1

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

Tran Gia Huy

AI SO TO HP
Hoan v Chnh hp To hp
1)

Quy tac cong :

Neu co m cach chon oi tng x, n cach chon oi tng y, va neu cach chon oi tng x khong trung
vi bat ky cach chon oi tng y nao, th co m + n cach chon mot trong cac oi tng a cho.
VD: Co 8 quyen sach khac nhau va 6 quyen v khac nhau. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon mot trong cac
quyen o?
V co 8 cach chon 1 quyen sach va 6 cach chon 1 quyen v, khi chon sach th khong chon v, hien
nhien co 8+6=14 cach chon
2) Quy tac nhan :
Neu co m cach chon oi tng x, va sau o, vi moi cach chon x nh the, co n cach chon oi tng y,
th co m x n cach chon oi tng (x ; y).
VD: Co 18 oi bong a tham gia thi au. Hoi co bao nhieu cach trao 3 loai huy chng vang, bac,
ong cho ba oi nhat, nh, ba, biet rang moi oi ch co the nhan nhieu nhat la 1 huy chng va oi nao
cung co the oat huy chng?
Trc tien, co 18 cach trao huy chng vang.
Sau o, co 17 cach trao huy chng bac
Sau o, con 16 oi co the nhan huy chng ong, vay co 16 cach trao
Theo quy tac nhan, co 18 x 17 x 16 = 4896 cach trao

Hoan v

Chnh hp
n!
A nk =
(n - k)!
(1 k n)

Pn = n!
(n 1)

To hp
n!
C kn =
k!(n - k)!
(0 k n)
A nk = k!C kn

n! = 1.2.3n
n! = (n 1)!n
0! = 1

A1n = 1

C 0n = C nn = 1

A nn = n!

C n-k
= C nk
n

Pn = A nn

C kn-1-1 + Cnk -1 = C kn

So cach chon ra tap hp con k

So cach xep n phan t vao n v So cach chon k phan t trong n
phan t trong tap hp n phan t
tr co th t
phan t co th t
khong th t
CA
AN :
CAC DA
DANG
NG TO
TOA
Dang 1: S dung cac cong thc hoan v, chnh hp, to hp giai pt, bpt, hpt

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

Tran Gia Huy

1) Giai phng trnh : C4x + C6x = 2C5x

x nguyen dng
K :
x 6
x!
x!
2x!
1
1
2
1
1
2
pt
+
=

+
=

+
=
4!(x - 4)! 6!(x - 6)! 5!(x - 5)!
(x - 5)(x - 4) 5.6 5(x - 5)
(x - 5)(x - 4) 30 5(x - 5)
x = 14 (nhan)
30 + (x 2 - 9x + 20) = 12(x - 4) x 2 - 21x + 98 = 0
x = 7 (nhan)

2) Giai bat phng trnh :

1 2
6
A 2x -A 2x C3x +10
2
x
K : x nguyen va x 3
1 (2x)!
x!
6
x!
(2x -1)2x
bpt

+10
- x(x -1) (x - 2)(x -1) +10
2 (2x - 2)! (x - 2)! x 3!(x - 3)!
2
2x 2 - x - x 2 + x x 2 - 3x + 2 +10 3x 12 x 4
x = 3
So k : 3 x 4
x = 4

2A x + 5Cx = 90
y
y
3) Giai he phng trnh : x
x
5A y - 2Cy = 80

K : y nguyen dng, x nguyen, x 0,y x

at u = A xy , v = Cxy , hpt thanh :
y!
x
(y - x)! = 20 (3)

A
=
20
2u + 5v = 90
u = 20
y

y!
5u - 2v = 80
v = 10
Cy = 10

= 10 (4)
x!(y - x)!
20
The (3) vao (4) :
= 10 x! = 2 x = 2
x!
y = 5 (nhan )
x = 2
y!
(3)
= 20 y(y -1) = 20
S :
(y - 2)!
y = -4 (loai)
y = 5

