Cch c v cch vit tn Latin

CCH C TN LATINH Xun Cm - Ging vin H Hu

Trong qua trinh trao i, hi thoai v nhng thng tin sinh hoc du bng bt ky ting nc nao trn th gii, l taxon thc vt, ng vt bng ting Latin. Phat m khng chun xac cung d gy hiu lm, co khi t mt loa ngi nghe hiu n mt loai khac, thm chi co khi h khng th nhn ra c la loai gi mc du loai mun n vy, vic phat m chun xac ting Latin l mt yu cu thit thc i vi nhng ai quan tm n lnh vc ph Nhm gp phn gip cc bn thc hin mc ch va nu, ti xin gii thiu cch pht m ting Latin nh sau I. Cac nguyn m Hinh thai ch Vit Vit hoa thng A a E e I i J i O o U u Y y

Tn gi a i ita u ipxilon

Pht m a i i u u (m Phap)

V d anatomia, aqua, camphora, tabella cera, arteria, cerebrum, ceratus, cicade iecur, labium. liber, digitalis, meninx jodum, injectio, jus, jocur collum, ovum, dosis, mono, hetero anus, nervus, maximum, caecum oxygenium, larynx, hybridus

II. Cac nguyn m kep Trong ting Latinh co 4 nguyn m kep co cach phat m ring, nhng nhiu trng hp do thoi quen ngi ta ting Phap, iu nay khin ngi nghe hiu nhm qua mt nguyn m khac, t o co th hiu sai ngha thut nhm mt taxon sinh vt. 1. Nguyn m kep ae: phat m nh m [e] trong ting Vit Vi du: saepe (nhiu khi), aeger (m au), aether (ete), aetheroleum (tinh du), aequalis (bng), aequivalens 2. Nguyn m kep oe: phat m nh m [] trong ting Vit Vi du: foetus (thai), oedema (bnh phu), oenanthe (cy rau cn), ... 3. Nguyn m kep au: do thoi quen theo m Phap, nhiu ngi phat m m nay nh m [] ting Vit, khin nguyn m o. Bi vy phai chu y phat m chun va cach phat m ung cho m nay la nh m [au] trong ting Vi du: aurum (vang kim), aureus (nh vang kim), auris (tai), auricula (tai nho), aurantium (qua cam) ... 4. Nguyn m kep eu: phai c phat m nh m [u] trong ting Vit, nhng do thoi quen theo m Phap, n thanh m [] khin ngi nghe nhm vi nguyn m kep oe Vi du: euglena (Trung mt), eucalyptus (cy Bach an), leucaena (cy Keo du), Melaleuca leucadendra cu), seu (hoc)...

Lu y: a, o khng phai la nguyn m kep, khi phat m phai tach thanh 2 m: a: phat thanh a - o: phat thanh - III. Cac phu m Hinh thai ch Tn goi Vit hoa Vit thng B b b C c x D F G H K L M N P Q R S T V X Z d F g h k l m n p q r s t v x z epph gh ht ca enl emm enn p cu err etx t v ichx dta Phat m b C x ph g h c l m n p q(u): qu r x, d t x v kx kd d Vi du bonus, borax, botanica, bufo camphora, collum, corolla caecum, cera, coena, cerebrum dosis, deformis, divisio, duodenum facies, fel, finis, flos, folium, functio ganglion, gaster, gemma, giganteus herba, homo, hora, hybridus kaolinum, keratoma, kola labium, larynx, levis, liber, locus maximum, meninx, minimum, mutatio nasus, nervus, nomen, numero pancreas, penicillinum, pestis, porcus quadruplex, quercus, quinque radix, recipe, rosa, ruber saccharum, semen, solutio sinensis, plasma, dosis, mensa taenia, terra, tinctura, toxinum, tuber solutio, natio, scientia vaccinia, variolla, vesper, virus simplex, thorax, xanthomonas exemplum, maxima zanthoxylum, zea, protozoa

IV. Cac phu m kep 1. Nhng phu m kep phat ra mt m 1.1. Phu m kep ch: la phu m kep co ngun gc Hilap (X, x: khi), nn phat m theo m Hilap, nh [kh] tron Vi du: charta (giy), character (tinh cht), chemia (hoa hoc), chlorophyllum (dip luc t), cholera arachis (cy lac, u phung)... 1.2. Phu m kep ph: cung co ngun gc Hilap (,: phi), nn phat m nh m [ph] trong ting Vit. Vi du: pharmacia (tim thuc), pharmacologia (dc ly hoc), pharmacopola (ngi ban thuc), philosophia (trit hoc), calophyllum (cy mu u)... 1.3. Phu m kep rh: phat m nh m [r] co rung li.

