Chng 8.

Cht kt dnh hu c v vt liu ch to t cht kt dnh hu c

Chng 8

CHT KT DNH HU C V VT LIU CH TO T CHT KT DNH HU C

8.1. Gii thiu chung Loi cht kt dnh hu c c s dng rng ri l bitum du m. Tnh cht ca bitum du m c quyt nh bi thnh phn v cu trc ca n. Ba ch tiu c bn nh gi cht lng ca bitum du m l: nhit ho mm, tnh qunh ( ln ca kim), tnh do ( gin di). Trc y chng ta ch yu dng bitum du m ca Lin X (c) hin nay c c bitum Singapore. Cc ch tiu k thut ca bitum c gii thiu ph lc 6-1. Nhng vt liu ph bin dng bi tum l vt liu lp, vt liu ngn nc, mattit v b tng atphan. Giy lp, vt liu ngn nc, chng thm thng dng cun, c sn xut bng cch tm bitum vo lp ct dng tm nh cctng, aming .v.v Mattit l hn hp ca bitum v cht n dng bt, dng si , dng hn gn, chn khe cc cng trnh xy dng. Nh tng: Nh tng l 1 h thng keo phc tp gm 2 cht lng khng ho tan ln nhau. Trong 1 cht lng phn tn trong cht lng kia di dng nhng git nh liti, gi l pha phn tn, cn cht lng kia gi l mi trng phn tn. Nu pha phn tn l bitum hay gurng, cn mi trng phn tn l nc th gi l nh tng du-nc (DN), hay gi l nh tng thun. Nu pha phn tn l nhng git nuc, cn CKD l mi trng phn tn, th gi l nh tng nc-du (ND), hay cn gi l nh tng nghch. Cht kt dnh asfalt (CKDA) l vt liu c ch to bng cch trn bitum vi cht n khong nghin mn ( vi, lomit, phn, x). Cht n khong khng nhng lm gim lng dng bitum, m cn lm tng nhit ho mm ca b tng. Cng ca CKDA quyt nh bi t l bitum cht n v rng sau khi ln cht v rn chc. Vi t l bitum cht n ti u, ton b bitum s c dnh bm trn b mt ht khong dng mng mng lin tc. V vy m CKDA c cng cao nht. Hn hp ca ct vi cht kt dnh asfalt gi l va asfalt. Thnh phn ca va asfalt l thnh phn m ton b l rng trong ct c chn y bng CKDA vi 1 lng d tha 10%-15% bc xung quanh cc ht ct. Hn hp ca va asfalt vi ct liu ln ( dm) gi l b tng asfalt. Nu CKDHC l gurng ta c b tng gurng. Hm lng va asfalt s c tnh ton sao cho n chn y l rng ca vi 1 lng d tha 10%-15% cho b tng c c chc. 8.2 Vt liu ch to b tng asfalt
8.2.1 dm hay si:

Cht lng ca dm hay si (cng , tnh ng nht, hnh dng, trng thi b mt, thnh phn khong vt....) c nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca b tng asfalt. Cc ch tiu cht lng ca dm hay si ch to b tng asfalt cng c xc nh nh khi ch to b tng xi mng nng.
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Chng 8. Cht kt dnh hu c v vt liu ch to t cht kt dnh hu c

dm dng ch to b tng asfalt c th l dm sn xut t thin nhin, dm ch to t cui, t x l cao, nhng phi ph hp vi yu cu ca quy phm. Khng cho php dm ch to t vi st, sa thch, st v phin thch st. Thnh phn ht ca dm hay si c phn ra 3 nhm 20-40, 12-20, 5-10mm. dm cn phi lin kt tt vi bi tum. V mt ny, th cc loi vi, lmit, iaba tt hn cc loi axit. Nu dng cc loi lin kt km vi bitum phi gia cng bng cht ph gia hot tnh nh vi, xi mng, hoc cho thm cht ph gia hot ng b mt vo bitum. cn phi, lng ngm cht bn khng ln hn 1% theo khi lng.
8.2.2 Ct