Dang 2 : Dung hoan v, chnh hp, to hp e em so phng an

1) Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 7 ch so khac nhau xep theo th t tang dan?
So gom 7 ch so khac nhau xep theo th t tang dan c bieu dien qua 7 o

e tao ra so tren ta phai :

Lay ra 7 so t 9 so (so 1 en 9), so cach lay la C97
Xep 7 so va lay vao 7 o theo th t tang dan, ch co 1 cach xep
So con so tao c la C97 = 36 so

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

Tran Gia Huy

2) Mot ngi co 6 bi xanh, 5 bi o, 4 bi en. Hoi co bao nhieu cach lay ra 6 bi ma co t nhat 2 bi xanh
Ta lam 2 cong viec :
6
Cong viec 1 : Lay tuy y 6 bi t 15 bi, so cach lay la C15
= 5005 cach

Cong viec 2 : Lay vi pham

Khong lay bi xanh, so cach lay C69
Lay 1 bi xanh, so cach lay C16 C95

So cach lay vi pham la C69 + C16 C95 = 840 cach

So cach lay thoa yeu cau bai toan la 5005 840 = 4165 cach
3) Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 8 ch so khac nhau va co tong 8 so o la so chan?
So o phai gom 4 so chan, 4 so le, c bieu dien qua 8 o :
TH1 : Trong 8 so o co mat so 0
a so 0 vao o, co 7 cach a
Lay them 3 so chan t 4 so chan, so cach lay la C34
Lay them 4 so le t 5 so le, so cach lay la C54
Xep 7 so va lay vao 7 o, so cach xep la 7!
So con so tm c TH1 la 7. C34 . C54 .7! = 705600 so

TH2 : Trong 8 so o khong co mat so 0

Lay 4 so chan t 4 so chan, co 1 cach lay
Lay 4 so le t 5 so le, so cach lay la C54

Xep 8 so va lay vao 8 o, so cach lay la 8!

So con so tm c TH2 la C54 .8! = 201600 so
So con so thoa yeu cau bai toan la 705600 + 201600 = 907200 so
4) Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 8 ch so trong o ch so 9 co mat 3 lan va cac so con lai khac nhau
So o c bieu dien qua 8 o :
TH1 : Trong 8 so o co mat so 0
a so 0 vao o, co 7 cach a
Lay 3 o t 7 o, so cach lay C37
a so 9 vao 3 o o, ch co 1 cach a
Lay them 4 so t 8 so, so cach lay C84
Xep 4 so va lay vao 4 o, so cach xep la 4!
So con so tm c TH1 la : 7. C37 . C84 .4! = 411600 so

TH2 : Trong 8 so o khong co mat so 0

Lay 3 o t 8 o, so cach lay C38
a so 9 vao 3 o o, ch co 1 cach a
Lay them 5 so t 8 so, so cach lay C85

Xep 5 so va lay vao 5 o, so cach xep 5!

So con so tm c TH2 la : C38 . C85 .5! = 376320 so
So con so thoa yeu cau bai toan la 411600 + 376320 = 787920 so
5) Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 6 ch so khac nhau trong o co 3 so chan va 3 so le?
c bieu dien qua 6 o :
TH1 : Trong 3 so chan co mat so 0

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

Tran Gia Huy

a so 0 vao o: co 5 cach a
Lay them 2 so chan t 4 so chan, so cach lay C24
Lay them 3 so le t 5 so le, so cach lay C35
Xep 5 so va lay vao 5 o, so cach xep 5!
So con so tm c TH1 la 5. C24 . C35 .5! = 36000 so

TH2 : Trong 3 so chan o khong co mat so 0

Lay 3 so chan t 4 so chan, so cach lay C34
Lay them 3 so le t 5 so le, so cach lay C35

Xep 6 so va lay vao 6 o, so cach xep 6!

