Phn Ha Hc i Cng

Phn I

HA HC I CNG
Chng 1 CC KHI NIM C BN
1. Nguyn t: L ht nh nht khng th phn chia v mt ha hc, tham gia to thnh phn t.Nguyn t lun trung ha v in: Gm: - Ht nhn (do p, n cu to) mang in tch dng, tm nguyn t, c kch thc rt nh so vi kch thc nguyn t song li chim phn ln khi lng nguyn t. - Cc electron mang in tch m chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t 2. Nguyn t ha hc: l nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn. 3. ng v: Nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s ntron, do s khi A ca chng khc nhau gi l cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t. 4. Phn t: l ht nh nht ca mt cht, c kh nng tn ti c lp v mang nhng tnh cht ha hc c trng ca cht . 5. . n cht l cht to thnh t mt nguyn t ho hc. V d: O2, H2, Cl2, ... Mt nguyn t ho hc c th to thnh mt s n cht khc nhau gi l cc dng th hnh ca nguyn t . V d: - Cacbon tn ti 3 dng th hnh l cacbon v nh hnh, than ch v kim cng. - Oxi tn ti 2 dng th hnh l oxi (O2) v ozon (O3). 6. Hp cht: l cht cu to t nhiu nguyn t ho hc khc nhau. V d: H2O, NaOH, H2SO4,... 7. Nguyn t khi (NTK) l khi lng tng i ca nguyn t. Nguyn t khi ca mt nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln n v khi lng nguyn t. Ch : Khc vi nguyn t khi, khi lng nguyn t (KLNT) cng l khi lng ca mt nguyn t nhng biu din bng kg. V d: KLNT ca hiro bng 1.67.10-27kg, ca cacbon bng 1,99.10-26. 8. Phn t khi(PTK): l khi lng ca mt phn t biu din bng n v cacbon (.v.C). Phn t khi bng tng khi lng cc nguyn t cu to nn phn t. V d: PTK ca H2O = 2 + 16 = 18 .v.C, ca NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 .v.C. Ch : Khi lng phn t cng c biu din bng kg v bng tng khi lng cc nguyn t to thnh phn t. 9. Mol: l lng cht cha 6,02.1023 ht n v (nguyn t, phn t, ion, electron, ...) - S 6,02.1023 c gi l s Avgar v k hiu l N (N = 6,02.1023). Nh vy: 1 mol nguyn t Na cha N nguyn t Na. 1 mol phn t H2SO4 cha N phn t H2SO4 1 mol ion OH- cha N ion OH-. - Khi lng ca 1 mol cht tnh ra gam c gi l khi lng mol ca cht v k hiu l M. Khi ni v mol v khi lng mol cn ch r ca loi ht no, nguyn t, phn t, ion, electron... V d: - Khi lng mol nguyn t oxi (O) bng 16g, nhng khi lng mol phn t oxi (O2) bng 32g. - Khi lng mol phn t H2SO4 bng 98g, nhng khi lng mol ion SO42- bng 96g. Nh vy khi nim nguyn t gam, phn t gam ch l nhng trng hp c th ca khi nim khi lng mol.
ng c Thin

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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

- Cch tnh s mol cht: S mol n ca cht lin h vi khi lng m (tnh ra gam) v khi lng mol M ca cht bng cng thc:

n=

+ i vi hn hp cc cht, lc n l tng s mol cc cht, m l tng khi lng hn hp v M tr thnh khi lng mol trung bnh M , (vit tt l khi lng mol trung bnh).

m (mol) M

nhh =
n=

mhh M hh

+ i vi cht kh, n c tnh bng cng thc:

V0 22,4

Trong , V0 l th tch ca cht kh hay hn hp kh o ktc (00C, 1atm hay 760 mmHg). Ch : Nu V cho iu kin t0C v p atm th s mol cht kh c tnh qua phng trnh trng thi:
n= pV RT

Trong : T = t0 + 273, R =

10. Phn ng ha hc:L qu trnh bin i cc cht ny thnh cc cht khc c. Trong phn ng ho hc, tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht to thnh sau phn ng (nh lut bo ton khi lng). Cc dng phn ng ho hc c bn: a) Phn ng phn tch: l phn ng trong mt cht b phn tch thnh nhiu cht mi. V d: CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 b) Phn ng kt hp: l phn ng trong hai hay nhiu cht kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt cht mi. V d. BaO + H2O = Ba(OH)2 c) Phn ng th: l phn ng trong nguyn t ca nguyn t ny ( dng n cht) thay th nguyn t ca nguyn t khc trong hp cht. V d. Zn + H2SO4 long = ZnSO4 + H2 d) Phn ng trao i: l phn ng trong cc hp cht trao i nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t vi nhau. V d. BaCl2 + NaSO4 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl. e) Phn ng oxi ho - kh: l phn ng ha hc trong c s thay i s oxi ha mt s nguyn t. V d: Fe0 + Cu+2SO4 -> Fe+2SO4 + Cu0 11. Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng: a) Nng lng lin kt: l nng lng c gii phng khi hnh thnh lin kt ho hc t cc nguyn t c lp. Nng lng lin kt c tnh bng kJ/mol v k hiu l E1k. V d nng lng lin kt ca mt s mi lin kt nh sau. H-H Cl - Cl H - Cl
ng c Thin Siu tm v bin son: Nguyn Vn X

22,4 0,082 l hng s kh l tng 273

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3 Trng THPT Anh sn 3

Phn Ha Hc i Cng

E1k = 436 242 432 b) Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng: l nhit to ra hay hp th trong mt phn ng ho hc. Hiu ng nhit c tnh bng kJ/mol v k hiu l Q. Khi Q >0: phn ng to nhit. Khi Q<0: phn ng thu nhit. V d: CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 Q = - 186,19kJ/mol. H2 + 1/2O2 = H2O Q = + 241kJ/mol Phn ng t chy, phn ng trung ho thuc loi phn ng to nhit. Phn ng nhit phn thng l phn ng thu nhit. - Mun tnh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng to thnh cc hp cht t n cht hoc phn hu mt hp cht thnh cc n cht ta da vo nng lng lin kt. V d: Tnh nng lng to ra trong phn ng. H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl. Da vo nng lng lin kt (cho trn) ta tnh c. Q = 2E1k (HCl) - [E1k(H2) + E1k(Cl2)] = 2 . 432 - (436 + 242) = 186kJ/mol. - i vi phn ng phc tp, mun tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ta da vo nhit to thnh ca cc cht (t n cht), do n cht trong phn ng khng tnh n ( phn ng trn, nhit to thnh HCl l 186/2 = 93 kJ/mol V d: Tnh khi lng hn hp gm Al v Fe3O4 cn phi ly khi phn ng theo phng trnh. : 3Fe3O4 + 8Al = 4Al2O3 + 9Fe to ra 665,25kJ, bit nhit to thnh ca Fe3O4 l 1117 kJ/mol, ca Al2O3 l 1670 kJ/mol. Gii: Tnh Q ca phn ng: 3Fe3O4 + 8Al = 4Al2O3 + 9Fe (1) Theo (1), khi lng hn hp hai cht phn ng vi nhit lng Q l : 3 . 232 + 8 . 27 = 912g ta ra lng nhit 665,25 kJ th khi lng hn hp cn ly :

912 x665,25 = 182,25 g 3329

12. Tc phn ng v cn bng ha hc: a) nh ngha: Tc phn ng l i lng biu th mc nhanh chm ca phn ng. K hiu l Vp..

V pu =

C1 C 2 C mol.l-1.s-1 = t t

Trong : C1 l nng u ca cht tham gia phn ng (mol/l). C2 l nng ca cht sau t giy phn ng (mol/l). b) Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng: Tc phn ng t l thun vi nng cc cht tham gia phn ng. V d, c phn ng. A + B = AB. Vp. = k . CA . CB. Trong , k l hng s tc c trng cho mi phn ng. - i vi phn ng c cht kh, khi tng p sut tc phn ng tng
ng c Thin

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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