C th dng ct thin nhin hay ct nhn to vi cc ch tiu k thut ph hp vi quy phm nh khi dng cho b tng xi mng. i vi ct thin nhin ch dng ct ln (Ml 2,5) v ct va (Ml = 2 2,5). Nu khng c ct ln c th dng ct ht nh theo nguyn tc cp phi khng lin tc. Ct cn sch, hm lng bi, st khng c ln hn 3%. Ct nhn to c th nghin t cc loi (khng phi l vi) c cng , khng thp hn 1000 kG/cm2 hay x kt tinh ca cc x nghip luyn kim. Thnh phn ht thch hp ca ct c gii thiu bng sau: Bng 8.1 Thnh phn thch hp ca ct Kch thc l sng (mm) 2,5 1,25 0,63 0,315 0,14 Lng lt trn sng (%) 5 - 10 20 30 20 30 10 25 10 25 >5 15 30 20 25 10 25 10 20

Ct Thin nhin nghin

8.2.3 Bt khong:

<1,14 < 15 < 15

Bt khong do c b mt ring ln, c kh nng dn mng mng bitum trn b mt, lm tng lc tng tc gia chng, cng vi bitum nht y l rng gia cc ht ct liu nn cng ca b tng afalt tng ln. Bt khong dng ch to b tng asfalt thng s dng cc loi bt t vi v lmit. Cng chu nn ca khng nh hn 200 daN/cm2. Vt liu ch to bt khong cn sch, khng cha cc cht bn v st qu 5%. Bt khong cn phi kh, xp khi trn vi bitum khng c vn cc, c kh nng ht bitum tt v phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: nh : lng lt qua sng c kch thc l sng: Lng bt khong ht ht 15g bitum mc 60/70 khng nh hn 10g rng khi ln cht di ti trng 400daN/cm2 i vi tro, bi xi mng, x, khng c ln hn 45%, cn i vi loi bt c chc th khng ln hn 40%. Tc dng ho l ca bt khong vi bitum c xc nh mt cch gn ng bng h s a nc (Ku) ca cc ht khong kch thc nh hn 1,25 mm: t s gia trng n ca bt khong trong nc (c cc) v trng n trong krxin kh nc (khng c cc)
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Chng 8. Cht kt dnh hu c v vt liu ch to t cht kt dnh hu c 8.2.4 Nh tng

Nh tng l mt h thng keo phc tp gm 2 cht lng khng ho tan ln nhau. Trong mt cht lng phn tn trong cht lng kia di dng nhng ht nh li ti gi l pha phn tn, cn cht lng kia gi l mi trng phn tn. Nu pha phn tn l bitum hay gurng, cn mi trng phn tn l nc th gi l nh tng du nc, hay cn gi l nh tng thun. Nu pha phn tn l nhng git nc, cn cht kt dnh l mi trng phn tn th gi l nh tng nc du, hay cn gi l nh tng nghch. cho nh tng c n nh ngi ta thm vo cht nh ho - cht ph gia hot tnh b mt. Cht nh ho s hp ph trn b mt cc git CKD lm gim sc cng b mt mt phn chia ca CKD vi nc. ng thi n to ra trn b mt cc git bitum mt mng mng kt cu bn vng, c tc dng ngn cn s kt t ca chng, lm cho nh tng n nh. Ngoi nhng loi cht nh ho dng hu c trn, khi ch to nh tng cn dng cht nh ho dng bt v c. Nhng cht nh ho dng bt v c hay dng l vi bt, vi ti, t st, t hong th. Ch : xc nh tnh n nh ca nh tng khi vn chuyn, ngi ta thng ly nh tng c bo qun sau 7 ngy v 30 ngy cho chy qua sng c kch thc l sng 0,14mm. Yu cu l lng cn li trn sng khng qu 0,1% theo trng lng v m bo cc yu cu k thut ca quy phm. 8.3 Thit k thnh phn b tng asfalt * Mc ch ca vic thit k thnh phn b tng asfalt l la chn c mt dng (nng, m, ngui) b tng tng ng vi iu kin lm vic (vng kh hu, c tnh chu ti) vi loi vt liu khong, loi v hng bitum ti u, vi t l gia cc thnh phn tho mn cc yu cu quy nh. C nhiu phng php thit k thnh phn b tng asfalt. Song ph bin nht, cho kt qu tin cy nht l phng php da trn c s l thuyt v ng cong c hp l ca hn hp vt liu khong. l phng php kt hp gia tnh ton vi thc nghim. Trnh t thit k thnh phn b tng asfalt nh sau: La chn v kim tra vt liu, xc nh t l ca cc vt liu theo thnh phn cp phi ht, la chn thnh phn bitum ti u v th nghim kim tra cc ch tiu k thut trn cc mu th. - Lng lt sng ca hn hp vt liu khong Lx, c xc nh nh sau: Lx = (x. + Mx.M + Cx.C + Bx.B)/100 Trong . x, Mx, Cx v Bx lng lt qua sng kch thc x (mm) ca , mt, ct v bt (8- 1)