So con so tm c TH2 la C34 . C35 .6! = 28800 so
So con so thoa yeu cau bai toan la 36000 + 28800 = 64800 so
6) Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 7 ch so khac nhau trong o nhat thiet phai co so 1, 2, 3 va chung
ng canh nhau?
V so 1, 2, 3 ng canh nhau nen ta coi o la 1 phan t _ goi la a
c bieu dien qua 5 o :
TH1 : Trong 5 o, co mat so 0
a so 0 vao o, co 4 cach a
a so a vao o, co 4 cach a
Xep th t cho 3 so 1, 2, 3 co 3! cach xep
Lay them 3 so t 6 so, so cach lay C36
Xep 3 so va lay vao 3 o, so cach xep 3!
So con so tm c TH1 la 4.4.3!. C36 .3! = 11520 so

TH2 : Trong 5 o, khong co mat so 0

a so a vao o, co 5 cach a
Xep th t cho 3 so 1, 2, 3 co 3! cach xep
Lay them 4 so t 6 so, so cach lay C64

Xep 4 so va lay vao 4 o, so cach xep 4!

So con so tm c TH2 la 5.3!. C64 .4! = 10800 so
So con so thoa yeu cau bai toan la 11520 + 10800 = 22320 so
7) Mot thay giao co 12 cuon sach oi mot khac nhau trong o co 5 cuon sach Toan, 4 cuon sach Vat
ly, 3 cuon sach Hoa. Ong muon lay ra 6 cuon va em tang cho 6 hoc sinh A, B, C, D, E, F moi em
mot cuon va sau khi tang sach xong, ba the loai Toan, Ly, Hoa eu con lai t nhat mot cuon. Hoi co
tat ca bao nhieu cach tang?
6
Cong viec 1 : Lay tuy y 6 quyen t 12 quyen. So cach lay C12
= 924

Cong viec 2 : Tm so cach lay vi pham

Lay het 5 quyen Toan, 1 quyen Ly, Hoa. So cach lay C55 C17
Lay het 4 quyen Ly, 2 quyen Toan, Hoa. So cach lay C 44 C82
Lay het 3 quyen Hoa, 3 quyen Toan, Ly. So cach lay C33 C39

So cach lay vi pham : C55 C17 + C 44 C82 + C33 C39 = 119

So cach lay thoa ycbt la 924 119 = 805 cach
Sau o phat 6 quyen cho 6 hoc sinh, co 6! cach phat

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

Tran Gia Huy

Tom lai : Co 805.6! = 579600 cach lam thoa ycbt

8) Mot ngi co 7 bi xanh, 5 bi o, 4 bi en. Yeu cau can lay ra 7 bi u 3 mau. Hoi so cach lay
7
Cong viec 1 : Lay tuy y 7 bi t 16 bi, so cach lay C16
= 11440

Cong viec 2 : Tm so cach lay vi pham

Khong lay bi xanh, lay 7 bi t 9 bi o, en, so cach lay C97
7
Khong lay bi o, lay 7 bi t 11 bi xanh, en, so cach lay C11
7
Khong lay bi en, lay 7 bi t 12 bi xanh, o, so cach lay C12

Trong qua trnh em, khi lay 7 bi xanh c em ca TH2 va TH3 cong viec 2 nen so cach lay vi
7
7
pham la C97 + C11
+ C12
- 1 = 1157 cach
Tom lai: So cach lay thoa ycbt la 11440 1157 = 10283 cach
9) Cho mot a giac eu co 2n nh noi tiep trong ng tron. Tm n biet so hnh ch nhat ve c la
36.
V a giac eu co 2n nh noi tiep trong ng tron nen co n ng knh
Muon co 1 hnh ch nhat ta lay 2 ng knh t n ng knh, so hnh ch nhat tao c la C2n
Ta co C2n = 36

n!
= 36 n(n -1) = 72
2!(n - 2)!

n = 9 (nhan)
n = -8 (loai)