Vi du: rheum (cy ai hoang), rheumatismus (t thp), rhizoma (thn r), diarrhoea (bnh tiu chay), 1.4. Phu m kep th: la phu m kep co ngun gc Hilap (, : thta), nn phat m theo m Hilap, nh m [th] nhin, do thoi quen phat m ting Phap nn nhiu ngi a phat thanh m [t]. Vi du: thea (cy Che), theatrum (nha hat), theophylinum (theophylin), anthera (bao phn), thermometrum thymus (tuyn c)... 2. Phu m kep va phat ra 1 m va phat ra 2 m: o la phu m kep sc, tuy thuc nguyn m theo sau ma sau: Phat thanh 1 m nh m [s] trong ting Vit khi ng trc cac nguyn m e, i, y, ae, eu, oe. Vi du: scelus (ti ac), scientia (kin thc, khoa hoc), scyphus (cc ung ru). Phat thanh 2 m [xk] khi ng trc cac nguyn m o, u, au, ai, oi. Cn nh rng khi phat m trong trng h yu va lt nhanh cho m c thanh m chinh. Vi du: sclera (cung mac), scrotum (biu), sculptura (ngh thut iu khc)... 3. Nhng phu m kep phat ra 2 m, nhng phu m sau manh va dai hn. Vi du: agricultura (nng nghip), atrophia (s teo), fabriqua (cu truc), chlorophylla (dip luc t), (thuc nc ma), pneumonia (bnh vim phi), primus (th nht), classis (lp), crystallus (bao t), tabletta (thuc phin)... ps la phu m kep co ngun gc Hilap (, : pxi), c phat m la [px], vi du nh Pseudopoda (loai Sao la)... 4. Phu m ghep c bit Cac phu m n "n" va "g" khi i lin nhau cn c lu y rng: a. Khi chung ghep thanh "ng": tng nh phu m kep, nhng tht ra y khng phai la phu m kep, khi phat mt, n cho m tit trc va g cho m tit sau. Vi du: lingua (ngn ng) phat m thanh lin-gua fungus (nm) phat m thanh fun-gus mangifera (cy xoai) phat m thanh man-gifera unguentum (thuc bi deo) phat m thanh un-guentum... b. Khi chung ghep thanh "gn": co hai trng hp: ng u t: la mt phu m kep Vi du: Gnetum (cy Dy gm) ng gia t: phat m tach ri 2 phu m ra, phu m g cho m tit trc va phu m n cho m tit sau. Do tho Phap nn nhiu ngi phat m 2 phu m nay nh phu m kep nh trong ting Vit. Vi du: lignum (g), lignosus (cng nh g), magnesium (manh)... V. Nhng nguyn m va phu m co cach phat m cn lu y Co mt s nguyn m va phu m co cach phat m c bit cn c lu y, thng thng do thoi quen phat m Phap khin mt s ngi hay nhm ln. 1. Nguyn m i va j: tuy co cach vit khac nhau nhng ca hai u cung mt cach phat m la [i]. Do vy co th khac nhng vn ng nht cach oc.

