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Ton mn hnh Toan man hinh

Thu nh Thu nho

thiu chung v Solver

i ton ng dng (Xem di)

V d tng qut

General Example

ng vn chuyn

Shipping Routes Product Mix

Staff Scheduling

ng ho sn phm

n biu cho nhn vin

a ho li nhun

Maximizing Income
Portfolio of Securities

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hit k k thut

Engineering Design

BACK

SOLVER

Solver l mt cng c cao cp ca Excel, nhng c t ngi bit n n.

Tht ra, Solver c rt nhiu ng dng, t sn xut kinh doanh, marketing, xy d biu, u t c phiu, gii cc bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh ..v...v... u c th s Solver v gii chng 1 cch nh nhng.

Gi d bn c 1 s lng tin tiu vt hng thng, vy lm sao c th cn i chi tiu n sng, xng xe, mua sch v v bao bn gi na. ... Sau khi c qu trong y, chc chn bn s thy mi chuyn s tr nn d dng hn bit bao nh

1) Khi ng SOLVER trong Excel 2003 m Solver trong chng trnh Excel 2003, bn theo cc bc sau:
Vo mc TOOL >> SOLVER

2) Khi ng SOLVER trong Excel 2007 Solver khng c sn trong Excel 2007 m phi ci: Add-in Solver

Bn n vo biu tng Office trn cng, bn tri ca Excel , chn Excel Options Add-Ins, trong mc Excel Add-ins , bn n "GO". Click chn "Solver Add-in Excel s hin thng bo hi bn c xc nhn ci t Solver vo Excel khng? Ch yn tm l Excel ko cn khi ng li, qu trnh ci t ch tm 5 pht v bn

Bn n vo biu tng Office trn cng, bn tri ca Excel , chn Excel Options Add-Ins, trong mc Excel Add-ins , bn n "GO". Click chn "Solver Add-in Excel s hin thng bo hi bn c xc nhn ci t Solver vo Excel khng? Ch yn tm l Excel ko cn khi ng li, qu trnh ci t ch tm 5 pht v bn Ins Solver trn Tab "Data" ( bn phi, ngoi cng)

i bit n n.

anh, marketing, xy dng thi gian nh ..v...v... u c th s dng

m sao c th cn i cc khon na. ... Sau khi c qua cc v d dng hn bit bao nhiu :D

c bc sau:

el , chn Excel Options >> Chn k chn "Solver Add-ins" v n OK. er vo Excel khng? Chn YES. Bn tm 5 pht v bn c thm Add-

(u trang)

66862809.xls General Example of Microsoft Excel Solver

Month Seasonality Units Sold Sales Revenue Cost of Sales Gross Margin Salesforce Advertising Corp Overhead Total Costs Prod. Profit Profit Margin Product Price Product Cost Q1
0.9 3,592 $143,662 89,789 53,873 8,000

Q2
1.1 4,390 $175,587 109,742 65,845 8,000

Q3
0.8 3,192 $127,700 79,812 47,887 9,000

Q4
1.2 4,789 $191,549 119,718 71,831 9,000

Total
15,962 $638,498 399,061 239,437 34,000

Color Coding Target cell Changing cells Constraints

10,000
21,549 39,549

10,000
26,338 44,338 $21,507 12%

10,000
19,155 38,155 $9,732 8%

10,000
28,732 47,732 $24,099 13%

40,000
95,775 169,775 $69,662 11%

$14,324
10%

$40.00 $25.00

The following examples show you how to work with the model above to solve for one value or several values to maximize or minimize another value, enter and change constraints, and save a problem model. Row 3 5 Contains Fixed values Explanation Seasonality factor: sales are higher in quarters 2 and 4, and lower in quarters 1 and 3.

=35*B3*(B11+3000)^0.5 Forecast for units sold each quarter: row 3 contains the seasonality factor; row 11 contains the cost of advertising. =B5*$B$18 =B5*$B$19 =B6-B7 Fixed values Fixed values =0.15*B6 =SUM(B10:B12) =B8-B13 =B15/B6 Fixed values Fixed values Sales revenue: forecast for units sold (row 5) times price (cell B18). Cost of sales: forecast for units sold (row 5) times product cost (cell B19). Gross margin: sales revenues (row 6) minus cost of sales (row 7). Sales personnel expenses. Advertising budget (about 6.3% of sales). Corporate overhead expenses: sales revenues (row 6) times 15%. Total costs: sales personnel expenses (row 10) plus advertising (row 11) plus overhead (row 12). Product profit: gross margin (row 8) minus total costs (row 13). Profit margin: profit (row 15) divided by sales revenue (row 6). Product price. Product cost.

6 7 8 10 11 12 13 15 16 18 19

This is a typical marketing model that shows sales rising from a base figure (perhaps due to the sales personnel) along with increases in advertising, but with diminishing returns. For example, the first

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$5,000 of advertising in Q1 yields about 1,092 incremental units sold, but the next $5,000 yields only about 775 units more. You can use Solver to find out whether the advertising budget is too low, and whether advertising should be allocated differently over time to take advantage of the changing seasonality factor. Solving for a Value to Maximize Another Value One way you can use Solver is to determine the maximum value of a cell by changing another cell. The two cells must be related through the formulas on the worksheet. If they are not, changing the value in one cell will not change the value in the other cell. For example, in the sample worksheet, you want to know how much you need to spend on advertising to generate the maximum profit for the first quarter. You are interested in maximizing profit by changing advertising expenditures. n On the Tools menu, click Solver. In the Set target cell box, type b15 or select cell B15 (first-quarter profits) on the worksheet. Select the Max option. In the By changing cells box, type b11 or select cell B11 (first-quarter advertising) on the worksheet. Click Solve. You will see messages in the status bar as the problem is set up and Solver starts working. After a moment, you'll see a message that Solver has found a solution. Solver finds that Q1 advertising of $17,093 yields the maximum profit $15,093. n After you examine the results, select Restore original values and click OK to discard the results and return cell B11 to its former value. Resetting the Solver Options If you want to return the options in the Solver Parameters dialog box to their original settings so that you can start a new problem, you can click Reset All. Solving for a Value by Changing Several Values You can also use Solver to solve for several values at once to maximize or minimize another value. For example, you can solve for the advertising budget for each quarter that will result in the best profits for the entire year. Because the seasonality factor in row 3 enters into the calculation of unit sales in row 5 as a multiplier, it seems logical that you should spend more of your advertising budget in Q4 when the sales response is highest, and less in Q3 when the sales response is lowest. Use Solver to determine the best quarterly allocation. n On the Tools menu, click Solver. In the Set target cell box, type f15 or select cell F15 (total profits for the year) on the worksheet. Make sure the Max option is selected. In the By changing cells box, type b11:e11 or select cells B11:E11 (the advertising budget for each of the four quarters) on the worksheet. Click Solve. n After you examine the results, click Restore original values and click OK to discard the results and return all cells to their former values. You've just asked Solver to solve a moderately complex nonlinear optimization problem; that is, to find values for the four unknowns in cells B11 through E11 that will maximize profits. (This is a nonlinear problem because of the exponentiation that occurs in the formulas in row 5). The results of this unconstrained optimization show that you can increase profits for the year to $79,706 if you spend $89,706 in advertising for the full year. However, most realistic modeling problems have limiting factors that you will want to apply to certain values. These constraints may be applied to the target cell, the changing cells, or any other value that is related to the formulas in these cells.