10) Cho mot a giac eu co 20 canh. Hoi

a) Co bao nhieu tam giac ve c t cac nh
Muon co 1 tam giac ta phai lay 3 nh t 20 nh. Vay so tam giac co c la C320 = 1140
b) Co bao nhieu tam giac ma co 2 canh la canh cua a giac
Lay 1 canh cua a giac ve c 2 D thoa yeu cau
Lay 20 canh cua a giac ve c 40 D thoa yeu cau
Tuy nhien trong qua trnh em, 1 tam giac b em en 2 lan nen so tam giac thc s con 20
c) Co bao nhieu tam giac ma ch co 1 canh la canh a giac
Lay 1 canh cua a giac ve c 16 D thoa yeu cau
Lay 20 canh cua a giac ve c 320 D thoa yeu cau
d) Co bao nhieu tam giac ma khong co canh nao la canh a giac
So D co c = 1140 ( 20 + 320) = 800 tam giac
11) Co bao nhieu so gom 5 ch so khac nhau va 46800
So o c bieu dien qua 5 o :
TH1 : O th 1 lay so 1, 2, 3
O th 1 co 3 cach chon
Lay 4 so t 9 so, so cach lay C94
Xep 4 so va lay vao 4 o, co 4! cach xep
So con so tm c TH1 la 3. C94 .4! = 9072 so

TH2 : O th 1 lay so 4, o th 2 lay so < 6

O th 2 co 5 cach chon so
Lay them 3 so t 8 so, so cach lay C38

Xep 3 so va lay vao 3 o, so cach xep 3!

So con so tm c TH2 la 5. C38 .3! = 1680 so

TH3 : O th 1 lay so 4, o th 2 lay so 6, o th 3 lay so < 8

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

Tran Gia Huy

Khi o o th 3 co 6 cach chon so

O th 4 co 7 cach chon so
O th 5 co 6 cach chon so
So con so tm c TH3 la 6.7.6 = 252 so
So con so thoa ycbt la 9072 + 1680 + 252 = 11004 so
12) Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 7 ch so khac nhau ma khong co mat ong thi so 0 va so 1
So o c bieu dien qua 7 o :
Cong viec 1 : Tm so con so gom 7 ch so khac nhau
O th 1 co 9 cach chon
Lay them 6 so t 9 so, so cach lay C69
Xep 6 so va lay vao 6 o, so cach xep 6!
So con so tm c CV1 la 9. C69 .6! = 544320 so

Cong viec 2 : Tm so con so vi pham yeu cau, ngha la so o co mat ong thi so 0 va so 1
a so 0 vao o, co 6 cach a
a so 1 vao o, co 6 cach a
Lay them 5 so t 8 so, so cach lay C85

Xep 5 so va lay vao 5 o, so cach xep 5!

So con so tm c CV2 la 6.6. C85 .5! = 241920
So con so thoa ycbt la 544320 241920 = 302400 so
13) Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 7 ch so khac nhau va co mat ong thi so 1 va so 2, 2 so o khong
ng canh nhau.
& CV1 : Tm so con so gom 7 ch so khac nhau va co mat ong thi so 1 va 2.
So o c bieu dien qua 7 o :
TH1 : Co mat so 1, 2 va co mat so 0
a so 0 vao o, co 6 cach a
a so 1 vao o, co 6 cach a
a so 2 vao o, co 5 cach a
Lay them 4 so t 7 so, so cach lay C 47
Xep 4 so va lay vao 4 o, so cach xep 4!
So con so tm c TH1 la 6.6.5. C 47 .4! = 151200 so

TH2 : Co mat so 1, 2 va khong co mat so 0

a so 1 vao o, co 7 cach a
a so 2 vao o, co 6 cach a
Lay them 5 so t 7 so, so cach lay C57

Xep 5 so va lay vao 5 o, so cach xep 5!