- Nhit cng cao th tc phn ng cng ln. - Tc phn ng cn ph thuc vo din tch b mt cht tham gia phn ng - Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng nhng bn thn n khng b thay i v s lng v bn cht ho hc sau phn ng. c) Phn ng thun nghch v trng thi cn bng ho hc Phn ng mt chiu (khng thun nghch) l phn ng ch xy ra mt chiu v c th xy ra n mc hon ton. V d: 2KClO3 = 2KCl + 3O2 Phn ng thun nghch l phn ng ng thi xy ra theo hai chiu ngc nhau. V d: CH3COOH + CH3OH CH3COOCH3 + H2O Trong h thun nghch, khi tc phn ng thun (vt) bng tc phn ng nghch (vn) th h t ti trng thi cn bng. Ngha l trong h, phn ng thun v phn ng nghch vn xy ra nhng nng cc cht trong h khng thay i. V vy, trng thi cn bng ca h l trng thi cn bng ng. * Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng L sa t - lie: Khi mt h ang tn ti trng thi cn bng, nu ta thay i mt thuc tnh no ca h th cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu chng li s thay i * Cc yu t nh hng ti trng thi cn bng ho hc ca h: - Nng - Nhit - p sut (cht kh) - Cht xc tc khng lm thay i trng thi cn bng ca mt h m chi lm tng tc phn ng nhm gip h nhanh t ti trng thi cn bng. 13. Hiu sut phn ng: C phn ng: A+B=C+D Tnh hiu sut phn ng theo sn phm C hoc D:
h= qt 100% q lt

Trong : qt l lng thc t to thnh C hoc D. qlt l lng tnh theo l thuyt, ngha l lng C hoc D tnh c vi gi thit hiu sut 100%. Ch : Khi tnh hiu sut phn ng phi tnh theo cht sn phm no to thnh t cht u thiu, v khi kt thc phn ng cht u phn ng ht. C th tnh hiu sut phn ng theo cht phn ng A hoc B tu thuc vo cht no thiu. Cn phn bit gia % cht tham gia phn ng v hiu sut phn ng. V d: Cho 0,5 mol H2 tc dng vi 0,45 mol Cl2, sau phn ng thu c 0.6 mol HCl. Tnh hiu sut phn ng v % cc cht tham gia phn ng. Gii: Phng trnh phn ng: H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl Theo phng trnh phn ng v theo u bi, Cl2 l cht thiu, nn tnh hiu sut phn ng theo Cl2:
ng c Thin

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Phn Ha Hc i Cng 0,6 h= 100% = 66,6% 0,45.2

Cn % Cl2 tham gia phn ng = % H2 tham gia phn ng =

0,6 100% = 66,6% 0,45.2

0,6 100% = 60% 0,5.2

Nh vy % cht thiu tham gia phn ng bng hiu sut phn ng. i vi trng hp c nhiu phn ng xy ra song song, v d phn ng crackinh butan:

C4H10 -> CH4 + C3H6

(1)

C4H10 -> C2H6 + C2H4 (2) C4H10 -> H2 + C4H8 (3)

Cn ch phn bit: + Nu ni "hiu sut phn ng crackinh", tc ch ni phn ng (1) v (2) v phn ng (3) khng phi phn ng crackinh. + Nu ni % butan tham gia phn ng", tc l ni n c 3 phn ng. + Nu ni % butan b crackinh thnh etilen" tc l ch ni phn ng (2).

ng c Thin

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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

Chng 2 CU TO NGUYN T V NH LUT TUN HON I. Cu to nguyn t:

Nguyn t gm ht nhn tch in dng (Z+) tm v c Z electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn. Bng 1: Cc ht c bn trong nguyn t V nguyn t Ht nhn c tnh ht Electron Proton Ntron -19 -19 qn = - 1,602. 10 C qn = + 1,602. 10 C in tch qn = 0 qn = 1qn = 1+ Khi lng me = 9,1094. 10-31kg mp = 1,6726. 10-27kg mn = 1,6748. 10-27kg 1. Ht nhn: Ht nhn gm: Proton: in tch 1+, khi lng bng 1 .v.C, k hiu Ntron: Khng mang in tch, khi lng bng 1 .v.C k hiu Nh vy, in tch Z ca ht nhn bng tng s proton. * Khi lng ca ht nhn coi nh bng khi lng ca nguyn t (v khi lng ca electron nh khng ng k). S khi A: l i lng c gi tr bng tng s proton (k hiu l Z) v s ntron (k hiu l N): Z + N A. 2. Phn ng ht nhn: L qu trnh lm bin i nhng ht nhn ca nguyn t ny thnh ht nhn ca nhng nguyn t khc. Trong phn ng ht nhn, tng s proton v tng s khi lun c bo ton. V d:
9 4

Be+ 24He X + 01n

S khi ca X = (9 + 4) 1 = 12 in tch ht nhn ca X = (4 + 2) 0 = 6 Suy ra: 12 X 6 Vy X l C. Phng trnh phn ng ht nhn.

9 4

Be+ 24He12 X + 01n 6

3. Cu to v electron ca nguyn t: Nguyn t l h trung ho in, tng s electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn bng s in tch dng Z ca ht nhn. Cc electron trong nguyn t c chia thnh cc lp, phn lp, obitan. a) Cc lp electron. K t pha gn ht nhn tr ra c k hiu: Bng s th t n = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bng ch tng ng: K L M N O P Q Nhng electron thuc cng mt lp c nng lng gn bng nhau. Lp electron cng gn ht nhn c mc nng lng cng thp, v vy lp K c nng lng thp nht. S electron ti a c trong lp th n bng 2n2. C th: Lp : K L M N S electron ti a: 2 8 18 32 b) Cc phn lp electron. Cc electron trong cng mt lp li c chia thnh cc phn lp.
ng c Thin

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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

Lp th n c n phn lp, cc phn lp c k hiu bng ch : s, p, d, f, k t ht nhn tr ra. Cc electron trong cng phn lp c nng lng bng nhau. Lp K (n = 1) c 1 phn lp : 1s. Lp L (n = 2) c 2 phn lp : 2s, 2p. Lp M (n = 3) c 3 phn lp :3s, 3p, 3d. Lp N (n = 4) c 4 phn lp : 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f. * Th t mc nng lng ca cc phn lp xp theo chiu tng dn nh sau : 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s S electron ti a ca cc phn lp nh sau: Phn lp : s p d f. S electron ti a: 2 6 10 14. Vy s obitan trong mt phn lp ln lt l nhng s l: 1, 3, 5, 7. c) Obitan nguyn t: l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt (xc sut tm thy) electron l ln nht (khu vc c mt m my electron ln nht). S v dng obitan ph thuc c im mi phn lp electron. Phn lp s c 1 obitan dng hnh cu. Phn lp p c 3 obitan dng hnh s 8 ni. Phn lp d c 5 obitan, phn lp f c 7 obitan. Obitan d v f c dng phc tp hn. Mi obitan ch cha ti a 2 electron c spin ngc nhau. Mi obitan c k hiu bng 1 vung (cn gi l lng t), trong nu ch c 1 electron ta gi l electron c thn, nu 2 electron ta gi cc electron ghp i. Obitan khng c electron gi l obitan trng. 4. Cu hnh electron v s phn b electron theo obitan a) Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron trong nguyn t: * Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao. * Nguyn l Pau li: Trn mt obitan ch c nhiu nht hai e v hai e ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi e (c spin ngc nhau). * Quy tc Hun: Trong mt phn lp, cc e s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s e c thn l ti a v cc e ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau. b) Cu hnh electron nguyn t: biu din s phn b cc e trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau. * Cch vit cu hnh: - Xc nh s e ca nguyn t - Biu din cc e theo th t tng dn cc mc nng lng cc obitan nguyn t (AO) theo cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b cc e trong nguyn t. - Vit cu hnh e theo th t cc phn lp trong mt lp v theo th t ca cc lp e t nh ti ln. V d: Vit cu hnh electron ca Fe (Z = 26). Vit theo th t cc mc nng lng : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s23d6 Cu hnh ca Fe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 Trn c s cu hnh electron ca nguyn t, ta d dng vit cu hnh electron ca cation hoc anion to ra t nguyn t ca nguyn t . V d: Cu hnh electron ca
ng c Thin

