyn cht lun lun t cn bng gia hai pha, ngha l c c ybg1 th c xbg1, ... * St b mt phn pha c hai lp mng mng lng v mng kh trng thi chy dng, qua hai lp mng qu trnh di chuyn vt cht c thc hin bng khuych tn phn t. Nng thay i gn nh thay i theo qui lut ng thng. Tr lc truyn cht rt ln. * Phn cn li nm xa b mt phn pha l nhn ca cc pha, trong nhn vt cht chuyn ng xoy. Qu trnh di chuyn vt cht c thc hin bng khuych tn i lu. Do nng ca cu t phn b trong nhn l khng i v tr lc ca qu trnh truyn cht bng khng. Nh vy tr lc chung ca qu trnh l bng tng tr lc cp cht chnh l lc ngn cn ca qu trnh cp cht ca hai lp mng. Nh vy nng y, x gia dng coi nh khng i, cn trong lp mng y nng gim t y n ybg (nng bin gii) v trong lp mng x nng gim t xbg n x. Gi Ry l tr lc trong pha y v Rx l tr lc trong pha x . Nh vy vn tc khuych tn ca cht phn b qua mng y l: y nhn xbg y x* y* x x hai lp mng nhn ybg

Hnh1.8. S qu trnh truyn cht

32

y y bg dG = dF Ry

(1.49)

Vn tc khuych tn ca cht phn b qua mng x l:

dG xbg x = dF Rx

(1.50)

Gi y =

1 1 ;x = l h s cp cht trong pha y v pha x . Ry Rx

Lng vt cht chuyn qua mng y trong thi gian l:

dG = ydF ( y y bg )

(1.51)

cng trong thi gian lng vt cht chuyn qua mng x l:

dG = xdF ( xbg x)

(1.52)

Phng trnh (1.51) v (1.52) l phng trnh cp cht qua mng y v x. 2. Th nguyn v ngha vt l ca h s cp cht: Nu lng vt cht G tnh bng kg, b mt tip xc F tnh bng m2, thi gian tnh bng gi, hiu s nng y = y y bg v x = xbg x th th nguyn ca y v x l:

[ ] = m kgy v [ ] = m kgx h h
y

(1.53)

Ty theo cch biu din nng m th nguyn ca y v x c th thay i. V d nng biu din bng kg/m3 ta c:
kg = m 2 h kg m3 m kg = v [ x ] = h m 2 h kg m3 m = h

[ ]
y

(1.54)

Nh vy h s cp cht l lng cht vn chuyn qua mt n v b mt trong mt n v thi gian khi hiu s nng l mt n v.

33

H s cp cht l mt i lng phc tp, n khng phi l mt hng s vt l m l mt c trng ng hc ca qu trnh di chuyn vt cht t nhn n lp mng hay ngc li t lp mng n nhn. V vy n ph thuc vo cc tnh cht vt l ca cc pha (h s khuych tn (D), nht (), khi lng ring (), sc cng b mt ()), ph thuc vo nhit (T), p sut (P), lu lng dng chy (w), kch thc hnh hc c trng (l), gia tc trng trng (g) v cu to ca thit b. Tng qut:
= f ( D, , , , T , P, w, l , g ,...)

3. Phng trnh truyn cht: Theo phng trnh phn b vt cht (Henry-Dalton) y = mx ta c:
xbg y* = v x = m m y bg

thay gi tr xbg v x vo phng trnh (1.52) ta c:

dG = xdF ( y bg y * )

1 m

(1.55) (1.56) (1.57) (1.58)

T phng trnh (1.51) rt ra: V phng trnh (1.55) rt ra: Cng (1.56) v (1.57) ta c:

dG

= dF ( y y bg )

mdG

= dF ( y bg y * )

1 m = dF ( y y * ) + dG y x

1 = k y l h s truyn cht ca qu trnh. 1 m + x y y = y y * l ng lc ca qu trnh.

Ta c:

dG = k ydFy

(1.59)

34

ng vi nguyn t b mt dF c ng lc y, nhng i vi ton b b mt tip xc F ta phi dng ng lc trung bnh, nn phng trnh (1.59) c dng: trong :
G = k yFy tb

(1.60)

ky: h s truyn cht khi tnh theo nng pha y, th nguyn ging nh h s cp cht y; ytb: ng lc trung bnh ca qu trnh.