Vi du: iod co th vit iodum hay jodum Tng t nh th, ch j trong cac t sau y u c phat m la [i]: jecur (gan), jecuroleum (du gan), jecuroleum jecuris aselli (du gan ca thu), jus (nc ep), 2. Nguyn m y: la mt nguyn m gc Hilap (Y, u: ipxilon) c Latinh hoa, phai phat m nh nguyn m nhng co le do thoi quen va cung co th do d phat m hn ma ngi ta a phat m trai thanh [i[. Vi du: Tt ca cac nguyn m y trong cac t sau y u phai c phat m chun nh m [u] cua ting Phap: (lai tao), glycogenum (glycogen), hydroxidum (hidroxit), hydragyrum (thuy ngn)... 3. Phu m c: co hai cach phat m khac nhau: a. Phat m nh m [k] ting Vit khi no ng trc cac nguyn m a, o, u Vi du: calyx (ai hoa), camphora (long nao), collum (c), cor (tim), cubitus (khuyu tay), collenchyma b.Phat m nh m [x] ting Vit khi no ng trc cac nguyn m i, e, y, ae, oe Vi du: centum (mt trm), cerebrum (nao), ceratus (co sap), citratus (mui chanh), cicade (ve su), chen), caecum (manh trang), coena (ba n chiu)... 4. Phu m g: phat m nh m [gh] ting Vit trong moi trng hp. Tuy nhin cung co ngi quen phat m n Phap vi 1 s trng hp. Vi du: ganglion (hach), geminatus (sinh i), gemma (chi, bup), glycogenium (glycogen), digitalis 5. Phu m q: khng i mt minh, mun phat m c no phai i kem vi nguyn m u tao thanh phu m c nh m [qu] trong ting Vit. Vi du: aqua (nc), quercus (cy si), quisqualis (cy s qun t)... 6. Phu m r: khi phat m phai rung li. Vi du: ren (thn), resina (nha), rosa (hoa hng), ruber (mau o), spora (bao t)... 7. Phu m s: co hai cach phat m: a. Phat m nh [d] ting Vit khi no bi kep gia hai nguyn m hoc gia mt nguyn m va phu m Vi du: plasma (huyt tng), gargarisma (thuc suc ming), sinensis ( Trung quc), tonkinensis (nha)... b. Phat m nh m [x] ting Vit i vi nhng trng hp con lai. Vi du: saepe (nhiu khi), saccharum (mia), simplex (gian n), spora (bao t), stigma (num nhuy), semen (hat), sucrosum (ng)... 8. Phu m t: co hai cach phat m: a. Phat m nh m [x] ting Vit khi no ng trc nguyn m i ma sau nguyn m i lai co thm mt nguyn Vi du: natio (quc gia), copulatio (s giao hp), dehiscentia (s nt ne), factitius (nhn tao), aurantium b. Phat m nh m [t] cua ting Vit khi kt cu nh trn nhng co thm mt trong 3 phu m Vi du: ustio (s t chay), mixtio (s trn ln), poinsettia (cy Trang nguyn)... c. Nhng trng hp con lai u c phat m nh m [t] ting Vit.

Vi du: asteria (ng mach), costa (xng sn), stomata (khi khng), taenia (san dy), tunica (ao)... 9. Phu m x: co hai cach phat m: a. Phat m [kz]khi no bi kep gia hai nguyn m. Vi du: exemplar (ban), exemplum (vi du), maximum (cc ai), maxilla (ham trn)... b. Phat m [kx] nhng trng hp con lai. Vi du: radix (r), meninx (mang nao), extractum (cao)... 10. Phu m z: la mt phu m co ngun gc Hilap (Z, : zta), ngoai ra trong ting Latinh nhiu luc cung tn ngun gc ting c. Trong mi trng hp u co cach phat m ring. a. Nu ngun gc ting Hilap thi c phat m [z] Vi du: zea (cy ng), rhizoma (thn r), rhizobium (nm r)... b. Nu ngun gc ting c thi phat m [tx] Vi du: zincum (kem) 11. Phu m w: Trong b mu ch cai ting Latinh khng co phu m w, nhng do yu cu xy dng nhng th ta a a thm no vao. Cach phat m tuy thuc ngun gc thut ng co cha phu m w. a. Nu ngun gc ting c thi phat m nh m [v] ting Vit. b. Nu ngun gc ting Anh, My thi phat m nh m [w] cua ting Anh CCH VIT TN LATINH

Trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu cc dc liu c ngun gc thc vt, sinh vin ngnh Dc v cn b thng xuyn tip cn tn khoa hc ca cc dc liu v cy dc liu. Tn khoa hc ca c hai thnh phn va ni thuc phm tr danh php, nn lun tun th nguyn tc quc t gm c nguyn tc v t tn thuc v nguyn tc t tn cy. Mt khc, do danh php s dng ting Latin, n tun th nguyn tc ng php ca ting Latin. Chnh v nhng yu cu nghim ngt khin cho nhng ng quan tm cc nguyn tc ni trn d nhm ln khi s dng ti liu. Thc t cho thy, cng c mt s ti liu trong cch vit tn dc liu v tn cy dc liu, c l phn ln do li in n. Nh vy, tt hn ht, trc khi thm nhp nghin cu tn dc liu v tn cy dc liu, ngi hc nn bit: I. Nguyn tc vit tn Latin cc dc liu c ngun gc tho dc Trong thc t, tn Latin mt dc liu c th c vit theo mt trong bn dng sau: 1. Dng th nht: Danh t ch dng thuc vit th ch cch (nominativus) + tn chi cy dc liu vit th (genitivus). V d: Herba ocimi (Hng nhu) Trong : - herba: thn tho, c hiu l ton thn cy tho; - ocimi: s hu cch ca Ocimum, tn khoa hc ca chi Hng nhu. Dng ny khng c th, v c trng hp nhiu loi cy dc liu cng chi thc vt c th dng thay nhau v ng, c tc dng dc hc gn ging nhau; nhng cng rt nhiu trng hp cc loi cng chi c tc dng d cha c nghin cu, rt d gy nhm ln. V d: Nu ch vit Radix angelicae th ngi s dng khng r l Bch ch hay ng qui. Hai v thuc ny c