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Adding a Constraint So far, the budget recovers the advertising cost and generates additional profit, but you're reaching a point of diminishing returns. Because you can never be sure that your model of sales response to advertising will be valid next year (especially at greatly increased spending levels), it doesn't seem prudent to allow unrestricted spending on advertising. Suppose you want to maintain your original advertising budget of $40,000. Add the constraint to the problem that limits the sum of advertising during the four quarters to $40,000. n On the Tools menu, click Solver, and then click Add. The Add Constraint dialog box appears. In the Cell reference box, type f11 or select cell F11 (advertising total) on the worksheet. Cell F11 must be less than or equal to $40,000. The relationship in the Constraint box is <= (less than or equal to) by default, so you don't have to change it. In the box next to the relationship, type 40000. Click OK, and then click Solve. n After you examine the results, click Restore original values and then click OK to discard the results and return the cells to their former values. The solution found by Solver allocates amounts ranging from $5,117 in Q3 to $15,263 in Q4. Total Profit has increased from $69,662 in the original budget to $71,447, without any increase in the advertising budget. Changing a Constraint When you use Microsoft Excel Solver, you can experiment with slightly different parameters to decide the best solution to a problem. For example, you can change a constraint to see whether the results are better or worse than before. In the sample worksheet, try changing the constraint on advertising dollars to $50,000 to see what that does to total profits. n On the Tools menu, click Solver. The constraint, $F$11<=40000, should already be selected in the Subject to the constraints box. Click Change. In the Constraint box, change 40000 to 50000. Click OK, and then click Solve. Click Keep solver solution and then click OK to keep the results that are displayed on the worksheet. Solver finds an optimal solution that yields a total profit of $74,817. That's an improvement of $3,370 over the last figure of $71,447. In most firms, it's not too difficult to justify an incremental investment of $10,000 that yields an additional $3,370 in profit, or a 33.7% return on investment. This solution also results in profits of $4,889 less than the unconstrained result, but you spend $39,706 less to get there. Saving a Problem Model When you click Save on the File menu, the last selections you made in the Solver Parameters dialog box are attached to the worksheet and retained when you save the workbook. However, you can define more than one problem for a worksheet by saving them individually using Save Model in the Solver Options dialog box. Each problem model consists of cells and constraints that you entered in the Solver Parameters dialog box. When you click Save Model, the Save Model dialog box appears with a default selection, based on the active cell, as the area for saving the model. The suggested range includes a cell for each constraint plus three additional cells. Make sure that this cell range is an empty range on the worksheet. n On the Tools menu, click Solver, and then click Options. Click Save Model. In the Select model area box, type h15:h18 or select cells H15:H18 on the worksheet. Click OK.

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Note You can also enter a reference to a single cell in the Select model area box. Solver will use this reference as the upper-left corner of the range into which it will copy the problem specifications. To load these problem specifications later, click Load Model on the Solver Options dialog box, type h15:h18 in the Model area box or select cells H15:H18 on the sample worksheet, and then click OK. Solver displays a message asking if you want to reset the current Solver option settings with the settings for the model you are loading. Click OK to proceed.

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MENU

Vietnamese

Target cell Changing cells Constraints

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V d tng qut v chng trnh Solver trong Excel

Thng Tnh theo ma Doanh s bn hng Doanh thu bn hng Gi vn hng bn Li nhun gp Chi ph bn hng Chi ph qung co Chi ph Q.l KD Tng chi ph Li nhun HKD T sut li nhun n gi sn phm Chi ph sn xut Qu 1
0.9 3,592 $143,662 89,789 53,873 8,000

MENU

Qu 2
1.1 4,390 $175,587 109,742 65,845 8,000

Qu 3
0.8 3,192 $127,700 79,812 47,887 9,000

Qu 4
1.2 4,789 $191,549 119,718 71,831 9,000

Tng
15,962 $638,498 399,061 239,437 34,000

M mu

10,000
21,549 39,549

10,000
26,338 44,338 $21,507 12%

10,000
19,155 38,155 $9,732 8%

10,000
28,732 47,732 $24,099 13%

40,000
95,775 169,775 $69,662 11%

$14,324
10%

$40.00 $25.00

V d di y s ch cho bn bit hm Solver hot ng nh th no vi bi ton nu trn nhm gii quyt 1 gi tr hoc nhiu gi tr ti a hoc ti thiu ho gi tr khc, nhp & thay i Cc rng buc, khi lu li s lm thay i bi ton gc Hng 3 5 Cha gi tr Nhm chi ph c nh Gii thch Yu t ma v: Hng bn cao hn trong trong qu 2 & 4 thp hn Qu 1 & 3

=35*B3*(B11+3000)^0.5 Tnh ton s n v hng ho bn c trong mi qu: hng 3 - cha cc gi tr thay i do tnh cht ma v; hng 11 - l chi ph qung co =B5*$B$18 =B5*$B$19 =B6-B7 Nhm chi ph c nh Nhm chi ph c nh =0.15*B6 =SUM(B10:B12) =B8-B13 =B15/B6 Nhm chi ph c nh Nhm chi ph c nh Doanh thu bn hng: Tnh bng cch ly doanh s bn hng ( hng 5) nhn vi n gi sn phm (: B18) Gi vn: Tnh bng cch ly s sn phm bn c ( hng 5) nhn vi chi ph sn xut ra 1 sn phm ( B19) Li nhun gp: = Doanh thu bn hng (Hng 6) ( - ) tr i Gi vn hng bn (Hng 7) Chi ph bn hng Qu dnh cho qung co (khong 6.3% ca Tng doanh thu bn hng). Chi ph qun l kinh doanh: = Doanh thu bn hng (Hng 6) nhn vi 15% Tng chi ph: = Chi ph bn hng (hng 10) cng vi Chi ph qung co, cng vi chi ph qun l kinh doanh (Hng 12) Li nhun thun: = Li nhun gp (Hng 8) tr i Tng chi ph (Hng 13) T sut li nhun: = Li nhun thun (Hng 15) chia cho Tng doanh thu bn hng ( hng 6) n gi sn phm Chi ph sn xut cho 1 sn phm