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Fe2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 ; Fe3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5. i vi anion th thm vo lp ngoi cng s electron m nguyn t nhn. V d: S(Z = 16) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4. S2- : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 Cn hiu rng : electron lp ngoi cng theo cu hnh electron ch khng theo mc nng lng. 5. Nng lng ion ho, i lc vi electron, m in a) Nng lng ion ho (I). Nng lng ion ho l nng lng ti thiu cn tch 1e ra khi nguyn t trng thi c bn. Nguyn t cng d nhng e (tnh kim loi cng mnh) th I c tr s cng nh. n v kJ/mol. b) i lc vi electron (E). i lc electron l nng lng gii phng hay hp th khi mt nguynt t trung ha trng thi kh nhn 1e tr thnh ion m. Nguyn t c kh nng thu e cng mnh (tnh phi kim cng mnh) th E c tr s cng ln. c) m in (). m in ca mt nguyn t l i lng c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t nguyn t khi to thnh lin kt ha hc. m in c tnh t I v E theo cng thc:
=
I+E 2

Phn Ha Hc i Cng

Nguyn t c cng ln th nguyn t ca n c kh nng ht cp e lin kt cng mnh. m in thng dng tin on mc phn cc ca lin kt v xt cc hiu ng dch chuyn electron trong phn t. Nu hai nguyn t c bng nhau th lin kt to thnh s l lin kt cng ho tr thun tu. Nu m in khc nhau nhiu ( > 1,7) lin kt to thnh l lin kt ion. Nu m in khc nhau khng nhiu (0 < < 1,7) s to thnh lin kt cng ho tr c cc.

II. nh lut tun hon _ Bng HTTH

1. nh lut tun hon Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn t nhng nguyn t bin thin tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t. 2. Bng h thng tun hon Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon: - Cc nguyn t c xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t - Cc nguyn t c cng s lp e trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt hng * - Cc nguyn t c cng s e ha tr ( ) trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt ct (*) Electron ha tr l nhng e c kh nng tham gia hnh thnh lin kt ha hc. Chng thng nm lp ngoi cng hoc c phn lp st lp ngoi cng nu phn lp cha bo ha. C 2 dng bng thng gp. a. Dng bng di: C 7 chu k (mi chu k l 1 hng), 16 nhm. Cc nhm c chia thnh 2 loi: Nhm A (gm cc nguyn t s v p) v nhm B (gm nhng nguyn t d v f). Nhng nguyn t nhm B u l kim loi. b. Dng bng ngn: C 7 chu k (chu k 1, 2, 3 c 1 hng, chu k 4, 5, 6 c 2 hng, chu k 7 ang xy dng mi c 1 hng); 8 nhm. Mi nhm c 2 phn nhm: Phn nhm chnh (gm cc nguyn t s v p - ng vi nhm A trong bng di) v phn nhm ph (gm cc
ng c Thin

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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

nguyn t d v f - ng vi nhm B trong bng di). Hai h nguyn t f (h lantan v h actini) c xp thnh 2 hng ring. 3. Chu k Chu k gm nhng nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron. Mi chu k u m u bng kim loi kim, kt thc bng kh him. Trong mt chu k, i t tri sang phi theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn. - S electron lp ngoi cng tng dn. - Lc ht gia ht nhn v electron ho tr lp ngoi cng tng dn, lm bn knh nguyn t gim dn. Do : + m in ca cc nguyn t tng dn. + Tnh kim loi gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn. + Tnh baz ca cc oxit, hiroxit gim dn, tnh axit ca chng tng dn. - Ho tr cao nht i vi oxi tng t I n VII. Ho tr i vi hiro gim t IV (nhm IV) n I (nhm VII). 4. Nhm v phn nhm Trong mt phn nhm chnh (nhm A) khi i t trn xung di theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn. - Bn knh nguyn t tng (do s lp e tng) nn lc ht gia ht nhn v cc electron lp ngoi cng yu dn, tc l kh nng nhng electron ca nguyn t tng dn. Do : + Tnh kim loi tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn. + Tnh baz ca cc oxit, hiroxit tng dn, tnh axit ca chng gim dn. - Ho tr cao nht vi oxi (ho tr dng) ca cc nguyn t bng s th t ca nhm cha nguyn t . 5. ngha ca bng HTTH a. Quan h gia v tr v cu to: Bit v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun han c th suy ra cu to nguyn t ca nguyn t v ngc li (m t bng s sau) V tr trong bng tun hon S th t ca nguyn t S th t ca chu k S th t ca nhm

Cu to nguyn t S p, s n, s e S lp e S e lp ngoi cng (s e ha tr)

V d: Xt on v tr ca nguyn t c Z = 25. Cu hnh e: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2. - C 4 lp e chu k 4. ang xy dng e phn lp 3d thuc phn nhm ph (nhm B). Nguyn t ny l kim loi, khi tham gia phn ng n c th cho i 2e 4s v 5e 3d, c ho tr cao nht 7+. Do , n phn nhm ph nhm VII (nhm VIIB). l Mn. b. Quan h gia v tr v tnh cht: Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon c th suy ra nhng tnh cht ha hc c bn ca n: - Tnh kim loi, phi kim - Ha tr cao nht ca nguyn t vi O, ha tr vi H - Cng thc ca oxit cao nht v hiroxit tng ng - Cng thc ca hp cht kh vi H (nu c) - Oxit hay hiroxit c tnh axit hay baz V d: S 16, nhm VIA, chu k 3. Suy ra: - S l phi kim
ng c Thin

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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

- Ha tr cao nht vi O l 6, cng thc oxit l SO3 - Ha tr vi H l 2, cng thc ca kh l H2S - SO3 l oxit axit cn H2SO4 l axit mnh c. So snh tnh cht ca nguyn t ny vi cc nguyn t khc ln cn Da vo quy lut bin i cc tnh cht trong bng tun han theo chu k v theo cc nhm, chng ta c th so snh c tnh cht ca mt nguyn t so vi cc nguyn t ln cn.

ng c Thin

10

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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

Chng 3 LIN KT HA HC
Lin kt ha hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay tinh th bn vng. Lin kt ha hc c chia thnh hai loi c bn: lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr 1. Lin kt ion Lin kt ion l lin kt c to thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du. Lin kt ion c hnh thnh gia kim loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh.( > 1,7). Khi nguyn t c m in ln (cc phi kim in hnh) thu e ca nguyn t c m in nh (cc kim loi in hnh) to thnh cc ion ngc du. Cc ion ny ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in to thnh phn t.

V d :

2.e 2Na + Cl2 = 2Na+ + 2Cl- = 2NaCl

c im ca lin kt ion Khng bo ho, khng nh hng, do hp cht ion to thnh nhng mng li ion (dng tih th) c tnh bn vng, thng c nhit nng chy v nhit si kh cao, thng tan nhiu trong nc. Khi nng chy hoc khi tan trong nc chng to thnh nhng dung dch dn in, cn trng thi rn chng khng dn in. 2. Lin kt cng ha tr Lin kt cng ha tr l lin kt c hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp e chung. * c im: Lin kt cng ho tr c to thnh do cc nguyn t c m in bng nhau hoc khc nhau khng nhiu gp chung vi nhau cc e ho tr to thnh cc cp e lin kt chuyn ng trong cng 1 obitan (xung quanh c 2 ht nhn) gi l obitan phn t. Da vo v tr ca cc cp e lin kt trong phn t, ngi ta chia thnh : a. Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc To thnh t 2 nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t. V d : H : H, Cl : Cl. .( = 0) hoc gia cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc nhau m. <0,4. Cp e lin kt khng b lch v pha nguyn t no. Ho tr ca cc nguyn t c tnh bng s cp e dng chung. b. Lin kt cng ho tr c cc To thnh t cc nguyn t c m in khc nhau khng nhiu. V d : H : Cl. (0,4 < <1,7 ) Cp e lin kt b lch v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn. Ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong lin kt cng ho tr c cc c tnh bng s cp e dng chung. Nguyn t c m in ln c ho tr m, nguyn t kia ho tr dng. V d, trong HCl, clo ho tr 1, hiro ho tr 1+. 3. Lin kt cho - nhn (lin kt phi tr) l loi lin kt cng ho tr m cp e dng chung ch do 1 nguyn t cung cp v c gi l nguyn t cho e; Nguyn t kia c obitan trng (obitan khng c e) c gi l nguyn t nhn e. Lin kt cho - nhn c k hiu bng mi tn () c chiu t cht cho sang cht nhn.