- Xc nh lng dm: t l thnh phn ca dm c xc nh theo cng thc sau: = (Ax/A).100% Trong (8- 2)

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Chng 8. Cht kt dnh hu c v vt liu ch to t cht kt dnh hu c

dm.

Ax, A l lng st tch lu ti c ht x ca hn hp hp l theo quy phm v ca

- Xc nh lng bt khong: t l % ca bt khong (c c ht < 0,071mm) c xc nh theo cng thc B = (Y0,071.100%)/B0,071 - Xc nh lng ct v mt Tng t l phn trm ca ct v mt c tnh nh sau: C + M = 100 B - C = 100 B (8- 4) (8- 5) (8- 3)

T kt qu tnh ton v thnh phn vt liu thc t, tin hnh tnh ton li tr s Lx vi tt c cc c ht. So snh ng biu din Lx vi thnh phn ht khong vt hp l. Yu cu Lx phi ph hp vi gii hn thnh phn ca hn hp hp l theo quy phm. Nu thnh phn chn c khng hp quy phm th c th iu chnh li cc lng vt liu c Lx hp quy phm. * Xc nh lng bitum ti u Lng bitum ti u c xc nh theo ch tiu rng ca hn hp vt liu khong ca cc mu th nghim b tng asfalt v rng cn d ca b tng asfalt theo quy nh quy phm. Chun b cc mu th nghim t hn hp b tng asfalt, trong lng bitum dng gim i 0,3-0,5% so vi gii hn di ca cc tr s trong bng. Lng bitum ti u c xc nh theo cng thc:
Bi = Vk0 Vk

(8- 6)

Trong : Vok - rng vt liu khong ca mu th nghim, %. k - Khi lng ring ca vt liu khong, g/cm3 Vk - rng ca b tng asfalt theo quy phm 200C, % B - Khi lng ring ca bitum 200C, g/cm3 * Kim tra trn cc mu th nghim Kt qu tnh ton ca lng bitum s dng ch to ba mu th v kim tra li cc tnh nng cn thit ca b tng asfalt. Nu ch tiu rng khng m bo cc ch tiu khc (v d: cng , n nh nc) th iu chnh li thnh phn vt liu khong ch yu l lng bt khong. Sau tnh li lng B v lm li theo trnh t trn cho n lc t mi yu cu quy nh. 8.4 Cng ngh ch to b tng asfalt Cng ngh ch to b tng asfalt hon ton ph hp vi cc nguyn tc ca cng ngh vt liu nhn to. Tuy nhin cng ngh ny c mt s im khc nhau khi ch to cc dng b tng asfalt khc nhau. Nguyn tc chung: Trong giai on chun b, nguyn liu dm si, ct cn c sy kh v nung n nhit ph hp vi nht ca bitum. Bitum cn un n nhit

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Chng 8. Cht kt dnh hu c v vt liu ch to t cht kt dnh hu c

thi cng. Nhit nung bitum t 140oC-200oC tu theo qunh ca bitum v loi b tng asfalt (nng, m...). Trn vt liu khong vi bitum c nh hng ng k n cht lng b tng. Vic trn b tng asfalt c tin hnh theo 2 giai on: Giai on 1: (trn kh). dm nng, ct nng c trn vi bt khong (khng nung nng). Cc ht bt khong s bc b mt ct, tng hot tnh b mt cho ct liu. Giai on 2: Trn hn hp khong vi bitum n nhit thi cng trong thi gian quy nh, vi my trn t do- khong 450-500gy; my trn cng bc-khong 50-150gy tu theo loi b tng asfalt. Vn chuyn v ri b tng asfalt ti ni cng tc. Yu cu nhit b tng asfalt phi m bo t nhit thi cng khi bt u ri v m chc. m bo cht lng lp ph mt ng cn ch to b tng nhng xng b tng asfalt c nh. Xng ch to b tng asfalt (Sinh vin tham kho SGK)

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