So con so tm c TH2 la 7.6. C57 .5! = 105840 so
Vay, so con so tm c CV1 la 151200 + 105840 = 257040 so
& CV2 : Tm so con so gom 7 ch so khac nhau va co mat ong thi so 1 va 2, chung ng canh nhau
V so 1, 2 ng canh nhau, ta coi o la 1 phan t _ goi la a.
So can tm c bieu dien qua 6 o:
TH1 : Co mat so 0
a so 0 vao o, co 5 cach a
a so a vao o, co 5 cach a

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

Tran Gia Huy

Xep th t cho 1 va 2 co 2! cach xep

Lay 4 so t 7 so, so cach lay C 47
Xep 4 so va lay vao 4 o, so cach xep 4!
So con so tm c TH1 la : 5.5.2! C 47 .4! = 42000 so

TH2 : Khong co mat so 0

a so a vao o, co 6 cach a
Xep th t cho 1 va 2 co 2! cach xep
Lay 5 so t 7 so, so cach lay C57

Xep 5 so va lay vao 5 o, so cach xep 5!

So con so tm c TH2 la 6.2!. C57 .5! = 30240 so
So con so tm c CV2 la 42000 + 30240 = 72240 so
Tom lai, so con so thoa ycbt la 257040 72240 = 184800 so
14) Co 5 nam va 5 n ngoi vao 1 day ghe co 10 cho. Hoi so cach xep biet ho ngoi theo phai?
Xem 5 nam nh 1 phan t, 5 n nh 1 phan t, xem ghe co 2 cho
So cach xep 2 phan t vao 2 v tr la 2!
Xep 5 nam vao 5 ghe, so cach xep la 5!
Xep 5 n vao 5 ghe, so cach xep la 5!
So cach xep : 2!5!5! = 28800 cach
15) Mot tap the nha khoa hoc gom 2 nha toan hoc va 10 nha vat ly. Hoi co bao nhieu cach thanh lap t
tap the o mot phai oan gom 8 ngi trong o co t nhat mot nha toan hoc.
Cach 1 : Yeu cau co t nhat 1 nha toan hoc nen ta co 2 trng hp
7
Lay 1 nha toan hoc va 7 nha vat ly, so cach lay C12 C10
= 240 cach

6
Lay 2 nha toan hoc va 6 nha vat ly, so cach lay C22 C10
= 210 cach

Vay co 240 + 210 = 450 cach lap oan

Cach 2 : Ta lam 2 cong viec
8
Lay tuy y 8 ngi t 12 ngi, so cach lay C12
= 495 cach

8
Lay vi pham (khong lay nha toan hoc), ch lay 8 nha vat ly t 10 ngi, so cach lay C10
= 45 cach

Vay co 495 45 = 450 cach lap oan

Cong thc nh thc Niutn

n

(a + b)n = C kn an -k b k = C0n an + C1n an-1 b + C 2n a n-2 b2 + C3n an-3 b3 + ... + Cnn b n

k =0

Cac tnh chat :

Trong khai trien (a + b)n ta c (n+1) so hang.
Tong so mu cua a va b trong moi so la n.
So hang tong quat th k+1 trong khai trien (a + b)n la Tk +1 = C kn a n-k b k

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

Tran Gia Huy

CAC DANG BAI TAP :

Dang 1 : Tm he so cua xn trong khai trien nh thc Niutn

1
1) Tm cac so hang khong cha x trong khai trien nh thc Niutn cua 3 x +
vi x > 0
4 x

Giai
7

7-k

7-k

1
7 7
7
7
- k
-14
1
k 3
k 3 12
x
=
C
x
x
=
C
x

7
7
4
x
k=0
k =0

7 7
Yeu cau la so hang khong cha x nen : - k = 0 k = 4
3 12
4
Vay so hang khong cha x la C 7 = 35
7
1

Ta co : 3 x + 4 = C k7
x

k =0

( )
3

2) Tm heso cua x8 trong khai trien thanh a thc cua 1+ x2 (1- x )