6 7 8 10 11 12 13 15 16 18 19

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y l 1 bi ton marketing in hnh cho thy rng doanh s bn hng s tng da trn cc s liu chun (do cm quan ca ngi lm marketing)nh vic tng chi ph qung co, tuy nhin trong 1 s trng hp doanh thu c th gim. Ly v d, chi ph qung co trong qu 1 l 5000 $ v khong 1092 hng ho bn c, nhng vi mc 5000 $ qung co tip theo th ch c thm khong 775 SP bn c thi Bn c th s dng Solver tm ra liu Qu dnh cho qung co bao nhiu l ph hp, v liu qung co c nn thc hin nhng thi im khc nhau hay mi lc tn dng thun li t yu t ma v ca sn phm hay khng Gii quyt vn dng 1 gi tr ny Ti a ho gi tr khc C 1 cch gip bn s dng Solver xc nh gi tr ti a ca 1 bng tnh bng cch thay i gi tr trong 1 khc. iu kin l: Hai ny phi lin h vi nhau bi 1 cng thc trn bng tnh. Nu khng, s thay i gi tr ca 1 s khng lm thay i gi tr kia V d, trong bng tnh tng t, bn mun bit phi chi tiu bao nhiu cho qung co ti a ho li nhun trong Qu 1. Bn rt mun ti a ho li nhun bng vic thay i Ch ph qung co cho sn phm n Trn thanh cng c "Menu", chn Tool, chn tip "Solver". Trong "Set target cell", bn nh vo l "B15" hoc chn B15 (Li nhun ca Qu 1) trn bng tnh. La chn "Max", trong "By changing cell", nh vo "B11" hoc chn B11 (chi ph qung co dnh cho Qu 1) trn bng tnh. Chn "Solve" kt thc Bn s thy thng ip trn dng tiu chnh l vn c nu ra v ta s dng Solver gii quyt n. Sau 1 lc, bn s bit rng, Solver tm ra phng n. Solver cho ta thy Chi ph qung co ca Qu 1 l 17,093 $ v mc li nhun ti a thu c l 15,093 $ n Sau khi kim chng kt qu thu c, bn hy chn "Restore original values" (Tr li gi tr gc) v n "OK" loi b kt qu thu c B11, B11 s tr v gi tr trc Ci t cc la chn cho hm Solver Nu bn mun la chn li cc iu kin trong mc "Solver Parameters" bt u li 1 bi ton vi cc Rng buc khc, bn c th n vo "Reset All" (Lm li tt) X l 1 gi tr bng vic thay i nhiu gi tr khc Bn cng c th s dng Solver gii quyt bi ton vi nhiu gi tr, khi dng chng ti a hoc ti thiu gi tr khc. Ly v d, bn c th s dng "Qu dnh cho qung co: cho hng Qu" thu c li nhun tt nht cho c nm . Bi v Yu t ma v hng 3 c tnh ton lm thay i doanh s bn hng hng 5 theo 1 h s; n dng nh hp l nu bn s dng Qu chi ph qung co ca bn Qu 4 khi doanh s bn hng ang mc cao nht v thp hn Qu 3 khi doanh s bn hng ang mc thp nht. S dng Solver xc nh la chn ti u cho tng qu nh sau: n Chn "Tool" trn thanh Menu, chn tip Solver. Trong "Set target cell", nh vo F15 hoc chn F15 (Tng li nhun c nm) trn bng tnh. Bn tick chn vo la chn "Max" na. Trong "By changing cell", bn nh vo "B11:E11" hoc la chn cc B11:E11 (Qu chi ph qung co cho tng qu) trn bng tnh. Kt thc chn Solve. n Sau khi kim tra kt qu, chn "Restore original values" v nhn OK b kt qu thu c v tr li s liu ton b cc va ri nu bn khng thch kt qu tm ra Bn c th thc mc rng liu Solver c gii quyt c cc bi ton c cc S liu phc tp v khng c mi lin h trc tip hay khng, l, tm ra 4 gi tr cha bit trong B11 thng qua E11 v chc rng li nhun s l ti a. (y l 1 vn kh c c s bi n c lin h cp s nhn vi cc cng thc hng 5). Kt qu thu c c th l cha ti u v bn c th tng li nhun c nm ln mc 79,706 $ nu bn s dng Qu chi ph qung co l 89,706 $ cho c nm. Tuy vy, hu ht cc m hnh ti chnh gi nh u c cc yu t gii hn m bn i khi phi chp nhn 1 s liu mc sai s c th. Cc rng buc y c th c p dng cho mc tiu, cc cha gi tr thay i hoc 1 s gi tr khc c lin quan n cc cng thc trong cc ny.

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Tuy vy, hu ht cc m hnh ti chnh gi nh u c cc yu t gii hn m bn i khi phi chp nhn 1 s liu mc sai s c th. Cc rng buc y c th c p dng cho mc tiu, cc cha gi tr thay i hoc 1 s gi tr khc c lin quan n cc cng thc trong cc ny. Thm 1 rng buc Ngoi ra, ngun vn bao gm phn dnh cho chi ph qung co v 1 phn li nhun tng thm, nhng bn liu t ti ngng b gim li nhun hay cha. Bi v bn c th ko bo gio chc rng phng thc qung co ca bn cn hu dng trong nhng nng ti (c bit l khi c s tng thm tng i ca cc i th cnh tranh). Tht l mo him nu ch DN c chi tiu khng hn ch cho qung co. Gi s bn mun duy tr ngn sch qung co ban u l 40,000 $. Cng thm cc vn hn ch vic qung co trong 4 qu nn ta ch duy tr Chi ph dnh cho qung co ti a l 40,000 $ thui. n Trn mc "Tool" thanh cng c Menu, chn "Solver", sau chn "Add" (Thm). Bng cc rng buc (Add Constraint dialog box) s hin ra. Trong mc "Cell reference" in F11 hoc chn F11 (Tng chi ph dnh cho qung co) trn bng tnh. F11 phi nh hn hoc = 40,000 $. Mi quan h trong cc rng buc ny l du <= (nh hn hoc bng), v bn khng phi thay i n. Trong mc th hin cc mi lin h ny, in tip 40000. Chn "OK" v chn "Solve"

n Sau khi kim tra kt qu, chn "Restore original values" v "OK" nu hem thch KQ va tm c. Gii php tm c bng Solver cho thy lng tin thay i t $5,117 trong qu 3 n $15,263 trong Qu 4. Tng li nhun tng thm 69,662 $ so vi s tin gc l 71,447 $., m khng c s tng thm no ca Qu chi ph qung co c . Thay i 1 rng buc Khi bn dng "Microsoft Excel Solver", bn c th th vi s thay i nh cc thng s ca rng buc chng minh gi tr thu c tt nht sau khi dng Solver. V d, bn c th thay i 1 rng buc bit liu kt qu thu c c tt hn hoc t hn trc hay khng. Trong bng tnh tng t, bn th thay cc Rng buc trn Chi ph Qung co ln thnh 50,000 $ v xem xem Tng li nhun ca bn thay i nh th no :) n Trong mc "Tool" trn thanh Menu, chn "Solver". Vi rng buc: $F$11<=40000, s c chn trong "Subject to the constraints". Bn chn "Change", trong mc Constraint, thay i 40000 thnh 50000. Chn "OK" sau chn "Solve". n "Keep solver solution" v "OK" gi li kt qu ny v n s hin ln trn bng tnh.