ng c Thin

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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

V d qu trnh hnh thnh ion NH4+ (t NH3 v H+) c bn cht lin kt cho - nhn.: H + H N H

H Sau khi lin kt cho - nhn hnh thnh th 4 lin kt N - H hon ton nh nhau. Do , ta c th vit CTCT ca NH+4 nh sau: H + H N H

H iu kin to thnh lin kt cho - nhn gia 2 nguyn t A B l: nguyn t A c 8e lp ngoi, trong c cp e t do(cha tham gia lin kt) v nguyn t B phi c obitan trng. 4. Lin kt v lin kt V bn cht chng l nhng lin kt cng ho tr. a) Lin kt : c hnh thnh do s xen ph 2 obitan (ca 2e tham gia lin kt) dc theo trc lin kt. Tu theo loi obitan tham gia lin kt l obitan s hay p ta c cc loi lin kt kiu s-s, s-p, p-p: Obitan lin kt c tnh i xng trc, vi trc i xng l trc ni hai ht nhn nguyn t. Nu gia 2 nguyn t ch hnh thnh mt mi lin kt n th l lin kt . Khi , do tnh i xng ca obitan lin kt , hai nguyn t c th quay quanh trc lin kt. b) Lin kt : c hnh thnh do s xen ph gia cc obitan p hai bn trc lin kt. Khi gia 2 nguyn t hnh thnh lin kt bi th c 1 lin kt (bn), cn li l lin kt (km bn). Lin kt khng c tnh i xng trc nn 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt khng c kh nng quay t do quanh trc lin kt. l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ng phn cistrans ca cc hp cht hu c c ni i. 5. Lin kt hiro Lin kt hiro l mi lin kt ph (hay mi lin kt th 2) ca nguyn t H vi nguyn t c m in ln (nh F, O, N). Tc l nguyn t hiro linh ng b ht bi cp e cha lin kt ca nguyn t c m in ln hn. Lin kt hiro c k hiu bng 3 du chm ( ) v khng tnh ho tr cng nh s oxi ho. Lin kt hiro c hnh thnh gia cc phn t cng loi. V d: Gia cc phn t H2O, HF, ru, axit OH OH ; H F H F H H hoc gia cc phn t khc loi. V d: Gia cc phn t ru hay axit vi H2O: OH O H OH H R H hoc trong mt phn t (lin kt hiro ni phn t). V d : CH2 CH2 OH OH Do c lin kt hiro to thnh trong dung dch nn:
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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

+ Tnh axit ca HF gim i nhiu (so vi HBr, HCl). + Nhit si v tan trong nc ca ru v axit hu c tng ln r rt so vi cc hp cht c khi lng phn t tng ng. 6. S lai ho cc obitan gii thch hin tng a ho tr ca mt nguyn t (nh ca Fe, Cl, C) v cu trc phn t ca mt s hp cht (c bit l cc phc cht), ta khng th cn c vo s e c thn hoc s e lp ngoi cng m phi dng khi nim mi gi l "s lai ho obitan". Cc kiu lai ho thng gp: a) Lai ho sp3: l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s vi 3 obitan p to thnh 4 obitan lai ho q nh hng t tm n 4 nh ca t din u, cc trc i xng ca chng to vi nhau nhng gc bng 109o28'. Kiu lai ho sp3 c gp trong cc nguyn t O, N, C nm trong phn t H2O, NH3, NH+4, CH4, b) Lai ho sp2: l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s v 2obitan p to thnh 3 obitan lai ho q nh hng t tm n 3 nh ca tam gic u. Lai ho sp2 c gp trong cc phn t BCl3, C2H4, c) Lai ho sp: l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s v 1 obitan p to ra 2 obitan lai ho q nh hng thng hng vi nhau. Lai ho sp c gp trong cc phn t BCl2, C2H2, Ngoi cc dng lai ha trn, cc obitan cn c kh nng to thnh nhiu kiu lai ha khc, nh: lai ha vung phng dsp2, lai ha bt din d2sp3,

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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

Chng 4 CC NH LUT V CHT KH

I. nh lut Avgar. 1. Ni dung: cng mt iu kin (nhit v p sut) nhng th tch bng nhau ca mi cht kh u cha s phn t kh bng nhau. 2. H qu: a) Th tch mol phn t. cng iu kin (T, P), 1 mol ca mi cht kh u chim th tch bng nhau. c bit, iu kin tiu chun (T = 273K, P = 1atm = 760 mmHg) 1 mol kh bt k chim th tch 22,4 l. Th tch ny c gi l th tch mol ktc. Cng thc lin h gia s mol kh (n) v th tch (Vo) ktc l.
n= V0 hay V0 = n. 22,4 22,4

Khi n = 1 mol Vo = 22,4 Khi lng mol: M = 22,4.D D l khi lng ring ca cht kh o ktc, tnh bng g/l. b) T khi hi ca cht kh: T khi ca kh A so vi kh B (k hiu l dA/B) l t s khi lng ca 1 th tch kh A so vi khi lng ca mt th tch tng ng kh B, khi o cng T v P. dA/B =
mA mB

mA, mB l khi lng ca cng th tch kh A v kh B. Vi n mol kh th: mA = n. MA; mB = n. MB dA/B =

mA n.M A M A = = mB n.M B MB

-> MA = dA/B . MB II. Phng trnh kh l tng Phng trnh

P0 .V0 P1 .V1 = = ... = const T0 T1

n:

Cng thc ny thng c s dng tnh Vo (th tch ktc), t tnh ra s mol kh
n= V0 22,4

Phng trnh trn cn vit di dng:

P0 .V0 P .n.22,4 P .22,4 T= 0 T hay PV = nRT vi R = 0 0,082lit.atm.mol 1 .K 1 273 273 T0 a Ta li bit, s mol kh n = a / M (a l s gam kh). Do PV = RT M PV =

III. Hn hp kh 1. p sut ring ca cht kh trong hn hp Gi s trong hn hp c 3 kh A, B, C. Cc phn t kh gy ra p sut tng ng l PA, PB, PC. Ngi ta gi PA, PB v PC l p sut ring ca cc cht kh A, B v C. Vy p sut ring ca mt cht kh trong hn hp l p sut c c nu mt mnh kh chim ton b th tch hn hp nhit cho. p sut chung: P = PA + PB +PC
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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

PA, PB v PC t l vi s mol ca cc kh A, B, C trong hn hp. 2. Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp kh ( M ) l khi lng ca mt th tch hn hp kh mt iu kin xc nh: V d: M ca khng kh bng 29 gam. Cch tnh M : + M = dhh/A. MA + Khi lng mol trung bnh M ca hn hp 3 kh.:
M =
m A + m B + mC n A .M A + n B .M B + nC .M C = n A + n B + nC n A + n B + nC V A .M A + V B .M B + VC .M C V A + V B + VC

Nu thay n = V/22,4 vo phng trnh trn ta c:

M =

VA, VB, VC, l th tch cc kh A, B, C (o cng iu kin) trc khi trn to thnh hn hp.