khc nhau trong chi Angelica. Trng hp ny phi vit theo dng th hai di y. 2. Dng th hai: Danh t ch dng thuc vit th ch cch + tn loi cy dc liu vit th s hu cch. V d 1: Radix stemonae tuberosae (Bch b) Trong : - radix: r cy - stemonae tuberosae: s hu cch ca Stemona tuberosa, tn khoa hc ca cy Bch b. V d 2: Radix angelicae dahuricae (Bch ch) Trong : - angelicae dahuricae: s hu cch ca Angelica dahurica, tn khoa hc ca cy Bch ch. V d 3: Radix angelicae sinensis (ng qui) Trong : - angelicae sinensis: s hu cch ca Angelica sinensis, tn khoa hc ca cy ng qui 3. Dng th ba: Danh t ch dng thuc vit th ch cch + tn chi cy dc liu vit th s hu cch + ca dng thuc. V d 1: Lignum aquilariae resinatum (G c nha ca cy D trm) Trong : - lignum: g - resinatum: c nha (tnh t ging trung, b ngha cho lignum) - aquilariae: s hu cch ca Aquilaria, tn khoa hc ca chi D (D trm). V d 2: Semen vignae praeparatum (Ht ca cy u en ch) Trong : - semen: ht - praeparatum: c ch (tnh t ging trung, b ngha cho semen) - vignae: s hu cch ca Vigna, tn khoa hc ca chi u en. 4. Dng th t: Danh t ch dng thuc vit th ch cch + tn loi cy dc liu vit th s hu cch + ca dng thuc. V d: Radix rehmanniae glutinosae praeparata (R cy a hong ch) Trong : - radix: r cy - praeparata: c ch (tnh t ging ci, b ngha cho radix) - rehmanniae glutinosae: s hu cch ca Rehmannia glutinosa, tn khoa hc ca cy a hong Danh t ch dng thuc thng ch mt b phn, c quan ca cy dc liu. Nhng cng c nhiu trng hp khc nhau ca cng mt loi cy c dng lm thuc, lc trong tn dc liu s xut hin cng lc nhiu Cc danh t c th c lit k theo dng dng du phy, hoc lin t Latin "et", tt c u c vit th Gemma et cortex psidii: bp v v cy i. Cc danh t cng c th c ni nhau bi mt gii t Latin, l t phi c vit th to cch (ablativus), v d: Flos cum folio daturae: Hoa cng vi l cy C c dc ( cum folium c). Cng c khi phi dng danh t kp ch dng thuc th danh t chnh vit th ch cch, danh t b ngha v d: Cortex licii radicis hoc Cortex radicis licii:a ct b, v r cy Cu k. Trong tn dc liu, tn khoa hc ca cy dc liu chuyn sang th s hu cch, v mt ng php ng, khng cn l danh php loi, theo ti khng nn vit hoa. (Nhiu ti liu vn vit hoa, nh vy l khng ng lut ng php Latin. C l do thi quen vit hoa nhn tng cm t, mt s ti liu ting Anh vit hoa c tnh ng. Tuy nhin, chng ta cn phn nh r vn pho phong ting Latin).

Khi chng ta chuyn ng tn dc liu th tn cy li tr v th ch cch, lc y mi vit hoa. V d: Radix stemonae tuberosae R cy Bch b Stemona tuberosa The root of Stemona tuberosa II. Nguyn tc vit tn Latin cy dc liu: Tn khoa hc cc cy dc liu phi c vit theo nguyn tc quc t v t tn thc vt. Nguyn tc l: 1. Tn chi: l mt danh t lun c vit hoa th ch cch. 2. Tn loi: L mt tp hp hai t, trong t th nht l tn chi, t th hai l tnh ng khoa hc ch c im hoa. T th hai c th l danh t hoc tnh t. Nu l danh t th c hai kh nng: - Danh t ng v (cng ngha hoc c ngha gn) vi danh t ch tn chi: c vit th ch cch. V d:

Cinnamomum cassia (Qu) Areca catechu (Cau) Danh t khng ng v vi danh t ch tn chi: phi vit th s hu cch. Lc ny d n bt ngun t tn n cng khng vit hoa (v khng cn l danh t ring). V d:

Pueraria thomsonii (Sn dy) Nu l tnh t (c th tnh t nguyn cp hay tnh t so snh) th phi vit hp ging vi danh t ch t V d:

Taraxacum officinalis (B cng anh Trung Quc) Zingiber officinale (Gng) 3. Nguyn tc trch dn tn tc gi: m bo tnh chnh xc, sau tn khoa hc ca chi hay loi cn yu cu vit km tn tc gi cng b. C th hoc cng lc tn ca nhiu ngi. Cc tn ny thng c vit tt. trnh nhm ln, lut quc t v t tn thc vt qui nh: Trong vn bn vit tay hoc nh my ch, tn l chn, tn tc gi khng gch. Trong vn bn nh my vi tnh hoc in offset, tn loi phi c in nghing, c

Thut ng chi "ging" trong phn loi sinh vt

Khi hc tp, nghin cu phn loi hc sinh vt, mt phm tr khng th b qua c l "Nguyn tc phn lo dung c bn v quan trng ca nguyn tc phn loi l "Bc phn loi", trong bc loi c gi l bc ph quc t (vit bng ting Latin) dnh cho bc ny l species. Ngoi thut ng quc t , s c rt nhiu thut nh khoa hc chuyn ngnh ca tng quc gia chn. Chng hn nh thut ng ting Vit l "loi", ting Anh l "espce" Mt bc phn loi trn bc loi c vit bng ting Latin l "genus", trong khi cc nh khoa hc trn th gi Anh l "genus", ting Php l "genre", th cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam khng ng nht khi chn mt thu ng. Cc nh phn loi hc thc vt dng thut ng "chi", cc nh phn loi hc ng vt dng thut ng "

Chnh y l kha cnh chng ti mun trao i. Sinh vin khi c hc cng lc c hai mn hc "phn loi t

ng vt" khng khi bn khon v s thiu ng nht ny v i khi ln ln trong qu trnh kim tra, thi c kha. S nhm ln khng dng li , i khi n cn eo ng gy bc rc cho h sut c cuc i gn b mt trng lp gy phin toi v mt hc thut cho bt k ai khi thm nhp vo lnh vc sn xut nng lm ng mt ln hc phn loi ng, thc vt u bit di bc loi cn c nhng bc phn loi dnh ch cho nhn cng loi, nhng mang nhng c im di truyn th hin qua kiu hnh (c im hnh thi, cu to, sinh l khin loi ngi ni chung v cc nh sn xut, cc nh khoa hc ni ring phn chng thnh nhng nhm nh ng no gi chung l cc bc di loi. Trong khoa hc, cc bc theo trnh t t loi xung dn l phn loi (L.: subspecies; E.: subspecies; F.: su varietas; E.: variety; F.: varit), dng (L.: forma; E.: form; F.: forme)*... Trong s , ng vt hc, cp th loi, cn thc vt hc th c phn loi v th, i khi cn c dng na. Trong sn xut, cc cy trng v vt nui lun c ch th bng cp bc ging. biu th cho bc ging n nh a s nhiu nc trn th gii dng thut ng "cultivar" l mt t vit gn t ting Anh cultivated variety th "breed" l dng vit gn ca "animal breed". i chiu vi h thng pht sinh chng loi, ging trong nng nghip c lc l th (varietas), cng c lc l d l mt cp thp hn. V d: trong lm nghip vn thng gi "ging thng Bahama, ging thng Honduras" thng thuc loi thng Caribe (Pinus caribaea) c pht hin Bahama v Honduras. V ging thng Baha hc l Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis, ging thng Honduras mang tn khoa hc l Pinus caribaea khoa hc , var. l t vit tt ca varietas (th). Tng t nh th, trong ngnh cy cnh v hoa, ngi ta v vn vi tn khoa hc Codiaeum variegatum var. pictum f. spirale. Trong f. l dng vit tt ca forma (dn i khi, ging cn c ch tn bng mt k hiu hay mt t a phng, chng hn nh trong ngh sn xut v ang trng ph bin nhiu ging la thuc loi Oryza sativa nh Thn nng, VN, Khang dn, OM, MT gie, chm, ho, chim