Giai
8

k =0

m =0

Ta co : (1 + x 2 - x 3 ) = C8k ( x 2 - x 3 ) = C8k C mk ( x 2 )
k=0

k -m

( -x )
3

= C8k C mk ( -1) x 2k+ m

k=0 m =0

Do yeu cau bai toan nen 2k + m = 8 (vi 0 k 8 va 0 m k)

m = 0, k = 4
Vay
m = 2, k = 3
Vay so hang cua x8 la : C84 C 04 (-1)0 x8 + C38 C32 (-1)2 x 8 = 238x8
S : Heso cua x 8 la 238

3) Tm heso cua x5 trong khai trien thanh a thc cua : x(1- 2x)5 + x2 (1+ 3x)10
(ai hoc khoi D - 2007)
Giai
5

Ta co(1 - 2x)5 = C5k (-2) k x k ; (1 + 3x)10 =

k=0

10
m
10

3m x m

m =0

Do yeu cau bai toan nen k = 4, m = 3

3
Vay so han g cha x 5 la : C45 (-2) 4 x 5 + C10
33 x 5 = 3320x 5

KL : Heso cua x 5 la 3320

Dang 2 : Tnh tong hoac chng minh mot ang thc, ap dung giai bai toan khac
Ph

n
ng
g ph
ap :
Ph
pha
C nk
n
, ta khai trien ( ax + b ) roi lay tch phan.
k +1
n
2) Neu trong tong co kC kn , ta khai trien ( ax + b ) roi lay ao ham.
1) Neu trong tong co

3) Neu trong tong khong co 2 so hang tren, ta khai trien ( ax + b ) roi chon a, b, x.
4) Neu tong co ch so khong ay u, ta at tong bo sung, tnh tong hieu

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

Tran Gia Huy

22 -1 1 23 -1 2
2 n+1 -1 n
1) Cho n la so nguyen dng. Tnh tong : C0
+
C
+
C
+
...
+
C
n
n
n
2
3
n +1 n
(Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t)
Giai
n

Ta co (1 + x ) = Cnk x k = C 0n + C1n x + C2n x 2 + ... + C nn x n

k =0

Lay tch phan 2 ve, ta c :

b

(1 + x) dx = (
n

1
n

2
n

Chon a = 1; b = 2 ta c : C 0n +

n
n

2 2 -1 1 2 3 -1 2 2 n+1 -1 n 3n+1 - 2 n+1

Cn +
Cn +
Cn =
2
3
n +1
n +1

2) Tm heso cua so hang cha x10 trong khai trien nh thc Niutn cua (2 + x)n , biet :
3n C0n - 3n-1C1n + 3n-2 C2n - 3n-3 C3n + ... + (-1)n Cn
n = 2048
(n la so nguyen dng, Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t)
(ai hoc khoi B - 2007)
Giai
n

Ta co : ( 3 - x ) = C kn 3n -k (-x) k = 3 n C0n - 3 n-1 C1n x + 3n -2 C 2n x 2 - 3n-3 C3n x 3 + ... + (-1)n C nn x n

k =0

Chon x = 1, ta c : 3 n C 0n - 3 n-1 C1n + 3n-2 C2n - 3n-3 C3n + ... + (-1) n Cnn = 2 n = 2048 = 211 n = 11
11

11

k 11-k k
Vay ( 2 + x ) = C11
2 x
k=0

Yeu cau la so han g cha x10 nen k = 10

10
Vay heso cua so hang cha x10 la C11
.2 = 22

3) Tm so nguyen dng n sao cho :

C1
- 2.2C2
+ 3.22 C3
- 4.23 C4
+ ... + (2n +1).22n C2n+1 = 2005
2n+1
2n+1
2n+1
2n+1
2n+1
(Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t)
(ai hoc khoi A - 2005)
Giai
Ta co : (1 - x )

2n+1

2n+1

k
2n +1

C ( -1)