Chng trnh Solver tm thy 1 kt qu ph hp l Tng li nhun 74,817 $. N ci thin mc li nhun c vi lng tng thm l 3,370 $ so vi mc LN c 71,447 $. Trong nhiu cng ty, iu ny khng kh xc nh liu u t thm 10,000 $ trong nm c thu c thm 3,370 $ LN nh tnh ton ny khng, hay nh vic tng thm 33,7% doanh thu nh khon u t ny. y l gii php cng cho thy rng, mc LN 4,889 $ thp hn mc LN b gii hn, nhng bn chi tiu s tin t hn l 39,706 $ y.

Lu li bi ton Khi bn chn "Save" trn thanh Menu, la chn cui cng bn lm trn bng "Solver Parameters" l lu km bng tnh v gi li bng tnh khi lu bi ton. Tuy nhin, bn c th xc nhn gi li hn 1 bi ton Solver cho 1 bng tnh bng vic lu chng cng lc khi dng "Save Modle" trong mc "Solver Option". Mi bi ton t ra bao gm cc v cc rng buc m bn nhp vo s c trong bng "Solver parameters"

Khi bn chn "Save Modle", bng "Save Model" s hin ra vi cc la chn c bn, da trn cc c s dng, ging nh cc vng lu trn bi ton. Vng ngh bao gm 1 cho mi rng buc cng vi 3 na. Bn phi chc chn rng cc c chn khng phi l rng trn bng tnh n Chn "Tool" trn thanh Menu, chn "Solver", sau chn Options. Chn Save Model (Lu m hnh). Trong hp "Select modle area", in vo H15:H18 hoc chn cc H15:H18 trn bng tnh. Nhn OK

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Chn "Tool" trn thanh Menu, chn "Solver", sau chn Options. Chn Save Model (Lu m hnh). Trong hp "Select modle area", in vo H15:H18 hoc chn cc H15:H18 trn bng tnh. Nhn OK Lu : Bn c th in 1 tham chiu ti 1 ring trong la chn M hnh .Solver s s dng tham chiu ny nh mt iu kin ti 1 vng v dng n loi b i cc gi tr c bit. cp nht cc gi tr c bit sau, chn "Load Molde" trong Option ca bng Solver in vo H15:H18 trong Model area hoc la chn cc H15:H18 trn bng tnh tng t v chn OK Solver s hin th 1 dng lnh hi bn liu c mun thay i cc la chn hin ti ca Solver thnh cc la chn bn ang cp nht hay ko ?. Nhn OK thc hin

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MENU

English

mc tiu Cc cha gi tr thay i Cc rng buc

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Example 1: Transportation Problem.

Minimize the costs of shipping goods from production plants to warehouses near metropolitan demand centers, while not exceeding the supply available from each plant and meeting the demand from each metropolitan area. Plants: S. Carolina Tennessee Arizona Totals: Demands by Whse --> Plants: S. Carolina Tennessee Arizona 310 260 280 Total 5 5 5 Number to ship from plant x to warehouse y (at intersection): San Fran Denver Chicago Dallas New York 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----------3 3 3 3 3 180 10 6 3 80 8 5 4 200 6 4 5 160 5 3 5 220 4 6 9 Color Coding

Supply Shipping costs from plant x to warehouse y (at intersection):

Shipping:

$83

$19

$17

$15

$13

$19

The problem presented in this model involves the shipment of goods from three plants to five regional warehouses. Goods can be shipped from any plant to any warehouse, but it obviously costs more to ship goods over long distances than over short distances. The problem is to determine the amounts to ship from each plant to each warehouse at minimum shipping cost in order to meet the regional demand, while not exceeding the plant supplies. Problem Specifications Target cell Changing cells Constraints B20 C8:G10 B8:B10<=B16:B18 C12:G12>=C14:G14 C8:G10>=0 Goal is to minimize total shipping cost. Amount to ship from each plant to each warehouse. Total shipped must be less than or equal to supply at plant. Totals shipped to warehouses must be greater than or equal to demand at warehouses. Number to ship must be greater than or equal to 0.

You can solve this problem faster by selecting the Assume linear model check box in the Solver Options dialog box before clicking Solve. A problem of this type has an optimum solution at which amounts to ship are integers, if all of the supply and demand constraints are integers.

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Vietnamese

Target cell Changing cells Constraints

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V d 1: Bi ton vn chuyn
Ti thiu kho chi ph vn chuyn hng ho t ni sn xut n cc kho bi gn cc trung tm th theo yu cu. Trong khi khng vt qu ngun cung cp sn c t cc nh my v p ng nhu cu ca mi khu vc trong th. Khu vc: S. Carolina Tennessee Arizona Tng cng: S tu n t cc nh my x n kho y (ti cc giao im): Tng cng San Fran Denver Chicago Dallas New York 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 ----------3 3 3 3 3 180 10 6 3 80 8 5 4 200 6 4 5 160 5 3 5 220 4 6 9

M mu

Nhu cu ca nh nhp khu (Cng ty Whse) => Khu vc: S. Carolina Tennessee Arizona 310 260 280

Cung cp Chi ph vn chuyn t cc nh my x n kho y (ti giao im):

Tng chi ph vn chuyn:

$83

$19

$17

$15

$13

$19

Vn th hin trn bi ton bao gm vic vn chuyn hng ho t 3 ni sn xut n 5 kho hng. Hng ho c th c vn chuyn ti bt k 1 kho hng no, nhng r rng l s tn chi ph hn cho tu i 1 qung di hn l i 1 qung ngn. Vn ny c xc nh bng s tin chi ph cho mi ln vn chuyn i t nh my x n kho y trong khu vc, trong khi khng c vt qu cc ngun cung cp ca nh my.

Lng ho bi ton mc tiu B20 Mc tiu l ti thiu Tng chi ph vn chuyn Lng tin chi cho vn chuyn mi chuyn hng t nh my n kho hng Tng chi ph vn chuyn phi nh hn hoc bng (<=) ngun cung ti nh my Tng chi ph vn chuyn ti kho bi phi ln hn hoc bng nhu cu ti kho S ln vn chuyn phi ln hn hoc bng 0

Cc cha gi tr thay i C8:G10 Cc rng buc B8:B10<=B16:B18 C12:G12>=C14:G14 C8:G10>=0

Bn c th gii quyt bi ton ny 1 cch nhanh chng bng vic la chn bng Assume linear model trong chng trnh Solver. Chn bng "Option" trc khi n Solve kt thc. Mt vn ca dng bi ton ny l cn ra 1 gii php ti u m lng tin chi cho vn chuyn l 1 bin, nu tt c cc rng buc v ngun cung v nhu cu cng l cc bin thay i

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mc tiu Cc cha gi tr thay i Cc rng buc

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Example 2: Product mix problem with diminishing profit margin.