Nh vy, i vi Thc vt hc, chuyn dng thut ng cho cc bc phn loi di loi v cho bc "genus" kh khng c s trng lp. iu cn bn l i vi lnh vc ng vt hc. Nh ni trn, trong Phn loi hc ng vt, cp "genus" khng c gi l chi nh Thc vt hc, m cch gi ny gy khng t kh khn cho vic tip cn sn xut. Nhiu ging vt nui hin nay u l nhn hc mang kiu gen cp di loi. Ngnh nng nghip Vit Nam cng ng nht vi nng dn dng thut n bc phn loi di loi. Chng hn nh cng mt loi heo nh Sus domesticus, nng thn Vit Nam ang t Ba xuyn, i bch, , Lan Hng, Mng ci, Thuc nhiu, Trng Ph Khnh, Beshire, Duroc, Hamshire, Lan t nh th, trong mi loi b, d, g, vt cng gm nhiu ging khc nhau.

Suy cho cng, ngi Vit Nam hc phn loi sinh vt cui cng cng phc v sn xut, bo tn a dng s l,ngi hc phn loi ng vt khi ra trng cng c lc phi tip cn vi mi trng chn nui. Lc , h phi lp mt s h thng pht sinh chng loi, trong c n 2 cp ging nh sau:

Ngay thnh ng "Con dng chu ging" cng cho thy rng ngi Vit chng ta dng thut ng ging t loi di loi ri. Tng t nh vy, cm t ca ming ca dn gian "ging ni" li l mt minh chng cho t hm mt khi nim v mt qun th sinh hc di cp loi. V ai cng hiu rng, cho d bt k mt chng lo thuc mt dng ging ngi no th h cng chung mt loi Homo sapiens v tt nhin cng thuc "genus dng thut ng genus, v ti khng mun t ging vo, cn t chi th cha c php. By gi chng ta genus bng thut ng ging nh lu nay trong phn loi hc ng vt thng dng th s thy th no?

Vy theo ti, ti sao chng ta khng thng nht dng thut ng "chi" cho c phn loi hc thc vt v phn lo th cng ch l mt qui c, v qui c cng ch cho chng ta - ngi Vit. Lm nh th s c c ha nht qun trong lnh vc phn loi hc sinh vt v th hai l trnh c s trng lp kh hiu. T cng t g truyn thng khoa hc.

* Ch thch: L.: ting Latin; E.: ting Anh; F.: ting Php DANH PHP LOI

Danh phap loai bt ngun t cach t tn i bng ting Latinh (nomenclature binomial) do mai ti nm 1867 mi chinh thc c th gii cng nhn thng qua hi nghi quc t v thc vt hc hop ln sau nhiu hi nghi thc vt hoc v ng vt hc tip theo u thng nht tha k qui tc cua Linnaeus sa quc t v cch t tn thc vt (International Code Botanical Nomenclature, vit tt l ICBN) v ng vt (International Code Zoological Nomenclature, vit tt ICZN). Theo lut Seattle (qua hi nghi quc t v lut danh phap ln th XI nm 1969 tai Seattle - USA) va cac lut nghi quc t tip theo) thi danh phap loai la mt t hp hai t Latinh: 1. T th nht: la danh t chi tn chi (ng vt hc gi ging), lun lun vit hoa va vit chu cach. 2. T th hai: c gi l tnh ng, noi ln c im nao o cua loai phn bit vi cac loai cung chi, kh trng hp t th hai la danh t chi v tn ngi hay ia danh, bi le luc o no a c vit dang thuc cac hoa). Tnh ng co th la danh t hoc tinh t: 2.1. Tnh ng la danh t: thi co 2 trng hp xay ra: 2.1.1. Danh t ng vi (ng nghia hoc gn ng nghia) vi danh t chi tn chi: Trng hp nay danh t th hai (d thuc Kiu bin cch* no) phai c vit cung cach vi danh t chi tn