2n +1
x k = C02n+1 - C12n+1x + C22n+1x 2 - C32n+1x 3 + C42n+1x 4 - ... - C2n+1
2n+1 x

k=0

Lay ao ham 2 ve ta c :
2n

2
3
2
4
3
2n+1 2n
- ( 2n + 1)(1- x ) = -C12n+1 + 2C2n
+1 x - 3C2n+1 x + 4C2n+1 x - ... - ( 2n + 1) C2n+1 x
2n

2n
( 2n + 1)(1 - x ) = C12n +1 - 2C 22n +1 x + 3C32n+1x 2 - 4C42n+1x 3 + ... + ( 2n + 1) C2n+1
2n+1 x

Chon x = 2, ta c :

( 2n + 1)( -1)

2n

(1 + x) n+1
1 1 2 1 2 3
1
0

C + C x + C x + ... + C x dx
C nn x n +1
= C n x + C n x + Cn x + ... +
2
3
n +1
a
n + 1 a
0
n

4
2n
2n+1
= C12n+1 - 2.2C22n+1 + 3.2 2 C32n+1 - 423 C2n
+1 + ... + ( 2n + 1) 2 C 2n+1 = 2005

2n + 1 = 2005 n = 1002

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

10

Tran Gia Huy

1
1
1
1
22n -1
4) Chng minh rang : C1 + C3 + C5 + ... + C2n-1 =
2 2n 4 2n 6 2n
2n 2n
2n +1
( n la so nguyen dng, Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t)
(ai hoc khoi A - 2007)

Giai
1 2 1 4
1
at A = C 02n + C2n
+ C2n + ... +
C2n
2n
3
5
2n + 1
1
1
1 5
1 2n
B = C12n + C32n + C2n
+ ... +
C2n
2
4
6
2n
1
1
1
1
0
Tnh A + B = C2n
+ C12n + C22n + C32n + ... +
C 2n
2n
2
3
4
2n + 1
2n

2n

k
0
2
2n 2n
Ta co : (1 + x ) = C2n
x k = C2n
+ C12n x + C2n
x 2 + C32n x 3 + ... + C2n
x
k =0

Lay tch phan hai ve ta c :

b

(1 + x )

2n

dx =

(C

0
2n

2n
+ C12n x + C22n x 2 + C32n x 3 + ... + C 2n
dx
2n x

b
(1 + x )2n+1
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 4
1
0
2n 2n+1

= C2n x + C 2n x + C2n x + C 2n x + ... +

C2n x
2
3
4
2n + 1
a
2n + 1 a
Chon a = 0, b = 1, ta c :

1 1
1
1
1
2 2n+1 -1
2n
C2n + C22n + C32n + ... +
C2n
=
2
3
4
2n + 1
2n + 1
1
1
1
1 2n
1
0
2n
Tnh A - B = C2n
- C12n + C22n - C32n + ... C2n +
C2n
2
3
4
2n
2n + 1

0
C2n
+

2n

2n

k
Ta co : (1 - x ) = C2n
x 2n-1 + C2n
x 2n
( -1) x k = C2n0 - C12n x + C 22n x 2 - C32n x 3 + ... - C 2n-1
2n
2n
k =0

Lay tch phan hai ve ta c :

b

(1 - x )
a

2n

0
2n-1
2n
dx = C2n
- C12n x + C22n x 2 - C32n x 3 + ... - C2n-1
+ C2n
dx
2n x
2n x
a

-(1 - x)2n+1
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 4 1 2n-1 2n
1
0
2n+1

C2n x +
C2n
= C2n x - C 2n x + C2n x - C2n x 2n x

2
3
4
2n
2n + 1
a
2n + 1 a
Chon a = 0, b = 1, ta c :

1
1 2 1 3
1 2n
1
1
0
C2n
- C12n + C2n
- C2n + ... C2n +
C2n
=
2n
2
3
4
2n
2n + 1
2n + 1
2n+1