Your company manufactures TVs, stereos and speakers, using a common parts inventory of power supplies, speaker cones, etc. Parts are in limited supply and you must determine the most profitable mix of products to build. But your profit per unit built decreases with volume because extra price incentives are needed to load the distribution channel.

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TV set Part Name Chassis Picture Tube Speaker Cone Power Supply Electronics Number to Build-> Inventory No. Used 450 200 250 100 800 500 450 200 600 400 By Product 100 1 1 2 1 2 Profits: $4,732

Stereo 100 1 0 2 1 1 $3,155

Speaker 100 0 0 1 0 1 $2,208

Color Coding

Diminishing Returns Exponent: 0.9

Total

$10,095

This model provides data for several products using common parts, each with a different profit margin per unit. Parts are limited, so your problem is to determine the number of each product to build from the inventory on hand in order to maximize profits. Problem Specifications Target Cell Changing cells Constraints D18 D9:F9 C11:C15<=B11:B15 D9:F9>=0 Goal is to maximize profit. Units of each product to build. Number of parts used must be less than or equal to the number of parts in inventory. Number to build value must be greater than or equal to 0.

The formulas for profit per product in cells D17:F17 include the factor ^H15 to show that profit per unit diminishes with volume. H15 contains 0.9, which makes the problem nonlinear. If you change H15 to 1.0 to indicate that profit per unit remains constant with volume, and then click Solve again, the optimal solution will change. This change also makes the problem linear.

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Vietnamese

Color Coding Target cell Changing cells Constraints

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V d 2: Sn xut hn hp nhiu sn phm ti a li nhun

Cng ty ca bn sn xut TV, m ly v loa, s dng t cc phn khc nhau ca hng tn kho nh b ngun cung cp in, nn loa, ..v..v... ph tng c cung cp hn ch v bn phi xc nh: Liu lp rp nh th no l sinh li nht. Tuy nhin, li nhun ca bn trn mt n v c lm ra b gim do gi thnh b i ln khi phi ti trn cc knh phn phi.

TV nguyn chic Tn b phn lp rp Khun n kim loi ng loa B ngun Thit b in S lng SP lm ra => Hng tn kho S lg s dng 450 200 250 100 800 500 450 200 600 400 T sn phm 100 1 1 2 1 2

m ly 100 1 0 2 1 1 $3,155

Loa 100 0 0 1 0 1 $2,208

H s tng quan gim li nhun 0.9

Li nhun:
$4,732

Tng LN $10,095
Bi ton cung cp d liu rng, nhiu sn phm c th c lp rp t cc thit b u vo c bn (l hng tn kho), mi thit b sau khi lp hon chnh li cho mc li nhun khc nhau. S thit b u vo l hu hn, v bi ton t ra l phi xc nh xem lp SP ny bao nhiu, SP kia bao nhiu s dng ti a cc Hng tn kho hin c Ti a ho li nhun. Lng ho bi ton mc tiu Cc cha gi tr thay i Cc rng buc D18 D9:F9 C11:C15<=B11:B15 D9:F9>=0 Mc ch l Ti a li nhun n v u vo lp nn 1 SP S b phn c dng phi nh hn hoc bng s b phn c trong Hng tn kho S b phn c dng phi ln hn hoc bng 0

Cc cng thc th hin li nhun ca tng thnh phm th hin trong cc D17:F17 bao gm h s tng quan H15. H15 cha gi tr 0.9, n th hin mi quan h tuyn tnh gia lng thit b u vo dng lp rp nn 1 SP v LN thu c t SP . Nu bn thay i H15 thnh 1.0 ch ra rng li nhun trn mt n v vn khng i vi lng b phn dng lp rp, v sau chn "Solve" mt ln na, nhng kt qu ti u s thay i. S thay i ny cng biu hin mi lin h gia s lng thit b trn 1 SP & LN thu c.

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English

M mu
mc tiu Cc cha gi tr thay i Cc rng buc

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Staff Scheduling

Example 3: Personnel scheduling for an Amusement Park.

For employees working five consecutive days with two days off, find the schedule that meets demand from attendance levels while minimizing payroll costs. Sch. A B C D E F G Days off Sunday, Monday Monday, Tuesday Tuesday, Wed. Wed., Thursday Thursday, Friday Friday, Saturday Saturday, Sunday Schedule Totals: Total Demand: Employees 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 32 Sun 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 24 22 Mon 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 24 17 Tue 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 24 13 Wed 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 22 14 Thu 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 20 15 Fri 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 22 18 Sat 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 28 24 Color Coding

Pay/Employee/Day: Payroll/Week:

$40

$1,280

The goal for this model is to schedule employees so that you have sufficient staff at the lowest cost. In this example, all employees are paid at the same rate, so by minimizing the number of employees working each day, you also minimize costs. Each employee works five consecutive days, followed by two days off. Problem Specifications Target cell Changing cells Constraints D20 D7:D13 D7:D13>=0 D7:D13=Integer F15:L15>=F17:L17 Possible schedules Rows 7-13 Goal is to minimize payroll cost. Employees on each schedule. Number of employees must be greater than or equal to 0. Number of employees must be an integer. Employees working each day must be greater than or equal to the demand. 1 means employee on that schedule works that day.

In this example, you use an integer constraint so that your solutions do not result in fractional numbers of employees on each schedule. Selecting the Assume linear model check box in the Solver Options dialog box before you click Solve will greatly speed up the solution process.

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Staff Scheduling

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Vietnamese

Color Coding Target cell Changing cells Constraints

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V d 3: Lp k hoch nhn s cho 1 cng vin gii tr

i vi nhn vin, h thng lm vic nm ngy lin tip vi hai ngy ngh. Vic ch ra lch lm vic cho cc nhn vin, p ng nhu cu ca tng cp nhn vin v gim ti thiu chi ph tin lng l 1 bi ton rt hay gp. Lch A B C D E F G Ngy ngh CN, Th 2 Th 2, th 3 Th 3, th 4 Th 4, th 5 Th 5, th 6 Th 6, th 7 Th 7, CN Tng s nhn vin Tng nhu cu S nhn s 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 32 CN 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 24 22 T2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 24 17 T3 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 24 13 T4 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 22 14 T5 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 20 15 T6 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 22 18 T7 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 28 24

M mu

Lng/ 1 nhn vin/ 1 ngy Lng/ 1 tun

$40

$1,280

Mc tiu cho bi ton ny xc nh lch lm vic cho cc nhn vin bn c nhn vin cho tng ngy (theo Tng nhu cu) c chi ph thp nht. Trong v d ny, tt c nhn vin c tr tin vi mc c nh (40 $); do , bng cch gim thiu s lng nhn vin lm vic mi ngy, bn cng gim thiu chi ph. Mi nhn vin lm vic nm ngy lin tip, theo sau hai ngy ngh. Excel ho bi ton mc tiu D20 Mc tiu l gim thiu chi ph lng S nhn vin cho 1 ngy lm vic S nhn vin phi ln hn hoc bng 0 S nhn vin l cc s nguyn S nhn vin lm trong ngy phi ln hn hoc bng so vi nhu cu nhn vin ca ngy 1 ngha l c s nhn vin lm vic ti ngy

Cc cha gi tr thay i D7:D13 Cc rng buc D7:D13>=0 D7:D13=Integer F15:L15>=F17:L17 Lch lm vic c th Rows 7-13

Trong v d ny, bn s dng rng buc cc s nguyn hn ch cc gii php khng ph hp vi lng nhn vin theo lch. Gi s chn bng Assume linear model check box v chn Solver trong bng trc khi bn bm vo "Solve" s y nhanh rt nhiu qu trnh gii bi ton.