Chng minh tng t ta c lng cht c truyn tnh theo pha x :

G = k xFxtb

(1.61)

trong :

kx: h s truyn cht khi tnh theo nng pha x, th nguyn ging nh h s cp cht x, v:
1 1 1 + x m y = kx

(1.62)

Cc phng trnh (1.60) v (1.61) gi l phng trnh truyn cht. T cc phng trnh xc nh c b mt tip xc pha F khi bit h s truyn cht v ng lc trung bnh ca qu trnh. Trong trng hp chung h s truyn cht ph thuc vo cc h s cp cht v h s phn b nng m. C hai trng hp: a/ Nu cu t phn b tan tt trong mi trng (d ha tan trong pha x) khi i lng
m

v cng b, nn k y y , ngha l h s truyn cht

bng h s cp cht trong pha y, cn tr lc trong pha x khng ng k (hay ni cch khc tr lc ch yu trong pha y). b/ Nu cu t phn b tan t trong mi trng (kh ha tan trong pha x) khi i lng
1 v cng b, nn k x x , ngha l h s truyn cht m x

35

bng h s cp cht trong pha x, cn tr lc trong pha y khng ng k (hay ni cch khc tr lc ch yu trong pha x). 4. Xc nh ng lc trung bnh: ng lc ca qu trnh truyn cht thay i lin tc dc theo b mt tip xc pha t u cho n cui qu trnh, v th thun li cho vic tnh ton ngi ta s dng ng lc trung bnh trong phm vi s thay i nng . Khi ng cn bng l ng cong th dng ng lc trung bnh tch phn. Khi ng cn bng l ng thng th dng ng lc trung bnh logarit. 4.1. ng lc trung bnh tch phn: xc nh ng lc trung bnh tch phn dng phng trnh truyn cht c bn dng vi phn (1.59) Rt ra:
dG = k ydF ( y y * )

dF =

dG k y ( y y * )

(1.63)

Mt khc lng vt cht dG c th xc nh theo phng trnh cn bng vt liu: dG = G y dy (vit cho trng hp nng pha y gim) (1.64) Thay gi tr dG (1.64) vo (1.63) ta c:
dF = G y dy k y ( y y * )

y-y*

(1.65)

Ly tch phn phng trnh (1.65) ta c:

F = Gy k y
yc

yd

y y

dy

Gy k y

S (1.66)
yd

i lng trong tch phn ch xc nh c bng th (hnh 1.9) yc

S=

yc

y y

dy

y y

Hnh 1.9. Xc nh . lc tb tch phn

36

Thay G y =

G ta c: ( y d yc )
F= G S k y y d y c yd yc S

(1.67) (1.68)

hay:

G = k yF

So snh phng trnh (1.60) v (1.68) ta rt ra:

y tb = yd yc S y d yc
yd yc

hay:

y tb =

dy y y*

(1.69)

Chng minh tng t ta c ng lc trung bnh tch phn xtb khi tnh theo nng pha x:
xtb = xc x d dx x* x xd
xc

(1.70)

Cng thc (1.69) v (1.70) l cng thc c chng minh cho trng hp vt cht khuych tn t pha y vo pha x, ngha l nng cu t phn b trong pha y gim v trong pha x tng. i vi trng hp ngc li l khi vt cht khuch tn t pha x vo pha y th ng lc trung bnh cng c tnh theo cc cng thc trn, nhng thay i v tr ca cc i lng nng ; ngha l:
y tb = yc y d
yc yd

dy * y y

(1.71)

v:

xtb =

x d xc
xd

dx x x* xc

(1.72)

37

4.2. ng lc trung bnh logarit: Xut pht t phng trnh truyn cht c bn dng vi phn (1.59)
dG = k ydF ( y y * ) . Trong nguyn t b mt dF c s bin i nng pha

y l:

dy =

dG Gy

V s bin i nng trong pha x l:

dx = dG Gx

Trng hp ng cn bng l ng thng dng y * = mx , ly o hm:

dy * = mdx = m dG Gx

S bin i ng lc trong mt nguyn t b mt l:

d ( y y * ) = dy dy * = m d ( y y* ) 1 dG = Gx G y n
m dG dG 1 +m = dG G Gy Gx Gy x

n=

thay gi dG vo phng trnh (1.59) ta c:

d ( y y* ) = nk ydF ( y y* )

Ly tch phn: Ta c:

d ( y y* ) * ( y y * ) = nk y dF 0 y d yc
* yc yd ln = nk yF * y d yc

* yc y d

(1.73)

Lng pha Gy, Gx c th xc nh theo phng trnh cn bng vt liu nh sau:

Gx = G mG G = * ;Gy = * xc x d yd yc yc y d

Thay gi tr Gy v Gx vo n, ta c:

38
* * yc y d y d yc 1 m n= = Gx G y G G

n=

(y

* * y d y d yc G

) (

thay gi tr n vo phng trnh (1.73) v gii ta c:

(y G = k F
y

* * y d y d yc * y yd ln c * y d yc

) (

* * y c = y c y d ; y d = y d y c

thay vo phng trnh trn ta c:

G = k yF
y c y d y ln c y d

(1.74)