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Chng 5 DUNG DCH - S IN LI IN PHN I. Dung dch

1. nh ngha Dung dch l h ng th gm hai hay nhiu cht m t l thnh phn ca chng c th thay i trong mt gii hn kh rng. Dung dch gm: cc cht tan v dung mi. Dung mi l mi trng phn b cc phn t hoc ion cht tan. Thng gp dung mi lng v quan trng nht l H2O. 2. Qu trnh ho tan Khi ho tan mt cht thng xy ra 2 qu trnh. Ph hu cu trc ca cc cht tan. Tng tc ca dung mi vi cc tiu phn cht tan (qu trnh solvat ha). Ngoi ra cn xy ra hin tng ion ho hoc lin hp phn t cht tan (lin kt hiro). Ngc vi qu trnh ho tan l qu trnh kt tinh. Trong dung dch, khi tc ho tan bng tc kt tinh (cht tan trong dung dch trng thi cn bng vi cht tan nguyn cht), ta c dung dch bo ho. Lc cht tan khng tan thm c na. mi nhit xc nh, dung dch bo ha cha mt lng cht tan xc nh ng vi tan ca cht . Tuy nhin i vi mt s cht ngi ta c th iu ch c dung dch qu bo ha c cha mt lng cht tan ln hn so vi dung dch bo ha. V d, ha tan mui natriaxetat vo nc n bo ha nhit cao ri h t t nhit dung dch xung, phn cht tan cn d cha th kt tinh (hin tng chm kt tinh), khi ta c dung dch qu bo ha. Trng thi qu bo ha l trng thi km bn, ch cn mt va chm nh hoc b mt tinh th cht tan vo dung dch l lng cht tan d s kt tinh khi dung dch. 3. tan ca cc cht tan c xc nh bng lng cht tan bo ho trong mt lng dung mi xc nh iu kin cho trc. Nu trong 100 g H2O ho tan c: >10 g cht tan: cht d tan hay tan nhiu. <1 g cht tan: cht tan t. < 0,01 g cht tan: cht thc t khng tan. 4. Tinh th ngm nc Qu trnh lin kt cc phn t (hoc ion) cht tan vi cc phn t dung mi gi l qu trnh sonvat ho. Nu dung mi l H2O th l qu trnh hirat ho. Hp cht to thnh gi l sonvat (hay hirat). V d: CuSO4.5H2O ; Na2SO4.10H2O. Cc sonvat (hirat) kh bn vng. Khi lm bay hi dung dch thu c chng dng tinh th, gi l nhng tinh th ngm H2O. Nc trong tinh th gi l nc kt tinh. Mt s tinh th ngm nc thng gp: FeSO4.7H2O, Na2SO4.10H2O, CaSO4.2H2O. 5. Nng dung dch Nng dung dch l i lng biu th lng cht tan c trong mt lng nht nh dung dch hoc dung mi. Thng gp cc cch biu din nng sau y: a) Nng phn trm (C%): Nng phn trm c biu th bng s gam cht tan c trong 100 g dung dch.
C% = mct mct 100% = 100% mdd V .D

Trong : mct, mdd l khi lng ca cht tan v ca dung dch. V l th tch dung dch (ml), D l khi lng ring ca dung dch (g/ml)
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b) Nng mol (CM): Nng mol c biu th bng s mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch. K hiu l M. CM =
nct (mol ) mct 1 = . Vdd (lit ) M Vdd

c) Quan h gia C% v CM: C% =

M ct C M 10.D 10.D C% CM = M ct

V d : Tnh nng mol ca dung dch axit H2SO4 20%, c D = 1,143 g/ml Gii : Theo cng thc trn ta c :

CM = II. S in li

10.1,143 20 = 2.34 M 98

1. nh ngha S in li l qu trnh phn li cht tan thnh cc ion (ion dng v ion m) di tc dng ca cc phn t dung mi (thng l nc) hoc khi nng chy. Ion dng gi l cation, ion m gi l anion. Cht in li l nhng cht tan trong nc v phn li ra ion, to thnh dung dch dn in. V d: Cc cht mui axit, baz. Cht khng in li l cht khi tan trong nc to thnh dung dch khng dn in. V d: Dung dch ng, dung dch ru, Nu cht tan cu to t cc tinh th ion (nh NaCl, KOH,) th qu trnh in li l qu trnh in li l qu trnh tch cc ion khi mng li tinh th ri sau ion kt hp vi cc phn t nc to thnh ion hirat. Nu cht tan gm cc phn t phn cc (nh HCl, HBr, HNO3,) th u tin xy ra s ion ho phn t v sau l s hirat ho cc ion. Phn t dung mi phn cc cng mnh th kh nng gy ra hin tng in li i vi cht tan cng mnh. Trong mt s trng hp qu trnh in li lin quan vi kh nng to lin kt hiro ca phn t dung mi (nh s in li ca axit). 2. S in li ca axit, baz, mui trong dung dch nc a) S in li ca axit Axit in li ra cation oxoni H3O+ (H+) v anion gc axit. HCl + H2O = H3O+ + Cl n gin, ngi ta ch vit HCl = H+ + ClNu axit nhiu ln axit th s in li xy ra theo nhiu nc, nc sau yu hn nc trc. H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ HCO3CO2- + H+ b) S in li ca baz Baz in li ra anion OH v cation kim loi hoc amoni. NaOH = Na+ + OHNH3 + H2O NH4+ + OHNu baz nhiu ln baz th s in li xy ra theo nhiu nc, nc sau yu hn nc trc. Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)2+ + OHng c Thin

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Fe(OH) Fe(OH)2+ + OHFe(OH) Fe3+ + OHc) S in li ca mui Mui in li ra cation kim loi hay amoni v anion gc axit, cc mui trung ho thng ch in li 1 nc. K2SO4 = 2K+ + SO42Mui axit, mui baz in li nhiu nc : NaH2PO4 = Na+ + H2PO4H2PO4HPO4- + H+ HPO4PO43- + H+ Mui baz : CaOHCl = CaOH+ + ClCaOH+ = Ca2+ + OHd) S in li ca hiroxit lng tnh Hiroxit lng tnh c th in li theo 2 chiu ra c ion H+ v OH. 2H+ + ZnO22Zn(OH)2 Zn2+ + 2OHH+ + AlO2- + H2O Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3OH3. Cht in li mnh v cht in li yu a) Cht in li mnh Cht in li mnh l nhng cht trong dung dch nc in li hon ton thnh ion. Qu trnh in li l qu trnh mt chiu, trong phng trnh in li dng du = (hoc du ). V d: KCl = K+ + ClNhng cht in li mnh l nhng cht m tinh th ion hoc phn t c lin kt phn cc mnh. l: Hu ht cc mui tan. Cc axit mnh: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, Cc baz mnh: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, b) Cht in li yu Cht in li yu l nhng cht trong dung dch nc ch c mt phn nh s phn t in li thnh ion, cn phn ln tn ti di dng phn t. Qu trnh in li l thun nghch, trong phng trnh in li dng du V d: CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OHNhng cht in li yu thng gp l: Cc axit yu: CH3COOH, H2CO3, H2S, Cc baz yu: NH3, Mi cht in li yu c c trng bng hng s in li (Kl) - l hng s cn bng ca qu trnh in li. V d: CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ Kl =
[CH 3 COO ].[ H + ] [CH 3COOH ]

Phn Ha Hc i Cng

Trong : [CH3COO], [H+] v [CH3COOH] l nng cc ion v phn t trong dung dch lc cn bng. Kl l hng s, khng ph thuc nng . Cht in li cng yu th Kl cng nh. Vi cht in li nhiu nc, mi nc c mt hng s Kl ring. H2CO3 c 2 hng s in li:
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H2CO3 HCO3
-

HCO3- + H+ K1 = CO + H
2+

[ HCO3 ].[ H + ] [ H 2 CO3 ]

[CO3 ].[ H + ] [ HCO3 ]
2

K2 =

4. in li in li ca cht in li l t s gia s phn t phn li thnh ion Np v tng s phn t cht in li tan vo nc Nt.
=
Np Nt 25 = 25% = 0,25 100

V d: C 100 phn t cht tan trong nc c 25 phn t in li th in li bng:

=

T s ny cng chnh l t s nng mol cht tan phn li (Cp) v nng mol cht tan vo trong dung dch (Ct).
=
Cp Ct

