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Mt s vn v danh php hp cht hu c

I. Phn loi chung v danh php hp cht hu c: C th quy tn ca cc hp cht hu c v 2 loi cnh v 1 loi trung gian: 1. Danh php h thng L loi danh php trong mi b phn cu thnh u c ngha h thng. VD -tn g hexan ( ) gm 2 b phn l hexa- (tin t xut pht t ting Hi Lp c ngha l su) v -an (hu t ni ln mt hidrocacbon no), do ta c hex(a)+an->hexan (b bt 1 trong 2 ch a lin nhau) 2. Danh php thng Danh php thng hay danh php thng thng l loi danh php c hnh thnh da theo ngun gc tm ra hoc theo tnh cht b ngoi (mu sc, mi v ...) hoc mt yu t khc khng c tnh h thng. Th d: ure (ting Php l ure) c ngun gc t urine (ting Php c ngha l nc tiu) v ure ln u tin c lm ra t nc tiu. 3. Danh php na h thng hay na thng thng Loi danh php ny c tnh cch trung gian gia 2 loi trn, v n ch c mt vi yu t h thng. Th d: stiren ( ) c ngun gc l stirax (tn loi nha cy cho ta stiren) v ch c hu t -en(ni ln s c mt ca ni i C=C) l yu t h thng. II- Phn loI danh php IUPAC Tn ca cc hp cht hu c theo IUPC (danh php IUPAC) gm nhiu loI m a s l tn h thng, ch c 1 s tng I t l tn na h thng v tn thng. 1.Tn thay th Tn thay th hay l tn th c to nn nh thao tc thay th, tc l thay 1 hay nhiu nguyn t H b phn chnh gI l hidrua nn (mch chnh, vng chnh, ) bng 1 hay nhiu nguyn t hoc nhm nhuyn t khc rI ly tn ca nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t mI th vo (uc nu teen dI dng tin t hoc hu t ty trng hp, theo nhng quy tc nht nh). Th d: Hidrua nn: etan Nhm th: -OH c tn dng hu t -ol Tn hay th: etanol 2. Tn trao I Tn trao I c hnh thnh khng bng thao tc hay th ng/t H bng thao tc trao I ng/t hay nhm ng/t khc H ca hidrua nn bng nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t khc C 2 loI a- tn trao I b khung < phn ny nm ngoi chng trnh nn ko cp n na> b- tn trao I nhm chc: < phn ny nm ngoi chng trnh nn ko cp n na> 3. Tn loI chc hay l tn gc chc Tn loI chc hay cn gI l tn gc chc c to nn bng thao tc cng tn ca gc hay nhm vI tn ca chc hu c. VD:

: Etyl bromua : Axetyl bromua 4. Tn dung hp y l tn ca cc hp cht vng a ngng t < phn ny nm ngoi chng trnh nn ko cp n na> 5. Tn kt hp I vI cc hp cht hu c cha ng thI 1 b phn mch h c nhm chc chnh v 1 b phn mch vng, ng` ta c th dung thao tc kt hp tn ca b phn mch h ) c coi l hidrrua nn) v tn ca h vng, mc d to nn hp cht cn gI tn ta phI bt i 1 s ng/t H ch nI VD: : xiclohexanetanol <vng 6 cnh> 6. Tn cng Tn cng c hnh thnh bng thao tc cng cc hp cht m khng bt i nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t no t mI hp cht . 7. Tn tr LoI ny c hnh thnh t tn ca 1 cht tng t quen bit bng cch dung 1 s tin t hoc 1 hu t ni ln s loI bt 1 s ng/t hay nm ng/t 8. Tn nhn Tn nhn biu th s tch t cc cu trc nn cng t nhau, nI vI nhau bng 1 nhm a ha tr dI xng. Trnh t cc b phn ca teen nhn nh sau: tn nhm I xng+tin t ch bI (i, tri )+ tn ca cu trc nn (vn gi nguyn bng cch nh s song dung cc du pht cho cc cu trc nn th 2, th 3) <phn ny ch tham kho> VD: : iphenyl metan 9.Tn d vng theo Hantzsch v Widman < phn ny nm ngoi chng trnh nn ko cp n na> 10. Tn thng v tn na h thng c IUPAC lu dng trong h thng tn ca IPUAC l tn ca 1 s hidrocacbon mch h, mch vng, nhm ( hay gc hidrocacbon, dn xut hidroxxi,) Cc tn loI ny chia lm 3 nhm a. Nhm 1 gm cc tn c dng khi ko c nhm th v khi c nhm th bt v tr no VD: axetilen, etan, benzen, phenol b. Nhm 2 gm cc tn c dng khi ko c nhm th v khi c nhm th 1 s v tr nht nh (thng l mch vng) VD: toluene c. Nhm 3 gmg cc tn ch c ng khi ko c nhm th VD: isopentan, neopentan, isopren y ch l phn phn la cc cch c tn, cch c chi tit cc cht s c post v cc sub sau. (su tm>