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English

M mu
mc tiu Cc cha gi tr thay i Cc rng buc

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Example 4: Working Capital Management.

Determine how to invest excess cash in 1-month, 3-month and 6-month CDs so as to maximize interest income while meeting company cash requirements (plus safety margin). Yield 1.0% 4.0% 9.0% Month 1 $400,000 Term 1 3 6 Month 2 $205,000 100,000 1,000 100,000 10,000 10,000 75,000 $205,000 -290000 If you're a financial officer or a manager, one of your tasks is to manage cash and short-term investments in a way that maximizes interest income, while keeping funds available to meet expenditures. You must trade off the higher interest rates available from longer-term investments against the flexibility provided by keeping funds in short-term investments. This model calculates ending cash based on initial cash (from the previous month), inflows from maturing certificates of deposit (CDs), outflows for new CDs, and cash needed for company operations for each month. You have a total of nine decisions to make: the amounts to invest in one-month CDs in months 1 through 6; the amounts to invest in three-month CDs in months 1 and 4; and the amount to invest in six-month CDs in month 1. Problem Specifications Target cell Changing cells Constraints H8 B14:G14 B15, E15, B16 B14:G14>=0 B15:B16>=0 E15>=0 B18:H18>=100000 Goal is to maximize interest earned. Dollars invested in each type of CD. Investment in each type of CD must be greater than or equal to 0. Ending cash must be greater than or equal to $100,000. (10,000) $216,000 (20,000) $237,000 80,000 $158,400 50,000 $109,400 (15,000) $125,400 60,000 $187,700 100,000 Month 3 $216,000 100,000 1,000 100,000 Purchase CDs in months: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 1 and 4 1 Month 4 $237,000 110,000 1,400 100,000 10,000 Month 5 $158,400 100,000 1,000 100,000

1-mo CDs: 3-mo CDs: 6-mo CDs: Month: Init Cash: Matur CDs: Interest: 1-mo CDs: 3-mo CDs: 6-mo CDs: Cash Uses: End Cash:

Interest Earned: Total Month 6 $109,400 100,000 1,000 100,000

$7,700
End $125,400 120,000 2,300

The optimal solution determined by Solver earns a total interest income of $16,531 by investing as much as possible in six-month and three-month CDs, and then turns to one-month CDs. This solution satisfies all of the constraints. Suppose, however, that you want to guarantee that you have enough cash in month 5 for an equipment payment. Add a constraint that the average maturity of the investments held in month 1 should not be more than four months. The formula in cell B20 computes a total of the amounts invested in month 1 (B14, B15, and B16), weighted

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by the maturities (1, 3, and 6 months), and then it subtracts from this amount the total investment, weighted by 4. If this quantity is zero or less, the average maturity will not exceed four months. To add this constraint, restore the original values and then click Solver on the Tools menu. Click Add. Type b20 in the Cell Reference box, type 0 in the Constraint box, and then click OK. To solve the problem, click Solve. To satisfy the four-month maturity constraint, Solver shifts funds from six-month CDs to three-month CDs. The shifted funds now mature in month 4 and, according to the present plan, are reinvested in new three-month CDs. If you need the funds, however, you can keep the cash instead of reinvesting. The $56,896 turning over in month 4 is more than sufficient for the equipment payment in month 5. You've traded about $460 in interest income to gain this flexibility.

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Color Coding Target cell Changing cells Constraints

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V d 4: Qun l vn kinh doanh

Xc nh lm th no u t tin mt d tha trong cc chng ch tin gi (CCTG) 1 thng, 3 thng v 6 thng ti a thu nhp li sut; ng thi c tin mt trong cuc hp khi cng ty yu cu (cng vi c s an ton v li nhun thu c na) Li tc (li sut) 1.0% 4.0% 9.0% Thng 1 $400,000 K hn 1 3 6 Thng 2 $205,000 100,000 1,000 100,000 10,000 10,000 75,000 $205,000 (290,000) (10,000) $216,000 (20,000) $237,000 80,000 $158,400 50,000 $109,400 (15,000) $125,400 100,000 Thng 3 $216,000 100,000 1,000 100,000 Mua CCTG trong thng: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v6 1 v 4 1 Thng 4 $237,000 110,000 1,400 100,000 10,000 Thng 5 $158,400 100,000 1,000 100,000

Chng ch TG 1t: Chng ch TG 3t: Chng ch TG 6t: Thng: D tin mt: Mnh gi CCTG: Li sut CCTG 1t CCTG 3t CCTG 6t Tin chi trong k Tin cui k

Total Thng 6 $109,400 100,000 1,000 100,000

CDs = Certification of Deposit = Chng ch tin gi

Nu bn l mt chuyn vin ti chnh hoc l 1 nh qun l, mt trong nhng nhim v ca bn l qun l tin mt v cc hot ng u t ngn hn sao cho ti a ha c li nhun thu v, ng thi vn gi lng tin hin c p ng chi ph hot ng bnh thng ca cng ty. Bn phi cn bng cc khon u t sao cho thu c li sut cao nht c th t cc khon u t di hn hoc l ngn hn. Bi ton trn c tnh lng tin d cui k da trn lng tin mt d u k (T thng trc) v dng tin ra vo trong k t hot ng kinh doanh cc chng ch tin gi (CDs), dng tin ra khi mua CCTG mi v lng tin cn thit cty duy tr hot ng hng thng. Bn c 1 lot 9 quyt nh u t: u t tin vo 1 hoc nhiu CCTG c k hn 1, 3 & 6 thng; u t tin vo CCTG trong thng 1 v 4; v s tin u t vo CCTG k hn 6 thng trong thng 1 Lng ho bi ton mc tiu Cc cha gi tr thay i Cc rng buc H8 B14:G14 B15, E15, B16 B14:G14>=0 B15:B16>=0 E15>=0 B18:H18>=100000 Mc tiu l ti a ho li sut kim c S la u t vo mi loi CCTG Lng tin u t vo mi loi CCTG phi ln hn hoc bng 0 Lng tin mt cui k phi ln hn hoc bng 100,000 $

Gii php ti u c xc nh bi chng trnh Solver, th hin khon thu nhp li sut tng cng 16.531 $ kim c bng cch u t cng nhiu cng tt vo cc CCTG k hn 6 thng v 3 thng, phn cn li l u t vo CCTG 1 thng. Gii php ny p ng tt c cc rng buc nu ra trong bi.