Gi tr ca bin i trong khong 0 n 1(hay t 0% ti 100%) 01 Khi = 1: cht tan phn li hon ton thnh ion. Khi = 0: cht tan hon ton khng phn li (cht khng in li). in li ph thuc cc yu t : bn cht ca cht tan, dung mi, nhit v nng dung dch. 5. Quan h gia in li v hng s in li Gi s c cht in li yu MA vi nng ban u Co, in li ca n l , ta c: MA M+ + A Nng lc cn bng: (1 )C 0 C 0 C 0 Hng s in li: C 0 .C 0 2 C 0 K l = = (1 )C 0 1 Da vo biu thc ny, nu bit ng vi nng dung dch Co, ta tnh c Kl v ngc li. V d: Trong dung dch axit HA 0,1M c = 0,01. Tnh hng s in li ca axit (k hiu l Ka). Gii: Trong dung dch, axit HA phn li: HA H+ + AKa = [ H + ].[ A ] (0,01) 2 .0,1 = = 10 5 mol / l [ HA] 1 0,01

6. Axit - baz a) nh ngha Theo quan nim c: - Axit l nhng cht khi tan trong nc in li ra ion H+ (chnh xc l H3O+). - Baz l nhng cht khi tan trong nc in li ra ion OH. i vi axit, v d HCl, s in li thng c biu din bng phng trnh: HCl = H+ + Clng c Thin

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Nhng thc ra axit khng t phn li m nhng proton cho nc theo phng trnh. HCl + H2O = H3O+ + ClV H2O trong H3O+ khng tham gia phn ng nn thng ch ghi l H+ i vi baz, ngoi nhng cht trong phn t c sn nhm OH (nh NaOH, Ba(OH)2) Cn c nhng baz trong phn t khng c nhm OH (nh NH3) nhng nhn proton ca nc to ra OH H2O + NH3 NH4+ + OHDo nu ln bn cht ca axit v baz, vai tr ca nc (dung mi), Bronxtet a ra nh ngha mi v axit - baz nh sau: Axit l nhng cht c kh nng cho proton. Baz l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton. b) Phn ng axit - baz Tc dng ca dung dch axit v dung dch baz. Cho dung dch H2SO4 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, phn ng ho hc xy ra to nhit lm dung dch nng ln. Phng trnh phn t: 2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O Phng trnh ion: 2Na+ + 2OH- + 2H+ + SO42- = 2Na+ + SO42- + 2H2O 2OH- + 2H+ = 2H2O Hoc l: H3O+ + OH- = 2H2O H2SO4 cho proton (chuyn qua ion H3O+) v NaOH nhn proton (trc tip l ion OH). Phn ng ca axit vi baz gi l phn ng trung ho v lun to nhit. Tc dng ca dung dch axit v baz khng tan. dung dch HNO3 vo Al(OH)3 , cht ny tan dn. Phn ng ho hc xy ra. Phng trnh phn t: 3HNO3 + Al(OH)3 = Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O Phng trnh ion: 3H+ + 3NO3- + Al(OH)3 = Al3+ + 3NO3- + 3H2O 3H+ + Al(OH)3 = Al3++ 3H2O Hoc l: 3H3O+ + Al(OH)3 = Al3++ 6H2O HNO3 cho proton, Al(OH)3 nhn proton. Tc dng ca dung dch axit v oxit baz khng tan. dung dch axit HCl vo CuO, un nng, phn ng ho hc xy ra, CuO tan dn: Phng trnh phn t: 2HCl + CuO = CuCl2 + H2O Phng trnh ion 2H+ + 2Cl- + CuO = Cu2+ + 2Cl- + 2H2O 2H+ + CuO = Cu2+ + 2H2O Hoc l 2H3O+ + CuO = Cu2+ + 3H2O HCl cho proton, CuO nhn proton, n ng vai tr nh mt baz.
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Kt lun: Vy bn cht ca phn ng axit baz chnh l s cho v nhn proton. c) Hiroxit lng tnh C mt s hiroxit khng tan (nh Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3,) tc dng c c vi dung dch axit v c vi dung dch baz c gi l nhng hiroxit lng tnh. V d: Zn(OH)2 tc ng c vi H2SO4 v NaOH. H2SO4 + Zn(OH)2 = ZnSO4 + 2H2O 2H+ + SO42- + Zn(OH)2 = Zn2+ + SO42- + 2H2O 2H+ + Zn(OH)2 = Zn2+ + 2H2O Hoc l: 2H3O+ + Zn(OH)2 = Zn2+ + 4H2O Km hiroxit nhn proton, n l mt baz. H2ZnO2 Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH = Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O H2ZnO2 + 2Na+ + 2OH- = 2Na+ + ZnO22- + 2H2O H2ZnO2 + 2OH- = ZnO22- + 2H2O Km hiroxit cho proton, n l mt axit. Vy: Hiroxit lng tnh l hiroxit va c kh nng cho va c kh nng nhn proton, ngha l va l axit, va l baz. 7. S in li ca nc a) Nc l cht in li yu H2O H+ + OHTch s nng ion H+ v OH trong nc nguyn cht v trong dung dch nc mi nhit l mt hng s K H O 200C th K H O = [H+].[OH-] = 10-14
2

Mi trng trung tnh : [H+] = [OH] = 107 mol/l Mi trng axit: [H+] > [OH] [H+] > 107 mol/l. Mi trng baz: [H+] < [OH] [H+] < 107 mol/l b) Ch s hiro ca dung dch - pH Khi biu din nng ion H+ (hay H3O+) ca dung dch di dng: [H+] = 10-a (mol/l) th h s a c gi l pH ca dung dch V d: [H+] = 105 mol/l th pH = 5, Cch xc nh pH: V mt ton hc th pH = lg[H+] Nh vy: Mi trng trung tnh: pH = 7 Mi trng axit: pH < 7 Mi trng baz: pH > 7 pH cng nh th dung dch c axit cng ln (axit cng mnh); pH cng ln th dung dch c baz cng ln (baz cng mnh). V d 1: Dung dch HCl 0,02M, c [H+] = 0,02M. Do pH = lg2.102 = 1,7. V d 2: Dung dch NaOH 0,01M, c [OH] = 0,01 = 102 mol/l. Do : [H+] =
10 14 = 10 12 , pH = - lg10-12 = 12 2 10

c) Cht ch th mu axit - baz

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Phn Ha Hc i Cng

Cht ch th mu axit - baz l cht c mu thay i theo nng ion H+ ca dung dch. Mi cht ch th chuyn mu trong mt khong pH xc nh.