So snh phng trnh (1.74) v (1.60) ta c:

y tb = y c y d y ln c y d

(1.75)

ng lc trung bnh tnh theo phng trnh (1.75) gi l ng lc trung bnh logarit. Tng t nh trong phn truyn nhit ng lc cui (yc) v ng lc u (y) ch l qui c tng ng vi ng lc ln (yl) v ng lc nh (yn). Vy:
y tb = y l y n y 2,3 lg l y n

(1.76)

Chng minh tng t i vi nng tnh theo pha x:

xtb = xl x n x 2,3 lg l x n

(1.77)

39

E. Phng php tnh ng knh v chiu cao thit b truyn cht: Tnh ton thit b truyn cht bao gm tnh ton kch thc thit b: ng knh, chiu cao v cc kch thc khc, tnh tr lc, cng sut bm, qut,... y ch trnh by phng php tnh ton kch thc ch yu dng chung cho cc loi thit b truyn cht kiu thp, cn cc tnh ton khc s xt trong tng trng hp c th. I. Tnh ng knh thit b: i vi thit b c tit din trn, ng knh thit b c tnh theo cng thc sau:
D= V 0,785w0
3

(m)
D 2 w0
4

(1.78) )

trong :

V: lu lng th tch pha y, m /s. ( V = S w0 =

w0: vn tc ca pha y i qua ton b tit din thit b, m/s. Gi tr lu lng th tch (V) hay chnh l nng sut ca thit b thng cho trc v khng i, cn vn tc w0 phi tnh cho tng loi thit b c th hoc chn trong nhng gii hn cho php. II. Tnh chiu cao thit b: y ch tnh chiu cao H l chiu cao m trong hai lu th tip xc vi nhau, c gi l chiu cao lm vic ca thit b, cn kch thc phn trn v phn di ca thit b c chn theo kt cu c th. C nhiu phng php tnh chiu cao. y gii thiu 4 phng php thng dng. y xc Hnh 1.10. Tnh thit b truyn cht H x yc

40

1. Tnh chiu cao thit b theo phng trnh truyn cht: T phng trnh truyn cht: Rt ra: hay
F=

G = k y Fy tb v G = k x Fxtb
G k y y tb

(kmol/s) (1.79) (1.80)

(m2) (m2)

F=

G k x xtb

i vi thit b loi m ( hay thp m) th gia b mt F v chiu cao thit b c mi lin h thng qua b mt ring ca m l (m2/m3):
F = V

hay trong :

F = Hf

V: th tch lm vic, m3; f: b mt tit din ngang ca thit b, m2.

Thay gi tr F vo cc phng trnh (1.79) v (1.80) ta tnh c chiu cao H l chiu cao lm vic ca thit b:
H= G k yfy tb

(m) (m)

(1.81) (1.82)

H=

G k xfxtb

2. Tnh chiu cao thit b theo s bc thay i nng : S bc thay i nng (hay cn gi l s a l thuyt) c xc nh bng phng php th. Do vy khi s dng phng php ny cn phi bit: * ng nng cn bng * ng nng lm vic
y * = f ( x) y = Ax + B

* Nng u v nng cui ca cc pha: y c , y d , xc , x d

41

y y yn-1 yn n-1 xn-1 yn+1 n xn xn+1 n-1 yc

y * = f ( x) y = Ax + B

n+1

n+1

xc Hnh 1.11. th m t bc thay i nng

Khi v th ta c s bc thay i nng tng ng vi s a l thuyt. nh ngha s bc thay i nng : bc thay i nng trn th y-x l mt khong th tch no ca thit b, trong tin hnh qu trnh truyn cht sao cho nng ca cu t phn b khi ra khi th tch (v
* d yn-1) bng nng cn bng khi vo th tch ny ( y n )ca cu t .

Bc thay i nng cn c coi l ngn l thuyt. Trong thc t s ngn ca thit b ln hn s ngn l thuyt do iu kin chuyn khi cha tt. V vy xc nh s ngn thc t ta phi hiu chnh t s ngn l thuyt:
Nt = Nl

trong :

Nt: s ngn thc t trong thit b; Nl: s ngn l thuyt v trn th y-x;

42

: h s hiu chnh (hiu sut ca ngn). Hiu sut ca ngn ph thuc tnh cht l hc ca cc cu t, iu kin thy ng ca cc pha v cu to thit b. Thng ly hiu sut ca ngn bng 0,2 0,9. Nhiu trng hp c th ly t 0,5 0,6. Chiu cao lm vic ca thit b c xc inh nh sau: i vi thp a:
H = h( N t 1)

(m)

(1.83)

trong :

h: khong cch gia hai ngn (thng chn t 0,2 0,35 m ty

theo ng knh), m; i vi thp m:

H = h0 N t

(m)

(1.84)

trong :

h0: chiu cao ca mt bc thay i nng (tra s tay).