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Gi s, nu nh bn mun m bo rng bn c tin mt trong thng 5 m bo kh nng chi tr cho cc trang thit b. Thm vo mt rng buc l k hn thanh ton trung bnh ca cc khon u t ca cng ty vo thng 1 khng c ln hn bn thng.

Cng thc ti B20 tnh tng cng s tin u t vo thng 1 (B14, B15, v B16), s tin u t bi cc trng s (1, 3, v 6 thng), v sau ta tr S tin ny cho tng mc u t, trng s 4. Nu s tin thu c l 0 hoc t hn 0, c ngha k hn u t trung bnh s khng ln hn 4 thng. gii quyt cc rng buc, bn ly li cc gi tr ban u v sau chn "Solver" trn "Tool" ca thanh Menu. Bm vo "Add" (Thm), nh vo B20 trong hp Cell Reference, g 0 vo hp "Constraint" (Rng buc), v sau nhn OK. gii quyt vn , nhp "Solve"

p ng c rng buc l "bn thng". Solver chuyn cc khon u t CCTG 6 thng thnh 3 thng. Cc khon tin c ti u t vi k hn 3 thng, p ng k hn u t l di 4 thng. Nu bn cn tin, bn c th gi tin mt thay v ti u t. Vic chuyn tin mt v vi gi tr l hn $ 56.896 trong thng 4 tha cho vic thanh ton cc trang thit b trong thng 5. Bn kim c khong 460 $ li nhun mong mun thng qua phi v ny.

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English

Interest Earned:

$7,700
Cui k $125,400 120,000 2,300 Cc cha gi tr thay i Cc rng buc 60,000 $187,700 mc tiu

M mu

Chng ch tin gi

qun l tin mt v cc n hin c p ng chi ph ut cao nht c th t cc

c) v dng tin ra vo trong ng tin cn thit cty duy tr

hng; u t tin vo CCTG

CCTG phi ln hn hoc

n hn hoc bng 100,000 $

cng 16.531 $ kim c i l u t vo CCTG 1

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g chi tr cho cc trang thit ty vo thng 1 khng c

bi cc trng s (1, 3, v 6 hoc t hn 0, c ngha k tr ban u v sau chn erence, g 0 vo hp

thnh 3 thng. Cc khon , bn c th gi tin mt thay c thanh ton cc trang thit b

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Example 5: Efficient stock portfolio.

Find the weightings of stocks in an efficient portfolio that maximizes the portfolio rate of return for a given level of risk. This worksheet uses the Sharpe single-index model; you can also use the Markowitz method if you have covariance terms available. Risk-free rate Market rate Beta Stock A Stock B Stock C Stock D T-bills Total 0.80 1.00 1.80 2.20 0.00 6.0% 15.0% ResVar 0.04 0.20 0.12 0.40 0.00 Market variance Maximum weight Weight 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 100.0% Return *Beta 0.160 0.200 0.360 0.440 0.000 1.160 3.0% 100.0% *Var. 0.002 0.008 0.005 0.016 0.000 0.030 Variance Color Coding

Portfolio Totals:
Maximize Return: A21:A29 16.44% 5 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

16.4%

7.1%

Minimize Risk: D21:D29 7.08% 5 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

One of the basic principles of investment management is diversification. By holding a portfolio of several stocks, for example, you can earn a rate of return that represents the average of the returns from the individual stocks, while reducing your risk that any one stock will perform poorly. Using this model, you can use Solver to find the allocation of funds to stocks that minimizes the portfolio risk for a given rate of return, or that maximizes the rate of return for a given level of risk. This worksheet contains figures for beta (market-related risk) and residual variance for four stocks. In addition, your portfolio includes investments in Treasury bills (T-bills), assumed to have a risk-free rate of return and a variance of zero. Initially equal amounts (20 percent of the portfolio) are invested in each security. Use Solver to try different allocations of funds to stocks and T-bills to either maximize the portfolio rate of return for a specified level of risk or minimize the risk for a given rate of return. With the initial allocation of 20 percent across the board, the portfolio return is 16.4 percent and the variance is 7.1 percent. Problem Specifications Target cell Changing cells Constraints E18 E10:E14 E10:E14>=0 Goal is to maximize portfolio return. Weight of each stock. Weights must be greater than or equal to 0.

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E16=1 G18<=0.071 Beta for each stock Variance for each stock B10:B13 C10:C13

Weights must equal 1. Variance must be less than or equal to 0.071.

Cells D21:D29 contain the problem specifications to minimize risk for a required rate of return of 16.4 percent. To load these problem specifications into Solver, click Solver on the Tools menu, click Options, click Load Model, select cells D21:D29 on the worksheet, and then click OK until the Solver Parameters dialog box is displayed. Click Solve. As you can see, Solver finds portfolio allocations in both cases that surpass the rule of 20 percent across the board. You can earn a higher rate of return (17.1 percent) for the same risk, or you can reduce your risk without giving up any return. These two allocations both represent efficient portfolios. Cells A21:A29 contain the original problem model. To reload this problem, click Solver on the Tools menu, click Options, click Load Model, select cells A21:A29 on the worksheet, and then click OK. Solver displays a message asking if you want to reset the current Solver option settings with the settings for the model you are loading. Click OK to proceed.

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Color Coding Target cell Changing cells Constraints

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V d 5: Ti u danh mc u t c phiu
Tm t trng u t ca cc c phiu trong mt danh mc u t hiu qu nhm ti a ho li nhun v gim ti thiu ri ro ca danh mc n mt mc nht nh no . Bi ton di y, s dng M hnh ch s n Sharpe; bn cng c th s dng phng php Markowitz (Mc-k-Ut) nu bn c th tnh c hip phng sai (Corvariance = Cov(x,y,z....))

Li sut phi ri ro Li sut th trng H s Beta C phiu A C phiu B C phiu C C phiu D Tn phiu kho bc Tng cng 0.80 1.00 1.80 2.20 0.00

6.0% 15.0% ResVar 0.04 0.20 0.12 0.40 0.00

bin thin ca li sut th trng T trng ti a T trng 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 100.0% Li nhun *Beta 0.160 0.200 0.360 0.440 0.000 1.160

3.0% 100.0% *Var. 0.002 0.008 0.005 0.016 0.000 0.030

Variance - Phng sai

Tng LN ca danh mc
Li nhun ti a: A21:A29 16.44% 5 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

16.4%

7.1%

Ri ro ti thiu: D21:D29 7.08% 5 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