Bng 2: Mt s cht ch th mu axit - baz thng dng Mu trong cc mi trng Cht ch th mu Axit Trung tnh Baz Da cam Vng Metyl da cam pH < 3,1 3,1 < pH < 4,4 pH > 4,4 Tm Xanh Qu pH < 5 5 < pH < 8 pH > 8 Khng mu Hng nht Hng Phenolphtalein pH < 8 8 < pH < 9,8 pH > 9,8 8. S thu phn ca mui Khng phi dung dch ca tt c cc mui trung ho u c mi trng trung tnh (pH = 7) m c th l mi trng axit hoc baz. Nguyn nhn l do: Mt s mui khi ha tan vo nc tc dng vi nc lm thay i mi trng dung dch. V d nh: nhng mui ca axit yu - baz mnh (nh CH3COOHNa), ca axit mnh - baz yu (nh NH4Cl) khi ho tan trong nc tc dng vi nc to ra axit yu, baz yu, v vy nhng mui ny khng tn ti trong nc. N b thu phn, gy ra s thay i tnh cht ca mi trng. a) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit yu -baz mnh V d: CH3COONa, Na2CO3, K2S, CH3COONa + H2O CH3COOH + Na+ + OHTrong dung dch d ion OH, do vy pH > 7 (mi trng baz). Vy: mui ca axit yu - baz mnh khi thu phn cho mi trng baz. b) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit mnh - baz yu V d: NH4Cl, ZnCl2, Al2(SO4)3, NH4Cl + H2O NH3 + H3O+ + ClTrong dung dch d ion H3O+ hay (H+), do vy pH < 7 (mi trung axit). Vy mui ca axit mnh - baz yu khi thu phn cho mi trng axit. c) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit yu - baz yu V d: Al2S3, Fe2(CO3)3, Al2S3 + 6HOH 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S Fe2(CO3)2 + 6HOH 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O 9. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch in li Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch in li ch xy ra khi c s to thnh hoc cht kt ta, hoc cht d bay hi, hoc cht t in li (in li yu). a) Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta Trn dung dch BaCl2 vi dung dch Na2SO4 thy c kt ta trng to thnh. xy ra phn ng. Phng trnh phn t: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl Phng trnh ion: Ba2+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + SO42- = BaSO4 + 2Na+ + 2ClBa2+ + SO42- = BaSO4 b) Phn ng to thnh cht bay hi Cho axit HCl tc dng vi Na2CO3 thy c kh bay ra. xy ra phn ng. Phng trnh phn t:
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2HCl + Na2CO3 = 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O Phng trnh ion 2H+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO32- = 2Na+ + 2Cl- + CO2 + H2O 2H+ + CO32- = CO2 + H2O c) Phn ng to thnh cht t in li - Cho axit H2SO4 vo mui axetat. Phn ng xy ra to thnh axit CH3COOH t in li Phng trnh phn t: H2SO4 + 2CH3COONa = 2CH3COOH + Na2SO4 Phng trnh ion 2H+ + SO42- + 2CH3COO- + 2Na+ = 2CH3COOH + 2Na+ + SO422H+ + 2CH3COO- = 2CH3COOH Hoc cho axit HNO3 tc dng vi Ba(OH)2. Phn ng trung ho xy ra to thnh cht t in li l nc. Phng trnh phn t: 2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 = Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O Phng trnh ion 2H+ + 2NO3- + Ba2+ + 2OH- = Ba2+ + 2NO3- + 2H2O H+ + 2OH- = 2H2O Ch : Khi biu din phn ng trao i trong dung dch in li, ngi ta thng vit phng trnh phn ng di cc dng: phng trnh phn t v phng trnh ion. phng trnh ion, nhng cht kt ta, bay hi, in li yu (t in li) c vit di dng phn t, cc cht in li mnh vit di dng ion (do chng in li ra). Cui cng thu gn phng trnh ion bng cch lc b nhng thnh phn ging nhau 2 v ca phng trnh.

III. S in phn
1. nh ngha in phn l s thc hin cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh trn b mt in cc nh dng in mt chiu bn ngoi Qu trnh in phn c biu din bng s in phn. V d: S in phn NaCl nng chy. NaCl t Na+ + Cl0

Catot (-) anot(+) 2Na+ + 2e -> 2Na 2Cl- - 2e -> Cl2 catt: xy ra qu trnh kh. 2Na+ + 2e -> 2Na ant: xy ra qu trnh oxi ho. 2Cl- - 2e -> Cl2 Phng trnh in phn NaCl nng chy: 2NaCl t 2Na + Cl2 2. in phn hp cht nng chy trng thi nng chy, cc tinh th cht in phn b ph v thnh cc ion chuyn ng hn lon. Khi c dng in mt chiu chy qua, ion dng chy v catt v b kh , ion m chy v ant v b oxi ho . V d: in phn KOH nng chy.
0

K+ + OHKOH t
0

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Catot (-) anot(+) 2K + 2e -> 2K 2OH- - 2e -> 1/2O2 + H2O Phng trnh in phn 2KOH dpnc 2K + 1/2O2 + H2O in phn nng chy xy ra nhit cao nn c th xy ra phn ng ph gia sn phm in phn (O2, Cl2 ... ) v in cc (ant) thng lm bng than ch.
+

V d: in phn Al2O3 nng chy (c pha thm criolit 3NaF.AlF3) 1000oC Al2O3 t 2Al3+ + 3O20

Catot (-) anot(+) 2Al + 6e -> 6Al 3O2- - 6e -> 3/2O2 Phng trnh in phn Al2O3 dpnc 2Al + 3/2O2 Phn ng ph: 2C + O2 t 2CO (Than ch lm ant b mt dn, nn sau mt thi gian phi b sung vo in cc).
3+
0

ng dng: Phng php in phn hp cht nng chy c dng iu ch cc kim loi hot ng mnh: iu ch kim loi kim: in phn mui clorua hoc hiroxit nng chy. iu ch kim loi kim th: in phn mui clorua nng chy. iu ch Al: in phn Al2O3 nng chy. 3. in phn dung dch nc a) Nguyn tc: Khi in phn dung dch, tham gia cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh in cc ngoi cc ion ca cht in phn cn c th c cc ion H+ v OH ca nc v bn thn kim loi lm in cc. Khi qu trnh oxi ho - kh thc t xy ra ph thuc vo so snh tnh oxi ho - kh mnh hay yu ca cc cht trong bnh in phn. b) Th t kh catt Kim loi cng yu th cation ca n c tnh oxi ho cng mnh v cng d b kh catt (tr trng hp ion H+). C th p dng quy tc sau: D kh nht l cc cation kim loi ng sau Al trong dy th in ho (tr ion H+), trong ion kim loi cng ci dy cng d b kh. Tip n l ion H+ ca dung dch Kh kh nht l cc ion kim loi mnh, k t Al, v pha u dy th in ho. (Al3+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, ). Nhng ion ny thc t khng bao gi b kh khi in phn trong dung dch. c) Th t oxi ho ant Ni chung ion hoc phn t no c tnh kh mnh th cng d b oxi ho. C th p dng kinh nghim sau: D b oxi ho nht l bn thn cc kim loi dng lm ant. Tr trng hp ant tr (khng b n mn lm bng Pt, hay than ch (C). Sau n cc ion gc axit khng c oxi: I, Br, Cl, Ri n ion OH ca nc hoc ca kim tan trong dung dch. Kh b oxi ho nht l cc anion gc axit c oxi nh NO3-, SO42-, Thc t cc anion ny khng b oxi ho khi in phn dung dch. d) Mt s v d p dng quy tc trn V d 1: in phn dung dch CuCl2 vi in cc than ch:
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Phn Ha Hc i Cng CuCl2 Cu2+ + 2Cl

HOH
2+

H+ + OH-

Catot (-) anot(+) Cu + 2e -> Cu 2Cl- - 2e -> Cl2 Phng trnh in phn: CuCl2 dpdd Cu + Cl2 V d 2: in phn dung dch NiCl2 vi in cc bng niken NiCl2 Ni2+ + 2ClH+ + OHHOH Catot (-) anot(+) (Ni) Ni2+, H+ Cl-, OH-, Ni Ni2+ + 2e -> Ni Ni 2e -> Ni2+ Thc cht qu trnh in phn l s vn chuyn Ni t ant sang catt nh dng in. Phng php c ng dng tinh ch kim loi. V d 3: in phn dung dch Na2SO4 vi in cc Pt: Na2SO4 2Na+ + SO42H+ + OHHOH Catot (-) anot(+) + + Na , H SO42-, OH2H+ + 2e -> H2 2OH- 2e -> 1/2O2 + H2O Phng trnh in phn: H2O dp H2 + 1/2O2 V d 4: in phn dung dch NaCl vi ant bng than ch: Na+ + ClNaCl H+ + OHHOH Catot (-) anot(+) + + Na , H Cl-, OH+ 2H + 2e -> H2 2Cl- 2e -> Cl2 Phng trnh in phn: mn 2NaCl + 2H2O dpdd 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 , Trong qu trnh in phn, dung dch khu vc xung quanh catt, ion H+ b mt dn., H2O tip tc in li, do khu vc ny giu ion OH to thnh (cng vi Na+) dung dch NaOH. ant, ion Cl b oxi ho thnh Cl2. Mt phn ho tan vo dung dch v mt phn khuch tn sang catt, tc dng vi NaOH to thnh nc Javen: Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O V vy mun thu c NaOH phi trnh phn ng to nc Javen bng cch dng mng ngn bao bc ly khu vc ant ngn kh Cl2 khuch tn vo dung dch. V d 5: in phn dung dch KNO3 vi ant bng Cu. K+ + NO3KNO3 H+ + OHHOH Catot (-) K+, H+
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anot(+) NO3-, OH-, Cu