Vi du: Tnh ng la danh t Kiu bin cch I, vit dng ch cch: Achras sapota (cy Xa-p-ch) Cinnamomum cassia (cy Qu) Sus scrofa (Ln rng) Tnh ng la danh t Kiu bin cch II, vit dng ch cch: Gliricidia sepium (cy mai) Nicotiana tabacum (cy Thuc la) Tnh ng la danh t Kiu bin cch III, vit dng ch cch: Felis leo (S t) Panthera tigris (H) Panthera pardus (Bao hoa mai) Trong mt s danh phap loai ng vt co luc danh t th hai khng nhng ng vi ma la lp lai danh t chi t vit dng ch cch. Vi du: Astacus astacus (Tm sng) Bubalus bubalis (Tru rng) Chanos chanos (ca Mng sa) Gallus gallus (Ga rng) Lutra lutra (Rai ca thng) 2.1.2. Tnh ng khng ng vi vi danh t chi tn chi: Trng hp nay danh t th hai lun lun c vit thuc cach. Danh t o co th la tn ngi, ia danh, t mi trng sng cua loai. Vi du: Tnh ng thuc Kiu bin cch I, vit cach 2: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (nm men ln men ru) (cerevisia, ae. f.: ru , bia) Cercospora musae (nm bnh m la Chui) (musa, ae. f.: cy Chui) Cinnamomum balansae (cy Vu hng) (Balansa, ae. f.: Latinh hoa tn ring Balanse) Tnh ng thuc Kiu bin cch II, vit cach 2: Bombyx mori (Tm t, Tm du) (morus, i. n.: cy Du tm) Hopea pierrei ( cy Kin kin) (Pierreus, i. m.: Latinh hoa tn ring Pierre) Tnh ng thuc Kiu bin cch III, vit cach 2: Aphis maydis (Rp hai Ng) (mays, maydis. f.: cy Ng) Puccinia arachidis (nm bnh ri st cy Lac) (Arachis, -idis. f.: cy Lac) 2.2. Tnh ng la tinh t: 2.2.1. Tnh ng la tinh t nguyn cp Nu t th hai la tinh t, thi no phai c vit hp t vi t th nht v ging, s va cach. Tinh t dung co th bin cch** nao k ca tinh t cp so sanh. No c dung nhm din at mt c im nao o cua loai. Vi du: Tnh ng la tinh t thuc Kiu bin cch u: Anopheles vagus (Mui st ret) (vagus, a, um: ngao du, hay thay i) Sus domesticus (Ln nha) (domesticus, a, um: thuc v nha, thun dng) Neofelis nebulosa (Bao gm) (nebulosus, a, um: nh sng mu, nh gm) Tnh ng la tinh t thuc Kiu bin cch sau: Citrus grandis (cy Bi) (grandis, is, e: to ln)

Dalbergia bariensis (cy Cm lai) (bariensis, is, e: Ba Ria) Prionodon pardiciolor (Cy gm) (pardicolor, -oris: co mau nh Bao c) 2.2.1. Tnh ng la tinh t cp so sanh Tinh t cp so sanh i luc cung c dung t vi tri th hai trong danh phap loai. Cung nh tinh t nguyn so sanh cung chi c im cua loai va c vit hp t vi danh t chi tn chi. Vi du: Anopheles minimus (mui st ret) (minimus, a, um: nho nht) Caesalpinia pulcherrima (cy Kim phng) (pulcherrimus, a, um: ep nht) Elephas maximus (Voi chu A) (maximus, a, um: ln nht) Parus major (chim Bac ma) (major, -jor, -jus: ln hn) 3. Trng hp ngoai l: Trng hp trong danh phap loai thc vt, sau tn chi cn thit phai dung hai t din at u y v loai, thi h nhau bng du gach ngang, vi du nh Lagerstroemia flos-reginae (Bng lng nc), Strychnos nux-vomica jobi (Bo bo)... Trong danh phap loai ng vt, nu sau tn chi phai dung hai t thi hai t o c vit lin nh novaehispaniae (thay vi C. novae hispaniae), Calliphora terraenovae (thay vi C. terrae novae phap ng vt bao gm 3 t vit c lp nhau thi o la danh phap cua phn loai (subspecies), vi du nh (Vooc en ma trng), Prestylis francoisi delacouri (Vooc en mng trng), Prestylis francoisi hatinhensis danh phap thc vt co cach vit hi khac, khi mun chi tn mt phn loai ngi ta vit tn loai ri vit tip ch (subspecies) sau o thm mt tnh ng,. vi du: Dimocarpus fumatus ssp. indochinensis (Nhan ng dng). H taxon di loai, ngi ta cung dung 3 t nhng gia t th hai va th ba co vit chen ch vit tt th bc ph th), f. (forma: dng).... Vi du Avicennia marina var. rhumphiana [Mm en, mt th (varietas) trong loai M Mt loai nao o c xac inh la co thc nhng cha c giam inh chinh xac, cha th cng b tn thi ng ch sp., vi du nh Acacia sp.. Khi mun am chi nhiu loai cung chi trong mt qun xa thc vt nao o cha ngi ta ghi tn chi kem ch spp., vi du nh Acacia spp. DANH PHP CC TAXON THUC CC BC PHN LOI TRN LOI

