B NG TU N HON CC NGUYN T HA H C

N I DUNG
1.

Cu to Bng tun hon

1. Nguyn t s, p, d, f 2. Chu k v nhm 3. Nguyn t chuyn tip v khng chuyn tip

2.

Nng lng ca cc orbital

1. in tch ht nhn hiu dng 2. Hiu ng chn 3. Phng php Slater

3. 4. 5. 6.

S bin thin Ee theo s tng Z S bin thin I1 theo s tng Z S bin thin E orbital ha tr ca nguyn t theo chu k v nhm S bin thin r nguyn t, ion theo chu k v nhm

ns1-2 (n-1)d10ns2(1)

ns2np1-6 (n-2)f14(n-1)d0(1)ns2

Groups in the Periodic Table

Main Group Elements (Vertical Groups) Group IA - Alkali Metals Group IIA - Alkaline Earth Metals Group IIIA - Boron Family Group IVA - Carbon Family Group VA - Nitrogen Family Group VIA - Oxygen Family (Calcogens) Group VIIA - Halogens Group VIIIA - Noble Gases Other Groups ( Vertical and Horizontal Groups) Group IB - 8B - Transition Metals Period 6 Group - Lanthanides (Rare Earth Elements) Period 7 Group - Actinides

Nguyn l v ng b n Nguyn l Pauling Qui t c Hund

V I N A BO HA d 5 , f 7 Cr 24 Mo 42 V I BO HA d 10 , f 14 Cu 29 Ag 47 Au 79

Nng lng ca cc orbital

Z Ee = 13.6 2 [ eV ] n 19 1eV = 1.6 10 J

( Z ) Z Ee = 13.6 2 = 13.6 2 n n
'2

PH NG PHP SLATER
1. Cu trc e ca nguyn t c chia thnh tng nhm: (1s) (2s2p) (3s3p) (3d) (4s4p) (4d) (4f) (5s5p) 1. i vi e nhm cao hn (bn phi) coi nh khng chn e nhm thp hn 2. i vi cc e ns, np: 1. Cc e trong cng 1 nhm chn nhau 0.35; ring 2e 1s chn nhau 0.3 2. Cc e nhm (n-1) chn 0.85 3. Cc e nhm (n-2) hoc thp hn chn 1.0 3. i vi cc e nd hay nf: 1. Cc e trong cng nhm chn nhau 0.35 2. Cc e nhm bn tri chn 1.0

O: 1s 2s 2p
2 2
e ngoi cng c Z l:

Z = 8 (2.0.85 + 5.0.35) = 4.55

Ni: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 8 4s 2
e 3d c Z l: Z = 28 (18.1 + 7.0.35) = 7.55 e 4s c Z l: Z = 28 (10.1 + 16.0.85 + 1.0.35) = 4.05

Hi u ng xm nh p Kh nng ch n m nh c a phn l p e bo ha

Trong 1 phn lp, theo chiu ns np nd nf: kh nng xm nhp gim do kh nng chn tng dn Cc e trong cng mt lp chn nhau km, trong cng phn lp chn nhau km hn Cc e lp bn trong chn mnh cc e lp bn ngoi v ngc li

1. S bin thin Ee, I1 theo s tng Z 2. S bin thin E orbital ha tr theo chu k v nhm 3. S bin thin r nguyn t, ion theo v trong chu k v nhm

( Z ) Z Ee = 13.6 2 = 13.6 2 n n
'2

I1 = E Ee max = Ee max

Z = 13.6 2 n

'2

Hie increases

Hie decreases

Tun hon trong chu k nh Tun hon ni chu k nh Tun hon trong chu k ln Gim I1 trong nhm A Bin i I1 trong nhm B