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2H+ + 2e -> H2 Cu 2e -> Cu2+ Khi in phn, khu vc catt, ion H+ mt dn, nng OH tng dn, dung dch c tnh kim tng dn. ant ion Cu2+ tan vo dung dch. Trong dung dch xy ra phn ng. Cu2+ + 2OH- -> Cu(OH)2 (mu xanh) Phng trnh in phn: Cu + H2O dp Cu(OH)2 + H2 Bn thn KNO3 khng b bin i nhng nng tng dn. ng dng ca in phn dung dch: iu ch kim loi ng sau Al trong dy th in ho. Tinh ch kim loi. M v c kim loi bng in. iu ch mt s ho cht thng dng: H2, Cl2, O2,, hiroxit kim loi kim Tch ring mt s kim loi khi hn hp dung dch. 4. Cng thc Faray
m= A Q A I .t . = . n F n F

Trong : m l khi lng cht c gii phng khi in phn (gam) A l khi lng mol ca cht . n l s e trao i khi to thnh mt nguyn t hay phn t cht . Q l in lng phng qua bnh in phn (Culng). F l hng s Faray (F = 96500 Culng.mol-1) l l cng dng in (Ampe) t l thi gian in phn (giy) V d: Tnh khi lng oxi c gii phng ant khi cho dng in 5 ampe qua bnh in phn ng dung dch Na2SO4 trong 1 gi 20 pht 25 giy. Gii: p dng cng thc Faray: A = 16 , n = 2 , t = 4825 giy , I = 5;
m=
16 5.4825 = 2 gam . 2 96500

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Chng 6 PHN NG OXI HA KH

1. S oxi ho thun tin khi xem xt phn ng oxi ho - kh v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t, ngi ta a ra khi nim s oxi ho (cn gi l mc oxi ho hay in tch ho tr). S oxi ho l in tch quy c m nguyn t c c nu gi thuyt rng cp e lin kt (do 2 nguyn t gp chung) chuyn hon ton v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn. S oxi ho c tnh theo quy tc sau : Trong n cht, s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng 0. V d: Trong Cl2, s oxi ho ca Cl bng 0. Khi tham gia hp cht, s oxi ho ca mt s nguyn t c tr s khng i: + Kim loi kim lun bng +1. + Kim loi kim th lun bng +2. + Oxi (tr trong peoxit bng 1) lun bng 2. + Hiro (tr trong hirua kim loi bng 1) lun bng 2. + Al thng bng +3. Tng i s s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong phn t trung ho in bng 0. Tng i s s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong mt ion phc tp bng in tch ca ion. V d trong ion HSO4-, s oxi ho ca H l +1, ca O l 2 ca S l +6. + 1 + 6 + (2. 4) = 1. Ch : Du ca s oxi ho t trc gi tr, cn du ca ion t sau gi tr. V d: S oxi ha Fe , ion Fe3+ 2. nh ngha Phn ng oxi ho - kh l phn ng trong c s trao i e gia cc nguyn t hoc ion ca cc cht tham gia phn ng, do lm thay i s oxi ho ca chng. V d:
Zn + Cu Cl 2 Zn Cl 2 + Cu
0 +2 +2 0 +3

Cht nhng e gi l cht kh (hay cht b oxi ho). Cht thu e gi l cht oxi ho (hay cht b kh). Qu trnh kt hp e vo cht oxi ho c gi l s kh cht oxi ho (qu trnh kh)
Cu + 2e Cu
+2 0

Qu trnh tch e khi cht kh c gi l s oxi ho cht kh (qu trnh oxi ha):
Zn 2e Zn
0 +2

3. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ho - kh Nguyn tc khi cn bng : Tng s e m cht kh cho phi bng tng s e m cht oxi ho nhn v s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t c bo ton. Qu trnh cn bng tin hnh theo cc bc: 1) Vit s phn ng, nu cha bit sn phm th phi da vo iu kin cho bi suy lun. 2) Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t c s oxi ho thay i. i vi nhng nguyn t c s oxi ho khng thay i th khng cn quan tm. 3) Vit cc qu trnh cho - nhn e 4) Cn bng s e cho v nhn. 5) a h s tm c t phng trnh e vo phng trnh phn ng. 6) Cn bng phn khng tham gia qu trnh oxi ho - kh.
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V d: Cho ming Al vo dung dch axit HNO3 long thy bay ra cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng chy, nh hn khng kh, vit phng trnh phn ng v cn bng. Gii: Theo u bi, kh bay ra l N2. Phng trnh phn ng (bc 1): Al + HNO3 -> Al(NO3)3 + N2 + H2O Bc 2, 3, 4: 10 Al 3e Al 3 2 N + 2.5e N 2 Bc 5: 10Al + 6HNO3 -> 10Al(NO3)3 + 3N2 + H2O Bc 6: Ngoi 6 HNO3 tham gia qu trnh oxi ho - kh cn 3.10 = 30HNO3 to thnh mui nitrat (10Al(NO3)3). Vy tng s phn t HNO3 l 36 v to thnh 18H2O. Phng trnh cui cng: 10Al + 36HNO3 -> 10Al(NO3)3 + 3N2 + 18H2O Dng ion: 10Al + 36H+ + 36NO3- -> 10Al3+ + 30NO3- + 3N2 + 18H2O 10Al + 36H+ + 6NO3- -> 10Al3+ + 3N2 + 18H2O Ch : i vi nhng phn ng to nhiu sn phm trong nguyn t nhiu s oxi ho khc nhau, ta c th vit gp hoc vit ring tng phn ng i vi tng sn phm, sau nhn cc phn ng ring vi h s t l theo iu kin u bi. Cui cng cng gp cc phn ng li. V d: Cn bng phn ng: Al + HNO3 -> NO + N2O + ... Bit t l: n NO : n H O = 3 : 1 Gii Cc phn ng ring ( cn bng theo nguyn tc trn): Al + 4HNO3 -> Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 8Al + 30HNO3 -> 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2 + 15H2O c t l mol trn, ta nhn phng trnh (1) vi 9 ri cng 2 phng trnh li: 17Al + 66HNO3 -> 17Al(NO3)3 + 9NO + 3N2O + 33H2O 4. Mt s dng phn ng oxi ho - kh c bit a. Phn ng oxi ho kh ni phn t Cht oxi ho v cht kh l nhng nguyn t khc nhau nm trong cng mt phn t.
2

+3

+5

V d.

N H 4 N O2 N 2 + H 2 O

+5

K Cl O 3 K Cl + O 2

+5 2

b. Phn ng t oxi ho - t kh Cht oxi ho v cht kh cng l mt loi nguyn t trong hp cht. V d: Trong phn ng.
Cl 2 + NaOH Na Cl + Na Cl O + H2O Cl 2 va l cht oxi ha ( Cl + 1e Cl ) va l cht kh ( Cl 1e Cl )
0 0 1 0 +1

+1

c) Phn ng c nhiu nguyn t thay i s oxi ho V d: Cn bng phn ng sau theo phng php cn bng e KNO3 + FeS2 -> KNO2 + Fe2O3 + SO3 2 FeS 2 15e Fe+ 2 S 15 N + 2e N
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+5 +3
0 +3 +6

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Vy phng trnh cn bng l: 15KNO3 + 2FeS2 -> 15KNO2 + Fe2O3 + 4SO3 d) Phn ng oxi ho - kh c mi trng tham gia mi trng axit thng c ion H+ tham gia to thnh H2O. V d: 2MnO4- + 5SO32- + 6H+ -> 2Mn2+ + 5SO42- + 3H2O mi trng kim thng c ion OH tham gia to thnh H2O. V d: 2KMnO4 + Na2SO3 + 2KOH -> 2K2MnO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O mi trng trung tnh c th c H2O tham gia. V d: MnO4- + SO32- + H2O -> MnO2 + SO42- + OH-

ng c Thin

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