1. DANH PHAP CHI La mt danh t hoc mt t nao o c coi la danh t ch s it c vit vi tri th nht trong danh phap lo bt ngun t nhiu ngun khac nhau: T tn goi Latin cua mt cy, con nao o a co sn hoc mt tn goi cy, con bng ting Anh, Phap,... c L Quercus(cy Si), Rosa (cy Hoa hng), Piper(cy Tiu)... Bt ngun t tn mt nha thc vt hoc nh: Caesalpinia (t tn ring Caesalpin), Bauhinia tn ring Tournefort)... T mt ia danh nh: Washingtonia (t ia danh Washington), Taiwania (t ia danh Taiwan)... Ghep mt tip u ng hay mt gc t vi mt tn chi co sn nh: Neolitsea Nothofagus Dendropanax Acanthopanax Allospondias Parashorea Neofelis c ghep bi Neo+ Litsea Notho + Dendro + Acantho Allo + Spondias Para + Shorea Neo + Felis

Metapenaeus Parapenaeus Ghep mt tip u ng hay mt gc t vi mt gc t bt ki nh: Rhododendron Pterospermum Pterocarpus Dipterocarpus Calophyllum Ophiocephalus Decapterus Pseudoryx Capricornis

Meta + Penaeus Para + Penaeus

c ghep bi -

Rhodo + Ptero + Ptero + Diptero + Calo + phyllum Ophio + Deca + pterus Pseud + oryx Capri + cornis

2. DANH PHAP HO Trong thc vt hoc, co danh phap cac taxon bc ho ngi ta ly thn t cua chi mu (chi tiu biu cua ho) -aceae. Cn bit rng, tn chi co th la danh t thuc nhom ng m tit, cung co th thuc nhom di m tit. Trong m thn t co khac nhau: i vi nhng tn chi la danh t thuc nhom ng m tit, chi cn ct bo ui t (m cui bt u bng nguy Vi du: Magnolia Pinus Podocarpus Pterocarpus Magnoli Pin Podocarp Pterocarp Magnoli Pinaceae Podocarp Pterocarp

i vi nhng tn chi la danh t thuc nhom di m tit, phai ly thn t cach 2 (s hu cch) s it, co nghi chi sang cach 2 s it ri bo ui t co thn t Vi du: Tn chi Juglans Salix Styrax Cach 2 Juglandis Salicis Styracis Thn t JuglandSalicStyrac-

Trong ng vt hoc, co tn ho ngi ta lai dung hu t -idae (trung vi hu t trong danh phap phn lp thn t cua danh phap chi.

Vi du : Hylobates Canis Felis Nhng mt s ho thi: Anas Gecko Anatis Geckonis Anat Geckon Anat Geckon Hylobat Can Fel Hylobat Canidae Felidae

3. DANH PHAP CAC TAXON TRN HO Trong thc vt hoc, co danh phap taxon cac bc trn ho, ngi ta thc hin nh sau: Danh phap b: ghep hu t -ales vao thn t cua tn ho mu Danh phap lp: ghep hu t -opsida vao thn t cua tn b mu Danh phap nganh: thay hu t -psida ca tn lp mu bng hu t -phyta Trong ng vt hoc thi rt phc tap, tuy nhom thu, chim, ca, thn mm... va thm chi trong tng nhom con tu nhng hu t khac nhau rt nhiu. Chng han nh * Lp chim (Aves) va lp ca (Pisces) co cac b mang hu t -iformes * Lp thu (Mammalia), lp cn trung (Insecta) co cac b mang nhng hu t rt a dang, kho h thng hoa n idea, ... co khi la mt danh t ghep bi mt tin t hay mt gc t vi mt gc t hay vi mt hu t nao o, Archae-o-gastro-poda, Deca-poda... Trong luc o thc vt hoc, chi co mt s trng hp c bit co dung nhng hu t khac i, nhng cung i vi Tao: * Danh phap lp co hu t -phyceae i vi Nm: * Danh phap nganh co hu t -mycota * Danh phap lp co hu t -mycetes * Danh phap phn lp co hu t -mycetidae.