3. Tnh chiu cao thit b theo s n v truyn cht: 3.1. S n v truyn cht: T phng trnh: G = k y Fy tb Trong : (kmol/s)

G: lng cht di chuyn qua b mt phn pha, kmol/s; ky: h s truyn cht,
kmol ; 2 kmol s.m . kmol

F: b mt tip xc pha, m2;

y tb

: ng lc trung bnh.

Thay G = G y (Yd Yc ) v vi thp m F = Hf vo phng trnh trn ta c:

H= G y Yd Yc k y f Ytb
Yd Yc
Yd Yc

(1.85)

thay

Ytb =

Y Y

dY

43

ta c:

H=

Yd Yc = hy m y k y f Yd Yc Yd dY Y Y* Yc

Gy

(1.86)

vi

hy =

Gy k y f
Y

: chiu cao ca mt n v truyn cht, m.

(1.87) (1.88)

d Yd Yc dY : s n v truyn cht (din tch S) my = = * Yd Yc Yc Y Y Yd dY Y Y* Yc

n v truyn cht c nh ngha: l mt n v truyn cht (my= 1) tng ng vi mt on thit b m trong thay i nng lm vic bng ng lc trung bnh trong on . Tng t nh pha kh, i vi cht lng ta c:
H = hx m x

(1.89)

3.2. Xc nh s n v truyn cht: Nu ng cn bng l ng cong th s n v truyn cht c xc nh bng din tch S (hnh 1.9). Nu ng cn bng l ng thng th s n v truyn cht c xc nh theo cng thc:
my = mx = Yd Yc Ytb Xc Xd X tb Yl Yn Ytb Xl Xn X tb

(1.90) (1.91) (1.92) (1.93)

Tng qut:

my = mx =

44

trong :

Ytb =

Yl Yn Y 2,3 lg l Yn

X tb =

X l X n X l 2,3 lg X n

Trng hp nu

Yl Y + Yn < 2 Ytb = l Yn 2

4. Tnh chiu cao thit b theo cch v ng cong ng hc: Phng php xc nh chiu cao theo cch v thm ng ph (ng cong ng hc) xc nh s ngn thc t l mt trong nhng phng php chnh xc nht i vi thp loi a, v phng php ny c xt n ng hc ca qu trnh truyn cht. H s truyn cht y tnh cho 1m2 b mt lm vic ca thp. Xt trng hp cht lng khng b cun theo pha kh, khi i vi cc thit b ng knh nh hn 1m c nng trong pha lng xn thc t khng khc nhau trong ton b th tch lp cht lng trn a, cn pha hi thay i t yn+1 n yn v qu trnh thc t khng t cn bng (hnh 1.12). y yn* yn C yc B y yn+1 yn yn+1 A yn*
x y

A y B C
y x

yc

Hnh 1.12. M t s thay i nng ca kh (hi) v ng lc y trn mt a thc t.

45

S n v truyn cht i vi mt a:
m y(d ) = y n y n +1 y n ( d )

(1.94)

trong : Du (+) l qu trnh truyn cht t pha x vo pha y (chng luyn). Du (-) l qu trnh truyn cht t pha y vo pha x (hp th). ng lc trung bnh trn a :
y n ( d )
* * ( y n y n +1 ) ( y n y n ) = ( y* y ) ln n* n +1 ( yn yn )

(1.95)

thay yn vo phng trnh (1.94) ta c:

m y(d )
* y n y n +1 = ln * yn yn * y n y n +1 = * yn yn

(1.96) (1.97)

hay: trong :

my ( d )

* y n : nng cn bng ca hi ng vi xn trong lng trn a;

yn: nng ca kh i ra khi a (nng thc t lm vic); yn+1: nng ca kh i vo a . T th ta c:

* AC y n y n +1 m = * = e y(d ) CB yn yn

(1.98)

Nh vy khi xc nh c my() ta tm oc v tr ca im B trn th. Gi tr my() c xc nh t cng thc sau:

m y(d ) = y n y n +1 k y F = y n ( d ) Gy

(1.99)

G = G y ( y d y c ) = k y Fy tb

Tht vy:

( y d yc ) k y F = = my y tb Gy

46

Tng t vi nhiu gi tr x ty khc ta tm c nhiu im B khc nhau, sau ni tt c cc im B li ta c ng cong ng hc. V cc bc gia ng cong ng hc v ng nng lm vic ta xc nh c s a thc ca thit b. Chiu cao ca thp c xc nh theo cng thc (1.83). y

x cong ng hc.

xc x

Hnh 1.13. M t cch xc nh s a thc theo phng php ng Trn y gii thiu phng php xc nh n gin khng k lng lng b mang theo pha kh, nng pha lng trong mi ngn l ng u. Nhng khi ng knh thit b ln s c chnh lch nng , do khi xc nh ng cong ng hc phi k n yu t ny.