2
-1
2n
A + B =
2n + 1 , ta c B = 1 C1 + 1 C3 + 1 C 5 + ... + 1 C2n = 2 -1 (pcm)
Giai he phng trnh :
2n
2n
2n
2n
2
4
6
2n
2n + 1
A - B = 1

2n + 1

11

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

Tran Gia Huy

Dang 3 : Cac dang toan khac

1) Biet tong cac heso cua khai trien (a + 2b)n = 320.Tm GTLN cua cac heso.
Giai
n

Ta co : ( a + 2b ) = C kn ( a )

n -k

( 2b )

k =0

= C kn 2 k ( an -k b k ) (1)
k =0

Tong cac he so bang 320 , ngha la : C kn 2 k = 320

k =0

n
n

Mat khac, chon a = 1, b = 1, th (1) thanh : 3 = C kn 2 k = 320 n = 20

k =0

Tm MAX cac he so :

Ta lap t so :

k +1 k +1
20
k
k
20

a k+1 C 2
=
ak
C 2

20!
( k + 1)! (19 - k )! .2 = 2k! ( 20 - k )! = 2. ( 20 - k ) = 40 - 2k
=
20!
k +1
k +1
( k + 1)! (19 - k )!
k!( 20 - k )!

40 - 2k
> 1 40 - 2k > k + 1 k < 13 k 12
k +1
Vay ta c ao < a1 < a2 < ... < a13

- Muon co a k +1 > a k th

- Muon co a k +1 < ak th k > 13 k 14

Vay ta c a14 > a15 > a16 > ... > a20
13
14 14
Ta tnh a13 = C13
20 2 ; a14 = C 20 2

Nhan thay a13 = a14 nen MAX cac heso la a13 = a14 = 635043840

2) Cho khai trien nh thc :

n
n
n-1
n
-x
x-1
x-1
x-1
x-1 -x n-1
-x
-x
n 3
2 2 + 2 3 = C0 2 2 + C1 2 2
2 3
2 3 + ... + Cn-1
n
n
n 2 2 + Cn 2

(n la so nguyen dng). Biet rang trong khai trien oC3n = 5C1n va so hang th t bang 20n.
Tm n va x (ai hoc khoi A - 2002)
Giai
n!
5n!
1
5
- Ta co : C3n = 5C1n
=
=
n 2 - 3n - 28 = 0
3! ( n - 3 )! ( n -1)!
6 ( n - 2 )( n -1)
x -1
Trong khai trien tren , so hang th t la C 2 2

3
n

n-3

-x3
2 = 20n

x-1 -x
C 2 2 2 3 = 20.7 2 2x-2.2 -x = 4 2 x-2 = 2 2 x - 2 = 2 x = 4

S : n = 7, x = 4
3
7

n = 7 (nhan)
n = -4 (loai)

LTH mon TOAN (To hp)

12

n
3) Cho (1+ x ) = a + a x + ... + an x n .Tm k biet 36a = 8a = 3a
. Tm n.
0 1
k-1
k
k+1
Giai
n

Ta co : (1 + x ) = Cnk x k (1)
k =0

Trong khai trien e bai, heso cua x k la a k .

Trong (1), heso cua x k la Cnk
Vay pt e bai 36C nk-1 = 8Cnk = 3Cnk +1
K : n nguyen dng, k nguyen, k 1, n k + 1.
9n!
2n!

2
9
=
=

k
-1
!
n
k
+
1
!
k!
n
k
!
9C = 2C
(
)
(
)
(
)

Vay pt k

n - k +1 k
k +1
3n!
8C n = 3C n
8n! =
8 = 3
k! ( n - k )! ( k + 1) !( n - k -1)!
n - k k + 1
9k = 2n - 2k + 1
11k - 2n = 2
k = 2

8k + 8 = 3n - 3k
11k - 3n = -8
n = 10
k -1
n

k
n

Tran Gia Huy