Mt trong nhng nguyn tc c bn khi qun l danh mc u t l phi a dng ha ("Ko nn b trng 1 r"). Bng cch gi mt danh mc u t ca mt s c phiu, theo , bn c th kim c li nhun trung bnh i din cho c danh mc , trong qu trnh u t th bn phi lun gim ri ro ca danh mc bng cch loi b i cc c phiu km tim nng. S dng bi ton ny, bn c th s dng Solver xem nn u t vo c phiu no vi s lng bao nhiu t c c danh mc vi ri ro thp nht v li nhun cao nht. (H s Beta o lng ri ro ring ca tng loi c phiu) Bng tnh ny c cha cc s liu v H s ri ro Beta (cc ri ro phi h thng tc ng ln CP) phng sai ( bin thin) d bo ca 4 c phiu. Ngoi ra, danh mc u t ca bn cn bao gm u t vo Tn phiu kho (T-bills) y l danh mc chng khon c Ri ro = 0 nhng LN thp. Ban u s tin u t vo mi loi chng khon l tng ng nhau (t trng mi loi l 20%). S dng Solver th phn b theo t l khc nhau cc c phiu v Tn phiu kho bc trong danh mc u t ti a ha li nhun v gim thiu ri ro n mt t l nht nh. T trng u t ban u l 20%. LN ban u ca danh mc l 16,4% v phng sai l 7,1%. Lng ho bi ton mc tiu E18 Mc tiu l ti a ho li nhun ca danh mc

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Cc cha gi tr thay i Cc rng buc

E10:E14 E10:E14>=0 E16=1 G18<=0.071

T trng ca mi c phiu T trng u t phi ln hn hoc = 0. T trng phi = 1. Phng sai phi nh hn hoc = 0.071.

H s Beta ca mi c phiu Phng sai ca mi c phiu

B10:B13 C10:C13

Cc D21: D29 cha gi tr chi tit gim thiu ri ro nhm c c li nhun yu cu 16,4 %. a cc yu cu ny vo trong chng trnh Solver, nhp Solver trn menu Tools, chn "Option", chn "Load Model", chn cc D21: D29 trn bng tnh, v sau nhn OK cho n khi Solver Parameters hin th. Nhp Solve. Nh bn thy, Solver tm ra danh mc u t trong c hai trng hp vt qua t trng 20% ban u t ra ca ngi qun l danh mc. Bn c th kim c mt t l li nhun cao hn (17,1 %) t danh mc u t vi ri ro cao, hoc bn c th gim ri ro v chp nhn mc LN yu cu. C 2 danh mc u t hiu qu c la chn. Cc A21: A29 cha m hnh bi ton gc. a li vn ny, nhp chut vo thanh Tools Solver, chn "Options", chn "Load Model", chn cc A21:A29 trn bng tnh v nhp "OK" Solver s hin th mt thng bo yu cu nu bn mun ci li cc thit lp ty chn. Chng trnh Solver hin ti vi cc ci t cho bi ton bn ang nhp. Nhn OK thc hin ci t ny.

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v gim ti thiu ri ro e; bn cng c th s e = Cov(x,y,z....))

M mu
mc tiu Cc cha gi tr thay i Cc rng buc

ng 1 r"). Bng cch gi mt danh danh mc , trong qu trnh u

ao nhiu t c c danh mc )

hng sai ( bin thin) d bo y l danh mc chng khon c Ri ng mi loi l 20%).

c u t ti a ha li nhun v c l 16,4% v phng sai l 7,1%.

i nhun ca danh mc

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n hn hoc = 0.

n hoc = 0.071.

a cc yu cu ny vo trong D21: D29 trn bng tnh, v sau u t trong c hai trng hp

n c th gim ri ro v chp nhn

ver, chn "Options", chn "Load

olver hin ti vi cc ci t cho bi

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Example 6: Value of a resistor in an electrical circuit.

Find the value of a resistor in an electrical circuit that will dissipate the charge to 1 percent of its original value within one-twentieth of a second after the switch is closed. Switch-> q0 = q[t] = t= L= C= R= 9 volts 0.09 volts 0.05 seconds 8 henrys 0 farads 300 ohms Color Coding

Battery

Capacitor (C)

Inductor (L)

Resistor (R) 1/(L*C) (R/(2*L))^2 SQRT(B15-B16) COS(T*B17) -R*T/(2*L) Q0*EXP(B19) 1250 351.56 29.97 0.07 -0.94 3.52

q[t] =

0.25

This model depicts an electrical circuit containing a battery, switch, capacitor, resistor, and inductor. With the switch in the left position, the battery charges the capacitor. When the switch is thrown to the right, the capacitor discharges through the inductor and the resistor, both of which dissipate electrical energy. Using Kirchhoff's second law, you can formulate and solve a differential equation to determine how the charge on the capacitor varies over time. The formula relates the charge q[t] at time t to the inductance L, resistance R, and capacitance C of the circuit elements. Use Solver to pick an appropriate value for the resistor R (given values for the inductor L and the capacitor C) that will dissipate the charge to one percent of its initial value within one-twentieth of a second after the time the switch is thrown. Problem Specifications Target cell Changing cell Constraints G15 G12 D15:D20 Goal is to set to value of 0.09. Resistor. Algebraic solution to Kirchhoff's law.

This problem and solution are appropriate for a narrow range of values; the function represented by the charge on the capacitor over time is actually a damped sine wave.

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Vietnamese

Color Coding Target cell Changing cells Constraints

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V d 6: Tnh ton gi tr ca 1 in tr trong 1 mch in

Tm gi tr ca mt in tr trong mt mch in s gip tit gim lng in tiu th cho 1% gi tr ban u trong vng 1/20 ca giy th 2 sau khi ngt mch in. Kho (Cng tc)-> q0 = q[t] = t= L= C= R= 9 Vn 0.09 Vn 0.05 Giy 8 Henri 0 farads 300 m

M mu

Ngun in

T in (C)

in cm (L)

in tr (R) 1/(L*C) (R/(2*L))^2 SQRT(B15-B16) COS(T*B17) -R*T/(2*L) Q0*EXP(B19) 1250 351.56 29.97 0.07 -0.94 3.52

q[t] =

0.25

M hnh ny m t mt mch in c cha pin, cng tc, t in, in tr, v in cm. Vi s chuyn i v tr tri, pin np cho cc t in. Khi cng tc chuyn sang bn phi, cc t in truyn in qua in cm v cc in tr v cc in tr, c hai u tiu th nng lng in. S dng quy lut Kirchhoff 2, bn c th xy dng v gii quyt mt phng trnh vi phn xc nh cch tnh lng in tiu ph trn t v nhng thay i theo thi gian. Cng thc lin quan n lng in tiu th q [t] vo thi gian t L t cm, in tr R, v in dung C ca mch. S dng Solver tm ra mt gi tr thch hp cho in tr R (cc gi tr cho L - in cm v t C) lm mt i 1% lng in hao ph trong vng 1/20s sau khi kho K ngt. Lng ho bi ton mc tiu Cc cha gi tr thay i Cc rng buc G15 G12 D15:D20 Mc tiu l t c gi tr 0.09 in tr Gii php mch theo quy lut ca Kirchhoff

Vn trong bi ton v gii php thch hp cho mt phm vi hp ca cc gi tr; chc nng i din l in tiu th trn t in theo thi gian tun theo 1 tn s dng sng gim dn hnh Sin

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English

mc tiu Cc cha gi tr thay i Cc rng buc

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